Police Organization AND Administration With Police Planning: CRIM Professional Review Center ǁ 1

CRIM Professional Review Center ǁ 1
POLICE ORGANIZATION
AND
ADMINISTRATION WITH POLICE PLANNING
HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLICE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
Police originated from:

- Greek Word “Politeia‖ which means government, citizenship, or the entire activity of a polis – a city.
- Roman changed it from Politeia to ―Politia‖ – a Roman Word meaning condition of a state, government
and administration.
- French changed the word from Politia to ―Police‖ – a French Word which means:
a. (Very Broader Sense) the internal organization or regulation of a state, the control and regulation
of a community or state through the exercise of the constitutional power of the government.
b. (Less Broader Sense) it denotes the power of the government which concerns with the
maintenance of tranquility, public order, peace, security of persons and property, and the
protection of public health and morale.
c. (Very Restricted Sense) refers exclusively to that body of armed men which as an institution, is
capable of exercising its duties by armed physical forces in the preservation and detention of
crime and the execution of laws.
Ancient History of Police:

Medjay – a civil police headed by Egyptian military officer and the 1st group to use Police Dogs on patrol
Vigiles – a civilian in Rome armed with staves and short sword to maintain Peace and to fight fires
Anglo-Saxon – a member of the Germanic tribes which settled in England in the 5th century A.D. and the 1st to
conquer England
The Evolution of Law Enforcement Worldwide

Law Enforcement can be traced back the cave dwellers, who were expected to follow certain rules or face
banishment or death. The customs depicted in early cave dwelling may represent the beginning of law and law
enforcement.
The prehistoric social order consisted of small family groups living together as tribes or clans. The tribes‘ chief had
executive, legislative and judicial powers and often appointed tribe members to perform special tasks to include
guarding the community against depredation of lawless elements.
Crimes committed by individuals were handled by the victim or victim‘s family. The Philosophy of justice was
retaliatory, that is, the offender must be punished. Punishments were harsh and barbaric. For serious offenses,
punishment includes death penalty carried out by beheading, hanging, drowning, crucifixion, banishment, social
degradation, slavery and many others. The words of the tribes‘ chief were considered the laws.
Ancient Law Enforcement

The Sumerians
The earliest record of ancients people‘s need to standardize rules and methods of enforcement to control human
behavior dates back to approximately 2300 BC, when the Sumerian rulers LIPITHSTAR and ESHUMMA set
standards on what constituted an offense against society.
The Babylonians
The Code of King Hammurabi (2100 BC) – during the time of Babylonian King Hammurabi, he established rules for
his Kingdom that designated not only offenses but punishment as well. The principle of the code was that ―the strong
shall not injure the week‖. Hammurabi originated the legal principle LEX Talionis – ―the eye for an eye, tooth for a
tooth‖ doctrine.
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Ancient Egypt
The early Egyptians established laws and courts and a rudimentary rule of law. The first accounts of a developing
court system originated in Egypt in approximately 1500 BC. The court system was presided by judges appointed by
the Pharaoh. They later organized marine patrols and customhouses to protect commerce.
Ancient Greece
The Greeks had an impressive lf law enforcement called the EPHORI. Each year at Sparta, a body of Ephors was
elected and given almost unlimited powers as investigator, judge, jury and executioner. These five men also
presided over the Senate and Assembly assuring that their rules and decreed were followed.
From the Greek Philosopher PLATO, who lived from 427 to 347 BC, came the idea that punishment should serve the
purpose other than simple retaliation.
Ancient Rome
The Romans had a highly developed system to administer justice. The 12 Tabulae (12 Tables) were the first written
laws of the Roman Empire. It deals with legal procedures, property ownership, building codes, marriage customs and
punishment for crimes.
At the reign of Empreror Augustus, he created Praetorian Guard, consisted of about 7000 men/soldiers to protect the
palace and the city of Rome, together with the Urban Cohorts to patrol the city. He also created the so-called Vigiles
who were assigned as firefighters and eventually given law enforcement responsibilities. As the first civilian police
force, Vigiles sometimes kept the peace very ruthlessly, hence the word Vigilantes.
Ancient Rome
Another important event was the time of Justinian I, ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire (AD 527-265) who collected
all Roman Laws and put it into his Justinian Code – they became known as the Corpus Juris Civilis which means
Body of Law.
EARLY SYSTEM OF POLICING

(PERIODS OF POLICING)
 Anglo-Saxon Period (600-1066 A.D.)
Tun Policing System – tun: ―town‖

They gather all able bodied male residents to guard their livestock against wild animals and intruder.
Hue and Cry

An Ancient saxon practice that invaders brought to England. When a person commits a crime or a felon escaped and
it was detected, an alarm was sounded, through the use of the oldest known warning device, the HORN. As they
heard the sound all residents must help to capture the captives and when find guilty punishment follow. Anybody
who will not help in the pursuit of the felon shall be considered as part of the escaping felon and shall also be
punished.
Royal Judge
The identification of the criminal was done or started here and the punishment must be suited to the crime that the
person committed.
Trial by Ordeal
The process of actually inflicting pain to all suspects purposely to determine who the real suspect is. It is a belief that
if you are guilty God will not save you and if you are not guilty God will save you miraculously irregardless of what
ordeal.
 The Norman Period of Policing System (1066-1285)

Shire – Rieve System
―Shire‖ refers to a District in England while ―Rieve‖ refers to the head of a district which later change to ―sheriff‖.
Rieve was the ruler who males laws, pass judgment and impose punishment. He was assisted by a Constable
(forerunner of the word constabulary). William Norman divided England into 55 shire or district and each headed by a
Rieve.
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The Travelling Judge

Refers to the person responsible in giving judgment. He travels to pass any judgment coming from a certain ruler to
another district or shire where the offender resides.
Leges Henri
It is a law from King Henrie I of Spain; where it has the following features:
Offenses were classified against the king and individual;
Police became public officials;
Police and citizens have the broad power to arrest;
Grand jury was created to inquire on facts of the law.
The Magna Carta

A law acted upon the Knights of the Royal Table/Decree; and has the following features:
No freemen shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed or outlawed except by legal judgment of his peers;
No person shall be held for trial for the crime of murder without the proof of the body of the victim;
Beginning of national and local government as well as national and local legislation.
 The Westminster Period of Policing System (1285-1500)
Statute of 1295 – start of curfew hour
Justice of the Peace – they are task to arrest, pursue and imposed imprisonment.
Star Chamber Court – special court which tries only crimes committed against State
 The Modern Policing System

This period came to the limelight when a bill creating the Scotland Yard was passed by the Parliament of England. It
was sponsored and expanded by SIR ROBERT PEEL who was made to be the first head of the police organization.
He was referred as the ―father of modern policing system‖ due to his contributions in the modernization of the police
force.
Sir Robert Peel formulated various principles and rules of action in the organization and administration of the
Scotland Yard which most modern police agencies in the world have adopted and practices.
 Early History and Evolution of the Police Force in the Philippines
Early History of the Philippine Police Force

Historically, the forerunners of the contemporary police system was the practice of the headman to select able
bodied male residents to protect their villages, not from the lawless elements, but from wild animals which prey or
attacks their crops and livestock during the night.
These young men who patrolled their village during the night were not required to work in the fields however, their
shares of the harvest were equal to those of the others who actually tilled the farms since one of the functions of the
police is to protect the properties of the people, it can be considered that the duty of these selected able-bodied
young men to protect their crops and livestock from wild animals was actually a police duty.
Philippine Police during the Spanish Regime
The Police system under the Spaniards was composed of four (4) institutions, namely:
“Cuadrillos”
“Carabineros de Seguridad Publica”
“Guardia Civil”
“Guardia Civil Beterana”
The Cuadrillos or Guardrilleros

This was a body of rural police organized in each town and established by the Royal decree of January 8, 1836. This
act provides that 5% of the able bodied-male residents of each town were to be enlisted in this Police Organization
for three years. At first, they were armed with lance, spare and bolos but later on they were allowed to use firearms,
most of which were, however, muzzle loading rifles. They were compensated for at least P3.00 a month for 3 years
while other progressive provinces received P4.00 to P5.00 a month.
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Basic Functions:
They act as messenger.
To guard dark and unsafe places.
To make patrol.
To guard the municipal buildings and halls.
Prison Guard.
The Carabineros de Seguridad Publica

This was organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying out the regulations of the department of state. It was armed,
as its name indicates with carbines. In 1781, it was given the special commission of government custodies of the
tobacco monopoly. By Royal decree of December 20, 1842, it was organized and called Cuerpo de Carabineros de
Seguridad Publica (Corps of Carabines for Public Safety). This was the 1st group to be arm with rifle in the history of
Philippine Police System.
The Guardia Civil

This was created by a Royal Decree issued by the Crown on February 12, 1852, to partially relieve the Spanish
Peninsula troops of their work in policing towns. It consisted of a body of Filipino policemen organized originally in
each of the provincial capitals of the central province of Luzon under the Alkalde. This semi military police institution
was armed as the Spanish Infantry, very Martial in Appearance because of its bright and showy uniform and
distinctly prominent insignia, plus a rigidly maintained military bearing.
The Guardia Civil Beterana

In 1860, Manila has established a local police force composed partially of non-military personnel. This was in line
with Spanish reform in colonial civil administration. The significant police reform was the division of the city into three
(3) police districts with a ―Comisario‖ (Deputy of Police) which rendered service on the call of the local authorities,
Manila by that time had two (2) police bodies, namely: ―The Cuerpo de Vigilancia Publica‖ and ―The Torcio Civil de
Manila‖ in 1872, both police bodies were abolished and their stead was established the ―Guardia Civil Beterana‖.
This police organization was patterned after the Guardia Civil.
The Philippine Police during the American Regime

On November 30, 1900, the Philippine Commission headed by William H. Taft, recommended to the Secretary of
War, the organization of an Insular Police Force. The recommendation having been approved, the Philippine
Commission passed Act No. 175 on July 18, 1901, entitled ―An Act providing for the Organization and Government of
an Insular Constabulary‖. It was changed to ―Philippine Constabulary‖ by virtue of Section 1, under Act No. 255, on
October 2, 1901.
The Philippine Constabulary

The creation of PC is considered as a story of American Pacification of the Philippines.
The major task of the PC was to quell the revolution during the American Regime, thereby taking the form of a quasi-
military unit even though it was conceived to become a police unit. The formal establishment of the PC took place on
August 8, 1901.
The first enlisted personnel strength was 2,500 recorded on December 15, 1901 under the command of HENRY
TRUEMEN ALLEN, the first PC Chief and an 1882 graduate of the US Military Academy.
Allen focused on the suppression of rebellion and maintenance of peace and order.
The Philippine Constabulary
In 1902, Allen introduced the Mounted Constables as part of the campaign against insurgents. They used horses
from China and launched the first Polo Sport in Manila.
PC maintained and operated telephone and cable services until 1906 when these were turned over to the Bureau of
Posts. The PC also acted as security personnel during the transfer of prisoners to and from different penal colonies
in the country.
From 1901 to 1907, B/GEN HENRY ALLEN run the PC, rose from the ranks, and finally replaced by B/GEN HARY H
BANDHOLTZ in 1907 (1907-1913).
The PC was led by numerous American Generals (after Allen and Bandholtz) to wit: B/GEN JAMES G HARBORD
(1913) followed by B/GEN WILLIAM C RIVERS (1914) to B/GEN GERMAN HALL (1914-1917).
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The Manila Police Department

Act 183 created the Manila Police Department on July 31, 1901 (Charter of Manila) under the direct supervision of
Governor Howard Taft (The First Governor General and assumed his office on July 4, 1901)
Capt. George Curry: US Army Officer was appointed as the First Chief of Police of Manila.
Capt. Columbus E. Piatt: the last American Chief of Police of Manila in 1935.
Col. Antonio C. Torres: the First Filipino Chief of Police of Manila.
Col. Lamberto T. Javelera – appointed by the President as the first Chief of Police of Manila during the
Commonwealth with Manuel Roxas as the President.
The Filipinization of the PC

During its 16th year of existence in 1917, the PC was placed under the leadership of Filipinos.
B/GEN RAFAEL C CRAME served as the FIRST FILIPINO PC Chief (1917-1927). He served with competence as
PC Chief for ten years, earning the respect of his men and even the criminals he captured.
The PC nearing its 30th Year
The Filipinization of the PC
After Gen Crame‘s term in 1927, B/GEN LUCENA R SWEET replaced him which he hold from 1927-1932.
B/GEN CLARENCE H BOWERS from 1932-1934.
B/GEN BASILIO VALDEZ from 1934-1936.
The merging of PC with the Philippine Army
The State Police Act (CA No. 88)
The National Police Force
The Japanese Occupation (1941-1945)

Gen Francisco directed his men to continue providing security during the outbreak of war.
The First Historical Battle against the Japanese forces was fought by the Constabulary on December 9, 1941 in
Vigan, Ilocos Sur. Three (3) Filipino officers (Maj Sergio Laurente, Lts. Enrique Domondon and Gregorio Villacorta)
and 7 enlisted men became the First Filipino Prisoners of War.
The Kempeitai
Military Police arm of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1881 to 1945.
The First group of Japanese Force who arrived in the Philippines as early as 1941.
The Bureau of Constabulary had its own internal disciplinary machinery under the direct supervision of the Secretary
of Interior.
The Constabulary men fought to the last stand until the Fall of Bataan and Corregidor and the surrender of the
Friendly Forces on April 9, 1942.
Those who refused to give up escaped to the hills and reorganized into various resistance groups. They become
―underground‖ fighters or guerillas against the Japanese Authorities.
Gen Francisco‘s term ended in 1942 since the Military and Police Units of the country were now commanded by
Japanese Authorities.
The Japanese Regime

During the invasion by the Japanese to the Philippines, it installed a Puppet Executive Commission to govern the
country. On April 10, 1943, the Executive Commission created the Bureau of Constabulary as an agency of the
Department of Interior. The Constabulary was charged not only to maintain peace and order but also utilized to fight
the guerillas that continually resisted the Japanese Occupation force.
Liberation from the Japanese Occupation (1945)

In 1945, B/GEN FEDERICO G OBOZA led the National Police Force after liberation from the Japanese.
The Post Independence Period

In 1946, under the New Republic, the military was designated as the AFP divided into the HQ,AFP (formerly, HQ
Army of the Phils; then subsequently named as Philippine Army), the Phil Ground Force (formerly the Military
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Training Command), the Phil Naval Patrol (formerly the Off-Shore Patrol, subsequently named Philippine Navy), and
the Phil Air Force (formerly the Air Corps; then subsequently the Philippine Air Force).
In 1946, MAJ GEN MARIANO N CASTAÑEDA was appointed as the Chief of the Military Police Command until
1948.
However, the Military Police Command was abolished on January 1, 1948 and the Constabulary was reactivated,
operating as a separate agency under the DI. However, EO no 389, united the PC with the AFP as one of its major
commands.
With the reactivation of the Constabulary as one major command of AFP, B/GEN ALBERTO RAMOS was named as
Chief until 1950; then transferred to B/GEN FLORENCIO SELGA (1950-1955)
The full restoration of PC

On August 3, 1955, then President Ramon Magsaysay restored FULL operational and administrative control of the
PC to the Chief of Constabulary. LT GEN MANUAL F. CABAL (1955-1958), who was then the chief, was
instrumental in developing the organizational structure, increasing the capabilities and strengths as well as improving
the training methods, discipline and morale of the entire corps. He was also associated with the PC slogan
permanently etched at Camp Crame‖ ―Always Move Forward, Never Mark Time‖.
The fully restored PC (1955) and nearing its reform and professionalization (1966)
The youngest office to become PC Chief was B/GEN PELAGIO A CRUZ in 1958.
From 1958-1961, PC was headed by B/GEN ISAGANI V OCAMPO.
From 1961-1963, B/GEN NICANOR GARCIA became the Chief. B/GEN DOMINADOR GARCIA succeeded him but
only for a few months. He relinquished his term back to B/GEN NICANOR GARCIA.
From 1964-1966, B/GEN VICENTE M YGENTE hold a very short stint in 1964; then relinquished to B/GEN
GODOFREDO A MENDOZA (1964-1965) and to B/GEN FLAVIANO P OLIVAREZ (1965-1966).
The Beginning of Police Reformation and Professionalization in 1966

