idrganicchemistryix

Catenation
.

covalent

C -

c .
-

C -

C → N ,
H , S ,
O P
,

Tetra vabnoy
= of carbon

C Is 22ps
2
-
G Is
.

2822ps
Valence at : -

u
 fteengthgsnganiccampaunds
A B

* .

Hybridisation
the
: -

influences
.

band length & bond

in
strength organic Am pounds

Band Strength XI
Bond length
C → Sp 's is t
Sp

[ Gp2
gp is
IS top

tip
Hybridisation
6 band .

*
Sp 's C 46 band .

* Spl C 36 band

*
Sp C 26 band

VSEPR

gp3 → C. Hy .
'

- -2
ABI
sp2→⑨-
*
→ ABS
cuz → A- Bz
sp →

Kay
Hts
 A
CHECK
! j -
=
At -

cuz
j
-

z u .

'
Hi Tiz H
' '

n
# FCC ⇐ d -

3
ay 3 Sps
'

3h ,
↳
"
Sp
's
Sph spa
Double Bond
= .
-

If t IT

At EC -

CHS .

I 2 3
's
sp sp sp
rpripuaomd
10 +2T
⇐ '
c -

If
cuz
p

sp -

sp
 Characteristics of Hybridisation
'

* .

S p
Sps 25 's 95%
ab
.

, as ,
2

Sp 33% 62 's .

⑧ Sox .
So's .

8 Character xELd#iz .

A Band
Strength
)
Here
-

>
⇐ H

sp
Featurette
.

bond
IT is most
easily
attacked
by other Atoms

⇐K
÷÷÷④
Sideways over
clapping

yo density
t
.

ta
 -
-

te CE CCH At
=
cuz
I 2 3 a 5

H H n
t U l 6 I 8
a
.

H -

C Ea C -

"
C E C -

C -9 te
I 3 5 7
-

2- I co

6 lo -

a 3

Eh Ein
'

o ie Eh ⇐
,
-

,
.

k
6 =
g
TL = 2 .
 *

I 2 .

a) cuz -

u-YIIg.ua
Caustics
"
cuz
20*2
o
.

I
,
g

's "
I
-2 Sp ang -
c- Uez
.

• →
spz
3 →
sps
C) Cuz CN

Choo
'
-
CEN
* 2

I 2 .

I → 8ps
2

Spd
→

) H GN Hz .
C Amide .

A
113 .

H 2
-

z C Torne sp
.

O
4=9 , Br, I
'
c o d Cx

{ &::
c -

car ⇐ or

CN Ha C -

Nth .
÷::
 A

CHO E H Coor

{
{
-

a
•

Cox .
e'
'
a
-

Enzor .

halide
Oyl .

sp
COR C -
o -

R ,

Cuzco cc

*
Cthanoyl Chloride

, Cuz CH CN
e Cee =

'

E' II
n
'Ig -

's
sp spi spa sp
- ⇐ ox

.
.
 Tetrahedral
¥
: -

: -

Trigonal Planar

Spy
: -

Linear .

8ps : -

ayy otters
'

4 A
C N

HH ! "

Peterhead
 #
Structural Representation
* Complete , Condensed &

Band line formula

* Complete
"
' " "
←
g-g
-

swoon .

Structure .

AB an gas
-

A
* Condensed : .
 Alz -
Cha -
612-0112 -

Ars .

Cuz -

(Chs ) 3 -

UB .

Cy Heo : -

Molecular
formula

in
'¥¥÷÷¥ .

"
amore

t
cuz -012-612
-

Uts
condensed
-

Iv
Condensed
Az @ tizz -

Ctb

( ABKCO .
Further Simplification
Band line formula
.
⇐

Atl Utz
Cuz
cuz I Methyl
A
an
Ethyl .

Mdnyeµ¥hye Protege
§
.
 At ar z
z
-

ans -

an -
a

^
Clog -

Ar z
-

ar z
-
ar z

Bana
:÷
→

,
Cha

lat z→ #
a
are
aez-%37-ibane-z-ae.cn#
I
~

aisaEEai-an-aiz.MX I 4 2

s
Ntl ,

brr
Cl

Ge z -

CH z
-
du -
C .
E C H .

Xx
C l .
 -

OH .

-
NH 2

oooh .

Cleo E -

Cuz OH
Cuz cuz Anzac z
-

Aro
a -
H c c

✓ '
on .

