ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

References or bibliography may be written using American Psychological Association

(APA), Modern Language Association (MLA), and Chicago Manual of Style format,
Campbell, Vancouver and Harvard Styles. However, in health sciences, Vancouver
style of references is commonly used.

Differences between References and Bibliography

Most people are not aware of the differences between bibliography and references.
They often make the mistake that the two are the same. However, they are different and
are used in different contexts, in each essay, articles, or books.

Bibliography is listing of all the materials that have been consulted while writing and
article or a book. References, on the other hand, are those that have been referred to or
referenced in your article or book.

You might have consulted a lot of books, essays and websites for writing something.
Though you might have referred to these materials while preparing a rough draft, the
contents of these may or may not have been included in the actual text. A list of all such
materials is known as bibliography. References are a list of those materials that are
directly included in your actual text.

While all the items in the references are cited directly in the text, all the items of
bibliography may not be cited directly in the text. While references can be used to
support your statement or argument or used to supplement your findings, a bibliography
does not have such roles. As such references are used for establishing something in a
more authoritative way. Readers could refer your references and evaluate the
correctness of your statement. Meanwhile, a bibliography does not support your
arguments directly as it is not cited, and the reader cannot clearly establish where a
particular item of bibliography is referred in your study.

A bibliography will contain all research materials, including books, magazines,

periodicals, websites and scientific papers, which you have referred. References
contain a source of materials like quotes or texts, which has been actually used while
writing an essay or a book.

Both bibliography and references appear at the end of the book or article, but if both are
available, bibliography comes after the reference list. A bibliography may contain all the
items that have been appeared in the reference list, plus some additional works.

Both bibliography and references are arranged alphabetically. But a reference list can
also be arranged in numeric style, which means arranging the references
chronologically according to the numbers in the text.
While writing the bibliography you should have to include the authors last and first
name, year of publication, name of the book or journal, place of publication and name of
the publishers.

In case of websites, organizations as authors, or other such sources, additional

information should be provided for the convenience of the readers. Therefore, to sum up
the differences between bibliography and references are as follows:

 Bibliography is listing of all the materials that have been consulted while writing
an article, essay or a book. References, on the other hand, are those that have
been directly referred to or referenced in your article or book.
 Items of a bibliography are not directly included in the text. References are those
that are actually cited in the actual text.
 Both bibliography and references are arranged alphabetically, but a reference list
can also be arranged in numeric or Vancouver style.

VANCOUVER STYLE OR REFERENCE WRITING:

The Vancouver Style or Uniform Requirement Style, is based on an American National

Standards Institute (ANSI) standard adapted by the National Library of Medicine (NLM)
for databases, such as Medline. It was developed in Vancouver in 1978 by editors of
medical journals, who now meet annually as the International Committee of Medical
Journal Editors (ICMJE). Over 500 medical journals including prestigious journals, such
as British Medical Journal (BMJ), Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ) and
Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) use this style,

Citation within the text:

Indicating the relevant reference in the text:

A number of superscript format, e.g. 6 or enclosed in brackets (round or square), e.g. (1)
or [26], placed in the text of the essay indicates the relevant reference. Citations are
numbered consecutively in the order in which they appear in the text and each citation
corresponds to a numbered reference containing publication information about the
source in the reference list at the end of the publication, essay, or assignment. Once a
source has been cited the same number is used for all subsequent references. No
distinction is made in between print and electronic sources of references when citing
within the text.

Below are the examples for this kind of referencing:

Superscript format:
  The largest lesion in the first study was 10cm. 13
 The theory was first put forward in 1987.1
 Scholtz2 has argued that……………
 Several recent studies 3, 4, 15, 16 have suggested that………………
 For example, see.7

Bracket format:
 The largest lesion in the first study was 10cm.[13]
 The theory was first put forward in 1987.(1)
 Scholtz(2) has argued that……………
 Several recent studies [3, 4, 15, 16] have suggested that………………
 For example, see.(7)

Citing more than one reference at a time:

When citing more than one source at a time, the preferred method is to list each
reference number separately with a comma or endash (without spaces) between each
reference.