Reformation and professionalization of the police service gained official recognition on September 8, 1966,
when Republic Act No. 4864, otherwise known as the ―Police Act of 1966‖ was enacted. This act served as the legal
guidepost in initiating and undertaking at the national level much needed reforms that resulted to a considerable
improvement in police performance and efficiency.
To carry out the objectives of the act, the Police Commission (POLCOM) was created under the Office of the
President of the Philippines. But the act, for all its merits, did not eliminate the various negative factors that had been
plaguing the police forces.
The PC before the birth of INP (1975)
The Marcos Regime
The Martial Law Regime and The Police Service
During the Martial law regime (September 21, 1972 up to 1986), Section 12, Article XV of the 1973 Constitution
provides that: ―The State shall establish and maintain an Integrated National Police whose Organization,
administration and operation shall be provided by law‖. The various problems that had plagued the police forces
under RA 4864 were further aggravated by the marked preponderance of graft and corruption committed by some
unscrupulous officers of the Philippine Constabulary.
The Birth of the Integrated National Police

Integration was the great idea and proposal of then Manila Mayor Arsenio Lacson. The birth of INP was brought by
the Constitutional mandate.
In compliance with said mandate, on August 8, 1975, Presidential Decree No. 765 was enacted establishing and
consulting the INTEGRATED NATIONAL POLICE composed of the Philippine Constabulary as the nucleus and the
Integrated Police, Fire and Jail Services of the cities and municipalities.
Under the same decree, both the INP and the National Police Commission had been placed under the supervision of
the Department of National Defense.
The integration of the police forces paved the way for the professionalization, standardization of systems and
procedures and creation of an organizational structure which links all police units together for efficiency and
effectiveness.
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The former FOUR PC ZONES (Luzon, Vizayas, Mindanao and NCR) were decentralized, creating the 13 PC-INP
Regional Commands.
The PC Brigade was activated on June 1, 1975 to provide command and control, combat service support to organic
and attached units.
The Martial Law Regime and The Police Service (PC and INP)
LT GEN FIDEL V RAMOS was the PC Chief from 1972-1975 (practically, He was the last Chief of PC before the PC-
INP Integration) and eventually became DIRECTOR GENERAL of the INP when INP was created in 1975 up to
1986.
He also took over the post as Acting Chief of Staff of the AFP following the leave of absence of Gen Fabian C Ver.
GEN RAMOS was the longest serving Chief/Director General of the PC/INP whose stint spanned for 14 years (1972-
1986).
The “People Power Revolt”

The PC-INP nearing the birth of PNP
The Birth of Philippine National Police

The adoption of the New Constitution in 1987, heralds the creation of a single national Police Organization, which
being a civilian in character shall be administered and controlled by the national Police Commission. Section 6,
Article 16 of the 1987 Constitution reads as follows:
―The State shall establish and maintain one police force, which shall be national in scope and civilian in character to
be administered and controlled by a National Police Commission, the Authority of Local Executives over the police
units in their jurisdiction shall be provided by law‖.
Republic Act No. 6975 approved on December 13, 1990, “An Act Establishing the PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
POLICE under a Reorganized Department of the Interior and Local Government, and for other purposes”.
After it‘s signing on December 13, 1990, the PNP underwent transitory period. On March 31, 1991, President Aquino
named P/DIR GEN OSCAR P NAZARENO, as the First Director General of the PNP (1990-1992).
GUIDE IN ORGANIZING FOR EFFECTIVE POLICE SERVICE
FUNCTIONS OF POLICE ADMINISTRATION (POSDCCoRB)
ORGANIC UNITS IN THE POLICE ORGANIZATION
RESPONSIBILITIES ASSIGNED IN THE THREE UNITS
The Functional Units

Bureau – the largest organic functional units within a large department.
Division – a primary subdivision of a bureau and has a department with functions either for general police service or
for specified activity.
Section – a functional unit within a division where specialization is noted.
Unit – functional group within a section when, the smallest functional group within an organization.
The Territorial Units

Post – it is a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty, such as a designated desk or office.
Route – a length of street or streets design for patrol purposes. It is also known as LINE BEAT.
Beat – it is a territory which is an area assigned for duty patrol whether on foot or mobile.
Sector – it is an area containing two or more beats, routes or post.
District – a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its own station.
Area – a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated districts.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
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Bureaucratic Organizations are formal structures through which the laws and policies of government are
administered. While each police organization has its own particular design based on its size, location, budget,
technology, and method of operation, all police organization, share the following basic elements:
ELEMENTS OF POLICE ORGANIZATION

Goals and Objectives
Methods of Grouping
Classification of Line, staff and auxiliary functions
Specialization
Hierarchy and Authority
Span of Control
Delegation of Authority
Unity of Command
Formal Communications
PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION

Principle of Unity of Objectives
Principle of Organizational Efficiency
Scalar Principle – flow of authority from top to bottom describing chain of units;
Unity of Command – under one superior;
Span of Control – should not be more than what he can effectively direct
Delegation of Authority
Functional Principle
Line and Staff
Principle of Balance
Principle of Delegation by Results Expected
Principle of Absoluteness of Responsibility
Principle of Parity and Responsibility - responsibility for action cannot be greater than that implied by the authority
delegated nor should be less.
Authority Level Principle
Principle of Flexibility
THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP): MANDATE AND STRUCTURE
MANDATE OF THE PNP

Created by virtue of RA 6975 as amended RA 8551 (PNP Reform & Reorganization Act of 1998) and further
amended by RA 9708 (An Act Extending For 5 Years the Reglementary Period For Complying with the Minimum
Educational Qualification for Appointment to the PNP and Adjusting The Promotion System)
PHILOSOPHY of the PNP

Service
Honor; and
Justice
CORE VALUES
Maka-Diyos (God-fearing)
Makabayan (Nationalistic)
Makatao (Humane)
Makakalikasan (Environment –Friendly)
SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS
Law Enforcement.
Maintain peace and order.
Prevents and investigates crimes and bring offenders to justice.
Exercise the vested powers from the Philippine Constitution and pertinent laws.
Detain an arrested person for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law.
Implements pertinent laws and regulations on firearms and explosives control.
Supervise and control the training and operations of security agencies.
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THE PNP ORGANIZATION

PNP: National in Scope – Civilian in Character
National in scope simply means that the PNP is a nationwide government organizations; hence all its personnel
– uniformed and non-uniformed, are all government employees.
Civilian in character means that the PNP is not a part of the military. Although it retains some military attributes
such as discipline, it shall continue to evolve and adopt unique non-military cultures, Code of Ethics, and Standard of
Professional Conduct comparable to the civilian police forces of other countries.
THE PNP ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

It is composed of the Central Office or the NHQ, which housed the office of the PNP Chief, two Deputy Chiefs,
the Chief Directorial Staff and Eighteen (18) Directorial Staffs with the support of Eleven (11) Administrative and
Eleven (11) Operational Units and Seventeen (17) Police Regional Offices (PROs) nationwide corresponding to the
regional subdivisions of the country to include the NCRPO, PROs 1, 2, 3, 4A (CALABARZON), 4B (MIMAROPA), 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 (CARAGA), CAR and ARMM. It was on September 1, 2002 that PRO 4 was subdivided into
PRO 4A (CALABARZON), and PRO 4B (MIMAROPA).
Up to this date, there are Eighty One (81) Police Provincial Offices (PPO‘s); thirty (30) City Police Offices (CPO‘s);
one-hundred thirty six (136) City Police Stations (CPS‘); and 1,494 Municipal Police Stations (MPS).
The PNP Staff and Support Units (NHQ)
The C,PNP has the rank of PDG (4 Star). He is assisted by:

The Inspector General
Aide-de-Camp
Command PNCO
Deputy Chiefs of the PNP has the rank of PDDG (3 Star)

DC, PNP for Administration
DC, PNP for Operations
C, Directorial Staff
The 18 Directorial Staff (Functional Staff)

Directorate for Personnel & Records Management (DPRM)
Directorate for Intelligence (DI)
Directorate for Operations (DO)
Directorate for Integrated Police Operations (DIPO) – NL
DIPO - CL
DIPO - SL
DIPO - EV
DIPO - SV
DIPO - EM
DIPO - WM
Directorate for Investigation & Detective Management (DIDM)
Directorate for Logistics (DL)
Directorate for Plans (DP)
Directorate for Comptrollership (DC)
Directorate for Police Community Relations (DPCR)
Directorate for Human Resources & Doctrine Development (DHRDD)
Directorate for Research & Development (DRD)
Directorate for Information & Communication Technology Management (DICTM)
The 11 Administrative Support Units (AdSU)

Logistics Service (LOGS)
Legal Service (LS)
Health Service (HS)
Information & Technology Management Service (ITMS)
Engineering Service (ES)
Headquarters Support Service (HSS)
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Finance Service (FS)

Communications & Electronics Service (CES)
Chaplain Service (CS)
Training Service (TS)
Police Retirees Benefits Services (PRBS)
The 11 Operational Support Units (OpSU)

Highway Patrol Group (HPG)
Intelligence Group (IG)
Special Action Force (SAF)
Police Security and Protection Group (PSPG)
Civil Security Group (CSG)
Maritime Group (MG)
Criminal Investigation & Detection Group (CIDG)
Police Community Relations Group (PCRG)
Aviation Security Group (ASG)
Crime Laboratory (CL)
Anti-Kidnapping Group (AKG)
IMPORTANT PROVISIONS of
RA 6975 as amended by RA 8551 and
RA 9708
The PNP Mandate

Important Provisions
The BFP and the BJMP
―Towards Excellence and Quality Public Safety Service‖
The Six (6) PPSC Constitutive Units
The National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM)

(Sec 13-22, RA 6975 as amended by Sec 4-11, RA 8551)
The NAPOLCOM is an agency attached to the DILG for policy and program coordination and exercises
administrative control and operational supervision over the Philippine National Police.
It is composed of a Chairperson, four (4) regular Commissioners, and the Chief of PNP as
ex-officio member.
RA 6040 (August 4, 1969)

General Qualifications for Appointment in the PNP (Sec 30, RA 6975 as amended by Sec 14, RA 8551)
A citizen of the Philippines;
A person of good moral conduct;
Must have passed the psychiatric/psychological, drug and physical tests to be administered by the PNP or by any
NAPOLCOM accredited government hospital for the purpose of determining physical and mental health;
Must possess a formal baccalaureate degree from a recognized institution of learning;
Must be eligible in accordance with the standards set by the Commission;
Must not have been dishonorably discharged from military employment or dismissed for cause from any civilian
position in the Government;
Must not have been convicted by final judgment of an offense or crime involving moral turpitude;
Must be at least one meter and sixty-two centimeters (1.62 m.) in height for male and one meter and fifty-seven
centimeters (1.57 m.) for female;
Must weigh not more or less than five kilograms (5 kgs.) from the standard weight corresponding to his or her height,
age, and sex; and
For a new applicant, must not be less than twenty-one (21) nor more than thirty (30) years of age.
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except for the last qualification (Age), All other qualifications shall be continuing in character and an absence of any
one of them at any given time shall be a ground for separation or retirement from the service (through the Attrition
System).
Lateral Entry of Officers in the PNP

(Sec 33, RA 6975)
In general, all original appointments of commissioned officers in the PNP shall commence with the rank of inspector,
to include all those with highly technical qualifications applying for the PNP technical services, such as dentist,
optometrists, nurses, engineers, and graduates of forensic sciences. Doctors of medicine, members of the Bar, and
chaplains shall be appointed to the rank of senior inspector in their particular technical service.
(Sec 33, RA 6975)

Graduates of the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) shall be automatically appointed to the initial rank of
inspector.
Licensed criminologists may be appointed to the rank of inspector to fill up any vacancy after promotions from the
ranks are completed.
Examination of Policemen
(Sec 21, RA 8551)
The National Police Commission shall administer the entrance and promotional examinations for policemen on the
basis of the standards set by the Commission
The Field Training Program

(Sec 19, RA 8551)
All uniformed members of the PNP shall undergo a Field Training Program for twelve (12) months involving actual
experience and assignment in patrol, traffic, and investigation as a requirement for permanency of their appointment.
Promotion System in the PNP

(Sec 31-33, RA 8551 as amended by Sec 2, RA 9708)
A uniformed member of the PNP shall not be eligible for promotion to a higher position or rank unless he or she has
successfully passed the corresponding promotional examination given by the NAPOLCOM, or the Bar, or the
corresponding board examinations for technical services and other professions, has satisfactorily completed the
appropriate and accredited course in the PNPA or equivalent training institutions, and has satisfactorily passed the
required psychiatric/psychological and drug tests.
Retirement System in the PNP

(Sec 34-38, RA 8551)
Mandatory / Compulsory Retirement : 56 yrs old.
Early Retirement:
at least ten (10) years of continuous government service;
Not covered by the attrition system or separation for cause;
no pending administrative or criminal case; and
has at least three (3) more years in the service before reaching the compulsory retirement age and at least a year
before his or her maximum tenure in position.
The Internal Affairs Service (IAS)

(Sec 39-56, RA 8551)
Functions of the Internal Affairs Service
Creation of Women's Desks in All

Police Stations and the Gender Sensitivity Program
(Sec 57-61, RA 8551)
Creation of the People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB)

(Sec 43, RA 6975 as amended by Sec 66-71, RA 8551)
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The PLEB serves as the central receiving entity for any citizen's complaint against the officers and members of
the PNP.
The PLEB shall take cognizance of or refer the complaint to the proper disciplinary or adjudicatory authority
within three (3) days upon the filing of the complaint.
There is one (1) PLEB for every five hundred (500) city or municipal police personnel and for each of the legislative
districts in a city.
Composition of the PLEB

Any member of the sangguniang panlungsod / bayan chosen by his respective sanggunian;
Any barangay captain of the city or municipality concerned chosen by the association of barangay captains; and
Three (3) other members who are removable only for cause to be chosen by the local peace and order council from
among the respected members of the community known for their probity and integrity, one (1) of whom must be a
woman and another a member of the Bar, or, in the absence thereof, a college graduate, or the principal of the
central elementary school in the locality."
Highlights of RA 9708
(Sec 1)
Continuing Education Program (Sec 3, RA 9708)
FOR SUPPLEMENTAL READING:
POLICE PLANNING WITH PNP PLANS AND PROGRAMS
Planning Defined
PLANNING is an important and never-ending process of administration; particularly in the concept of public
safety. Its importance cannot be minimized even in the local police command, and a commander who ignores it,
does so at substantial peril. In a very simple sense, planning is deciding in advance on what is to be done and how it
is to be accomplished.
It is in essence, preparations for actions. In order to insure the accomplishment of the of the public safety objectives
and mission, its components such as the police, fire and jail operations must adopt the utmost skill and careful
planning.
Planning is the key to administrative process and may mean any of the following:
TYPES OF PLANS
POLICY OR PROCEDURAL PLAN

TACTICAL PLANS
Types of OPERATIONAL PLANS

OPERATIONAL PLANS
EXTRA OFFICE PLANS
MANAGEMENT PLANS
STEPS IN PLANNING
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANS
EXECUTION OF PLAN
PNP PLANS and PROGRAMS
To rationalize the overall institutional framework for the country's policing system by clearly delineating and
defining the coordination of police functions and structures;
To enhance the focus and coordination of police functions and operations through a national internal security policy
and strategy;
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To reengineer the police system towards strengthening police oversight; remove institutionalized mechanisms that
undermine unity of command and internal management authority in the PNP, which renders the organization
vulnerable to undue politicization and corruption;
To fortify the institutional capabilities of the PNP by improving administrative and operational coherence and
efficiency; and to strengthen the police stations;

