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Study on Topology Design of Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle

Based on Magnetic Resonance Coupling

Article  in  Advanced Materials Research · August 2011

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.308-310.1000

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 Advanced Materials Research Vols. 308-310 (2011) pp 1000-1003
© (2011) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.308-310.1000

Study on topology design of wireless power transfer for electric vehicle

based on magnetic resonance coupling
Hao Qiang1,2,a, Xueliang Huang*1,b, Linlin Tan1 and Hui Huang1
1
School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
2
School of Information Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu,
213164, China
a
e-qianghao@163.com, bxlhuang@seu.edu.cn

Keywords: Condition Criterion, Magnetic Resonance Coupling, Wireless Charging, Electric Vehicle.

Abstract. Wireless power transfer (WPT) is required for the diffusion of Electric Vehicle (EV)
because it makes possible the process of automatically charging EV. Magnetic resonance coupling is
a new technology for WPT, which can transfer a large amount of energy with high efficiency in
middle distance. In this paper the topology design of WPT for EV by using this technology is
investigated. Through theoretical analysis we obtain expressions of optimal efficiency with different
topologies based on equivalent circuits and define a condition criterion, which is related with load
resistance, transmission distance, resonance frequency and coil size. According to the condition
criterion we can design the appropriate topology easily to guarantee optimal transmission efficiency.
Finally, simulations and experiments show that the defined condition criterion has high sensitivity
and the proposed method of designing topology is effective and feasible.

Introduction
WPT is required for the diffusion of EV because it makes possible a convenient charging system for
EV [1]. WPT system can be used in automatic charging systems for the consumer market. As the
technologies of WPT, electromagnetic induction and microwave power transfer are famous, however,
magnetic resonance coupling is only been proposed recently. Because it is the only technology that
deals with the three elements: large air gap, high efficiency and a large amount of power required by
WPT [2-6].
In this paper, we study on the equivalent circuits of different topologies, deduce their expressions
of optimal transmission efficiency respectively and define a condition criterion to guide the topology
design of EV WPT system. In addition, it should be noted that the efficiency is built on the
transmission system, not including the high-frequency power supply system which treated as a
constant voltage source, its efficiency and power only as a reference in the system control.

Magnetic Resonance Coupling Wireless Charging System (MRCWCS)

Fig. 1 is a typical schematic of MRCWCS for EV, which includes two independent parts: primary
loop connected with power supply and secondary loop connected with battery. The high frequency
oscillation circuit and high frequency power amplifier are used to generate high frequency power
source. LS, LD are two coaxial air-core coils for transferring power.

Fig. 1 Schematic of resonance coupling wireless energy transfer system

To enhance the efficiency of WPT, series or parallel compensation circuit is presented in one loop
or two loops, called simple or multi-resonant compensation topology respectively. Using the setup
(fig. 5 and series compensation in primary loop), we have realized power transmission of Kw
magnitude. So there are only two topologies (SS, SP) analysed in this paper [7].

All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of TTP,
www.ttp.net. (ID: 121.249.23.182-09/08/11,14:06:55)
 Advanced Materials Research Vols. 308-310 1001

SS and SP Compensation Topologies. For analysis, only two resonance coupling coils LS and LD
are taken into account. In high frequency, parasitic parameters such as resistance and capacitance are
not ignored. Fig. 2 shows the simplified equivalent circuit model. Here, RL includes the resistances of
rectifier and battery.

Fig. 2 Equivalent circuit model of WPT (a) SS topology (b) SP topology

In fig. 2(a), KVL could be applied to determine the currents in each resonant circuit in (1).
Z S I S − jω MI D = U in
(1)
− jω MI S + Z D I D = 0
These two KVL equations are simultaneously solved and yield (2).
U in
jω M
U in ZS
IS = , I D= (2)
(ω M ) 2
(ω M ) 2
ZS + ZD +
ZD ZS
The input power of coil LS and output power of load RL could be induced based on (1) and (2),
which are
U in2 Z D U in2 (ω M ) 2 RL
Pin = , Pout = (3)
Z S Z D + (ω M ) 2 [ Z S Z D + (ω M ) 2 ]2
So the transmission efficiency of SS topology between coils is
(ω M ) 2 RL
η SS = × 100% (4)
Z D [ Z S Z D + (ω M ) 2 ]
Suppose LS and LD operating in an ideal resonant state, the impedances of coils are minimum and
the system transmission efficiency is optimal. From antenna theories, the loss of hollow coil in high
frequency includes ohm loss Ro and radiation loss Rr. In order to keep coils LS and LD having the
same self-resonant frequency, there got the same sizes for coils LS and LD, i.e. nS=nD=n, rS=rD=r. The
optimum frequency range for the middle distance resonance coupling system is1～50MHz, then
Rr<<Ro [3, 8]. The coil loss is ohm loss Ro mostly, i.e. RS=RD≈Ro. Basing on (4), the efficiency is
changed as
(ω M ) 2 RL
η SS = × 100% (5)
( R0 + RL )[ R02 + R0 RL + (ω M ) 2 ]
Analogously, we can obtain the optimal transmission efficiency of SP topology based on fig. 2(b).
(ω M ) 2 RL'
η SP = × 100% (6)
( R0 + RL' )[ R02 + R0 RL' + (ω M ) 2 ]