C
Naro c

cuz cuz Cs Ck Ck 3 '

m
I
Cyclic
=
Amp aunts

÷÷÷ ::
→

e¥÷÷÷÷÷÷ :
 Arg Cuz Gazans ✓
a)
H H H
H

a- c
'
-

d -
E -
E -
c' -

n
l l l
l
H H te te .

9taa✓
CtzCCHdzaez1yCH3# Complex .

-
Cuz -7 Main chain

( cuz)→ Substituent

913
Aez -

f
-

cuz -
cuz -
arr -

Gz Ctb
-

Anz

n
:& E=E¥÷¥¥n
.
-
 -

Poofters
a
⑧ ayaz.gr#caOma5a9.9
.

,
a

f-

no

OH C ← CHO

HOK → COM

Hooc ← Coote

b) a e -

r an
0h OH CN

In Nestor
in .

or
" in
 AB
a) cuz
Chey
-

, H l

CY E -

Cte
'
Cte Cif .
as
 rn

n .¥¥* .ci .
.

in
c cuz
it
.

Three-dimensional'm
g organicism

I
H
cm .

-
 Tetrahedral Molecule .

H -

Chu
I
.

al H
n
-

H Dashed wedge .

H
they I "
"
Bond in
'
n

"
The Lapd CH Bignonia
observer

¥¥
,
/
µ µ
Solid
wedge
'

Bond towards the

-

observer
 Cbssi¥Qnic .

Components

tdrgoyiccompaunds
I
A-cydicoropen-lcuainqundsGdifhaiffamp.AT
Ethane cyclohexane
n -

heptane

f- c- c- c- c-
of May
 aspic
17
heterocyclic
T M
v
pyridine .

Homqcyaic
.

17
Alicyclic Aromatic

phaeictcydic )
 Alicyclic .

^ I
Eme Cydsbcetonen

a
Jane Cyclohexane
.

Aromatic : -7 Aroma

g. Tiana
"

.
② Complete dels causation of
Te ceos
in
C*
"
-

* C
h Le H

l l l 3 a bond

n
- cnn.ae
H

③ #allow Huckle -

Bye Rule *

= .

@ ht 2) .
I o_O
M =
8142
To check
. . .
. .

-Unt2=6T
Un =
4

N = i
-2 .
 Unt 2=50

Un -
98

M -
12 .

Arroyave
.

Benzema 'd .✓ Non .

Benzene 'd .

Compounds mm

E
abne .
 sr-
.
rgayiccsmpaundsi
AcyclicChainopen
or
cyclic orassed
chain

aom.ge#.f/CCsvdeacydic
compounds
)
Heterocyclic

'¥aic
Ah
-
.

Agonistic .

I
Benzensia Non Benzema'd .
 %
W
"

I ll

n kn
'
n
t
C-

Ckzcsotftorat cnzcso
-

Not

functional Group
=
.

Friend functions .
Konishi
-

⑨ Homologues
Nomenclature ✓

TTAromo⑦
↳ iso , neo , see -

&

itert-r.IS#m.fStowdural )

fEEgaenZEm%F
 Isomerism
T
→
8¥ Stereoisomer
forme Molecular fame Molecular

formula but different formula but

diJfe ent@mgtHaobao.fatomsiniz#anEganeet
nspa inI oinhmuicasim.m
Strudel
Chain isomerism
-

Gmo
any
-

Ctb -

ah
-

an -

#
m
-

Butane
cuz -

fu -
Ctb
isobudane
Avs
-

Anz Cuz Utz Ctb

[5aia
cuz - -
-

ison:
-

Gt3
Aug -

¢ -

ang .

neo
pentane

Cns
 -

Position Isomerism
-

Buton -
I -01 Buton-2-01

OH
C -

C -

c -

C- OH C -

c -

be
a

C - d -

c -

c c -

c -

tea

Subsistent or functional
-
trust

functional Cup nlsomeeism

=

* Ghees & Alcohols .

(2115-0 -

( 2115 Cuz Urination

M¥01 Cullison
*
Atdehydelktone
-

Aezarzaro cuz
-8 -

ans

Cz 1160 Czk 60

AMEAidkfsteesaezarzcs.sn
*

cuz
-
I -
oars

↳ 11602 Cz 11602 .

