CHEMICAL EAUALICRWAMP

r 1ons and also under go cheai ang

Crcoussaltsolutionslike NalKA KIAA wia arigy

Ku Bsiau
toyte:Substances which do nu alow ckwiN
uEG.

e or n the aqueous solutrns are nn ecrGyao

O , aqucous solution of sugar,on-oa uaeaafviVHity oaiAa

sAA,
ectrotyte: The substance whicth undergooommpcic Gus8VAMaikgyd
ketrncity, that electrole is caled srong eroowoy
s
C, H,SO, HNO, aqueous soiti
NaO1, KOH, CsOH aqueous sahsuos
KCT, MgCl, aqueous soNuHMS.
oyies: Ihesubstance wihch naergo paria tissoczalrn.a wza. sitsLA
ad eectolyte is called weak eecroe.
N,CHCOOHH,PO,4iOH\ ZnOE
ifibrium: The equlihrnm thu
eNISES TETrv n anE LTDLTIA E
httton of w eakeiavarahes ttal uiimE alet KZQTeTum
O1 =CH CO0

4nLatianand an wia an emniis ii issntL BZZEiNE

 s
aftecied by increasing ne pressureBASES
According o
of moies or Lechatelier
JR. CHENISTRY
primcinie
vohume. Hence rate imcreasng tHe pres
iv) of
hackward dårection
4NHs50 =4NO
4NO masS is
n this
0
reaction the number -6H.0, Ar ==10-
6H.0.
ofmoles of 10---1
=
hence it is
aftected by reactants 9 is ess than te
ACOOrdung
of
to
Lechatelier increasing the
prassure
NaTTET Ot mois
of mdRR
moies or voBume. principie imcTeasng the
S3. How will Hence rate of pressure, qulbriutt shutt toaNS
an
increase in backward
pressure affect each ofthediretion is nereascs
IAre
une
2NH N 3H
3H AH = 92R7
folloming equiitbria? An inNeae m
ii)
emperature
: O: =2NO, AH = 181RJ
ii) 20 =30,
AH=-288
iv) CaO, - CO =
CaCO,
Ans )NH A=-1"bi
=
N 3H AH=92 Ar=4-2=2
-Increase in pressure favours
increase in backward reactkn
temperature favours he squnlibrium shifts imthe fnuarnd
) 0 2NO.
AH=181 A= 2-=0 drectin
no.of moles of
increase n
-
reactants and products are samne hence pressure has
tenperature
favour to sutt the no ettec
aquihbium righ
20 30 AH=-85k7 An=-2=+1
increase in prassure favOuTs backward
-

Increase in temperanure fanurs the reaction

aqunhbrum shufts in the inard
nCaO CO =CaCO, AH
dirata
176k = -

Pressure has no ettet

increase in temperanure favourto shitt the
-

54. The dissociation of is aqunlibrium iet

HI independent pressure. whie the
of
upon the pressure applied expain. dissociation of 7, depends
1)The dissociation of Hl: 2H
Above reaction the number
of moies f LNS TEATS
Hence pressure is not affect on equiibram. a equal ao the asans
as
2)The dissociation of PC7,: PCg PC
inthis reacion, the number of Ci
moies d
Te
dissociation ofPCI, is ntluencad byZSANs
presa
prciiS(are n e dhaa *
vohume. Hence backward
reaction takes piace, ders
Expain the termsS: atkm ot P, slso dor
Eiectrelyte (in Non-clectrohy te
Strong and weak electroByte ) ionic quiabriurm
Ehectrahy te :ERctrote is a
sstarce u fich 2K TreN
 EQUILIJBRIUM AND ACIDS BASESs

JR CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL

state through free ions and also under go chemical change. acts as clectroBe.
EX: Molten or aqueous salt solutions like NaCl. KCI,
K,SO, CuSO,
current either in the soid sate or
Non-electrolyte: Substances which do
not allow electric
non electrolytes.
n e molten state or in the aqueous solutions are
n sugar, non-polar covalent carbon compounds.
EXUrea solution, aqueous solution of dissociation and good
conduc-
substance which undergo complete
u Strong electrolyte: The electrolyte.
tor of heat and electricity, that electrolyte is called strong

Ex: Strong acids: HCI, H,SO,, HNO, aqueous solutions.

Strong bases: NaOH, KOH, CsOH aqueous solutions.

Salts: NaC, KCI, MgCl, aqueous solutions. conductor ot
dissociation and weak
weak electrolytes: The substance which undergo partial

electricity that electolyte is called weak electrolyte.

Example: HCN, CH,COOH,H,P0,,Al(OH),Zn(OH), ina
ions and unionised molecules
(iv) lonic equilibrium: The equilibrium that exists
between
is called ionic equilibrium.
aqueous solution of weak electrolytes that equilibrium
Ex: CH,CoOH CH,CO0a +H ( )
in water to give acetate 1on and
dissociation
Acetic acid is a weak electrolyte it under go partial

H ions.
The equilibrium exits between undissociate acetic acid and
56. Explain the terms:
Dissociation. iii) lonization
i) Extent of ionization and on what factor it depends. ii) ionised and the total number
Ans The extent ofionisation is the ratio between number ofmolecules
of molecules of an acid or a base. It is denoted by 'a'.
Number of molecules ionised
Degree of ionisation (a)
=

Number of molecules taken

The highest value of a is unity. For many weak electrolytes, the value of a is less than 0.02.
 K acid dissociation constant
For a very weak acid. a is very small.
- a =1, Hence dissociation constantis givesas

K, =Ca or a K Or
N
K H A
HAJ

Substituting the concentration ofproton. [° 1 for [A ] and C for [HA), K, [HT

=

C
The proton cocentration is given as :

H=K,C or [H°]= VCa C or [H]=Ca

a=[H'C
Hence degree of dissociation is the ratio ofconcentration ofproton and concentrationofacid K

IS a measure of the strength of the acid HA. Higher the value of K, , the stronger is the acid.