Superscript format:
 1,3,5
 1-5
 2-5,9,13

Bracket format:
 (1,3,5)
 (1-5)
 [2-5,9,13]

Important issues:

 Numbering:
List all references in order by number, not alphabetically. Each reference is listed
once only, since the same number is used throughout the paper.
 Authors:
List each author’s last name and initials; full first names are not included as per
this reference style. List all authors of a given publication, but if the number
exceeds six, give the first six names followed by ‘et al’. For books with chapters
 written by different authors, list the authors of the chapter first, then the chapter
title, followed by ‘In’, the editor names and the book title.
 Book and chapter titles:
Capitalize the first letter of the first word in the title. The rest of the title is in the
lower case, with the exception of proper names. Do not underline the title, do not
use italics.
 Journal citations:
Provide the abbreviated journal title, period year, semi colon, volume, issue
number in parentheses, colon, page range (elided to the minimum), and a period.
For example: Brain Res. 2002; 935(1-2):40-6.
 Pages:
For journals, the entire page range of an article or chapter is given, not the
specific page on which the information was found. For books, no page numbers
are given, with two exceptions: the page number of a dictionary entry is included
as well as the page.
Format of writing the reference:
I. BOOKS:
Only the first letter of the word in the title of a book or conference should be
capitalized except for proper nouns and acronyms. Capitalize the ‘V’ in a
volume of a book title.

Standard Format:
#. Author /editor AA. Title: subtitle. Edition (if not the first). Vol. (if a multivolume
work). Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Page numbers (if appropriate).

 Single author/ Editor

 Hoppert M. Microscopic techniques in biotechnology. Weinheim: Wiley- VCH;
2003.
 Storey KB, editor. Functional metabolism: regulation and adaptation. Hoboken
(NJ): J. Wiley & sons; 2004.
 two or more authors or editors:
 lawhead JB. Baker MC. Introduction to veterinary science. Clifton Park (NY):
Thomson Delmar Learning; 2005.
 Gilstrap LC, Cunningham FG, Van Dorsten JP, editors, Operative obstetrics. 2 nd
ed. New York: McGraw- Hill; 2002.
 No author:
 The Oxford concise medical dictionary, 6 th ed. Oxford University Press; 2003.p.
26
 Later edition:
 Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobyashi GS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 4 th
ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002.
 Multiple volumes:
 Lee GR, Bithell TC, Foerster J, Athens J W, Lukens JN, editors. Wintrobes
clinical hematology. 9th ed. Vol 2. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1993.
 Series:
 Unwin E, Codde JP, Bartu A. The impact of drugs other than alcohol and tobacco
on the health of Western Australians. Perth: Department of Health; 2004.
Epidemiology occasional paper series, No. 20.
 Corporate author (i.e. a company or organization)
 American veterinary Medical Association. National Board Examination
Committee. North American Veterinary Licensing Examination: bulletin of
information for candidates. Bismarck (ND): The Committee; 2001
 Conference (complete conference proceedings)
 Harnden P, Joffe JK, J Jones WG, editors. Germ cell tumors V. Proceedings of
the 5th germ cell tumor conference; 2001 Sep 13-15; Leeds, UK. New York:
Springer 2002.
 Government Publication
 Australia. Common Wealth Department of Veterans’ Affairs and Defence.
Australian Gulf War Veterans’ Health Study 2003. Cenberra: Common Wealth of
Australia; 2003.
1. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Disability, Ageing and Carers: Summary of
findings. Canberra: ABS; 1999. ABS Publication 4430.0.
 Scientific/Technical Report
 Lugg DJ. Physiological adaptation and health of an expedition in Antarctica: With
comment on behavioral adaptation. Canberra: A.G.P.S.; 1997. Australian
Government Department of Science, Antarctic Division. ANARE scientific
reports. Series B(4) Medical Science No.0126.
 Thesis or Dissertation
 Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone survey of Hispanic
Americans. PhD[dissertation]. Mount pleasant (MI): Central Michigan University;
2002.
 Hincks CL. The detection and characterization of novel papillomaviruses.
Biomedical Science, Honours [thesis]. Murdoch: Murdoch University: 2001.
 Patent/Standard
 Pagedas AC, Inventor; Ancel surgical R&D Inc., assignee. Flexible endoscopic
grasping and cutting device and positioning tool assembly. United States patent
US 20020103498. 2002 Aug 1.
II. Parts of a Book
Standard Format
#.Author of part, AA. Title of Chapter or part. In: Editor A, Editor B, Editors. Title:
Sub Title of book. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher; Year.
Page numbers.