Metamerism
=

Ckgctzoctlzarz

Cuz -0 -

Az are
- -

Cees
 awaiting
'
'

**a④-an Ic se

R-fa-R@Crenerae.
Ro# F Ester .

R-€R1 other .

REI '
. ketone

3C -
3C.

IC SC

]
-

ac -
uc
F-EAinorgomicneadhsnis.mn
L
Attacking
Organic
=
Molecule
fntntermediate]
(Substrate ) Reagent

I
=

Product Cs)
C. Byproducts )

Foote a. r .
catalyst

Reaction Mechanism
=

A sequential account
of each step ,

describing details of electron movement

energetics during bond fission & bond
is called reaction mechanism
formation .
 A
ice!
"

"
.¥÷¥Band
.

Attack fission

* B-ndfeoiss.com : -2

*
Attacking
*
forging Band
-

HBR → Ht t Br

X=E¥t ¥¥]
¥E• ¥ te
-

E
br
 Assistant
Band
*
Het¥Ass ion
Either A E nu
g
-

A -

B H
-

Br
or U -

Ht t Br

ay For-

→ Ears
carbocation .

A species
having c- Atom
'

possessing a positive charge .

is called Carbocation .

¢ to
Dianne

← In spa
 ftp.y#ooation-
Tf i
Aaj -78ps cuz
i i
AB
I ¥2 * Yu
② ④ sp ②
z
C ④ * → ④
¥09
tf th f th zari th stars,

sans

primary (
°
Secondary
20
Tertiary
30

=
Tertiary carbocation

cuz of
donating group
-

Br

30 2 20 210

Cars )zC④ > Cards % > Cassata

 *
¥¥ .. .

Homolyticrissi an

n r
A -

Pfd ←
ht

Ck → c. ,

a c. i
•

C
Single ceo)
-

018 → so
.
 heat
a -41 → E ta
-
light sci

Free Radical
=

CHI ari
Carbocation Couboanion

Stabilise
U'
? At
-2
gp3
l
} l 413
T

c .
L C .

L C .

Hath akin a .it#ans

(
°

20 go

Zeo
 -

* Cuz Na
-
→ Ctb t wat
w

Stalin's anion

Arg AB 423
I I

c- > >
y)
-

e
-

ul In any n
-

akshay
10 20 30
° °

2 > go
.

I >

Nucleophile & Electrophile

=

Nucleophile ( No :)

Nucleus
loving
Electrophile C Et )

Electron
loving
 C )
Nucleophiles
#
No :

peegotivdndged
-
→
-
Charged
-

OH Br ,
a
,
f- , NOE
,

RAO
-

I
Rich → Neutral
Electron
wins ,
x
,
8oz ,
Sfu .

bass
Wing t
.
Ht → Nkf
ceo rich of
poor

cuz -

Br → Cust -
C-
①

woo
Electrophiles
Br
-

positively Charged .

Ht ,
Nat , Ohzt ,
creation
=
Deficient → Neutral

Alclz ,
BH 3 , BCI 3

At Hz .

Nr .

Ot -0
*
Cuz -8013 u
.

→ Cuz t
Sab

c s .

* ay Agn → a% tin
Gp3 sp CEN )
A →
⑦ ①
*
Anz -

Cu Chs t Cui
 O O

crepes .

B=
At Electron Deficient
Aa
Electrophiles .

an

Re
KS
-

Nu 02h50 ?
-

s no
.
-

'

@
Bry , f
( Ckzlzor :
-

i Nu

Clt Eto cuz -8

①
: : C-

Fly : : No
-

Foz : C-
⑦
 { =
, =3 Tabard .

Algae O
cuz CN
cuz I
-
-

, ,

s - No

① I ② St S -

cuz # d
'
H cuz CIN
-
-

*
* I 2

TT S
St -

③ ¥?s I
'

C = O

C or O
, ,
 Electrophoretic
Organisations
sWay ( Molecule )
'

with in

← x

-0
-

Eg fog
i
'

okay
←

⇐ I
's
Jnd#ay C Donato ceo to AR)
'

{ EE -

← -
E - 3

I to
-5¥ -

E
 → ¥ Eon -

THI
Nuo
f \ I

do K
¥ I
-

H
NU 2W .

