37A/122/CD

COMMITTEE DRAFT (CD)

IEC/TC or SC : Project number
SC 37A IEC 61643-22 Ed.1.0
Title of TC/SC: Date of circulation Closing date for comments
Low-voltage Surge Protective Devices 2002-05-03 2002-08-09
Also of interest to the following committees Supersedes document
TC 37, ITU, 37A/58/NP;37A/62/RVN;37A/111/CD,
37A/114/CC
Functions concerned:
Safety EMC Environment Quality assurance
Secretary: THIS DOCUMENT IS STILL UNDER STUDY AND SUBJECT TO
Mr. Sat MOHAN-RAM CHANGE . IT SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES .

E-Mail: sat.mohan-ram@bsi-global.com RECIPIENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT , W ITH

THEIR COMMENTS , NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE
SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION .

Title:
Draft IEC 61643-22 Ed.1.0 : Surge Protective Devices connected to telecommunications and
signalling networks – Part 22 : Selection and application principles

(Titre) :

Introductory note

This 2 nd CD was based on the discussions at the meetings of SC 37A/WG 4 held on October 2001 in Koblenz/
Germany and on April 2002 in Vienna/Austria.
Comments received on this CD will be discussed at the next meeting of WG 4 in September 2002.

Annex B, clause B.4 and Annex D, clause D3 are under development by the Working Group. Your comments to
these new clauses are welcome.

In addition to submitting comments to IEC, NCs are also kindly requested to submit their comments possibly by
the end of July to the Secretary –email: sat.mohan-ram@bsi-global.com, to avoid delays due to the August
holidays and to enable the compilation of comments to be prepared in time for the September meeting. Your
co-operation will be greatly appreciated.

FORM CD (IEC)
2001-07-01
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CONTENTS
Page