 Article/Chapter in a book
 Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM. Chromosome alterations in human solid
tumors.
In: Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, editors. The genetic basis of human cancer. New
York:McGraw-Hill; 2002. P. 93-113.
 Ford HL, Sclafani RA, Degregori J. Cell cycle regulatory cascades. In: Stein GS,
Pardee AB, editors. Cell cycle and growth control: biomolecular regulation and
cancer. 2nd ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley-Liss; 2004. p. 42-67.
[10:28, 8/6/2020] Maa: 0 Study guides and unit readers

 Conference or seminar paper

 Christensen 5, Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza’s computational effort statlstlc
for genetic programming. In: Foster IA, Lutton E, Miller J, Ryan C, Tettamanzi
AG, editors. Genetic programing. EuroGP 2002: Proceedings of the 5th
European Conference on Genetic Programming; 2002, Apr 3-5; Kinsdale,
Ireland. Berlin: Springer; 2002. p. 182-91.
 Study guides and unit readers
 Note: You should not cite from unit readers, study guides, or lecture notes, but
Where possible you should go to the original source of the information. If you do
need to cite articles from a unit reader, treat the reader articles as if they were
book or journal articles. In your citations, refer to the page numbers from the
reader, if given, not the original page numbers (unless you have independently
consulted the original).
 Lynch M. God’s signature: DNA profiling, the new gold standard in forensic
science. Endeavour. 2003;27(2): 93-7. Reprinted In: Forensic Investigation
(310373) unit reader for forensic DNA component. Murdoch: Murdoch University;
2005.

III. Journal Articles

Note: Capitalize only the first word of an article title, except for proper nouns or
acronyms. List the first six authors followed by ’et al’. The titles of journals should be
abbreviated as they appear in the MEDLINE journals Database. Volume, issue, and
page numbers are given but not labelled. To indicate a page range, use elided ranges,
e.g. 123-9, 126-34, or 111-222. If you refer to only one page, use only 111.
Standard Format
#. Author of article AA, Author of article BB, Author of article CC. Title of article.
Ablmmaled Title of Journal. Year; Vol.(issue): page number(s).

 Drummond PD. Triggers of motion sickness in migraine sufferers. Headache.

2005;45(6): 653-6.
 Halpern SD, Ubel PA , Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected
patients. N Engl] Med. 2002;347(7):284-7.
 Geck M], Yoo S, Wang IC. Assessment of cervical ligamentous injury in trauma
patients using MRI. I Spinal Disord. 2001 ;14(5):371-7.
 More than six authors
 Gillespie NC, Lewis R], Pearn IH, Bourke ATC, Holmes M], Bourke IB, et a1.
Ciguatera in Australia: occurrence, clinical features, pathophysiology and
management. Med J Aust. 1986;145:584-90.
 Organization as author
 Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and
proinsulin in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension.
2002;40(5):679-86.
 No author given
 21st century heart solution may have a sting in the tail. BMJ.
2002;325(7537):184.
 Volume with supplement
 Geraud G, Spierings EL, Keywood C. Tolerability and safety of frovatriptan With
shortand long-term use for treatment of migraine and in comparison with
sumatriptan. Headache. 2002;42 Suppl 2:593-9.
 Issue with supplement
 Glauser TA. Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice. Neurology.
2002;58 (12 Suppl 7):S6-12.
 Volume with part
 Abend SM, KuJish N. The psychoanalytic method from an epistemological
viewpoint. Int] Psychoanal. 2002;83(Pt 2) :491-5.
 Issue with part

 Ahrar K, Madoff DC, Gupta 5, Wallace M], Price RE, Wright KC. Development of
a large animal model for lung tumors. I Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;13(9 Pt 1):923-
8.