To streamline institutional mechanisms and procedures in order to promote speedy access to justice and legal
protection; ensure police neutrality and non-discrimination; and foster respect for human rights and gender neutrality;
To strengthen institutional mechanisms for the recruitment, training, and maintenance of a corps of competent, well-
compensated, and motivated professional police force imbued with integrity, industry, and a high sense of duty and
honor; and
To clarify and instill a culture of public accountability in the PNP and among its personnel.
12 PNP Key Result Areas
National Policy & Institutional Development

Police Operations
Facilities Development
Human Resources Management & Development
Administrative & Financial Management and Development
Strategic Planning & Performance Management
Information & Communication Technology
Demonstration of Excellence through Development Of Best Practices
Public Information and Advocacy
Reform Management
Anti-corruption
Promotion of Human Rights
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INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION TO SECURITY
The protection of individual and his property is one of the oldest tasks in the history. The pattern of development
in private security is what commonly known as law enforcement, however, differs to a considerable degree in many
aspects. The inability of government to provide the type of security measure, which is often required by individuals,
has historically produced a need for and use of private security measures.
THE CONCEPT OF SECURITY

What is Security?
Is the provision for physical protection such as from the police, military and from devices and gadgets.
Implies safety – state of freedom from harm, damage and loss.
A means to protect lives, properties, assets, reputations, and material resources to pursue one‘s goals.
A means from where ―sense of security‖ is obtained.
In its broadest sense, it provides a predictable environment where one can pursue his objectives without fear from
the occurrence of mishaps and their effects when they occur.
Major Levels of Security

Governmental/Public Security – measures to preserve internal and external security of the state. (PNP, NBI, AFP,
etc..)
Proprietary/Private Security - includes all means to be taken by any person to protect individual life, private property
and interest. (RA 5487)
Types of Private Security Services

Industrial Security Services
Bank and Armored Security Services
Hotel and Restaurant Security Services
Commercial Security Services
Aviation Security Services
Railroads and Railways Security Services
School Campus Security Services
VIP Protection Security Services
Private Detective Services
Special Events Security Services
Legal Bases of Industrial Security (Philippines)

Republic Act # 5487
Presidential Decree # 11
Republic Act # 6975 as amended
THE THREE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF SECURITY
Divisions / Categories of Security
1. Physical Security
2. Personnel Security
3. Document and Information Security
PHYSICAL SECURITY
Physical security
This is the broadest branch of security.
It is defined as a system of barriers and devices placed between the matters protected and the potential intruder.
It is concerned with the utilization of physical measures to prevent unauthorized access to facilities, plants, and
equipment and safeguard them against man-made and natural hazards.
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Three Main Components to Physical Security
1- Obstacles can be placed in the way of potential attackers and sites can be hardened against accidents and
environmental disasters. Such measures can include multiple locks, fencing, walls, fireproof safes, and water
sprinklers
2- Surveillance and notification systems can be put in place, such as lighting, heat sensors, smoke detectors,
intrusion detectors, alarms, and cameras.
3- Methods can be implemented to apprehend attackers (preferably before any damage has been done) and to
recover quickly from accidents, fires, or natural disasters.
Security Concepts
Threats – an activity that could lead to a loss
Hazards – a condition that could lead to a loss
Vulnerability – a weakness that can be used to gain access to an asset
Risk – a potential loss or damage to an asset
Exploit – a vulnerability that has been triggered by a threat
Countermeasure - a countermeasure is a way to stop a threat from triggering a risk event
Defense in depth - never rely on one single security measure alone
Assurance - is the level of guarantee that a security system will behave as expected
Three lines of Physical Defense

Perimeter Defense – this includes protective barriers, perimeter fences or guards at the gate
Inside Perimeter Defense – such as doors, floors, windows, walls, roofs, grills, locks and keys and other entries to a
building
Storage System – such as safes and vaults
Perimeter Defense: The First Line of Physical of Defense
Protective Barrier
Barrier – any structure or physical device capable of restricting, deterring, delaying illegal access to installation. They
maybe referred to as Perimeter barrier
Three Basic function of barriers:

Delay
Psychological Deterrent
Supplement and/or compliment the on-site security personnel needs.
Kinds of Barriers
Natural (rivers, cliffs, terrains or feature difficult to overcome)
Structural (fences, walls, grills, doors, screens, etc)
Human (security guards)
Animal (dogs, geese, etc)
Energy (electronic device/hardware)
Perimeter Barrier
A medium or structure which defines the physical limits of an installation or area to restrict or impede access
thereto. Any physical barrier used to supplement the protection of an inside or outside perimeter.
Types of Perimeter Barriers
1. Wire Fences
Solid – constructed of opaque materials to deny visual access
Full-View - constructed to permit visual access but primarily designed for control or physical access into a facility, it
includes: (1) Chain-link; (2) Barbed wire and (3) Concertina Wire
2. Building Walls
3. Bodies of Water
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Wire Fence
Is an independent structure designed to control physical and/or visual access between outside areas.
There are several types of fences that are proven over the past years in sub-urban and rural areas or in high-
crime urban environments. Your choices will depend primarily upon (1) permanence needed, (2) availability of
materials, (3) location, (4) time available for building the barrier fence, and (5) the type of threat confronting your
security systems.
Generally, a cost effective system chain-link fence is best for most applications. However, you need to think
about all types of fencing to strengthen, increase or layer your security. For example, you might have a perimeter
fence or double fences using chain-link; however, in key or vulnerable areas, you will harden the security with an
added barrier line using barbed wire.
Additional Protective Barriers

Top Guard
Towers
Guard Control System
Signs and Notices
Barrier Maintenance
Protective Alarms / Intrusion Detection System
The use of intrusion detection systems dates back to 390BC during the Roman Empire when squawking geese
alerted the Romans to surprise attack by the Gaul‘s.
Intrusion detection systems are inherent element of corporate and industrial security and play an important part in
the total protection efforts of companies; its activities, information, equipment and material assets.
Basically, these are designed to alert security personnel to consummated or attempted intrusion into an area,
building or compound. It can be electrical, mechanical or electronics.
Remember, however, that these systems can tell you only that an intrusion into a protected area occurred. It
cannot do anything about it. Whatever system you choose depends on your capability to react positively to the alarm.
Types of Alarm System

Metallic foil or wire
Photoelectric or electric eye
Audio detection device
Vibration detection device
Microwave motion detection device
Ultrasonic motion detection device
Capacitance or electrostatic detection device
Other types of protective alarm (commonly used by Banks)

Foot Rail Activation
Bill Traps
Knee or Thigh Buttons
Foot Buttons
Double Squeeze Button
Types of Alarm Detection System
1. CENTRAL STATION SYSTEM – a type of protective alarm sytem where the central station is located
outside the installation.
2. PROPRIETARY SYSTEM – this function in the same way as the central system except that it is owned and
leased by the subscriber, and operated and located in the facility.
3. LOCAL ALARM SYSTEM – consist of rigging up a visual or audible alarm near the object to be protected
4. AUXILIARY SYSTEM – In this system, installation circuits are led into local police or fire deprtment
5. LOCAL ALARM-BY-CHANCE SYSTEM – this is a local alarm system in which a bell or siren sounded with
no predictable response
6. DIAL ALARM SYSTEM – This system is set to dial a predestined number selected might be the police or
the subscriber's home number or both.
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Three Basic Parts of Alarm System:

 Sensor or Trigger Device
 Controls or Circuits which carries message to the signaling apparatus
 Signaling System, sometimes called the Annunciator
Protective Lighting
Designed to emphasize the illumination of the perimeter barrier and the outside approaches to it, or to
concentrate on the area and the building within the perimeter.
 Purposes of Protective Lighting:

- To provide sufficient illumination to the areas during hours of darkness.
- Lighting can help improve visibility so that intruder can be seen and identified and if possible, apprehended.
- Lighting also gives that psychological fear and that serve as a deterrent to thieves, pilferer, trespassers and
saboteurs.
 Importance of Protective Lighting

- Serve as deterrent to violators.
- Assisting Security Force
- Serves as an essential element of an integrated physical security program.
Types of Protective Lighting

1. Stationary Luminary (or Continuous lighting) – most familiar outdoor security lighting; results are either glare-
projection and controlled.
2. Movable or Portable Lighting – manually operated movable search lights; used for lighting short period of
time.
3. Emergency Lighting – used in times of power failure or when other systems are inoperative.
Types of Light Lamps

1. Incandescent Lamp (least expensive in terms of energy consumption that provides instant illumination)
2. Mercury Vapor Lamp (ideal for exterior lighting; emits purplish-white color)
3. Metal Halide (similar to mercury vapor but better in luminosity and color rendition)
4. Fluorescent (cost effective; long life; but are not desirable for flood type lights)
5. High Pressure Sodium Vapor (for parking areas, roadways, buildings; emits golden white to light pink color;
similar to mercury vapor)
Types of Lighting Equipment

1. Floodlights (most outdoor security lighting needs)
2. Searchlights (designed to pinpoint trouble spots)
3. Fresnel Lights (used to extend illumination to protect the approaches of perimeter)
4. Street lights
Areas to be Lighted
Vehicular gate Pedestrian gate Thoroughfare Parking Area
Sensitive Areas Storage Areas Perimeter Fence
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)

Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit signal to a specific, limited set of
monitors.
CCTV is often used for surveillance in areas which need monitoring, such as banks, casinos, airports, military/police
installations, grocery/convenience stores, schools, streets, etc.
The most measurable effect of CCTV is not on crime prevention, but on detection and prosecution. Several notable
murder cases have been solved with the use of CCTV evidence.
Closed Circuit Digital Photography (CCDP)

A development in the world of CCTV (October 2005) is in the use of megapixel digital still cameras that can take
1600 x 1200 pixel resolution images of the camera scene either on a time lapse or motion detection basis. Images
taken with a digital still camera have higher resolution than those taken with a typical video camera. Relatively low-
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cost digital still cameras can be used for CCTV purposes, using CCDP software that controls the camera from the
PC.
Images of the camera scene are transferred automatically to a computer every few seconds. Images may be
monitored remotely if the computer is connected to a network.
CCDP is more suited for capturing and saving recorded photographs, whereas CCTV is more suitable for live
monitoring purposes.
Inside Perimeter Defense: Second line of Defense

After the perimeter barrier, the next lines of defense are the (1) DOORS; (2) WINDOWS; (3) WALLS; (4)
ROOFS; (5) GRILLS; (6) OTHER ENTRIES TO THE BUILDING; (7) PROTECTIVE LOCKS and (8) KEYS.
This array of barrier is only deterrent, and can never exclude the decided and determine.
Door Security
Door security relates to prevention of door-related burglaries. Such break-ins take place in various forms, and in
a number of locations; ranging from front, back and side doors to garage doors.
Common Residential Door Types

Solid wood door
Panel doors (hollow and solid core)
Metal skinned wood-edged doors
Metal edge-wrapped doors.
Door Security Devices
Alarms
Deadbolts
Door strike reinforces
Doorframe reinforcements
Door Chains
Secondary, internal locks
Door viewers
Door Windows
Hinge screws
Sliding door /patio door locks
Protective Locks
A lock is a mechanical fastening device which may be used on a door, vehicle, or container, restricting access
to the area or property enclosed. Commonly, it can be released by using a key or combination.
Types of Locks
Bicycle lock Child safety lock Combination lock Cylinder lock Deadbolt
Disc tumbler lock Door chain Electronic lock Magnetic lock Electric strike
Lever tumbler lock Chubb detector lock Protector lock Padlock Pin tumbler lock
Tubular pin tumbler lock Turner lock Wafer tumbler lock Warded lock 5 Lever Lock
Magnetic keyed lock
Protective Key
A key is a device which is used to open a lock. A typical key consist of two parts: the blade, which slides into the
keyway of the lock and distinguishes between different keys, and the bow, which is left protruding so that torque can
be applied by the user. The blade is usually designed to open one specific lock, although master keys are designed
to open sets of similar locks.
Types of Key
House key
Car key
Master key - is designed to open a set of several locks
Control key - is a key used in interchangeable core locking systems
Double-sided key
Paracentric key
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Skeleton key - (or passkey) is a very simple designs of key which usually has a cylindrical shaft (sometimes called a
shank) and a single, minimal flat, rectangular tooth or bit.
Zeiss Key - (also known as a Cruciform Key) is a cross between a house key and a tubular key
Restricted Key – blank key; used for duplication
Keycard
Tubular Key
Security Cabinets: Third line of defense

The final line of defense at any facility is in the high security storage area where papers, records, plans or
cashable instrument, precious metals or other especially valuables assets arte protected, these security cabinets will
be of a size and quantity which the nature of the business dictates
Types of Security Cabinets

a. SAFE - a metallic container used for the safekeeping of documents or small items in an office or installation.
b. VAULT - this is a heavily constructed fire and burglar resistance usually a part of the building stucture used
to keep and protect cash, documents and negotiable instruments.
c. FILE ROOM - it is a cubicle in a building constructed a little lighter than a vault but bigger in size to
accomodate limited people to work on the records inside.
PERSONNEL SECURITY
- Of the three major aspects of security, Personnel Security, is considered as the most important. This is for the
reason that security involves people, both as an asset to be protected and as source of security threats.
- It is acknowledge fact that losses are attributed mainly to negligence or active participation of employees, either
through theft and sabotage. This emphasizes the need to set-up a system of hiring people for the company.
- Includes all the security measures designed to prevent individuals of doubtful loyalty, character, integrity from
gaining access of classified matters and sensitive facilities. It is composed of conducting personnel security
investigation and security education programs.
Purpose:
To insure that a company hires employees best suited to assist the firm in achieving its goals and assist in
providing the necessary security while hey are carrying out their function.
Key function of personnel security program

It serves as a screening device to assist the firm in hiring suitable employees.
It handles background investigation of prospective employees.
It handles investigation of employees with alleged violation to company rules and regulations.
It assists employees in helping themselves through educational programs concerned with security awareness.
Personnel Security Investigation (PSI)

PSI is a process of inquiry into the reputation, character, integrity, discretion moral and loyalty of an individual in
order to determine a person‘s suitability for appointment or access to classified matters.
Positive Vetting: is the process of inspecting or examining with careful thoroughness.

Prowling: observation of behavior
Security Education Program

It is conducted to develop security awareness among employees in the company.
The basic goal of security education is to acquaint all the employees/stakeholders/clients the rationale behind the
security measures and to ensure their cooperation at all times.
Phases of Security Education Program

Initial Interview
Orientation and Training
Refresher Conference
Security Reminders
Security Promotion
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DOCUMENT AND INFORMATION SECURITY
Document Security
Is the branch of security involved in the protection of documents and classified papers from loss, access by
unauthorized person, theft, damage and compromise through disclosure. The term document in security matters,
covers any form of recorded information either printed, written, drawn, painted, sound recording, films, maps, etc.
The object is to secure and control the sensitive information contained therein so as not to prejudice the firm,
company or agency.
Two kinds of documents that can be classified for security purposes: (1) Personal; and (2) Official.
Categories of Document
1. Category A – It may contain reportable time sensitive, order of battle, and significant information. It should be
given priority because it has critical information.
2. Category B – Anything that should be classified as secret and requires special handling.
3. Category C – Unscreened documents; contains exploitable information
4. Category D – No value, yet lower level.
Four Types of Classified Matter (Used by Military and Police Agencies)
1. TOP SECRET (Green Color Code)

2. SECRET (Red Color Code)
3. CONFIDENTIAL (Blue Color Code)
4. RESTRICTED (White/No Color or Black)
Types of Document (Used by Private Companies and other Government Agencies)

Class I (Vital Documents)
Class II (Important Documents)
Class III (Useful Documents)
Class IV (Non-Essential Documents)
Information Security
The Information Cycle

Creation
Classification
Storage
Retrieval
Retention or Purging
Transfer
Disposition
Three Security Concepts in Document and Information Security

1- Personnel are the weakest link in the security chain.
2- Training is important to make security personnel conscious and realize the value of document.
3- Training is necessary for the practice of ―NEED TO KNOW‖ principle.
RISK ANALYSIS AND SECURITY HAZARDS

Security Hazard
Any act or condition which may result in the compromise of information, loss of life, and loss or destruction of
property or disruption of the activity of the installation.
It has three types: (1) Natural; (2) Man-Made; and (3) Activity-Related Hazards.
Types of Security Hazards

1. Natural Hazards
2. Man-made or Human Hazards
3. Activity-Related Hazards
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Natural Hazards – These hazards are generally caused by natural phenomenon.