1 Scope ............................................................................................................................. 7
2 Normative references....................................................................................................... 7
3 Definitions ....................................................................................................................... 7
4 Description of technologies .............................................................................................. 7
4.1 Voltage limiting devices .......................................................................................... 8
4.1.1 Clamping type .......................................................................................... 8
4.1.2 Switching type ............................................................................................ 8
4.2 Current Limiting Devices ................................................................................ 8
4.2.1 Current Interrupting Devices ........................................................................ 8
4.2.2 Current Reducing Devices ........................................................................... 8
4.2.3 Current Diverting Devices ............................................................................ 9
5 Parameters for selection of SPDs and appropriate tests from IEC 61643-21 ....................... 9
5.1 Controlled and uncontrolled environments................................................................ 9
5.1.1 Controlled environments ........................................................................... 9
5.1.2Uncontrolled environments ........................................................................... 9
5.2 SPD Parameters that may affect normal system operation ................................................. 9
6 Risk management .......................................................................................................... 10
6.1 Risk analysis ........................................................................................................ 11
6.2 Risk identification ................................................................................................. 11
6.3 Risk treatment ...................................................................................................... 11
7 Application of SPDs ....................................................................................................... 12
7.1 Coupling mechanisms ........................................................................................... 12
7.2. Criteria for selection and application of Surge Protective Devices (SPD’s) .............. 14
7.2.1. Application requirements for SPDs ............................................................ 14
7.2.2 SPD installation cabling considerations ...................................................... 19
8 Multiservice surge protective devices............................................................................. 22
9 Coordination of SPDs/ITE .............................................................................................. 22
9.1 Determination of U IN and I IN ................................................................................... 23
9.2 Determine the output protective voltage and current waveforms for SPD1 ............... 23
9.3 Compare SPD1 and SPD2 values .......................................................................... 25
9.4 Necessity of verification of the coordination by testing ............................................ 25
Annex A (informative) Voltage limiting devices .................................................................. 26
A.1 Voltage clamping devices ........................................................................................... 26
A.1.1 Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) ............................................................................... 26
A.1.2 Silicon semiconductors ...................................................................................... 26
A.1.2.1 Forward biased PN junction .................................................................... 26
A.1.2.2 Avalanche Breakdown Device (ABD)....................................................... 26
A.1.2.3 Zener diode ........................................................................................... 27
A.1.2.4 Punch-through diode .............................................................................. 27
A.1.2.5 Foldback diode ...................................................................................... 27
A.2 Voltage switching devices ........................................................................................... 27
A.2.1 Gas discharge tube ........................................................................................... 27
A.2.2 Air gaps ............................................................................................................ 28
A.2.3 Thyristor fixed voltage types (self-gating)............................................................ 28
A.2.4 Thyristor, gated type .......................................................................................... 28
Annex B (informative) Current limiting devices .................................................................. 29
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B.1 Current interrupting devices ........................................................................................ 29
B.1.1 Fusible resistor.................................................................................................. 29
B.1.1.1 Thick film resistors ................................................................................. 29
B.1.1.2 Wirewound fusible resistors .................................................................... 29
B.1.2 Fuses ............................................................................................................... 30
B.1.3 Thermal fuses ................................................................................................... 30
B.2 Current reducing devices ............................................................................................ 30
B.2.1 Polymer PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient Resistor) ................................... 30
B.2.2 Ceramic PTC..................................................................................................... 30
B.3 Current diverting devices ............................................................................................ 31
B.3.1 Heat coils.......................................................................................................... 31
B.3.2 Gated thyristor, current operated ........................................................................ 31
B.3.3 Thermal Switch........................................................................................................ 32
B.4 Device name/symbol/characteristics ............................................................................ 32
Annex C (Informative) This annex has been omitted .......................................................... 33
Annex D (Informative) Risk management .......................................................................... 34
D.1 Risk due to lightning discharges.................................................................................. 34
D.1.1 Risk assessment ............................................................................................... 34
D.1.2 Risk analysis..................................................................................................... 34
D.1.3 Risk evaluation ................................................................................................. 34
D.1.3.1 Risk criteria.................................................................................................... 35
D.1.3.2 Evaluating procedure ...................................................................................... 35
D.1.4 Risk treatment................................................................................................... 36
D.2 Risk due to power line faults ....................................................................................... 37
D.2.1 AC Power systems ............................................................................................ 37
D.2.2 DC Power systems ............................................................................................ 37
D.3 Earth potential rise ..................................................................................................... 38
Annex E (Informative) Information technologies and some of their transmission characteristics 39
E.1 Telecommunications systems...................................................................................... 40
E.2 Signalling, measurement and control systems .............................................................. 41
E.3 Cable TV systems ...................................................................................................... 42
Annex F (Informative) Bibliography................................................................................... 43
FIGURES
Figure 6: SPDs installation in Telecommunications and Signalling Networks........................ 12
Figure 7.1 – Coupling mechanisms .................................................................................... 13
Figure 7.2.1.1 : Example of a configuration of the lightning protection concept .................... 16
Figure 7.2.1.2 : Example of a configuration according to the zones( Fig. 7.2)....................... 18
Figure 7.2.1.4: Example of protecting measures against common mode voltages and differential
mode voltages of the data (f) and supply voltage input (g) of an ITE. ............................ 19
Figure 7.2.2.1.1 : Influence of the voltages U L1 and U L2 on the protection level U P formed by
conductor feed with the induction. ............................................................................... 20
Figure 7.2.2.1.2: Removal of the voltages U L1 / UL2 by V-shaped connection ....................... 20
Figure 7.2.2.2 Necessary installation conditions of a “Three, five or multi terminal” SPD (k) with an
ITE(e) for minimizing the interference influences on the protection level........................ 21
Figure 9.1 -Coordination of two SPDs. ............................................................................... 22
Figure 9.2 – Coordination verification process.................................................................... 24
Figure B.1 Circuit for interrupting devices .......................................................................... 29
Figure B.2 Circuit for current reducing devices ................................................................... 30
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Figure B.3 Circuit for current diverting devices ................................................................... 31
Figure D1 Risk evaluating procedure ................................................................................. 36
TABLES
Table 6 – Responsibility for protective measures................................................................ 11
Table 7.1 – Coupling mechanisms ..................................................................................... 14
Table 7.2.1.2 : Selection aid for rating SPDs for the use in (zone) interfaces according to
IEC61312-1 / IEC61000-4-5 ........................................................................................ 17
Table D2.1.1 AC overhead power systems......................................................................... 37
Table D.2.1.2 AC underground electric cables ................................................................... 37
Table D.2.2.1 – DC overhead power systems ..................................................................... 37
Table D.2.2.2 DC underground electric cables ................................................................... 38
Table E.1 Transmission characteristics for telecommunications systems in access networks 40
Table E.2 – Transmission characteristics of Inhouse Information Technology (IT) systems ... 41
Table E.3 – Transmission characteristics of Cable TV-systems ........................................... 42
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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