 Issue with no volume

  Banit DM, Kaufer H, Hartford IM. Intraoperative frozen section analysis in
revision total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2002;(401):230-8.

 Newspaper article

 O’Leary C. Vitamin C does little to prevent winter cold. The West Australian.
2005 Jun 29;1.

IV. E-Books
Standard Format

#. Author A, Author B. Title of e-book [format]. Place: Publisher; Date of original

publication [cited year abbreviated month day]. Available from: Source. URL.

 Van Belle G, Fisher LD, Heagerty P], Lumley TS. Biostatistics: a methodology for
the health sciences [e-book]. 2nd ed. Somerset (NJ): Wiley InterScience; 2003
[cited 2005 Jun 30]. Available from: Wiley InterScience electronic collection.
 Sommers-Flanagan I, Sommers-Flanagan R. Clinical interviewing ’[e-book]. 3rd
ed. New York: John Wlley 8: Sons; 2003 [cited 2005 Jun 30]. Available from:
NetLibrary.
 Article in an electronic reference book:
 Widdicombe J. Respiration. In: Blakemore C, Iennett S, editors. The Oxford
compan’ ion to the body [e-book]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001 [cited
2005 Jun 301' Available from: Oxford Reference Online. httpz/
/www.oxfordreference.com.
 Lee HC, Pagliaro EM. Serology: blood identification. In: Siegel I, Knupfer G,
SaukkO P, editors. Encyclopedia of forensic sciences [e-book]. San Diego:
Academic Press; 2000 [Cited 2005 Jun 30]: 1331-8. Available horn: Science
Direct Reference. www.elsevier.com.

V. E-Journals

Standard Format
#. Author A, Author B. Title of article. Abbreviated Title of Journal [format]. Year
[cited year abbreviated month day];vol.(no): page numbers [estimated If
necessary]. Available from database name (if appropriate). URL.

 Journal article abstract accessed from online database:

  Leroy EM, Telfer P, Kumulungui B, Yaba P, et al. A serological survey 054 Ebola
infection in central African nonhuman primates. Infect DIS [abstract]. 20 [cited:
Jun 30];190(11):1895. Available from: ProQuest.http:/ /www.urm.com/proquest.

Note: Abstract Citations are only included in a reference list if the abstract is
substantial or if the full text of the article could not be accessed.

 Journal article from online full-text database:

Note: When including the internet address of articles retrieved from searches in full-text
databases, lease use the site ’Recommended URLs for Pull-text Databases’, which are
the URLs for the main entrance to the service and are easier to reproduce.

 Palsson G, Hardardottir KE. For whom the cell tolls: debates about biomedicine
(1). Curr Anthropol [serial online]. 2002 [cited 2005 Jun 30];43(2):271+[about 31
pages]. Available from: Academic OneFile. http:/ /find.galegroup.com.
 Allen C, Crake D, Wilson H, Buchholz A. Polycystic ovary syndrome and a low
glycemic index diet. Can I Diet Pract Res [serial online]. 2005 [cited 2005 Jun
30];Summer:3. Available from: ProQuest. httpz/ / il.proquest.com.
 Journal article in a scholarly journal (published free of charge on the
internet):
 Eisen SA, Kang HK, Murphy FM, Blanchard MS, Reda D], Henderson WG, et a1.
Gulf War veterans’ health: medical evaluation of a US. cohort? Ann Intern Med
[serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2005 June 30] ;142(11):881+[about 12
pages]. Available from: http: / /www.annals.org/.
 Journal article in electronic journal subscription:
 Barton CA, McKenzie DP, Walters EH, et a1. Interactions between psychosocial
problems and management of asthma: who is at risk of dying? I Asthma [serial
on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2005 Jun 30] ;42(4): 249-56. Available from: http:/
/WWW.tandf.co.uk/journals/.
 Newspaper article from online database:
 Dearne K. Dispensing with the chemist. The Australian [newspaper online]. 2005
Jun 14 [cited 2005 Jun 30] ;[about 8 screens]. Available from: Factiva. httpz/ /
global.factiva.com.
 Newspaper article from the internet:
 Diseased organs may be used to deter smokers. Sydney Morning Herald
[newspaper on the Internet]. 2005 Jun 29 [cited 2005 Jun 30]; para. 4-
5.Avai1able from: http: / /WWW. smh.com.au/.