Man-made or Human Hazards – These hazards are acts (omission or commission) of man. Acts of omission are
caused by one‘s ignorance, indifference, or negligence. Acts of commission are actions that are motivated by either
need or greed.
Activity-Related Hazards – Are hazards that are achieved by the undertaking of a certain activity or condition. This
will be eliminated by stopping the activity, the correction of condition or removal of the cause of a hazardous
condition. They are generally implied as safety hazards. This is classified as: (1) Hazardous Activities – such as
flying, skydiving, combat sports, etc; and (2) Safety Hazards within One‘s Surroundings – such as chemical spill,
defective tools, electricity, excessive noise, flammable materials, improper stacking, poor housekeeping, etc.
What is a Risk?
Risk is associated with almost every activity especially in the business world. Risk is a potential loss or damage
to an asset. It is a financial loss to an enterprise, business or organization. Risk is classified as: (1) Personal; (2)
Property; and (3) Liability.
Risk is created when despite the threat that a hazard posses to the resources, the hazardous condition is not
changed.
Risk is a potential for damage, loss or harm to people, assets, environment or reputation. It is the combination of a
threat of a hazard, susceptibility, vulnerability, weakness and their potential impact to an asset.
Categories of Risk
Financial Risks
Considers basically quantifiable losses in terms of money due to obtaining conditions in the environment.
Operational Risks
Include those which are caused by the adverse internal conditions that affect operations and it may also include
demoralization, values and reputations, in addition to quantifiable losses.
Principle underlying RISKS

Risk Analysis
Risk Analysis is a management tool, the standards for which are determined by whatever management decides
it wants to accept in terms of actual loss. In order to proceed in a logical manner to perform a risk analysis, it is first
necessary to accomplish some basic tasks:
Identify the assets in need of being protected;
Identify the kinds of risk that may affect the assets being safeguarded;
Determine the probability of risk occurrence;
Determine the impact of effect, in monetary values, if a given loss will occur.
OTHER SECURITY MEASURES

(SECURITY PLANNING, SURVEY and INSPECTION)
Security Planning
Planning is a corporate and extensive responsibility. This is a decision making in order to answer the precepts
of knowing where we are, where we are going, and determining the best way to get there.
Definition of Security Survey

A critical on-site examination and analysis of an industrial plant, business, home or public private institution
done for the purpose/s of:
ascertaining the facility‘s current security status;
identifying deficiencies or excesses in current practices;
determining what protection is needed; and
making recommendations for improving the over-all level of security at that location.
Security Inspection
Inspection is one of the most important part of security management process which insure that risks are
recognized and covered in security programs, and that programs are necessary and cost-effective.
The assessment of what is happening from a security point of view is made through an inspection program.
Types of Security Inspection
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RA 5487: THE PSA LAW

“An Act Governing the Operation, Organization and Management of Private Security Agency (PSA),
Company Guard Force (CGF) and Government Guard Unit (GGU)”
Otherwise known as “The Private Security Agency Law”
GUARD FORCE SYSTEM

Private Security Agencies (PSA)
Company Guard Forces (CGF)
Government Guard Units (GGU)
Private Detective Agencies (PDA)
PRIVATE SECURITY AGENCIES

Any private person, association, partnership, firm or corporation, who contracts, recruits, trains, furnishes or
posts any security guard, to perform its functions for hire, commission or compensation.
COMPANY GUARD FORCES
A security unit maintained and operated by any private corporation/company utilizing its employees to watch,
secure or guard its business establishment, premises, compound or properties.
GOVERNMENT GUARD UNIT
A security unit maintained and operated by any government entity other than the PNP or AFP.
PRIVATE DETECTIVE AGENCY
A security unit maintained and operated by any private corporation/company utilizing its employees to watch,
secure or guard its business establishment, premises, compound or properties.
Important Documents
License to Exercise Profession – shall mean any document issued by the C,PNP or his duly authorized
representative recognizing a person to be qualified to perform his duties as private security or training personnel.
License to Operate (LTO) – is a certificate issued by C,PNP or his duly authorized representative authorizing a
person to engage in employing security guards or detectives.
Duty Detail Order (DDO) – is a written order issued by a superior officer of a PSA, CGF or GSF assigning the
performance of private security/detective service duties.
Regulatory Agencies and Organizations

SOSIA (Supervising Office for Security and Investigation Agencies) – formerly SAGSD; a unit under the PNP – Civil
Security Group (PNP-CSG) as the primary office to supervise the implementation of RA 5487.
PADPAO (Philippine Association of Detective and Protective Agency Operators, Inc.) – an association of all licensed
PSA, CGF and GGU.
PARSTS (Philippine Association of Recognized Security Training Schools) – an association of all licensed security
training schools.
Who may organize a Security Force?

Individual Filipino Citizen (100% of capital is owned by him)
Juridical (Corporation, Partnership, Association = 100% of capital is owned by them.
Minimum Capitalization to Operate a Security Force?

1 million pesos
500,000.00 minimum bank deposit.
Kinds of LTO
1. Regular LTO – renewable every after 2 years; 200-1000 guards for PSA and 30 guards for CGF
2. Temporary LTO – valid for 1 year; less than the number of guards for Regular LTO
Use of Firearms
Processing and Use of Firearms for Security Agencies shall be in accordance with PD 1866 as amended;
Number of FA‘s to use: minimum of 30 pcs and maximum of 500 pcs
FA‘s allowed: As a rule, only low powered firearms are allowed such as cal .22, cal .38, 12ga shotgun. Use of high
powered firearm upon approval of C,PNP.
Limitation: within the place & tour of duty; with valid DDO, and except when escorting. DDO is valid for 30 days; DDO
for Escort Guard is valid for 24 hours.
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Ammunitions
Limited to 25 units per security guard and a maximum of 50 units per firearm
Basic Equipment for a Security Guard Basic Uniform;
Night Stick / Baton; Whistle;
Timepiece; Pen;
Notebook; Flashlight;
First Aid Kit; Service Firearm;
Paraphernalia such as Black Leather Belt with regulation buckle; holster; pershing cap; footwear; necktie; and
lanyard.
Ornaments and Patches

National Badge;
Cap Device;
Regulation Buckle;
Collar Device;
Name Cloth;
Agency/Unit Name Cloth
Other equipment
(when client requires)
Handcuffs;
Metal Detector;
Communications Radio;
Stun Devices;
Armor Vests; and
Canine Unit/s.
Ranks and Position in a PSA

Security Management Staff
Security Director – Manager
Security Executive Director – Asst Manager
Security Staff Directors for Administration, Operations and Training
Line Leadership Staff

Security Supervisor III – Detachment Commanders
Security Supervisor II – Chief Inspector
Security Supervisor I – Inspector
Security Guard
SG III – Post-in-charge
SG II – Shift-in-charge
SG I – Actual guard/watchman
Categories of Security Training

Pre-Licensing Training Course (Security Services NC I)
Refresher Training Course (SS NC II)
Specialized Training Course
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POLICE PATROL AND OPERATIONS WITH POLICE

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
 The history of police patrol may be traced back to the time when society came to existence. It is inherent in
man‘s nature to first protect himself, his family and their property involved moving around their abode and
barricading its vulnerable points.
 The word patrol is derived from the French word patrouiler, which means roughly, ―to travel on foot.‖ In most
modern police agencies and organizations foot patrol had been either replaced altogether or significantly
supplanted through other patrol methods.
 The value of foot patrol has experienced a renewed appreciation in recent years. It is no coincidence that the
foot patrol officer continues to be the mainstay of the police force.
 Patrol is the only form of police service, which directly attempts to eliminate desire/opportunity of an individual to
commit misconduct.
 Patrol is the backbone of the police department since this is the only division within the structure of the police
organization that may not be eliminated. Patrol is the only division that performs without fail round the clock or
twenty four hours duty.
 Patrol may be amply defined as a repeated circuit of in guarding, performed to cover, secure and protect a
particular area.
 The Primary Importance of Police Patrol is:

o It is the essence of police functions.
o It is the largest element in police organization.
o Actions taken by patrol officers have direct impact on citizens well being and the accomplishment of the
police objectives.
o It is the most visible form of police activity.
o Patrol officers represent the PNP in their contact with the community.
The Exercise of Discretion: Discretion refers to the wise use of one‘s judgment, by utilizing personal experience
and common sense to decide on the course of action to be taken for a particular situation. Patrol officers are decision
makers and discretion is part and parcel of their police role.
Foot Patrol: It is an integral element of many modern community oriented policing programs. The foot patrol officer
is usually able to develop a much closer relationship with the people who reside, shop or work in his beat. He can
readily identify people on the beat since they experience impersonal and direct contact with them.
 Advantages of foot patrol:

o It maintains better personal contact with citizens and develops trust and confidence of the people in the
police.
o It provides clear observation of persons and things.
o It fosters police community relations.
o Patrol officers can enter small alleys.
o Patrol officers presence may deter crimes in business establishments within their area of responsibility.
o Patrol officers may easily assess the nature and degree of the incident before pursuing a proper course of
action.
o Closer observation of surroundings, conditions and circumstances.
Automobile Patrol: The automobile offers the patrol officer the ability to cover a large area, to respond to
emergency calls quickly, and to employ useful combination of stealth and mobility in crime prevention and the
apprehension and detection of offenders.
 Advantages of mobile patrolling:
o It can cover a wider area;
o It provides faster response to public calls;
o It provides an element of surprise particularly when a crime is in progress;
o It provides constant availability to public calls;
o It provides officers with needed protection during inclement weather;
o It enables officers to carry other equipment;
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o It is less tiresome making patrol officers respond and deal with emergencies more efficiently; and
o It is more economical.
 Disadvantages of Mobile patrolling:

o Officers inability to observe their surroundings while inside their automobile;
o Inability to detect conditions requiring police attention;
o It restricts the ability of the patrol officer to come into contact with people with reside, travel, work and shop
around their beat.
Bicycle Patrol: The adoption of bicycle patrol was brought about by the need to saturate areas not accessible by
automobile and too large to be patrolled easily on foot.
Special Terrain Patrol: They are usually four wheel drive vehicles also known as ―All Terrain Vehicles‖ (ATV),
designed to easily maneuver and traverse with ease sandy areas such as desserts and beach fronts as well areas
prone to floods. This would enable patrol officers to respond quickly to calls to emergency scenes which may not be
accessible to more conventional forms of transportation.
Motorcycle Patrol: For many years, motorcycles have been utilized for traffic purposes and parade and escort
duties. Motorcycles offer several distinct advantages for patrol use. It is easily maneuverable in heavily congested
areas. However this method has manifested several disadvantages such as its limited utility under adverse weather
conditions. It also poses an additional element of danger to patrol officers due to its vulnerability on the road.
Aircraft Patrol: One of the most significant developments of patrol methods has been the adoption of both fixed
wing aircraft and helicopters. They have found to be very adaptable for police work, although used primarily in large
metropolis and cities.
K-9 assisted patrol: Canine units have many advantages; they are often used in lieu of a second officer in a
motorized patrol unit.
Marine Patrol or Water patrol units: are a highly specialized form of police patrol and are utilized in those
communities that have access to navigable waterways such as lakes, oceans, and rivers. They represent an
extremely valuable addition to the regular patrol force.
Mounted or Horse Patrol: They are utilized for certain patrol areas such as large parks or similar places where
automobiles either cannot access or may be forbidden.
Tactical operations and strategies Proper utilization and deployment of the patrol force includes the design and
implementation of patrol strategies and tactical patrol plans which are designed to meet the daily operational
requirements as well as unique conditions that may arise from time to time.
 High Visibility Patrol. The theory underlying high visibility patrol is that there are certain kinds of crimes that can
be reduced by the ―aura of police omnipresence.‖
 Low Visibility Patrol. Low visibility patrol is designed to increase the rate of apprehension of persons engaged
in selected types of crimes. Its secondary effect is that other types of crimes will be deterred as a result of
greater probability of persons being arrested in the commission of the crime.
 Directed Deterrent Patrol. Directed deterrent patrol differs from traditional patrol methods in that patrol officers
perform specific predetermined preventive functions on a planned and systematic basis. These preventive
activities are designed on the basis of detailed analysis of crime incidents, offender characteristics, methods of
operating, and locations. It attempts to identify certain crime trends and then develop specific patrol methods to
interrupt these patterns.
 Target Oriented Patrol. Target oriented patrol strategies are those that are directed toward specific persons,
places or events.
 Location Oriented Patrol. Is the process of conducting intensified surveillance over selected areas that have
been identified through crime analysis or through intelligence data as being high risk areas for the commission of
selected types of crimes.
 Offender Oriented Patrol. It is the process of conducting surveillance of an individual. In this case, police
intelligence data as well as criminal history information on known offenders will form the basis for the
identification of targets against which patrol efforts are directed.
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 Event Oriented Patrol. It is simply the identification of events which may require the application of intensified
patrol efforts or different kinds of patrol strategies due to the nature of the problems they may create.
 Contingency plans are often developed to deal with the outcomes of events, but specialized patrol strategies
also need to be designed to deal with the crime problems that events may create.
 Split Force Patrol. The split force patrol concept is a means of satisfying the needs of both preventive patrol
and the demands made by calls for service. It grew out of the recognition that both preventive patrol and
responding to calls are important.
 Reactive Patrol. This is a patrol activity which consists of driving around the district and waiting for something to
happen. An old concept in patrolling which is not very different from policemen sitting around at the precinct
while waiting for calls. The affordability and sensibility is now being questioned for it does not seem to effectively
augment the crime prevention drive of the police.
 Proactive Patrol. An alternative patrol system which entails anticipation on the part of the patrol units that
something unusual would occur. It consists of fielding of units in their respective area of responsibility with
described objectives and specific tasks for the day to augment calls and other on sight activities.
 Used in police communication system, 10-Codes. Developed in 1937 and expanded in 1974 by the APCO, the
Association of Public Safety Communications Officials, the 10 codes allow standardization and brevity of
message traffic.
 There are 200 10-Codes in current usage; approximately 50 of these are used by the police, fire and other types
of radio operators, while others have combined meanings depending on the service. Also referred to as the ten
signals, they are code words used to represent common phrases in voice communication, specifically in radio
transmission.
 The eleven-code is a system of numeric code words devised by the California Highway Patrol to describe
dispatches or situations unique or frequent to the work of the CHP. It is also used alongside the ten-code and
other voice radio protocols.
 Table of most commonly used 10/11 Codes:
Police Scanner 10 Codes Police Scanner 11 Codes

10-0 Caution 11-10 Take report
10-1 Reception poor 11-24 Abandoned vehicle
10-2 Reception good 11-25 Traffic hazard
10-3 Stop transmitting 11-26 Abandoned bicycle
10-4 Message received, 11-27 10-27 W/driver held
understood 11-28 10-28 W/driver held
10-5 Repay message 11-40 Advise if ambulance
10-6 Change channel needed
10-7 Out of service 11-41 Ambulance needed
10-7A Out of service, home 11-42 No ambulance needed
10-7B Out of service, personal 11-48 Furnish transportation
10-8 In service 11-51 Escort
10-9 Repeat message 11-52 Funeral detail
10-10 Off duty 11-54 Suspicious vehicle
10-10A Off duty, home 11-55 Officer being followed by
10-11 Identify frequency auto
10-12 Visitor(s) present 11-56 11-55 W/dangerous
10-13 Weather and road advice persons
10-14 Citizen w/suspect 11-57 Unidentified auto at
assignments
10-15 Prisoner in custody
11-58 Radio monitored, use
10-16 Pick up prisoner phone
10-17 Request for gasoline 11-59 Intensive attention: high
10-18 Equipment exchange hazard,
10-19 Return(ing) to station business areas
10-20 Location 11-60 Attack in high hazard area
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10-21 Telephone 11-65 Signal light out