____________

IEC 61643-22 DRAFT

SURGE PROTECTIVE DEVICES CONNECTED TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS

AND SIGNALLING NETWORKS –

Part 22: Selection and application principles

FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national
electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote international co-operation on all
questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, the
IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee
interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two
organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested National
Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form of standards,
technical specifications, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International Standards
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any divergence between the IEC
Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any equipment
declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of patent
rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

International Standard IEC 61643-22 has been prepared by subcommittee 37A, Low-voltage
surge protective devices, of IEC technical committee TC 37: Surge arresters

The text of this standard is based on the following documents:

FDIS Report on voting

XX/XX/FDIS XX/XX/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting
indicated in the above table.

This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.

The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until ______. At
this date, the publication will be

• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.

INTRODUCTION

This standard is a guide for the application of SPDs to Telecommunications and Signalling lines and
those SPDs which have telecom or signalling SPDs in the same enclosure with power line SPDs.
Definitions, requirements and test methods are given in IEC 61643-21: Surge Protection Devices for
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Telecommunications and Signalling Networks, Part 21: Performance Requirement and Testing Methods.
The decision to use SPDs is based on an analysis of the risks that are seen by the network or system
under consideration. Because telecommunications and signalling systems depend on long lengths of wire,
either buried or aerial, the exposure to over voltages from lightning, power line faults and power line/load
switching, can be significant. If these lines are unprotected, the resultant risk to information technology
equipment (ITE) can also be significant. Other factors that may influence the decision to use SPDs are
local regulators and insurance stipulations. Guidance for assessing the risks to a system or network is
provided in this standard.

Coordination of SPDs assures that the interaction between them, as well as between an SPD and the ITE
to be protected will be realised. Coordination requires that the voltage protection level, U p , and let through
current, I p , of the initial SPD does not exceed the resistibility of subsequent SPDs or the ITE.

Coordination occurs when the SPD closest to the source of the impinging surge diverts most of the surge:
a down stream SPD will divert the remaining or residual surge. The successful coordination of SPDs
requires a thorough understanding of the operation of the SPDs and the equipment to be protected, as
well as the characteristics of the system to which the SPDs are connected.

The following variables should be reviewed when attempting to attain proper coordination.

• Waveshape of the impinging surge (impulse or AC)

• ability of the equipment to withstand an overvoltage/overcurrent without damage
• installation, e.g., distance between SPDs and between SPDs and equipment
• SPD Voltage limiting levels and response times

The exposure of SPDs to previous surges should be noted as these may affect their ability to properly
coordinate with other SPDs.

One of the direct effects of poor coordination may be bypassing of the initial SPD, with the result that the
following SPD will be forced to handle the entire surge . This could result in damage to that SPD.

Lack of proper coordination can also lead to equipment damage, and in severe cases, may lead to a fire
hazard.