VI. Internet Documents

Standard Format
#. Author A, Author B. Document title. Webpage name [format].
Source/production information; Date of internet publication [cited year month
day]. Available from: URL.

 Professional internet site:

 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Chronic diseases and associated risk
factors [document on the Internet]. Canberra: The Institute; 2004 [updated 2005
June 23; cited 2005 Jun 30]. Available from: http:/
/WWW.ath.g0V.au/cdarf/index.cfm.
 Personal internet site:
 Stanley P. Information page-Professor Fiona Stanley. Telethon Institute for Child
Health Research [homepage on the Internet]. Perth: The Institute; 2005 [cited
2005 Jun 30] Available from: http: / /WWW ichr.uwa.edu.au / about / schools /.
 General internet site:
 Lavelle P. Mental state of the nation. Health matters [document on the Internet].
ABC online; 2005 May 19 [cited 20051111 1]. Available from: http:/
/abc.net.au/health/features/ mentalstate/.

VII. Writing Reference for Non-book Formats

Standard Format
#. Person AA, Responsibility (if appropriate). Title: subtitle [format]. Special
credits (if appropriate). Place of publication: Publisher; Year.

 Podcasts:
 G Brown W, Brodie K, & George P. From Lake Baikal to the halfway mark,
Yekaterinburg. Peking to Paris: Episode 3 [podcast on the Internet]. Sydney:
ABC Television; 2007 June 4 [cited 2008 Feb 4]. Available from http:/
/www.abc.net.au/tv/pekingtoparis/ podcast/pekingtoparis.xml.
 Gary, S. Black hole death ray. StarStuff [podcast on the Internet]. Sydney: ABC
News Radio; 2007 Dec 23 [cited 2008 Feb 4]. Available from http:/
/abc.net.au/newsradio/ podcast/ STARSTUFF.xml.
 Microform:
 Terry KW, Hewson GS, Rowe MB. Characterisation of inhaled dusts at minesites
[microfiche]. Perth: Minerals and Energy Research Institute of Western Australia;
1998.
 Video recording:
 Hillel J, writer. Out of sight out of mind: indigenous people’s health in Australia
[video recording]. Bendigo: Video Education Australasia; 2003.
 Television programme:
  Cohen J, reporter. Messing with heads. Four corners [television broadcast] A
Broadcasting Corporation; 2005 Mar 21.

VIII. Personal Communications

 Conversation:
 In a conversation with a colleague from the School of Population Health Gamma
2002, oral communication, 7th August)…
 Letter:
 As stated in a letter from BJ. Samuels, MD, in July 2002. . .
 Email:
 Smith P. New research projects in gastroenterology [online]. Email to Matthew
Hart (mh@hospital.wa.gov.au) 2000 Feb 5 [cited 2000 Mar 17].

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION STYLE OF

REFERENCES

I. Books
 Single-author book and part of a book:
 Alverez, A(1970). The savage god: A study of suicide. New York: Random House
 Garner, B. A. (2003). Garner’s Modern American Usage. New York: Oxford
University Press.
 Book with two or more authors:
 Natarajan, R., 8: Chaturvedi, R. (2003). Geology of the Indian Ocean Floor.
Hartford, CT: Merganser University Press.
 Ligon, M., Carpenter, K., Brown, W., 8: Milsop, A. (1983). Computers in the
world of business communications. Hartford, CT: Capital Press.
 Edition other than first (Republished book):
 Creech, P. J. (2004). Radiology and the technology of the absurd. Boston:
Houghton-Mifflin. (Original work published 1975)

After the author’s name, list the most recent date of publication you can find. In the
text citation, give both dates: (Creech, 1975/2004).

 An edited volume (Anthology or reference book):

 Stanton, D. C., 8: Farbman, E. (Eds). (2003). The female autograph: Theory and
practice of autobiography. Middletown, CT: Ibis Bookstore Press.