10-21A Advise home I will return 11-66 Defective signal light
at: 11-78 Aircraft accident
10-22 Disregard last assignment 11-79 Accident - Ambulance sent
10-23 Stand by 11-80 Accident - Major injuries
10-24 Request car-to-car 11-81 Accident - Minor injuries
transmit 11-82 Accident - No injuries
10-25 Do you have contact with: 11-83 Accident - No detail
10-26 Clear 11-84 Direct traffic
10-27 D.D.L. report 11-85 Tow truck required
10-28 Registration request 11-94 Pedestrian stop
10-29 Check for wants 11-95 Routine traffic stop
10-29F Subject wanted, felony 11-96 Checking suspicious
10-29H Hazard potential from vehicle
subject 11-97 Time/security check on
10-29M Subject wanted, patrol
Misdemeanor 11-98 Meet:
10-29V Vehicle wanted 11-99 Officer needs help!
10-30 Doesn't conform to
regulations Police Scanner Codes...
10-32 Drowning
10-33 Alarm sounding, audible 187 Homicide
10-34 Assist at office 207 Kidnapping
10-35 Time check 207A Kidnapping attempt
10-36 Confidential information 211 Robbery
10-37 Identify operator 211A Robbery alarm
10-39 Can () come to the radio? 211S Robbery alarm, silent
10-40 Is () available for phone 217 Assault with intent to murder
call? 240 Assault
10-42 Check the welfare of/at: 242 Battery
10-43 Call a doctor 245 Assault with a deadly weapon
10-45 Condition of patient? 246 Shooting at inhabited dwelling
10-45A Good 261 Rape
10-45B Serious 261A Attempted rape
10-45C Critical 273A Child neglect
10-45D Dead 273D Wife beating - Felony
10-49 Proceed to: 288 Lewd conduct
10-50 Under influence of drugs 311 Indecent exposure
10-51 Drunk 314 Indecent exposure
10-52 Resuscitator 374B Illegal dumping
10-53 Man down 390 Drunk
10-54 Possible dead body 390D Drunk, unconscious
10-55 Coroner case 415 Disturbance
10-56 Suicide 417 Person with a gun
10-56A Suicide attempt 417A Person with a knife
10-57 Missing person 459 Burglary
10-59 Security check 459A Burglar alarm
10-60 Lock-out 459S Burglar alarm, silent
10-61 Miscellaneous public 470 Forgery
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service 480 Hit and run - Felony

10-62 Meet a citizen 481 Hit and run - Misdemeanor
10-62A Take a report from a 484 Petty theft
citizen 487 Grand theft
10-62B Civilian standby 488 Petty theft
10-63 Prepare to copy 502 Drunk Driving
10-64 Found property 503 Auto theft
10-66 Suspicious person 504 Tampering with a vehicle
10-67 Person calling for help 505 Reckless driving
10-68 Telephone for police 507 Public nuisance
10-70 Prowler 510 Speeding or racing vehicles
10-71 Shooting 586 Illegal parking
10-72 Gun involved 594 Malicious mischief
10-73 How do you receive? 595 Runaway car
10-79 Bomb threat 604 Throwing missiles
10-80 Explosion 647 Lewd conduct
10-86 Any radio traffic? 653M Threatening phone calls
10-88 Assume post
10-91 Animal Police Scanner Codes...
10-91A Animal, stray
10-91B Animal, noisy Code Blue Bus/Cab in trouble
10-91C Animal, injured Code Red Varda Alarm activated
10-91D Animal, dead Code Purple Gang Activity
10-91E Animal, bite
10-91G Animal, pickup Medical / Fire Status
10-91J Animal, pickup collect Codes...
10-91L Animal, leash law
violation Code 10 Critical Trauma case
10-91V Animal, vicious Code 20 Acute Trauma case
10-95 Need ID tech unit Code 30 Trauma case
10-97 Arrived at scene Code 40 Serious case (IV
10-98 Available to assign started)
Code 50 Basic transport (not
Police Scanner 1-37 serious)
Codes... Code N Newsworthy event
Code 2 Urgent - no light or siren Police Scanner Codes...

Code 3 Use lights and siren 5150 Mental case
Code 4 No further assistance 10851 Auto theft
needed
10852 Tampering with vehicle
Code 5 Stakeout
20001 Hit and run - Felony
Code 6 Stay out of area
20002 Hit and run - Misdemeanor
Code 7 Meal break
20007 Hit and run - Unattended
Code 8 Restroom break
21958 Drunk pedestrian on
Code 9 Summer uniform roadway
Code 10 SWAT pre-call up 22350 Speeding
Code 11 SWAT Call up 22500 Illegal parking
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Code 37 Subject/Property 23101 Drunk driving - injuries

wanted 23102 Drunk driving
23103 Reckless driver
23104 Reckless driver
23105 Driver under narcotics
23109 Racing
23110 Person throwing objects at
vehicles
23151 Drunk driving - injuries
23152 Drunk driver
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POLICE INTELLIGENCE
I. CONCEPT OF INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence is often defined as the ability to adapt in environment. Intelligent people can better understand what
goes on around them so they can respond to it in an effective way. Intelligent people are also good at learning
various kinds of information, which they can use to their advantage or for the benefit of others.
Police intelligence is the product resulting from the collection, evaluation, and interpretation of all available
information which concerns one or more aspects of police operations and which is immediately or potentially
significant to police planning.
Intelligence as a process is an activity which treats processed information as a basis for departmental policy and
decision making.
Intelligence as an organization is an institution composed of persons who pursue a special kind of knowledge for
the purpose of planning the collection of information, processing, and dissemination of intelligence relating to police
operations.
II. HISTORICAL SETTING

MOSES-One of the first recorded formalized intelligence efforts, with format can also be found in the Holy Bible
Numbers 13:17.
Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan, and said to them, ―Go up there into the Negeb, and go up into the
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hill country, and see what the land is like, and whether the people who live in it are strong or weak, whether they
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are few or many, and whether the land they live in is good or bad, and whether the towns that they live in are
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unwalled or fortified, and whether the land is rich or poor, and whether there are trees in it or not. Be bold, and
bring some of the fruit of the land.‖
RAHAB-The harlot of Jericho (Joshua 2:1-21) who sheltered and concealed the agents of Israel made a covenant
with the agents and duped their pursuers. She was not only an impromptu confederate of immense value for the
Jewish leader of that far distant day, but also established a plot pattern which is still of periodic relief to motion
picture producers.
DELILAH-The Philistine used her when she allowed Philistine spies to hide in her house. Delilah was an impromptu
intelligence agent. Apart from her tonsorial specialty, she also allowed sex to gain intelligence from a powerful
enemy.
SUN TZU- Sun Tzu a Chinese philosopher takes a more practical view according to him what is called
foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits nor from gods nor with past events nor from calculations. He wrote the
saying in which most people in the intelligence service believe became a parlance in the world of intelligence.
“Know thy enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the results of a hundred battles” If you know
yourself and not the enemy, for every victory, you are a fool who will defeat in every battle.”
ALEXANDER THE GREAT- When Alexander the Great was marching to Asia, were rumors of disaffection growing
among his allies and mercenaries, he sought the truth, and got it by simplest expedient by devising the first ―letter
sorting” and opening to obtain information.
SERTORIUS- He was the Roman Commander in Spain who possessed a White Fawn and allowed it to become
widely known- that he derived secrets and guidance from the fawn. His intelligence agents credited their information
to supernatural power of animals.
AKBAR- He was known to be the sagacious master of Hindustan. He employed more than 4,000 agents for the sole
purpose of bringing him the truth that his throne might rest upon it.
GENGHIS KHAN- He was known The Great Mongol who used intelligence to conquer China and invade Cathay.
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NAPOLEON BONAPARTE- once said “One Spy in the right place is worth 20,000 men in the field‖. He
organized two Bureaus of interest: Bureau of Intelligence- which consolidate all incoming information regarding the
enemy for presentation to the emperor and to obtain information as desired, and the Topographic Bureau- which
maintains a large map which covers the latest information regarding both enemy and friendly forces.
FREDERICK THE GREAT-He was known as the ―Father of Organized Military Espionage”. He has divided his
agents in four classes:
a. Common Spies- those recruited among poor folk, glad to earn a small sum or to accommodate as military
officer
b. Double Spies- are unreliable renegades, chiefly involved in spreading false information to the enemy.
c. Spies of Consequences- couriers and noblemen, staff officers, and kindred conspirators, requiring
substantial amount of bribe or bait.
d. Persons who were forced to undertake espionage against their own will.
HANNIBAL-He was considered as one of the brilliant military strategist in the history of military intelligence. He had
developed as effective intelligence system for 15 years in Rome. He usually roam around the city and often disguise
himself as a beggar to gather firsthand information.
JULIUS CAESAR-The speculators were the first intelligence personnel to appear definitely in a military organization.
Military success of the Roman was aided by communication system. Made use of carrier pigeons, which made
possible the amazing speed with which intelligence of Imperial Rome was transmitted. They also employed ciphers
to ensure secrecy of communications.
GEORGE WASHINGTON- Conspirator under oaths abounds in the history of very nation. George Washington was
grand master in intelligence. He mobilized the Free Masons of the colonies at the outbreak of American war of
independence.
III DEFINITION OF TERMS:
COVER- the means by which an individual group of organization conceals the true nature of its acts and or existence
from the observer.
COVER STORY- a biographical data through fictional that will portray the personality of the agent he assumed, a
scenario to cover up the operation.
COVER SUPPORT- an agent assigned in target areas with the primary mission of supporting the cover story.
PRE-SURVEILLANCE CONFERENCE- a conference held among the team members, the police intelligence unit
before surveillance is conducted.
SURVEILLANCE PLAN- a plan established the as required according to type personnel, and the general and
specific instructions for surveillance.
AREA TARGET STUDY- refers to the area of operation of surveillance activities.
SURVEILLANT- a person who conducts surveillance with includes only observations.
STAKEOUT OR PLANT- is the observation of places or areas from a fixed point.
TAILING OR SHADOWING- It is the observation of a person‘s movement.
UNDERCOVER MAN- it refers to a person trained to observe and penetrate certain organization suspected of illegal
activities and later reports the observation and information‘s that proper operational action can be made.
LIASON PROGRAM- the assignment of trained intelligence personnel to other agencies in order to obtain
information of police intelligence value.
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SAFEHOUSE-is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment, where police undercover men meet for
debriefing or reporting purposes.
DROP-any person is a convenient, secure and unsuspecting place where police undercover men meet his action
agent for debriefing or reporting purposes.
CONVOY- an accomplice or associate of the subject used to avoid or elude surveillant.
DECOY- a cover supporting the surveillant who can become a convoy whenever surveillant is burned.
CONTACT - any person whom the subject picks or deals with while he is under observation and identifies the
observer.
MADE- when subject under surveillance becomes aware that he is under observation and identifies the observer.
LOST- when surveillant does not know the whereabouts of his subject or the subject had eluded the surveillance
DISCREET- subject person to be watch is unaware that he is under observation
CLOSE- subject is aware that he is under observation varied on each occasions.
LOOSE- applied frequently or infrequently, period of observation varied on each occasion.
IV. PRINCIPLES OF INTELLIGENCE

A. Objectivity-For intelligence to be objective, it should be unbiased, undistorted, and free from political or
other constraints. The methodology, product, and use of intelligence must not be directed or manipulated to
conform to a desired result, preconceptions of a situation or an adversary, institutional position,
predetermined objective, operation, or method of operations. Intelligence concerning a situation is one of the
factors in determining policy, but policy must not determine the intelligence.
B. Timeliness-Intelligence must be available in time to be effective. Timely intelligence enables the

commander to make sound decisions, use the principles of war, and to act decisively.
C. Usability-As much as practicable, intelligence must be in a form suitable for application when it is received.
Intelligence production and the tailoring of particular materials for operational and tactical commanders must
be done in the perspective of the need for timely application. Dissemination must be direct and concise with
the command mission and the intelligence purpose in mind. The commander should be able to quickly
identify and apply relevant intelligence. Common terminology and multimedia methods must be employed in
the communication of intelligence so that it is understandable and useful given the capabilities and time
constraints of the commander.
D. Readiness-Intelligence structures, data bases, and products must be responsive to the existing and
contingent requirements of commanders, staffs, and forces at all command levels. Intelligence assets and
resources oriented to areas where there is a high probability of operations must be maintained in a high
state of readiness, understand potential adversaries, and be capable of producing and disseminating
intelligence usable by all joint force elements.
E. Completeness-It should realize complete intelligence (e.g., the answers to all questions of adversary intent
and capabilities) is not possible. Commanders, staffs, and forces should receive all intelligence needed to
accomplish their missions and to protect their forces and operations. Supporting intelligence organizations
should provide all available relevant and essential intelligence to those who need it and concentrate
collection, production, and dissemination efforts on unsatisfied critical requirements.
F. Accuracy-Intelligence must be factually correct, convey an appreciation for facts and the situation as they
exist, and estimate future situations and courses of adversary action based on those facts and sound
judgment.
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G. Relevancy-For intelligence to be truly relevant, it must also meet the qualitative criteria of being complete,
accurate, timely, objective, and usable. Intelligence should be relevant to determining, planning, conducting,
and evaluating operations. It must contribute to the understanding of the adversary and the own situation
relative to the adversary. Intelligence must be appropriate to the purposes for which it is needed and how it
will be applied for the operation.
V CARDINAL PRINCIPLE OF POLICE INTELLIGENCE

‗The cardinal principle in police intelligence at all levels is the proper, economical, and most productive use
of personnel resources and equipment employed and/or utilized in planning the collection of information and
dissemination of intelligence.‖
V GENERAL ACTIVITIES IN POLICE INTELLIGENCE
1. Strategic Intelligence- it is an intelligence activity which is primarily long range in nature with little
practical immediate operation value.
2. Line intelligence- it is an intelligence activity that has the immediate value necessary for more effective
police planning and operation.
3. National Intelligence- it is an integrated product of intelligence developed by all government branches,
departments concerning the broad aspect of national security and policy.
4. Counter Intelligence- phase of intelligence covering the activity devoted in destroying the effectiveness
of hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info against espionage, subversion and sabotage.
5. Undercover Work- is an investigative process in which disguises and pretext cover and deception are
used to gain the confidence of criminal suspects for purpose of determining the nature and extent of any
criminal activities that maybe contemplating or perpetuating.
VI KINDS OF INTELLIGENCE
A. Strategic Intelligence- An intelligence data that are not of an immediate value. It is usually descriptive in
nature, accumulation of physical description of personalities, modus operandi.
B. Line Intelligence- It is the kind of intelligence required by the commander to provide for planning and
conduct tactical and administrative operation in counter insurgency. This pertains to:
People- living condition of people, sources of income, education of the people, government livelihood
projects, extent of enemy influence to the people.
Weather- visibility, cloudy, temperature, precipitation, wind
Enemy- location of the enemy, strength of the enemy, disposition, tactical capability, enemy vulnerability
Terrain- relief and drainage system, vegetation, surface material, man made feature.
C. Counter Intelligence (CI) - this kind of intelligence covers the activity devoted in destroying the
effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info against espionage, subversion and
sabotage.
VII THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