There are several technologies used in the design of the SPDs covered in this standard. These are
explained in the main text and also in informative annexes A and B.
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1 Scope

This International Standard IEC 61643-22 Ed.1.0 describes the principles for the selection, operation,
location and coordination of SPDs connected to telecommunication and signalling networks with nominal
system voltages up to 1000 volts RMS and 1500 volts DC.

The standard also addresses SPDs that incorporate protection for signaling lines and power lines in the
same enclosure.

2 Normative references

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All
normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International
Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
normative documents indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid
International Standards.

IEC 61643-1 Draft Standard for surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power distribution
Systems - Part 1: Performance, requirements and testing methods.

IEC 61643-12 Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power distribution systems - Part 12:
Selection and application principles

IEC 61643-21:2000, Ed.1, Surge Protective Devices connected to Telecommunications and Signalling
Networks – Part 21: Performance requirements and Testing methods

IEC 61662/TR: 1995, Assessment of the risk of damage due to lightning

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this International Standard, the following definitions apply.

3.1
Let-through current I P
the maximum current measured at the short-circuited output terminals of an SPD, when applying voltage
limiting tests

3.2
Resistibility
ability of an SPD/ITE to withstand an overvoltage/overcurrent without damage

Note: This definition is derived from IEC 61663-2 and is modified for this application. The equipment can lose some function
during the overvoltage/overcurrent but works correctly after the application of the overvoltage/ overcurrent.

3.3
Multiservice surge protective device
a surge protective device providing protection for two or more services, such as, power,
telecommunications and signaling in a single enclosure, in which a reference bond is provided between
services during surge conditions

4 Description of technologies

Following is a short description of various surge protection technologies. More details are available in
Annex A and Annex B.
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4.1 Voltage limiting devices

These shunt connected SPD components are non-linear elements that limit overvoltages that exceed a
given voltage by providing a low impedance path to divert currents. This voltage is chosen to be greater
than the maximum peak system voltage in normal operation. At this voltage the SPD component
conducted current should not interfere with normal system operation.

Multiple components may be used to form assemblies. Connecting the components in series will give an
assembly with an increased voltage level. Parallel component connection will increase the surge current
capability of the assembly; however, care must be taken to assure current sharing between the parallel
components.

Some technologies, e.g. Metal Oxide Varistor, have voltage-current characteristics that are inherently
symmetrical for positive and negative voltage polarities. Such devices are classed as symmetrical bi-
directional. Devices having positive and negative current-voltage characteristics with the same basic
shape, but with significantly different characteristic values are classed as asymmetrical bi-directional.

Other technologies, e.g. PN semiconductor junctions, have voltage-current characteristics that are
inherently different for positive and negative voltage polarities. Such devices are classed as
unidirectional.

4.1.1 Clamping type

These SPD components have continuous voltage-current characteristics. Generally this will mean that the
protected equipment will be exposed to a voltage above the threshold level for most of the voltage
impulse duration. As a result these SPD components will absorb substantial energy during the
overvoltage.

4.1.2 Switching type

These SPD components have a discontinuous current-voltage characteristic. At a designed voltage, they
switch to a low voltage state. In this low voltage state, the power dissipated is low compared to that of
other SPDs that ”clamp” the voltage at a specific protection level. As a result of this switching action,
protected equipment will be subjected to a voltage above the normal system voltage for only a very short
time. Because of their switching action, these components may remain in a conducting state after the
overvoltage has passed. Proper SPD selection and circuit design will allow the SPD recovery to a high
resistance state under normal system voltage and currents.

4.2 Current Limiting Devices

To limit an overcurrent, the protection must stop or reduce the current flowing to the protected load. There
are three methods of doing this: interruption, reduction or diversion. The majority of the technologies used
for overcurrent protection are thermally activated, resulting in relatively slow response operating times.
Until the overcurrent protection operates the load and possibly overvoltage protection must be capable of
withstanding the surge.