If you are referring to an article or signed chapter in an edited volume, your reference
would look like this:
  Pepin, R. E. (2002). Uses of time in the political novels of Joseph Conrad. In C.
W. Darling, IL, I. Shields, & E. C. Farbman (Eds), Chronological looping in
political novels (pp. 99-135). Hartford: Capital Press.

Notice that there are no quote marks around the title of the article and that only the first
word of a title is capitalized. The names of editors are listed first-initials-first ( not
reversed). The inclusive page numbers are preceded by the abbreviations for ”pages”:
pp.

 Book without author or editor listed:

 Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary. (1961). Springfield, MA: G. 8: C. Merriam.

To alphabetize such an entry on your Reference page, use the first significant word of
the title (ignoring the articles, “a,” “an,” and “the”).

 Multivolume work:
 Nadeau, B. M. & Darling, J. M. (Eds.). (1994-2003). Studies in the history
ofcutlery (Vols. 4-6). Utica, NY: Mohican Valley-River Press.

To refer to a single volume, include only the relevant date and volume number. When
you are referring to more than one volume, include all the relevant volume numbers ( as
in the above example). The date after the author or editor’s name should include the
range of years of publication (say, if the work appeared over a number of years).

II.Secondary Resources
 O’Connor, C. O. & DeLoatch, K. L. (2003). Whatever happened to the
humanities? In I. Rubenzahl (Ed.), Studies in Byzantine Intrigue (pp. 235-278).
Hartford, CT: Merganser University Press.

To use material that is quoted or paraphrased elsewhere when you do not use the
original resource, your reference will include the source of your language (or idea).

In your text, you would quote or paraphrase the idea that O’Connor and others have
quoted, as follows:

As Villa trenchantly points out, ”Perhaps the conflict seems so strong because the
stakes are so low" (as cited in O’Connor & DeLoatch, 2003).

III. Dictionary
 Shorter Oxford English dictionary (5th ed.).(2002). New York: Oxford University
Press.
IV. Dissertation or Dissertation Abstract
When you have used an abstract of the dissertation found on microfilm in Dissertation
Abstracts International (DAI). If you are using a microfilm source, include in parentheses
at the end your entry, the university microfilm number.

 Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Wllbur.

Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 4465. (AAD44-8794)

When you have used the actual dissertation (usually from the shelves of the University
where it was written, sometimes obtained through interlibrary loan):

 Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Wilbur.

Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.

V. Magazines/Periodicals
 Wheatcroft, G(2004, June). The Tragedy of Tony Blair. The Atlantic, 293, 56-72.
Themes, E 8: Hosenball, M~ (2004, May31). Bush’s Mr. Wrong: The Rise and
Fall of Chalabi. New week, 143, 22-32.

Use inclusive page numbers. Do not use the abbreviations “p” or “pp.”

VI. Scholarly journal

Many scholarly journals number their pages consecutively throughout a given volume.
Thus, volume one might end on page 345 and the first page of volume two would be
number 345. Do not use p.01 pp. to indicate page numbers. Notice that proper nouns
are capitalized in an APA -style title, but other words are not. A comma separates the
title of the journal from the volume number, but the volume number (as well as the
comma that follows) is also italicized.

 Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and Virgins: Garcia Marquez’s Paulherian

Chronicle of a Death Poretold. Latin American Literary Review, 13, 21-29.

If that article were found in a journal in which each issue has pages numbered
separately (each issue begins with a page 1), the issue number is given in parentheses
but not in italics after the volume number.

 Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Garcia Marquez’s Faulknerian

Chronicle of a Death Poretold. Latin American Literary Review, 13(3), 21-29.
VII. Newspaper Articles, Editorials, Letters to the Editor
If the article is “signed" (Le. you know the author’s name), begin with that author's
name. (Notice how discontinuous pages are noted and separated by commas.) Do not
omit the “The" from the title of newspaper (unlike the MLA technique).

 Poirot, C. (2004, March 17).HIV prevention pill goes beyond ‘morning after’. The
Hartford Courant, pp. F1, F6.