RL 1 + (ωCD RL ) 2
Here RL' = , C '
D = .
1 + (ωCD RL ) 2 ω 2CD RL2

Topology Design of MRCWCS

 1002 Advanced Design Technology

Condition Criterion K. The definition of condition criterion K is in (7).

DSS − DSP RL2
K= = − R02 − (ω M ) 2 (7)
R0 (ωCD M ) 1 + (ωCD M )
2 2

Here, DSS and DSP are the denominators of ηSS and ηSP with the same numerator as (ωM)2RL. If
K<0, ηSS<ηSP and SP topology is target; otherwise, SS topology is selected; if K=0, for avoiding
adjusting resonant capacitance, we can select SS topology.
From paper [4, 9], mutual inductance coefficient M is related with the coil number of turns, coil
radius and the distance between two coils. So K is a function of transmission distance, resonance
frequency, coils sizes and load. In addition, it should be noted that the resonance capacitance CD in fig.
2(b) should meet (8) for keeping the same self-resonant frequency.
ω 2 RL2 LD CD2 − RL2CD + LD = 0 (8)

Formula (8) is an unary quadratic function of CD and if R≥RST=2ωLD, the function has the
solution. If R< RST, the resonance point of parallel resonance does not exist and SS topology is only
selection. Table 1 shows the more perfect design policy of MRCWCS.
To make this relationship clear, there took an example with parameters: nS=nD=5, rS=rD=0.3m,
LD=12.4µH, ω=3.4Mrad/s. Then Ro=0.49Ωand RST=84.32Ω. Fig. 3(a) shows K varied with RL
(85Ω~ 800Ω) and D (0.25m~1.5m). Fig. 3(b) shows the relation between topology design and load
RL.

(a) (b)
Fig. 3 The relationship between topology design and system parameters (a) Relation curves among condition
criterion K, load RL and transmission distance D (b) More perfect topology design policy based on load, distance

Simulations and Experiments

Fig. 5 shows the setup we used for our experiments. In primary loop Colpitts oscillator is used to
produce high frequency signal and ω is measured as 3.45 Mrad/s. Other parameters are mentioned
above.
Table 1 design policy of MRCWCS
Condition criterion K
- 0 +
<RST SS(Ⅰ) SS(Ⅰ) SS(Ⅰ)
RL
≥RST SS(Ⅱ) SS SP(Ⅲ)

Fig. 5 Prototype of experimental device

Optimal Transmission Efficiency. Fig. 6 shows the optimal transmission efficiency with
different topologies varied with load and distance.
 Advanced Materials Research Vols. 308-310 1003

(a) (b)
Fig. 6 Optimal transmission efficiency with different topologies (a) Curves of optimal transmission efficiency with
varied distance when RL=100Ω (b) Curves of optimal transmission efficiency with varied load when D=0.3m (T
denotes theory and E denotes experiment)
For convenience, DK is used to denote the distance when K=0. In fig. 6(a), RL is fixed (100Ω), if
D<DK, then ηSS>ηSP->ηSP+, but the difference value between each other is little; if D>DK and near DK,
then ηSP->ηSP+>ηSS; with D increasing further, ηSP+ >ηSP->ηSS and η would decrease rapidly and the
difference value between each other become obvious. In fig. 6(b), D if fixed (0.3m), η would fall
down along with RL increasing continually and ηSP+ >ηSP->ηSS. Here ηSP- and ηSP+ are corresponding
to the little and big resonant capacitances calculated by (8).
As seeing in fig. , some gaps existed between experiment and theory. There are some main reasons:
the theory values were calculated out neglecting high frequency radiate loss, the coils made by
manual coiling were not enough accurate and the load resistance was seen as constant under different
temperature. In despite of them, the experimental results were all acceptable.

Conclusion
In this paper, a condition criterion K is defined to guide the topology design of MRCWCS. From fig.
3 the sensitivity of K is high and its definition is based on equivalent circuit model, so the method of
designing topology according to K is feasible and applied to WPT based on both magnetic resonance
coupling and electromagnetic induction.

Acknowledgement
This work was supported in part by the Foundation for Six Talents Summit of Jiangsu Province
(1116000088).

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