The Intelligence Cycle
 Planning and Direction

 Collection
 Processing
 Dissemination
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The Intelligence Cycle is the process of developing raw information into finished intelligence for policymakers to
use in decision making and action. There are four steps which constitute the Intelligence Cycle.
1. Planning and Direction
This is management of the entire effort, from identifying the need for data to delivering an intelligence product to a
consumer. It is the beginning and the end of the cycle--the beginning because it involves drawing up specific
collection requirements and the end because finished intelligence, which supports policy decisions, generates new
requirements.
2. Collection
...is the gathering of the raw information needed to produce finished intelligence. There are many sources of
information including open sources such as foreign broadcasts, newspapers, periodicals, and books.
Finally, technical collection--electronics and satellite photography--plays an indispensable role in modern
intelligence, such as monitoring arms control agreements and providing direct support to military forces.
3. Processing
Involves converting the vast amount of information collected to a form usable by analysts through decryption,
language translations, and data reduction.
The Evaluation Guide
ACCURACY OF INFORMATION RELIABILTY OF SOURCE OF INFORMATION
INFORMATION
A-CONFIRMED by other 1-COMPLETELY RELIABLE T-Direct Observation by

sources Comdr/Chf of Unit
B-PROBABLY TRUE 2-USUALLY RELIABLE U-Report by DPA or resident
Agent
C-POSSIBLY TRUE 3-FAIRLY RELIABLE V-Report by PNP/AFP troops
D-DOUBTFULLY TRUE 4-NOT USUALLY W-Interrogation of captured

RELIABLE enemy
E-IMPROBABLE 5-UNRELIABLE X-Observation of gov‘t/civilian

employee
F-TRUTH can not be judged 6-REABILITY cannot be Y/Z-documentary

judged
5. Dissemination
The last step, which logically feeds into the first, is the distribution of the finished intelligence to the users, the same
policymakers whose needs initiated the intelligence requirements.
VIII TOP 5 BEST INTELLIGENCE AGENCY IN THE WORLD AS OF YEAR 2011(crazywolfy.com)

1. ISI – Pakistan
Formed: December 13, 1949 as the Central Institute for Coordination
Employees:1,200 (est)
Agency executive:Meir Dagan, Director
Parent agency:Office of the Prime Minister
 The Inter-Services Intelligence was created as an independent unit in 1948 in order to strengthen the
performance of Pakistan‘s Military Intelligence during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Its success in
achieving its goal without leading to a full scale invasion of Pakistan by the Soviets is a feat unmatched by
any other through out the intelligence world.
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2. Mossad – Israel
Formed: December 13, 1949 as the Central Institute for Coordination
Employees: 1,200 (est)
Agency executive: Meir Dagan, Director
Parent agency: Office of the Prime Minister
 The Mossad is responsible for intelligence collection and covert operations including paramilitary activities. It
is one of the main entities in the Israeli Intelligence Community, along with Aman (military intelligence) and
Shin Bet (internal security), but its director reports directly to the Prime Minister.
3. CIA – America
Formed: September 18, 1947
Employees: 20,000
Agency executive: Leon Panetta, Director
Parent agency: Central Intelligence Group
 CIA is the largest of the intelligence agencies and is responsible for gathering data from other countries that
could impact U.S. policy. It is a civilian intelligence agency of the United States government responsible for
providing national security intelligence to senior United States policymakers.
4. M1-6 – United Kingdom

Formed: 1909 as the Secret Service Bureau
Jurisdiction: Government of the United Kingdom
Headquarters: Vauxhall Cross, London
Minister responsible: The Rt Hon. William Hague MP, Foreign Secretary
Agency executive: Sir John Sawers KCMG, Director General
Parent agency: Foreign and Commonwealth Office
 The British have had a long public perception of an effective intelligence agency (due to the success of the
unrealistic, yet entertaining, James Bond movies). This perception matches reality. MI6, the British
equivalent to the CIA, has had two big advantages in staying effective: The British Official Secrets Act and D
notices can often prevent leaks (which have been the bane of the CIA‘s existence).
5. MSS – China
Jurisdiction: People‘s Republic of China
Headquarters: Beijing
Agency executive: Geng Huichang, Minister of State Security
Parent agency: State Council
 Ministry of State Security is the security agency of the People‘s Republic of China. It is also probably the
Chinese government‘s largest and most active foreign intelligence agency, though it is also involved in
domestic security matters
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POLICE PERSONNEL AND RECORDS MANAGEMENT

 Police personnel management is an art of preparing, organizing and directing the efforts of the members of the
police force in order that they may achieve the accomplishment of the police purpose.
 Sir Robert Peel, considered as the ―Father of Modern Policing‖ devised the traditional pyramid of authority and
organizational hierarchy based from that of the military, often called the paramilitary model of the Metropolitan
Police of London.
 August Vollmer often referred to as the ―Father of Professional Policing‖, was the primary advocate for requiring
higher education for those entering the law enforcement service.
Objectives of Police personnel management:

o To maintain the authorized strength of the PNP:
o To implement the merit system pertaining to promotions, assignments, training and awards;
o To minimize administrative and criminal cases among personnel;
o To improve benefit claims of police personnel;
o To ensure the designation of qualified and trained officers and men in personnel staff, units and offices;
o To review internal organization in order to reduce administrative overloads;
o To ensure effective coordination, control and supervision functions and activities of different units;
o To procure only personnel with appropriate police eligibility and qualification;
o To ensure effective and proper recruitment of qualified police applicants as well as to maintain the
authorized non-uniformed working force.
 Elements of Management:
o Authority- which comes from law, delegation and tradition.
o Responsibility- which is a state of being accountable.
 Authority must be commensurate with responsibility.

 No one should be held responsible for the outcome of task unless he has been given the corresponding authority
for the performance of the task. This requires proper delegation of authority that-is the one to whom authority has
been delegated is accountable for its proper use.
 Management enhances the essential elements of authority and responsibility exercised in the process of
organizing and directing people at work.
 Scientific management would include the following basic elements:

o Definition of purpose,
o Analysis of problem,
o Gathering facts,
o Devising methods,
o Finding persons best fitted for the task at hand,
o Teach the person the best fitted method,
o Plan carefully, and
o Win cooperation.
Managerial Functions: To accomplish the goals of the organization the managers perform the basic managerial
functions designed by Luther Gulick, these functions are performed through the coordinated use of men and
resources commonly referred to as the six M‘s of management namely:
o Manpower,
o Money,
o Method,
o Material,
o Machine and
o Market.
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 Qualities of a Good Manager:

o Thorough experience and knowledge in the job,
o Tact and good judgment,
o Sales ability,
o Resourcefulness,
o Systematized methods of handling work,
o Thorough understanding of the term service,
o Leadership.
 Guide to Effective Management:

o Policy should be defined and imparted to those who are responsible for its execution.
o Work should be systematically planned and programmed.
o Proper delegation of work.
o Appropriate procedures should be developed utilized by those responsible for policy achievement.
o Appropriate resources in terms of availability and priority of men, money and material.
o Authority commensurate with responsibility should be delegated and located as close as possible.
o Adequate structural relationship through which to operate should be established.
o Effective and qualified leadership should head each department/division of the organization.
o Unity of command and purpose.
o Continuous accountability for the utilization of resources and for the production of results should be required
o Effective coordination of all individual and group efforts within the organization should be achieved.
 How can effective police leadership be shown or indicated? This can be achieved by:
o The skill to direct and show the way,
o The ability to win cooperation,
o The ability to win loyalty,
o The courage to carry on until the task is accomplished.
 Five basic attributes of a Police Supervisor:

o Knowledge of the work,
o Skill in instructing his men or others,
o Knowledge of the responsibilities,
o Skill in improving methods and seeing the areas needing such improvement,
o Skill in working with people.
 Participatory leadership, allows officers to influence decisions affecting them and seeks to form a cohesive team,
this a shift from an authoritarian management to leadership style that converges on teamwork.
 Difference between leadership and management:

o Managers do things right; leaders do the right thing.
o Managers are efficient; leaders are effective.
o Managers are position oriented; leaders are people oriented.
o Managers are aggressive; leaders are assertive.
o Managers control; leaders empower.
o Managers accede to goals; leaders set them.
o Managers are conformists; leaders are reformists.
 Democratic Leadership – the art of influencing people in which the supervisor draws ideas and suggestions
from his subordinates by means of consultation and discussion. By this type of leadership, staff members are
encouraged to participate in making decisions, goals, methods, etc.
 Autocratic leadership – this is the ability to obtain from each member of the highest quality of service which he
is capable of giving by which the superior officer assumes full accountability for all the actions and seeks
obedience from his subordinates by issuing orders and commands.
 Free-rein Leadership – It is leadership in which the commanding officer assumes minimum control but provides
materials, instructions and information to his subordinates.
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The organizational pyramid is composed of five levels. The top management, middle management, first level
supervisors, second level supervisors and the rank and file.
 The top level management is composed of policy makers and administrators.

 The middle management level is occupied by executives.
 The first level supervisors are division chiefs.
 The second level supervisors are sections chiefs.
 The rank and file is the ordinary employees or personnel which make up the bulk or main force of the
organization.
Two basic forms of coordination in management are Horizontal and Vertical Coordination.
 The first form is called Horizontal Coordination that involves liaisoning among the staff of the same level for the
benefit of the entire organization. This is also called Lateral Coordination among the members of the staff.
 The second is described as Vertical Coordination (downward or upward); meaning, authority from the top
management or executive delegated the line through each level of management to its first – line supervisors.
 Directing is ordering, commanding, instructing, guiding and superintending subordinates. In law enforcement,
directing is the exercise of command, coordination and control.
 From the top level, direction or order is issued and compliance is expected by transmission through its various
levels of command to the executing level.
 For effective transmission, it is essential that every supervisor in the different levels of authority be aware of the
order and understands the basic purpose as well as the method of attainment.
 Communication in management. It is the transfer of ideas from one person to another; it can be from the top man
to a subordinate which is called commanding or ordering.
 Communication can be upward which is called Request or Informational Communication.
 Internal communication is undertaken among the same levels of command or supervision.
 Communications can be between two workers asking each other the procedure of work accomplishment.
 The informal channel of information is known as the ―rumor mill‖ or ―grapevine‖.
 Communication process involves the sender, the message, the channel, the receiver and the feedback.
 Spoken messages are common in police field work which includes, relaying information, giving directions, asking
questions.
 Written messages come in field notes and reports contained in memos, circulars, letters and the like.
 No-verbal communication necessitates facial expressions, eye contact, posture, gesture and tone of voice.
 Command Communication. It is either oral or written orders of a superior officer to his subordinates.
 To enhance the clarity of communication the military time or the 24-hur clock is used.
 It is either written or oral orders of a superior officer to his subordinate. It is directly made and compliance is
immediately expected. This is essentially not democratic, in the sense that you just follow the order rather than
discuss order with the originator or source. However, it is used for certain emergencies requiring prompt action
and compliance.
 THE PNP VISION ― We are committed to the vision of a professional, dynamic and highly motivated PNP,
supported by a responsive community regarded as one of the most credible national institutions and ranked
among the best in Asia.‖
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 An organization‘s mission is its rationale for existence. Mission statements are brief, believable, easy to
understand and widely known. Mission statements are supplemented by values to which they are based.
 The PNP Mission ―The PNP shall enforce the law, prevent and control crime, Maintain peace and order, ensure
the public safety and internal security with the active support of the community.‖
 Goals are extensive general intentions which are timeless and are not concerned with a particular achievement
within a specific time frame.
 Objectives are specific activities designed to accomplish goals, which can be measured under specific conditions
and within a given period of time.
 Policies refer to those tools of management which life and direction to the programs of activities and sets limits
within which action is to be pursued by the personnel concerned.
 It may also be defined as a ―general plan of action‖ that serves as a guide in the operation of the organization.
 It defines authority and responsibility of subordinates. And formulated by management to guide the men on
operational level.
 Originated policy- this type comes from the highest rank or top management and is intended to set up guidelines
in the operation of the organization.
 Appealed policy- this type of policy is born when problems arise at the lower levels of the organization and the
man in charge does not know how to meet the problem.
 Imposed policy- This type of policy comes from the government in forms of laws, administrative orders, rules and
procedures and specifications.
 Criteria of good policies:
o It must be in accordance with the law.

o It must be an expression of the belief, attitude and philosophy of top management.
o It must be stated in broad terms.
o It must be long range but flexible to a certain degree. It must be widely accepted.
o It must be consistent with the goals and objectives of the organization.
o It must be in writing and easy to understand.
o It must be communicated to all concerned.
o It must be enforceable and realistic.
o It must have room for accountability.
 A policy is complete if it can answer the so called ―six marshals‖- what, why, when, who, where and how in
criminal investigation.
 When is a command or any type of policy rated as good? If it is stable, flexible, understandable, realistic, sincere
and observable.
 Procedures are step-by-step directions and instructions for carrying out policies.
 Policies and Procedure distinguished.

a. Policies are guideline governing future courses of action and therefore they have to be stable.
b. Procedure on the one hand is the actual courses of action such working details methods of operation,
paperwork, review, routing letters.
 Regulations are rules intended to guide the conduct of the personnel which are restrictive and aim to force the
officers to adhere to specific codes of conduct.
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 Work simplification it is a method of finding easier ways of doing work to increase productivity, work quality, meet
work schedule, reduce waste, lower accident rates and reduce costs. This method is also utilized in law
enforcement administrative service.
 When is a command or any type of policy rated as good?

o If it is stable,
o flexible,
o understandable,
o realistic,
o sincere and
o observable.
 Functions of Management is enumerated as follows:

o Planning
o Organizing
o Directing
o Staffing
o Coordinating
o Reporting
o Budgeting
 Planning
- Is the determination in advance how the objectives of the organization will be attained. This would include the
determination of the course of action to take in a particular task, function or activity.
- may be further defined as the act of determining guidelines and policies for police activities and operations and
providing safeguards and controls for such endeavors in the department.
- also refers to the process of combining all aspects of the department and the realistic anticipation of future
problems, the analysis of strategy and the correlation of strategy in detail.
- involves the use of rational and logical designs or pattern for all departmental undertakings rather than relying on
chance.
 Types of Plans: To properly achieve the administrative planning responsibility within the police department the
chief of police shall develop departmental plans relating to:
o Procedures or policies,
o Tactics,
o Operations,
o Extra-departmental activities,
o Management.
 Organizing. Involves the allocation and determination of men and women as well as the resource of an
organization to achieve pre-determined objectives and goals of the organization.
 Two villains in the waste of manpower in an organization:

o Doing unnecessary work; and
o Doing necessary work inefficiently.
 Directing. It is the overseeing and supervising of the human resources and the various activities in an
organization to achieve through cooperative efforts the predetermined goals of the organization.
 Work delegation. The act of transmitting to a person the power to act for another.
 Delegation to be proper should accompany a corresponding authority, specific responsibilities and finally
accountability on the delegated job or position.
 Staffing. The task of providing competent men to do the job and selecting the right man for the job. It involves
good selection and the processing of reliable and well-trained personnel.
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 Staff work. It is a part of managerial work that the police executive or commander assigns to someone outside
the chain of command, called staff assistant.
 Staff in Police service. A body of peace officers under a commander is given specialized positions to help him
administer the organization.
 Staff position does not carry command functions. The directive or orders when made by a staff member should
be in the same name of and approved by the commander.
 Controlling. Involves the evaluation or checking and measurement of work performance and comparing it with
planned goals, as well as making the necessary corrective actions so that work is accomplished as planned.
 Control as a function of management aims at making sure that the objectives and policies of the organization are
carried out according to the approved plan, organizational needs, and the orders, which have been issued.
 Various control measures in management Controls are devices to assist the supervisor check the results and
measure progress of units and individuals pursuant to established plans, goals and standards.
 These control measures include: direct observation, review, statistics, interrogation and Personnel participation.
 After the facts have been obtained, the following control activities must be pursued to attain organizational
policies and goals. These are: the analysis of the findings, the planning of the action to be taken, the taking of
corrective measures, timely follow-up.
 Reporting. The making of detailed account of activities, work progress, investigations and unusual occurrences
in order to keep everyone informed.
 Police reports are used to: Permanently records data and facts; provide particulars of an incident to be used for
follow-up investigations; provide data for a uniform crime reporting system and document the past and strategize
future services.
 Police reports must be reader-friendly which communicates in a simple and plain language avoiding police lingo
or jargon and abbreviations.
 The basic content of a police report includes an introduction, the body and a conclusion. The contents should
answer the queries who, what, where, when, why and how.
 Good and effective reports are accurate, brief, clear and complete.
 Budgeting. The forecasting in detail the results of an efficiently reorganized program of operation based on the
highest reasonable expectations of operating efficiency. It is the total coordinating and operating financial factors.
 Budget Call- A document that triggers budget preparation.
 Budget guidance- A document issued by higher authorities stipulating the national objectives, priorities and
constraints including assessment of the peace and order situation.
 Budget year- Current year and one day.
 Budget Calendar - A schedule of budgeting task to be undertaken during the budget cycle.
 Budget Cycle:
o Preparation - by PNP offices;
o Authorization - by Congress and
o Accountability - Control Measures conducted by auditing.
 Constraints on Purchases:
o Regular purchase of supplies, materials and equipment shall not exceed the normal three-month
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requirements of the stocks.