4.2.1 Current Interrupting Devices

Interruption breaks the circuit path for the surge current to the SPD or ITE, (Figure B.1?). Suddenly
breaking a current carrying circuit usually results in arcing, particularly if the current is at its peak. This
arcing has to be controlled to prevent a safety hazard. After interruption maintenance is required to
restore service. An example current interrupting device is a fuse.

4.2.2 Current Reducing Devices

These devices reduce the current flow by effectively inserting a large series resistance with the load
(Figure B2). An example overcurrent protector used for this action is a directly heated positive step-
function temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor. Overcurrents cause resistive heating of the PTC
thermistor which, when the thermistor’s temperature exceeds its threshold temperature (typically 120 °C),
it causes a thermistor resistance change from ohms to hundreds of kilo-ohms, thereby reducing the
current. The residual current after switching to a high resistance maintains the PTC thermistor's
temperature to stay in the high resistance state. A thermistor dissipation of typically about 1 W is needed
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to maintain the temperature, e.g. 5 mA from a 200 V a.c. overvoltage. After the surge, the PTC thermistor
cools and returns to a low resistance value (resets)

4.2.3 Current Diverting Devices

Diversion effectively places a short across the load (Figure B3.1?). Activation occurs due to temperature
rise of the voltage limiting device or load current sensing. Although the load is protected, the surge
current in the network feed is the same or greater. After diversion occurs maintenance may be required to
restore service.

5 Parameters for selection of SPDs and appropriate tests from IEC 61643-21

This section discusses the parameters of SPDs and their relevance to the operation of the SPDs and the
normal operation of the networks to which they are connected. These parameter values can be used to
form the basis for comparison among SPDs and also to provide guidance in their selection for signalling
and power systems. Values for these parameters are available from SPD manufacturers and suppliers.
Verification of the values or obtaining of them when not provided by suppliers shall be performed using
the tests and methods described in IEC 61643-21.

5.1 Controlled and uncontrolled environments

The SPD parameters shall be valid for the intended environment.

5.1.1 Controlled environments

• Temperature Range: -5ºC to 40ºC
• Humidity Range: 10 % RH to 80 % RH
• Air Pressure Range: 80 kPa to 106 kPa

5.1.2 Uncontrolled environments

• Temperature Range: -40ºC to 70ºC
• Humidity Range: 5 % RH to 96 % RH
• Air Pressure Range: 80 kPa to 106 kPa

5.2 SPD Parameters that may affect normal system operation

The basic essential characteristics for the operation of SPDs having ether voltage-limiting or both voltage
and current limiting functions used in protecting telecommunication and signalling systems are:
• Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage U c
• Voltage protection level U p
• Impulse reset
• Insulation resistance (Leakage current)
• Rated Current

SPDs may need to conform to specific requirements depending on the application. In addition, some
typical SPD- parameters are relevant for normal system operation and might influence following
transmission characteristics.

• Capacitance
• Series Resistance
• Inductance
• Insertion loss
• Return Loss
• Longitudinal Balance
• Bit Error Ratio BER
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• Near End Cross-Talk NEXT

Therefore SPDs may need to be tested using selected tests from IEC 61643-21. Annex E provides
information about information technologies and some of their transmission characteristics that have to be
taken into account when applying SPDs to these systems.

6 Risk management

The need of protection with SPDs for telecommunications and signalling lines and the connected
equipment should be based on a risk assessment considering

• the cost related to repair, loss of service importance of the system (e.g. hospitals, traffic
control)
• the electromagnetic environment at the particular site and
• the probability of damages.

An assessment of the probability of overvoltage and overcurrents occurrences and the sensitivity of the
existing installation shall give the possibility to attain a well coordinated protection of the whole system.
Table 6 gives an overview of the responsibility for protective measures.
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Table 6 – Responsibility for protective measures

Electrical environment Equipment and system Responsibility

ITE: should meet minimum resistibility requirements Manufacturers

Unexposed User may decide on additional protective measures based on
risk assessment.
(Urban area in general) Users
ITE: should meet minimum resistibility requirements Manufacturers
Recommended protective measure techniques used in the Operators owners of
installation or network installation or network
Exposed
User may decide on additional protective measures based on Users
(Rural area in general) risk assessment.
NOTE: The minimum resistibility requirements of telecommunications equipment are given by ITU-T K series and referenced by
IEC 61663-2.