If the author’s name is not available , begin the reference with the headline or title in
the author position.

 New exam for doctor of future. (1989, March 15). The New York Times, p. B-10.

If the text being cited is from an editorial or letter to the editor indicate the nature of the
source in brackets after the title and date.

 Silverman, P.H. (2004, June). Genetic Engineering [Letter to the Editor]. The
Atlantic, 293, 14.

VIII.Non-print Resources:
 Film:
 Redford, R. (Director). (1980). Ordinary people [Film]. Hollywood; Paramount.
The source is identified in brackets after the title.
 Film with limited circulation:
 Holdt, D. (Producer), & Ehlers, E. (Director). (2002). River at High Summer: The
St. Lawrence [Film]. (Available from Merganser Fims, Inc., 61 Woodland Street,
Hartford, CT 06105)
 Cassette:
 Lake. F,L. (Author and speaker). (1989). Bias and organizational decision making
[Cassette].
Gainesville: Edwards.
 Television programme:
 Safer, M. (Narrator). 2004. Torture at Abu Gharib [Television broadcast].
Hartford: WFSB.
 Musical recording:
 Barber, S. (1995). Cello Sonata. On Barber [CD]. New York: EMI Records Ltd.

IX.Personal Communication:
Because this material is not recoverable (i.e. it is not possible for someone else to see
or hear it), it should not be listed in the list of references. It can, however, be cited
parenthetically within the text. It is important that what is cited in this way be legitimate
and have scholarly integrity.

 Interview:
 Wilbur finds himself sometimes surprised by the claims of the religiosity made by
the contemporaries. (personal letter, March 28, 1977)
 Phone Conversation:
 According to Connie May Fowler, the sources for her novel Sugar Cane were
largely autobiographical (personal phone conversation, July 22, 2003).

X. Classroom Lecture:
Like personal interviews and phone conversations, material presented in a classroom
lecture is regarded as non-retrievable data. A lecture, therefore, should be cited within
the text but not be included in your References. The model below could also be used for
more formal lecture settings.

 In an introduction to Literature lecture at Capital Community College on April 14,

2004, Professor Charles Darling described William Carlos Williams’ poem as a
barnyard snapshot (C.W. Darling, ENG 102 lecture, April 14, 2004).

If the lecturer distributed material at the lecture, you could cite that resource in your
Reference.

 Darling. C.W. (2004, April). Images at work in the poetry of William Carlos
Williams. Outline presented in a classroom lecture at Capital Community College,
Hartford, CT.

XI. Government Documents:

 Report from the Government printing office, corporate author. Example:
 National Institute of Mental Health. (1982). Television and behavior: Ten years of
scientific progress (DHHS Publication No. A 82-1195). Washington, DC: US.
Government printing Office.
 Reports from a Document and Deposit service (NTIS, ERIC) other than U.S.
Government. Examples:
 Tandy, S. (1980). Development of behavioral techniques to control hyper
aggressiveness in young children (CYC report No. 80-3562). Washington, DC:
Council on young children. (NTIS No. P880-14322)
 Gottfredson, L. S. (1980). How valid are occupational reinforce pattern scores?
(Report No. CSOS-R-292).
  Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University. Centre for Social Organization of
Schools. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 182 456).

XII. Electronic and Online Resources:

 Online article:
Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. (1993. October 2). Central Vein Occlusion
study of photocoagulation: Manual of operations [675 paragraphs]. Online
journal of current clinical trials[On-line serial]. Available: Doc No. 92.
 Online abstract:
You can cite an entire website within your text, but do not include it in your list of
references. For instance, you could say something incredibly profound you
learned from this Web page, and cite the URL at the end of the paragraph
(http://www.ccc.commnet.edu/apa/). If a line break is necessary when you cite a
URL, make the break immediately after a slash mark and carefully avoid
insertion of a hyphen where none is appropriate.
 Electronic Database:
College and public libraries subscribe to electronic databases, such as EBSCO,
LexisNexis, OCLC, WilsonWeb, SIRS, etc. There are also online databases,
such as ERIC, PsychINFO, and Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). These
databases contain full-text articles and article abstracts.