idrdueay
•
My
X → X
?
- -
-

*
Electronpsacement Effects
in covalent Bonds *

stars E { Permanent }
Polarisation
St f-
-

④ +
n
Ci
-

Ht
{ Inducting }
Rest
Inedited -

A -

When a covalent band is

formed between atoms

of different
ceo
electronegativity s the
density
whiffs towards more electro -

atom band Such

negative of the .

shift of ceo is called Anandi ue

effect
-

① Permanent Polarisation
 AI S -

or

% Tis?
s i
n
-

SEE
so EEE
IED
Is E④

⑨ a
-

EI -

① ②
salts '

y
E

88ft Sst St S -

C -

C -
C C x -
-

:
 Donate h B⑤ withdraw

Iat
Election
Donating crops
' -

E W Cr Erection
withdrawing help
-

:
-

-
← any
=
Agents
Main Aesop
⇐oment←E
→

Abd

Mainframe
.

→
Socialites f V

E E G
g
W
- - -

CN COOH
Naz ,
-
-

GOR ,
-
o Ar Ccs Hs)
 E. D. a
Eg
.

Alkyl Aeaups dike .

Methyl ,

Ange

a) ¥3 H
Es Bry
-
-

6) Hzc NHL Hz
#H
-

SH
C) kz.C-i.gl Ugc -

⑤r
39
'
2
 Resonance .

(C-C)¥T g- c )
!±upm
Double Band

ftp.apmo
Siong ¢

BE :

④
fpnsMtioat
-
→

YI
The reso_ dares are

hyp④rl and
indi¥ as

not represent any

real molecule .

Their bit
energies ace
higher
than structure
ocesonana
hybrid .

+→ (g) →

Resonance
✓ hybrid
structure .

Resonance .

= Energy
Are
difference in
energy between
the
actual and atheist
structure is called
onergy#ce
resonance
energy
.
 Resonance Stability
-

x
.

Energy

arzooo
-

→ cuz *

[ E] I
-

ay -

O
-

cuz -
D= O
 E
-

an Edi '
-

a .
⇐ in onion -

-0ha .

[a÷¥En Egan
.

.
→ ai - ai -

and
8. -8in III
a
-

n .
⇐ aoi .
-

ar
-
En .
 ✓
EQEE.n-E.eu I
.
→
①

tan ¥ .EE?-n ✓
[ ]
-

-220
'
(
Ei iii. Eli
-
l
-
- - - -
= - -

C -

O o -

o .

A
Aegean -

E -

Eez afield ✓

.IE?n7------
Ciconia
- -

n
* s .

→③
'

C
-

NOO o to
C
-
 Resonana-C-jfd.to
uement
of a co -

MEI .

helped
E -

D G
-

↳ E -

w -
a

Drained was

as¥m
→
Electrons are
transferred .

substituent
from group
do

benzene
ring
'

*µ ,

j
O I
aim .
eirik gin .

*He
y to
ED
 +R

OH -0
Cuz G Cs R NHL
-

,
-

, ,

x
.

⇐
%÷* :*:
:c
i.
fans as

A om
t I
 "

"
I
413 init
o
←

OH .

④
Phenol .
i
r
qui
gon
-

.
 Electro men 's Effect
+

's
Jt temporary effect are
.

organic molecules
having double

dead show this

effect
*
Posited ooo mesic
-

Effect
C ft ]
'

q -

E
H

*
Negativeness meme Effect
-
C -

E
effect

X EE t er→
¥ .
-

E
 NEENA C R)-

This effect is observed

µ
when ie
density is

doors forced from

/
X benzene do substituent

R
effect : -
Coo 'HT- Cleo
, ✓

:O
%÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
* c '
¥
-

902
.

A ⑦
A
⇐
it
 e.

÷÷÷÷ ÷÷
'

[ a

Electron Movement
. ¥¥
= ← = X -
 NO z
: -

E wa

C N

sp
2
C 2 N

c . or

. .
s÷÷÷÷ : :
i
* PH -
o
et
on

% -

,
on .
:# .

off
f
-
on

⑦
 ←
: .

2
"

I
3

F-
N
after
⑦
←

4
g.
of it
g
=
a =

11

A ton
V T
④

3rd u
th .

= =
 of movement
=

¥In .

413 913 93
get 2 Cio
'
7 Eto

cuz
'
arzafz H 1/4
20 go
30

n¥€r
2
an
11
⑤ C ons
aez
µ *
→ - -

¥0
'
(
n -
H
C -

ly
l

I
n a
in in