6.1 Risk analysis

Risk analysis is based on the following electromagnetic phenomena:

• power induction
• lightning discharges
• earth potential rise

6.2 Risk identification

Risk identification takes into account economic aspects such as:

• costs (high repair costs of inadequately protected equipment versus no repair costs of
adequately protected equipment, probability of occurrence of damaging electromagnetic
phenomena)
• intended application
• the protective measures in installations
• continuity of the service
• serviceability of the equipment (equipment installed in difficult to reach places, e.g. high
mountains).

6.3 Risk treatment

Risk treatment considers protection from damage or malfunction addressed to the needs of the whole of
the communication network, i.e. all types of networks, public and private, including all kinds of
transmission or terminal equipment. The installation of SPDs may be subject to requirements and/or
restrictions given by the network operator, network authority and system manufacturer (see Table 6). For
further information concerning Risk Management see ANNEX D
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SPD/S ITE

SPD/S

E
SPD/S ITE
signalling network

SPD/S/N TTE

S SPD/N SPD/N E SPD/N NT SPD/S/N TTE

telecommunications network private network

Key

SPD/N SPD-requirements/restrictions given by network operator/authority

SPD/S SPD-requirements/restrictions may be given by system manufacturer
SPD/S/N SPD-requirements/restrictions may be given by system manufacturer and network operator/authority
S switching centre
E equipment (i.e.multiplexor)
NT network termination
ITE Information Technology Equipment or processing control
TTE Telecommunication Terminal Equipment

Figure 6: SPDs installation in Telecommunications and Signalling Networks

7 Application of SPDs

7.1 Coupling mechanisms

The considerations which need to be made when applying SPDs to telecommunications and signalling
networks, overvoltage and overcurrent sources, and how energy from these sources is coupled to the
network are shown.The means for reducing the energy from these sources are given.The major sources
of energy that may pose a threat to telecom and signalling systems are lightning and the electric power
system. The means of coupling these sources to the system to be protected are lightning direct strike and
direct contact from the power system as well as induction through capacitive and inductive means. A third
coupling mechanism is earth potential rise.

The coupling mechanisms are based on a capacitive, inductive or resistive coupling between fault
sources and fault drain. In most cases the differently structured networks serve as fault drain. Through
their metallic connections (lines) they bring into effect the transient voltages and currents, resulting from
the coupling, in the whole system including the terminal equipment. As a result of such influences, an
interference or destruction of sensitive components within the system might occur if adequate measures
are not taken.

Protective measures must be coordinated with the system to be protected. One important measure is to
minimize the impedance of all bonding connections from the equipment to the building EBB (Equipotential
Bonding Bar). Another is to provide the incoming services with adequate SPDs so that transient
overvoltages and overcurrents are reduced to system compatible levels. The SPDs shall be located as
close as possible to a common entry area in the structure, e.g. building or cabinet, through which all
incoming services enter. If some distance is required between protected equipment and cable entrance
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area, particular attention must be paid to minimizing the equipment bonding and SPD bonding conductor
impedance.

Figure 7.1 depicts the way energy from lightning and a.c. sources is coupled into a structure containing
the exposed equipment. It should be noted that while direct strikes result in the need for the more robust
SPDs as seen from the table, they are also the most infrequent. The information contained in clause 6,
Risk Management, will provide guidance to understanding the figure and table.