o Emergency purchases are made only for activities that cannot be delayed but such purchase shall not
exceed four percent of the annual agency expenditure program for supplies and materials of the unit.
o All the funds of the command shall be deposited only with authorized bank of the PNP.
o No funds shall be used except for purposes it has been intended to be used for the budget.
 Types of Financial Compensation:

o Basic compensation or basic pay,
o Variable compensation or Incentive,
o Supplementary compensation.
 Fringe Benefits provided in the budget as part of Policeman’s Pay:

o Longevity pay,
o Quarters allowance,
o Clothing allowance,
o Hazardous duty pay.
 Role of budgeting in management:

o It is a tool of management in the coordination of operation and financial factors.
o It is the preparation of expenditure forecasts for the coming fiscal gear and the expected money collections.
 Functions of Records :
o For reference purposes,
o It is used in measuring police efficiency,
o Assists in promotions and assignments,
o It is used to identify individuals,
o It provides a basis for property inventory,
o It controls investigation,
o It makes information available to the public,
o It integrates various departments,
o It establishes responsibility, It reveals unusual problems,
o It assists in evaluating control services,
o Aid in criminal apprehension,
o Assists prosecution of cases,
o It is used as basis of police statistics,
o It is used in coordinating with other agencies.
 Types of Police Records:

o Case records - Which is composed of complaints and assignment sheet and investigation report. A
complaint or assignment sheet contains information concerning reports and complaints received by a police
unit from the public and the actions initiated by the police. On the other hand, an investigation report reflects
the findings of an investigating officer from inquiries and other facts and circumstances concerning the
commission of a crime.
o Arrests and booking records – This records data pertaining to the identity and violations of law of a
suspected criminal and other known criminals which bear an arrest number for each apprehension made by
police officers.
o Identification records – This is a major classification of police records in which the fingerprint record
comprises the core of the identification system. This includes among others Modus Operandi files, Rouge
Gallery as well as detailed information pertaining to the physical characteristics of mostly known criminals.
o Administrative records – These are documentations needed in managing the department‘s personnel
which id used to assists in assignments, promotions, training demotions, issuance of disciplinary orders,
commendations and the likes.
 Types of report writing:

o Investigation report
o Progress report – follow-up effect; it can simply be an accomplishment report.
o Spot report or special report- done after an incident took place in a certain area. It must be done or acted
upon within twenty-four (24) hours
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o Beat inspection/ after patrol report- practiced written communication in station level.
o Situation report- done on a need basis, the commander has to know the actual situation of a particular
incident which can be public interest.
o Formal report – usually contains the following: introduction, summary, body, conclusion, and
recommendation.
o Arrest report – They are used to document the events that transpired in the apprehension of a person
under police custody.
o Clearance report – They are used to keep a record of the disposition of a particular criminal case.
o Crime report – Also known as fact sheets which includes suspect‘s description, corpus delicti, results of
preliminary investigation and modus operandi.
o Daily activity report – A typical log which includes operation, location, amount of time spent and brief
dispositions.
o Evidence report – Refers to the documentation of the collection and preservation of evidence as well as the
participants in the chain of custody of the evidence.
o Incident report – Pertains to an account of the events not amounting to crimes but caught the attention of
police assigned in a particular jurisdiction such as calls for service.
 Types of administrative issuances:
o Circulars – Admin instruction which are directory, advisory or informative in nature, more or less permanent
in duration. They usually deal with subject such as delegation of authority to be known by field personnel,
implementing instructions or regulations. (E.g. circular from DILG to PNP).
o General circulars – It contains administrative instructions which are directory, advisory, or informative in
nature, more or less general in application, permanent in duration and requiring compliance by or
observance from or information of the employees and general public. ( e.g. Firearms ban)
o Memorandum circulars – It deals with subjects such as explanation or classification of certain rules and
regulations which are complied with or executed by subordinates.
o Office circulars – They pertain to communication informing the majority in a particular directorate or office
only, not intended for those in the field.
o Office orders – They are purely internal, instructions which are regulatory in nature, mandatory in character,
and requiring definite compliance by personnel.
o Special Orders – It refers to communications which are directives affecting the status of individual, such as
appointment, transfer, promotions, relief from duty, separation and leave of absence.
o Letter Directives – It contains routine directives by which subordinate headquarters/ office are given
instructions. Advice or information, its validity is for two years unless sooner rescinded or superceded.
o Letter Orders – It pertains to instruction sent in the form of a letter to the persons concerned. Assignments,
details, designation, and other related matters belong to this category.
o Standard Operating Procedures – They are set of instructions regarding the procedures to be followed on
a regular basis desired by the chief of the director. Submission of reports, maintenance of motor vehicle,
attendance and similar activities are reflected in SOPs.
 Documents Necessary in Personnel Management:

o Roster of personnel,
o Statistical summary and changes in personnel letter,
o Data on scalawags, those with criminal and administrative cases,
o Records of individual sick or vacation leaves,
o Comparative monthly statistics on resolution of police cases,
o Data on personnel occupying positions and assignments,
o List of retirees and attrited personnel,
o Plantilla of personnel including those of civilians,
o List of personnel with training and schooling,
o List of equipage for use in personnel management,
o Distribution of men to every stations, sections, units,
o Data on time in grade of personnel,
o Performance evaluation files of personnel,
o Promotional data of personnel,
o List of personnel carried on the withholding section such as those on detached service, prolonged leave of
absence, suspended and temporary duty with other offices.
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 Classification of Records:
o Transportation Documents
o Reference Documents.
 Record Cycle - The life span of a record from creation to final disposition.
o Creation,
o Classification,
o Storage,
o Retrieval,
o Disposition (Purging or Retention),
o Retention,
o Transfer and
o Archival Storage
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COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

- Comparative Police System is under the broad context of Comparative Criminology. This subject aims to
inform or orient students on the current development in regards of international policing as a result of globalization or
modernization. This also outlines the relationship of Philippine Law Enforment Agencies to other international police
organization such as INTERPOL, EUROPOL, ASEANAPOL, UN and others in the effort to combat Transnational
Crimes to promote world peace.
Basic Terminologies:

- it is the process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to another in order
to discover insights in the field of international policing. Futher defined it as a science and art of investigating and
comparing the police system of nations. It covers the study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing
of various nations
COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY
- it is the study of the social occurences of crime among societies, in order to identify differences and
similarities in the pattern of crime. It is a discipline in the field of behavioral science.
COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE

- a subfield of criminal justice that compares the criminal justice systems worldwide. It studies the
similarities and differences in structure, goals, punishment and emphasis on rights as well as the history and political
state of different systems. It is common to broadly categorize the functions of a criminal justice system into policing,
adjudication, and corrections, altough other categorization scheme exists.
GLOBALIZATION
- an expression used to point out increasing global independence; or the intensification of worldwide
social relationships. It may also mean the incorporation of world inhabitants into a single society or the
deterritorialization of human relations or economy and production, and emergence of broad and wide-reaching
cultural, political, social and financial factors.
Globalization is one among the threats in law enforcement due to:

- Increasing volume of human rights violations;
- The underprivileged gain under unfair access to global mechanisms on law enforcement and security;
- Conflict between nations;
- Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism, etc.
However, if Globalization provides threats for law enforcement, it likewise, provide opportunities; such as:
- Creation of international tribunals to deal with human rights problems;
- Humanitarian interventions that can promote universal norms and link them to the enforcement power of
states;
- Transnational professional network and cooperation against transnational crimes;
- Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions across transnational issues.
How can the police or law enforcement agencies safeguard life and human dignity on global scene?
 International Bill of Human Rights (Universal Declaration of HR; International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights; International Covenant on Social and Economic Rights)
 Geneva Conventions (treaties on war crimes, genocide and torture)
 UN Convention on the Rights of Child and the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
(protection of vulnerable groups: children and women)
Challenge of Globalization in the field of Law Enforcement

―How every state pursues a strong relationship in the area of policing these global wrongs?‖
Terrorism
Drug Trafficking
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Children and Human Trafficking

Information Technology Crimes (Cyber Crimes)
Transnational Crimes
TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM
1. Common Law System – ―Anglo-American Justice‖; they are distinguished as strong adversarial system:
interpretation and precedent. (US, UK, Australia, NZ)
2. Civil Law Systems – ―Continental Justice‖; ―inquisitorial system‖: less right to the accused; little interpretation.
(European Union)
3. Socialist Systems – ―Marxist-Leninist Justice‖; Communist revolution; (Africa and Asia)
4. Islamic Systems – ―Muslim-Arabic Justice‖; interpretation thru the KORAN
Comparative Court System

Court Systems of the world are of 2 types:
1. Adversarial, where the accused is innocent until proven guilty.
2. Inquisitorial, where the accused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated; most trials are concerned with
legal guilt where everyone knows the offender did it, and the purpose is to get the offender apologize, own
up to their responsibility, argue for mercy, or suggest an appropriate sentence for themselves.
Comparative Correctional System

Correctional systems worldwide can easily be distinguished by whether they support capital punishment (death) or
not. Nations that practice corporal punishment do tend, however, to have less of a correctional overcrowding
problem.
Probation and Parole, where they exist cross-culturally, are applied to the country‘s citizens, and not for foreigners or
immigrants.
GLOBAL POLICE COOPERATION

INTERNATIONAL POLICE ORGANIZATIONS:
1- International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)
2- European Police (EUROPOL)
3- International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)
4- Association of Southeast Asian Nations Chiefs of National Police (ASEANAPOL)
5- The United Nations (UN)
The INTERPOL
-world's largest international police organization with a total of 190 member countries as of 2012 founded in
Vienna in 1923 and reconstituted in 1946
-first conceptualized way back 1914 during the First International Criminal Police Congress held in Monaco
wherein police officers, lawyers and magistrates from 14 countries meet to discuss arrest procedures, identification
techniques, centralized international records and extradition proceedings.
Working Principle:
INTERPOL is Not a police force. It is the machinery for international police cooperation and communication.
The principles of which Interpol's functioning is based have stood the best time. It has become clear that the
organization cannot have teams of detectives with supranational powers who travel around the world investigating
cases in different countries. International police cooperation is the coordinated action of the member countries' police
force, all of which supply and request information and services.
INTERPOL's ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

INTERPOL structure is comprised of the following:
-GENERAL ASSEMBLY
-EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
-GENERAL SECRETARIAT
-NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAU
-ADVISERS
-COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF INTERPOL's FILES
1- The GENERAL ASSEMBLY
it is the INTERPOL's SUPREME GOVERNING BODY.
it meets ONCE A YEAR.
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takes all MAJOR DECISION AFFECTING GENERAL POLICY, RESOURCES NEEDED FOR
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, WORKING METHODS, FINANCES AND PROGRAMS OF
ACTIVITIES.
it also ELECTS the ORGANIZATION's EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
2- The EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

This 13 member committee is elected by the General Assembly
1 PRESIDENT - 4 years term
3 VICE PRESIDENT - 3 years term
9 DELEGATES
MEETS THREE (3) TIMES A YEAR, usually March, July, and immediately before the General Assembly
*NOTE: The GENERAL ASSEMBLY and EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE form the Organization's Governance.
TRIVIAL INFORMATION ON INTERPOL's EXECOM:
JOHANNES SCHOBER- First President of INTERPOL EXECOM

(1923-1932)
JOLLY R. BUGARIN- First FILIPINO President of INTERPOL EXECOM (1980-1984)
MIREILLE BALLESTRAZZI- First FEMALE President of INTERPOL EXECOM (2012-2016)
3- The GENERAL SECRETARIAT

based in LYON, FRANCE
it is the Permanent ADMINISTRATIVE HEADQUARTERS.
COORDINATES the INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES of MEMBER COUNTRIES.
holds a LIBRARY of INTERNATIONAL RECORDS.
ORGANIZES REGULAR MEETINGS at which DELEGATES can EXCHANGE
INFORMATION ON POLICE WORK.
The General Secretariat has SEVEN (7) REGIONAL OFFICES accross the world:
Argentina
Cameroon
Cote d' Ivoire
El Salvador
Kenya
Thailand
Zimbabwe
currently headed by JURGEN STOCKS
FOUR OFFICIAL LANGUAGE (S-A-F-E)
SPANISH
ARABIC
FRENCH
ENGLISH
4- the NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAU
the main CONTACT POINT for the GENERAL SECRETARIAT, Regional Offices and other member countries.
each Interpol member country maintains a National Central Bureau staffed by National Law Enforcement Officers.
5- the ADVISERS
APPOINTED by the Executive Committee and CONFIRMED by the General Assembly
these are EXPERTS in a Purely ADVISORY CAPACITY
6- the COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF INTERPOL'S FILES

to ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the Organization's regulations,
to advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matters involving the processing of personal
information and,
to process request concerning contained Interpol's Files.
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INTERPOL’s Core Functions
Secure Global Police Communication Services (1-24/7) – it provides police around the world with a common
platform through which they can share crucial information about criminals and criminality.
Operational Data Services and Databases – it ensures that police worldwide have access to the information and
services they need to prevent and investigate crimes. Databases includes data on criminals such a names,
fingerprints, DNA profiles, stolen property such as passports, vehicles etc.
Operational Police Support Services – it supports law enforcement officials in the field with emergency support
and operational activities, especially in its priority crime areas of fugitive, public safety and terrorism, drugs and
organized crime, trafficking in human beings and financial high- tech crimes.
INTERPOL’s Notice System
 Red Notice – based on the national arrest warrants, are used to seek the arrest and extradition of suspects.
 Blue Notice – used to seek information on the identity of persons or on their illegal activities related to criminal
matters.
 Green Notice – are used to provide warning and criminal intelligence about persons who have committed
criminal offenses and who are likely to repeat these crimes in other countries.
 Yellow Notice – used to locate missing persons
 Black Notice – used to determine the identity of deceased person.
 Orange Notice – to warn of an event, an object or a process representing an imminent threat and danger to
persons or property.
 Purple Notice – issued to provide information on modus operandi, objects, devices and concealment methods
used by criminals.
 INTERPOL – United Nations Security Council Special Notice – is issued for individuals and entities that are
subject to UN sanctions.
INTERPOL- NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAU MANILA

The NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAU for the Philippines is a Inter-Minesterial Entity which is NOT part of the
Philippine National Police (PNP) but instead it is directly attached to the OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT.
The contact point (NCB) of Interpol's Secretariat in the Philippines can be found at the PHILIPPINE CENTER ON
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES(PCTC). This agency maintains the NCB which is reffered to as ―NALECC-SCILEC‖ (
NATIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE- SUB COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL LAW
ENFORCEMENT COOPERATION).
COMPOSITION OF THE INTERPOL-MANILA
CHAIRMAN: Director General Philippine National Police
Members: Director, National Bureau of Investigation
Commissioner, Bureau of Customs
Commissioner, Bureau of Internal Revenue
Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration
Governor, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
Executive Director, Dangerous Drug Board
PCTC Executive Director
The EUROPOL
the COUNTERPART of INTERPOL in Europe.
EUROPOL is the European Union's Law Enforcement Agency whose main goal is to help achieve a
safer Europe for the benefit of all EU citizens.
28 EU Member States
like INTERPOL, EUROPOL officers have NO power to arrest but support EU Law Enforcement colleagues by
gathering, analyzing and disseminating information and coordinating operations.
EXPERTISE that EUROPOL can cater to member countries:
1. INFORMATION EXCHANGE
- the Secure Information Exchange Network Application (SIENA) is a state-of-the-art tool designed to enable
swift, secure and user-friendly communication and exchange of operational and strategi crime-related information
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and intelligence between EUROPOL, Member States and third parties that have cooperation agreement with
EUROPOL.
2- INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS
- It includes Operational and Strategic Analysis
- EUROPOL ANALYSIS SYSTEM (EAS) the operational information system hosting data contributed by
EUROPOL's stakeholders.
3- FORENSICS
- EUROPOL provides distance on-the-spot forensic and technical support to EU investigators in the following
areas: Payment Card Fraud, Cybercrime, EURO Counterfeiting, Dismantling Illegal Drug Production.
4- OPERATIONAL CENTER
- a HUB for Data Exchange between EUROPOL, EU Member States and Third parties.
5- OPERATIONAL STATISTICS
- to support Member States' Investigation, Europol produce:
a- hit notifications
b- cross macth knowledge
c- knowledge products
d- operational analysis support
6- JOINT INVESTIGATION TEAM

- an investigaation team set up for a fixed period, based on an agreement between two or more EU Member
States and/or competent authorities, for a specific purpose. Non EU Member States may participate in a JIT with the
agreement of all other parties.
The INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE (IACP)

the World's Oldest and Largest Nonprofit membership organization of police executives, with over 200,000 members
in over 89 different countries. IACP's leadership consists of the operating chief execcutives of international, federal,
state and local agencies of all size.
The ASEANAPOL
Established in 1981 and became the premier regional platform for all the heads of Asian National Police Force to
interaact as well as to discuss, exchange views and update each other on the latest development in law enforcement
and transnational issues in their respective countries.
Member Countries: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand,
Vietnam.
The First Formal Meeting of the chiefs of ASEAN was held in MANILA, PHILIPPINES on the 21 to 30 OCTOBER
1981.
The member of ASEANAPOL were originally MALAYSIA, SINGAPORE, THAILAND, INDONESIA and the
PHILIPPINES.
1984, Royal Brunei joined the conference for the first time.
1996, The Republic of Vietnam National Police joined the conference.
1998, Laos General Department of Police and Myanmar Police Force joined the conference.
2000, Cambodia National Police joined the conference.
ASEANAPOL GENERAL SECRETARIAT was fully operational from the 1st January 2010 in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
The UNITED NATIONS

The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries
committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and
promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights.
WORLD's LARGEST ORGANIZATION with 193 member countries.
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UN's ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

UNITED NATIONS' structure is comprised of the following:
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
SECURITY COUNCIL
1- GENERAL ASSEMBLY
The main deliberative organ of the UN and is composed of representatives of all member states. The work of
the UN year-round derives largely from the mandates given by the General Assembly. A revitalization of the
assembly is under way to enhance its role, authority, effectiveness and efficiency.
2- ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), established by the UN Charter, is the principal organ to
coordinate the economic, social and related work of the United Nations and the specialized agencies and institutions.
Voting in the council is by simple majority; each member has one vote.
3- INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

Located at Hauge, Netherlands, is the principal judicial organ of the UN. It settles disputes between states
and gives advisory opinions to the UN and its specialized agencies. Its statute is an integral part of the United
Nations Charter.
4- SECURITY COUNCIL
The Security Council has primary responsibility, under the UN Charter, for the maintenance of international
peace and security. A reform of the Security Council, including its membership is under consideration.
SELECTED POLICE MODELS
THE U.S. POLICE DEPARTMENT

Law enforcement in the United States is one of three major components of the criminal justice system along
with courts and corrections. Although, there is existence of an inherent interrelatedness between the different groups
that make up the criminal justice system based on their crime deterrence purpose, each component operates
independently from one another.
Powers and Functions

Scholars have identified three primary police agency functions, to wit: (1) order maintenance—this is the broad
mandate to keep the peace or otherwise prevent behaviors which might disturb others. This can deal with things
ranging from a barking dog to a fist-fight. The police are usually called-on to "handle" these situations with discretion,
rather than deal with them as strict violations of law, though of course their authority to deal with these situations are
based in violations of law.
(2) Law enforcement—those powers are typically used only in cases where the law has been violated and a suspect
must be identified and apprehended. Most obvious instances include robbery, murder, or burglary; and
(3) calls for service—service may include rendering first aid, providing tourist information, guiding the disoriented, or
acting as educators. As a result, police services may include roadside auto assistance, providing referrals to other
agencies, finding lost pets or property, or checking locks.
AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL POLICE

Australia is a Federal State; it has only one police force for each of six states as well as for the northern
territory. There is also a commonwealth agency known as the Australian Federal Police (AFP) which provides
services for the Australian Capital Territory.
The Australian Federal Police is involved in preventing and investigating crimes against commonwealth. It
was established by the Federal Police Act of 1979 and is under Home Affairs Ministry.
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RANKS OF AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL POLICE
COMMISSIONED RANKS SENIOR NON- COMMISSIONED RANKS

- Deputy Commissioner - Senior Sergeant
- Assistant Commissioner - Sergeant
- Commander
- Inspector
NON-COMMISSIONED RANKS
- Senior Constable
- Constable
- Probationary Constable
GERMAN POLICE SYSTEM

Policing in Germany is constitutionally vested in the states. Each of the Sixteen States (Laender) of
Germany has its own police organization. Police forces for each laender are controlled by the INTERIOR MINISTRY.
Within each laender are several kinds of police such as:
Schutzpolizei (shupo) - municipal police
Kriminalpoliei (kripo) - investigators
Bereitschaftspolizei (bepo) - civil order police
Bundesgrenzschutz (BGS) - Federal Border Police
Special Group- 9 - Anti Terrorism Group (BGS)
JAPAN NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY

The central coordinating body for the entire police system. The National Police Agency determines general
standards and policies; detailed direction of operations is left to the lower echelons. It is headed by a Commisioner
General who is appointed by the National Public Safety Commision.
KOBAN - Urban Police Post
CHUZAISHO - Rural Police Post
IMPERIAL GUARD
- -provides personal security for the Emperor, Crown Prince and other members of the Imperial Family of Japan,
as well as the protection of imperial properties.
KIDOTAI (SPECIAL RIOT POLICE)
- -used in cowd control during festival periods, times of natural disaster, and to reinforce regular police when
necessary.
SPECIAL ASSAULT TEAM
- -anti-terrorist unit of JNPA
RANKS OF JAPAN NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY

Keishi- Sokan (Superintendent General of the Tokyo Metropolitan)
Keishi- Kan (Superintendent Supervisor)
Keishi- Cho (Chief Superintendent)
Keishi- Sei (Senior Superintendent)
Keishi (Superintendent)
Keibu (Police Inspector)
Keibu- Ho (Assistant Police Inspector)
Junsa- Bucho (Police Sergeant)
Junsa (Policeman)
THAI POLICE SYTEM

The police system in Thailand works a little differently than that at home. The government pays their police
force very little and the community becomes responsible for supporting the police financially. Police in Thailand are
commonly known as the BIB--boys in brown, due to their uniform. For most tourists this will have no consequences
for them but you should be aware of how things work should something happen. This could save you some time and
frustration.
The primary responsibility for the maintenance of public order through enforcement of the kingdom's laws
was exercised by the Thailand National Police Department (TNPD), a subdivision of the Ministry of Interior. Charged
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with performing police functions throughout the entire country, the TNPD was a unitary agency whose power and
influence in Thai national life had at times rivaled that of the army. The formal functions of the TNPD included more
than the enforcement of laws and apprehension of offenders.
RANKS OF THAI POLICE

Commissioned Officers :
Police General (Phon Tamruat Ek)
Police Lieutenant General (Phon Tamruat Tho)
Police Major General (Phon Tmaruat Tri)
Police Brigadier General (Phon Tmaruat Jattawa)
Police Colonel (Phan Tamruat Ek)
Police Lieutenant Colonel (Phan Tamruat Tho)
Police Major (Phan Tamruat Tri)
Police Captain (Roi Tamruat Ek)
Police Lieutenant (Roi Tamruat Tho).
HONG KONG POLICE FORCE

The Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) is the largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau (SB)
of Hong Kong, headed by Secretary for Security. It is the world's second and Asia's first police agency to operate
with a modern policing system. It was formed on 1 May 1844, with strength of 32 officers. Queen Elizabeth II granted
the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong Police Force in 1969 for their handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots, renaming
the Hong Kong Police Force as the Royal Hong Kong Police Force (RHKPF).
RANKS OF ROYAL HONG KONG POLICE FORCE

Commissioner of Police (CP)
Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP)
Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP)
Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)
Superintendent of Police (SP)
Chief Inspector of Police (CIP)

Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)
Inspector of Police (IP)
Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)
Station Sergeant (SSGT)
Sergeant (SGT)
Senior Constable (SPC)
Police Constable (PC).
INDONESIA POLICE SYSTEM

The Indonesian Republic National Police (IRNP) —Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia (KNRI), is the official
police force for Indonesia. It had formerly been a part of the Tentara Nasional Indonesia. The police were formally
separated from the military in April 1999, a process which was formally completed in July 2000.
The function of the INP as a government institution responsible for maintaining security and public order has come
into conflict with its responsibility to protect and serve the community. At the same time, the INP personnel lack the
skills to intervene neutrally and have been perceived as taking sides. It is therefore extremely important to strengthen
the professionalism and skills of the police, especially the personnel who work on the front line.
POLRI's Organizational Structure

The police had a centralized command and divided into territorial forces :
(1) Provincial Police — Kepolisian Daerah or POLDA
(2) Regional Police — Kepolisian Wilayah or POLWIL
(3) City or Regency Police — Kepolisian Resort or POLRES
(4) Sub-district Police —Kepolisian Sektor or POLSEK
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RANKS OF POLRI
High ranking officers:

Police General - Jenderal Polisi
Police Commissioner General - Komisaris Jenderal Polisi
Police Inspector General - Inspektur Jenderal Polisi
Police Brigadier General - Brigadir Jenderal Polisi;
Mid rank officers:
Police Grand Commissioner -Komisaris Besar Polisi
Police Grand Commissioner Adjutant - Lieutenant Colonel
Police Commissioner - Komisaris Polisi;
Low rank officers:
Police Commissioner Adjutant - Ajun Komisaris Polisi
First Police Inspector - Inspektur Polisi Satu
Second Police Inspector - Inspektur Polisi Dua.
The warrant officers:

First Police Inspector Adjutant - Ajun Inspektur Polisi Satu
Second Police Inspector Adjutant - Ajun Inspektur Polisi Dua
Non-commissioned officers:
Chief Police Brigadier - Brigadir Polisi Kepala
Police Brigadier - Brigadir Polisi
First Police Brigadier - Brigadir Polisi Satu
Second Police Brigadier - Brigadir Polisi Dua;
Enlisted Personnel:
Police Brigadier Adjutant - Ajun Brigadir Polisi
First Police Brigadier Adjutant - Ajun Brigadir Polisi Satu
Second Police Brigadier Adjutant - Ajun Brigadir Polisi Dua
Chief Bhayangkara - Bhayangkara Kepala
First Bhayangkara - Bhayangkara Satu
Second Bhayangkara - Bhayangkara Dua.
SINGAPORE POLICE SYSTEM

Singapore has been ranked consistently in the top five positions in the Global Competitiveness Report in
terms of its reliability of police services. The Singapore Police Force is the main agency tasked with maintaining law
and order in the city-state. Police officers in the various divisions are armed when conducting regular uniformed
patrols and plainclothes duties.
The SPF is the main agency tasked with maintaining law and order in the city-state. Formerly known as
the Republic of Singapore Police, it has grown from an 11-man organization to a 38,587 strong force. It enjoys a
relatively positive public image, and is credited for helping to arrest Singapore's civic unrests and lawlessness in its
early years, and maintaining the low crime rate today despite having a smaller police-citizen ratio compared to other
cities.
RANKS OF SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE

Senior Police Officers:
Commissioner of Police
Deputy Commissioner of Police
Senior Assistant Commissioner
Assistant Commissioner
Deputy Assistant Commissioner
Superintendent of Police
Deputy Superintendent of Police
Assistant Superintendent of Police
Inspector of Police.
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Non-commissioned officers:
Senior Station Inspector II of Police
Senior Station Inspector I of Police
Station Inspector of Police
Senior Staff Sergeant
Staff Sergeant
Sergeant
Corporal
Lance Corporal
Special constable
Police Constable
Best Practices of other Police Systems
Switzerland Police
―There is no crime in Switzerland‖ mark used in their brochures; uses the ―iron fist, velvet glove‖ approach – for poor
persons committing crime……after punishment, long-term treatment plan is put into effect to raise the family out of
poverty….
Japan Police
―shame-based‖ rather than ―guilty-based‖ approach… because of the shame it would bring to the family if
such member of a Family commits crime.
Ireland Police
where people had a high degree of confidence in authorities and felt like they had a high degree of popular
participation in crime control.
Egypt Police
practiced the ―law of tradition‖ – conflict are resolved by a tribal council.
Singapore
Singapore's Community Approach: Since 1981, the Singapore Police Force has carefully shifted from a
reactive, incident driven mode of operation to full scale Community Oriented Police Policing System (COPPS). It has
de-emphasized motorized patrolling and emergency response in favor of intensive community involvement in the
establishment of Neighborhood Police Post (NPP).
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CRIM Professional Review Center ǁ 1

Police originated from:

Ancient History of Police:

The Evolution of Law Enforcement Worldwide

Ancient Law Enforcement

EARLY SYSTEM OF POLICING

Tun Policing System – tun: ―town‖

Hue and Cry

 The Norman Period of Policing System (1066-1285)

The Travelling Judge

The Magna Carta

 The Westminster Period of Policing System (1285-1500)

Statute of 1295 – start of curfew hour

 The Modern Policing System

 Early History and Evolution of the Police Force in the Philippines

Early History of the Philippine Police Force

The Cuadrillos or Guardrilleros

The Carabineros de Seguridad Publica

The Guardia Civil

The Guardia Civil Beterana

The Philippine Police during the American Regime

The Philippine Constabulary

The Manila Police Department

The Filipinization of the PC

The merging of PC with the Philippine Army

The State Police Act (CA No. 88)

The National Police Force

The Japanese Occupation (1941-1945)

The Japanese Regime

Liberation from the Japanese Occupation (1945)

The Post Independence Period

The full restoration of PC

The Beginning of Police Reformation and Professionalization in 1966

The Birth of the Integrated National Police

The “People Power Revolt”

The Birth of Philippine National Police

GUIDE IN ORGANIZING FOR EFFECTIVE POLICE SERVICE

FUNCTIONS OF POLICE ADMINISTRATION (POSDCCoRB)

ORGANIC UNITS IN THE POLICE ORGANIZATION

RESPONSIBILITIES ASSIGNED IN THE THREE UNITS

The Functional Units

The Territorial Units

ELEMENTS OF POLICE ORGANIZATION

PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION

THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP): MANDATE AND STRUCTURE

MANDATE OF THE PNP

PHILOSOPHY of the PNP

THE PNP ORGANIZATION

THE PNP ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

The PNP Staff and Support Units (NHQ)

The C,PNP has the rank of PDG (4 Star). He is assisted by:

Deputy Chiefs of the PNP has the rank of PDDG (3 Star)

The 18 Directorial Staff (Functional Staff)

The 11 Administrative Support Units (AdSU)

Finance Service (FS)

The 11 Operational Support Units (OpSU)

The PNP Mandate

The National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM)

RA 6040 (August 4, 1969)

Lateral Entry of Officers in the PNP

(Sec 33, RA 6975)

The Field Training Program

Promotion System in the PNP