P=-logK,. Lower the value of pk. , the stronger isthe acid.

Explain the Arrhenius concept of acids and bases.
According to Arrhenius theory.
Acid: Acd is a substance, which dissolve in water to give H or H,O

Ex:HC, H SO, HNO,

ICHO>H,0 +C
Base: Base is a substance, which dissolve in water to give oH ions

Ex MOH M +OH

NaH, KOH, Mg(OH)

This theory is applicable to substances which are souble in water
Neutralisation Reaction: Acd reacts wih base to give salt and water.
HX MOH MX +H,0 (or) H +O1 HO
What is a conjugate acid bases pair ? Tllustrate with
Ar 1.Accordingto Bronstcd-Lowrytheory. the acid base pair examples.(Mar-14,19)
that differs only by one proton tat
pair is calkd conjugatcd acid-base pur
2.Comugate aci posses one proton mnore than base
onjugate base posses on proton kss thhan acid

Pxampke:I NII, +H1,0 N , +OH

Base Acid CA CB
above reaction Nl, is proton acceptor n 1s a
base NH; is a conjugate acid of tt and
 1 s donor i
CHEMICAL EQULIBRIUM AND AC DS-EAS
is acid. OH
coniagate base ot AU
NA.NH; and H.O. OH-
are
conjugate ac-7EsE sa
Example:2 HCI H.0=H.O
Acid Base CA CB
riere HC proton donor ii is acidcr isconiugate base
sa

base. H,0 is of HC 31ET OMD ALETMT IE

conjugate acid of water
.
HC1-CI and
H,0. H,O
9. Acetic acid is
weak acid.List in order
a
are
conjugate acid-base pars
molecular species of descending concentratian. al of the MIK and
present in 1 M aqueous solution of acetc
Ans Acetic acid is a weak 2CId.
acid it under go partial
dissociation in at2T tO gVE atELBE KD
CH CO0 and
hydronium ion H.0 Water dissociste to gie H and O
.

CH,COOH+H.O= CHCO0 H,O

H.O-H.O=H,0° -OH
in aqueous
soiution of CH COOH contains H.O. CH.C0OH CHOOO. H0. OH
Hence the concentration of ionic
species and molecular speces
60. [H.O]>[CH,COOH]={CH,COO]>[OH
Show by suitable equations that each of the following
species can act s Bronsted acid.
a) HO b) HCI c) NH d HPO
Ans Proton donor is Bronsted acid
aicd pr

i H.O OH>HO +
H°
H.O =4cid. OH =
base
ioses proton

HC H.0 H,O CF
HCI= Acid. H.O= hase
loses proton

adds prnO

NH, OH> NH: H.O

NH = Acid.OH = hase

loses proton

&dds proton

HPO.+HCI>H,PO, *C HC= icid. HPO; hase =

loses proton
 toses proton

n tns reacton H,PO, oses proton hence it acts as Brosted acia

loses proton
Base
1,PO, O

gain proton

In this reaction H,PO; gains a proton and henceacts as Bronsted Base.

Hence H,PO, can act as both Bronsted acid as well as Bronsted Base
Write the conjugate acid and conjugate base ofeach of the following. (MAR-20)
a) OH (Mar-19) b) H,O c) HCO, (Mar-19) d) H,O,
ns: Given species Conjugate acid Conjugate base

a) OH H,O
b) H,O H,O OH
c) HCO, H,CO, CO
d) H.O H,O HO
5. Identify and label the Bronsted acid and its conjugate base, the Bronsted base and its
conjugate acid in each of the following equations.

a) H.SO,+Cl > HCI + HSO, b)H,S+NH, > HS + NH,

c) CN+H,O-> HCN +OH d) O+H,O>20H

S: a) H,SO, +C>HC + HSO
H.SO, is an acid. it is a proton donor and c7 sa base. proton acceptor. HSO," is conjugate

base of FH,SO, and HCl is conjugate acid of c

+NH,
b)HS+NH,>HS
HS is an acid, it is a proton donor and NMi. Is a base, proton acceptor. HS i s conjugate

base ot H ,S and NH, is conjugate acid of MI

c) CN+ H,O->HCN+OH
H.O is an acid. it is a proton donor and CN is a base. proton acceptor. OH is conjugate base

of H .0 and HCN is conjugate acid of x

d O+H.O 2OH
 PENNSTR
Chassity the sipecies C
H Mand
Sy r atwer H.ina Lewis acids 2nd Lzvis 1 s

Here H s eecons áoncr it

si Les Sse
4 H.N>

H.0Here H.O s tiecons doncr. it s

z Lews s e
ME-4H.0-Mg E.O
a t are the
stremgths of enjugate bases ada strnng acid zuda
ordrg BronsTed er weak acid?
tSTng ALAd I NSES Are Enuerc rare ronn. Saung ds cannugzte zse s
josse
E HCO,- CO, -

zk
acd tOSSes ess endenC 1dzre pron. wazk cId ts
Canugzre sase s uss
EgCHC0OH - H0= CHCOO H.O -

CHCOOH s2wzk ai rd ns cornugzre hese CCo ave ess endeney n

h a t are the stremgth ofcomjugztes 2cids af a strong hase and weak hase

OH .