Key

(a) direct lightning

(b) indirect lightning (nearby)
(c) indirect lightning (distant)
(d) EBB (equipotential bonding bar)
(e) IT /TE (information technology- / telecommunication equipment)
(f) Information technology- / telecommunication port
(g) mains
(h) IT / telecommunication line or network
(i) Earth electrode

Figure 7.1 – Coupling mechanisms

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Table 7.1 – Coupling mechanisms

Disturbance direct lightning indirect lightning (nearby) indirect lightning AC-influence

(a) (b) *2
(distant) (c)

Coupling Resistive Induction Resistive Induction *1 Induction Resistive

(1) (2) (5) (2) (3) (4)
Voltage- - 1,2/50µs - 1,2/50µs 10/700µs 50/60 Hz
waveshape
Current- 10/350µs 8/20µs 10/350µs 8/20µs - -
waveshape
Preferred Test D1 C2 D1 C2 B2 A2
*3
category
(1) – (5) see figure 7.1 coupling mechanism
*1 Also applies for capacitive / inductive couplings of switching in adjoining power supply networks.
*2 Due to the significant reduction of fields with increased distance coupling effects from a far lightning strike may be negligible.
*3 see IEC 61643-21 Table 3

7.2. Criteria for selection and application of Surge Protective Devices (SPD’s)

7.2.1. Application requirements for SPDs

SPDs should comply with specifications that refer to the system to be protected. Depending on the
application, SPDs in information-technology systems should fulfil the following requirements:

Reduction of lightning currents resulting from remote, adjacent and direct lightning effects.

Reduction of transient surge voltages resulting from EMC-related disturbing sources such as indirect
lightning effects, switching actions and so on.

Reduction of low-frequency coupling from mains failure-related disturbing sources, such as power
crossing or inductive interference (see the example in ITU-T K 20).

System compatibility

For SPDs applications in the voltage supply area other or additional requirements may apply, and will not
be described in the following sections. Likewise specific requirements may apply to SPD applications
outside buildings. For these applications refer to the standard references listed in table 7.2.3.1.1

The following sections mainly deal with measures, which should be in compliance with applications of
SPDs in technology systems that are inside buildings or other similar application conditions.

7.2.1.1 Selection of SPD’s for reducing effects of lightning related disturbances

The limitation of a disturbance causes a corresponding energy dissipation in the SPD, which is the result
of a test pulse for the SPD specified by the manufacturer (see IEC 61643-21 table 3 and IEC 61643-22
table 7.1) with the indication of a peak current pulse with defined pulse profile ( for example 5kA (8/20)).

When determining measures such as lightning currents from remote close, and direct lightning effects
inside buildings it is advisable to determine one protection device concept in various protection levels
(See figure7.2.1.1). The relevant interfaces at which the protection devices are applied in the process of a
cascade system, are for example zone interfaces of a lightning current protection concept and these
should be in accordance with IEC 61312-1 or, when applied in combination, the interfaces of the
installation classes should be in accordance with IEC 61000-4-5. The first protection level (j, l), for
example directly at the entrance of a building, the signal line in question mainly serves to protect the
installation against destruction and has a reduced disturbance energy at the output. The following levels
(k, n and m,0) reduce the disturbance energy to a size that is acceptable for the downstream system or
equipment (also see 7.2.2).
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Depending on the installation conditions a single SPD may be used to protect multipole zones within a
building. Several protection levels can be determined by means of a combination protection circuit in one
SPD.

Basically in cascading of SPDs the coordination conditions in accordance to section 10 should

