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 Unit-IV

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS
 Overview

1. Types of solids
2. Projections of solids in simple position
a) Axis perpendicular to the HP
b) Axis perpendicular to the VP
c) Axis parallel to both the HP and the VP and
Perpendicular to PP
3. Projections of solids with axis inclined to one of the
reference planes and parallel to the other
a) Axis inclined to the VP and parallel to the HP
b) Axis inclined to the HP and parallel to the VP
4. Projections of solids with axis inclined to both HP and VP
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 SOLIDS
To understand and remember various solids in this subject properly,
those are classified & arranged in to two major groups.
Group A Group B
Solids having top and base of same shape Solids having base of some shape
and just a point as a top, called apex.

Cylinder Cone

Prisms Pyramids

Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal

Cube Tetrahedron
( A solid having ( A solid having
six square faces) 4
Four triangular faces)
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 Terminology of Prism

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 Terminology of Pyramids

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 Solids of Revolution

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 SOLIDS
Dimensional parameters of different solids.

Square Prism Square Pyramid Cylinder Cone

Apex Apex
Top
Rectangular Slant
Face Edge Triangular
Longer Base Face Base Base
Base
Edge

Corner of Edge Edge Corner of

Generators
base of of base
Imaginary lines
Base Base
generating curved surface
of cylinder & cone.

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Projection of Solids in Simple Position

(a) (b) (c)

Axis perpendicular to (a) HP, (b) VP, (C) PP

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 STANDING ON H.P RESTING ON H.P LYING ON H.P
On it’s base. On one point of base circle. On one generator.
(Axis perpendicular to Hp (Axis inclined to Hp (Axis inclined to Hp
And // to Vp.) And // to Vp) And // to Vp)

F.V. F.V. F.V.

X Y
While observing Fv, x-y line represents Horizontal Plane. (Hp)

X While observing Tv, x-y line represents Vertical Plane. (Vp) Y

T.V. T.V. T.V.

STANDING ON V.P RESTING ON V.P LYING ON V.P

On it’s base. On one point of base circle. On one generator.
Axis perpendicular to Vp Axis inclined to Vp Axis inclined to Vp 15
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 STEPS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS IN SOLIDS
Problem is solved in three steps:
STEP 1: ASSUME SOLID STANDING ON THE PLANE WITH WHICH IT IS MAKING INCLINATION.
( IF IT IS INCLINED TO HP, ASSUME IT STANDING ON HP)
( IF IT IS INCLINED TO VP, ASSUME IT STANDING ON VP)
IF STANDING ON HP - IT’S TV WILL BE TRUE SHAPE OF IT’S BASE OR TOP:
IF STANDING ON VP - IT’S FV WILL BE TRUE SHAPE OF IT’S BASE OR TOP.
BEGIN WITH THIS VIEW:
IT’S OTHER VIEW WILL BE A RECTANGLE ( IF SOLID IS CYLINDER OR ONE OF THE PRISMS):
IT’S OTHER VIEW WILL BE A TRIANGLE ( IF SOLID IS CONE OR ONE OF THE PYRAMIDS):
DRAW FV & TV OF THAT SOLID IN STANDING POSITION:
STEP 2: CONSIDERING SOLID’S INCLINATION ( AXIS POSITION ) DRAW IT’S FV & TV.
STEP 3: IN LAST STEP, CONSIDERING REMAINING INCLINATION, DRAW IT’S FINAL FV & TV.

GENERAL PATTERN ( THREE STEPS ) OF SOLUTION:

GROUP B SOLID. GROUP A SOLID. GROUP B SOLID. GROUP A SOLID.
CONE CYLINDER CONE CYLINDER
AXIS AXIS
AXIS AXIS INCLINED HP INCLINED HP
AXIS AXIS VERTICAL INCLINED HP
VERTICAL INCLINED HP

er er AXIS
AXIS AXIS TO VP AXIS
AXIS AXIS TO VP
INCLINED VP INCLINED INCLINED
INCLINED VP VP VP

Three steps Three steps Three steps Three steps

If solid is inclined to Hp If solid is inclined to Hp If solid is inclined to Vp If solid is inclined
16 to Vp
PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS IN
SIMPLE POSITION
Illustration no. 1

A triangular prism 40 mm side of base and 60 mm length of axis perpendicular

to the VP. Draw the projections if one of the rectangular faces is parallel to the
HP and 20 mm above the HP.
 Illustration no. 2
A square prism 40 mm side of base and 60 mm length of axis has its axis perpendicular to
the HP. Draw the projections if one of the rectangular faces is parallel to the VP and 10 mm
above the HP.
 Illustration no. 3
Draw the projections of (i) a cylinder, base 40 mm diameter and axis 50 mm long and (ii) a
cone, base 40 mm diameter and axis 50 mm long resting on the HP on their respective bases.
Practice

1. (a) Draw the projections of a cone of base 30mm diameter and axis 50mm long, when it is
resting on HP on its base.
(b) Draw the projections of a cylinder of base 30mm diameter and axis 50mm long, when it is
resting on HP on its base. [KL Narayana-11.5]

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 Illustration no. 4

A Hexagonal prism has one of its rectangular faces parallel to HP. Its axis is perpendicular to the
VP and 3.5 cm above the ground. It is having base side is 30 and height is 60.
 Illustration no. 5
A triangular prism 40 mm side of base and 60 mm length of axis perpendicular to the VP.
Draw the projections if one of the rectangular faces is inclined at 45º to the HP.
Illustration no. 6
A square prism 40 mm side of base and 60 mm length of axis has its axis
perpendicular to the HP. Draw the projections if one of the rectangular faces
is at 60º to the VP and 10 mm above the HP.
 Illustration No. 7

A triangular pyramid with

30 mm edges at its base
and 35 mm long axis
resting on its base with an
edge of the base near the
V.P, parallel to and 20 mm
from the V.P; Draw the
projections of the
pyramid, if the base is 20
mm above the H.P

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