considered.
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Key
(d) Equipotential bonding line PAS at the interface transitions of a single lightning protection zone(LPZ)
(f) Information technology port of information technology equipment
(g) Power supply line and input of information technology technical equipment in a protection concept with surge voltage
protection devices (SPD’s)
(h) Information technology line
(p) Earth conductor
(j) Surge protective device (SPD) according to IEC61643-21 category D1
(k) Surge protective device (SPD) according to IEC61643-21 category C1 or C2
(l) Surge protective device (SPD) according to IEC61643-11 arrester class I (lightning current arrester)
(m) Surge voltage protective (SPD) according to IEC61643-11 arrester class II
(n) Surge voltage protective (SPD) according to IEC61643-21 category C1 or C2 (for example corresponding to EMC-
regulation IEC61000-4-5)
(o) Surge voltage protective (SPD) according to IEC61643-11 arrester class III
I PC Partial surge current of a lightning current
IB Lightning current (10/350µs) according to IEC1024-1, which causes lightning partial currents i PC within buildings via
different coupling paths
LPZ 0 A Lightning protection zone 0 A according to IEC 61312-1
LPZ 0 B Lightning protection zone 0 B according to IEC 61312-1
LPZ 1 Lightning protection zone 1 according to IEC 61312-1
LPZ 2 First of possibly several sequencing zones according to IEC 61312-1
LPZ 3 Lightning protection zone 0 A according to IEC 61312-1

Figure 7.2.1.1 : Example of a configuration of the lightning protection concept

 17 37A/122/CD
7.2.1.2 Selection of SPD’s to reduce transient disturbances

The protection devices should be selected according to the cascading of the protection zones of section
7.2.1.1 and the protection levels of table 7.2.1.2. Refer to chapter 10 for coordination. For this purpose
the protection devices are selected in such a way that the limiting voltage indication Up for the SPD is
lower than the voltage value that has to be observed in the next higher zone.

In table 7.2.1.2 this maximum voltage level of the limiting voltage Up, which is required for an SPD is
selected as well as its classification according to IEC61643-21 table 3 with respect to the lightning
protection zone (LPZ).

The selection with respect to lightning protection zones in table 7.2.1.2 assumes that parts of the total
lightning current I B on the zone interface LPZO /LPZ1 are coupled galvanically into the information
technology system via the SPD (j) (partial lightning current I TC ) and then spread correspondingly in the
system with the lightning current shape 10/350 µs.

Lightning currents, which are induced by the electromagnetic effects of a lightning stroke, or as “residual
size” of pre-installed limiting installations (SPDs), are represented by the lightning current flow 8/20 µs.

Voltages due to remote strokes close to information-technology lines are represented with the pulse
10/700 µs (Refer to section 7.1 / table 7.1 of the IEC 61643-21).

Table 7.2.1.2 : Selection aid for rating SPDs for the use in (zone) interfaces according to IEC61312-
1 / IEC61000-4-5

Lightning protection zone IEC61312-1 LPZ 0/1 LPZ 1/2 LPZ 2/3
10/350 0.5 –2.5kA --- ---
Range of surge values 1,2/50 --- 0.5 – 10 kV 0.5 - 1 kV
8/20 0.25 – 5 kA 0.25 – 0.5 kA
10/700 4 kV 0.5 – 4 kV ---
5/300 100 A 25 – 100 A
Requirements to SPD´s SPD (j) * D1 C2 No galvanic connection
to the outside of the
B2/B3 B2/B3 building
(Category from IEC 61643-
21 table 3)
SPD (k) * --- C2 C1

SPD. (n) * --- --- C1

* SPD (j...n) see figure 7.2.1.1
 18 37A/122/CD

Uin SPD1 Up1 Uin SPD2 Up2 Uin SPD3 Up3 Uin ITE (e)
Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone ITE
0/1 1/2 2/3
> 4 kV (j) ≤ 4 kV (k) 0.5 - (n) ≤0.5kV Port (f)
4kV
Figure 7.2.1.2 : Example of a configuration according to the zones( Fig. 7.2)

Generally the number of defined lightning current zones/installation classes determines the number of the
SPDs to be used.

The coordination conditions between the cascading protection devices (j) up to SPD3 (n), according to
section 10, should be considered.

7.2.1.3 Selection of SPDs for reducing low-frequency surge voltages

Where telecommunication lines are exposed to disturbances from power line faults the voltage of the lines
relative to local earth potential should be limited by connecting SPDs between the line conductors and the
earth terminal. The terminal equipment dielectric strength should be chosen taking into account the
breakdown voltage of the protective device and the impedance of the protector-line to earth connection.
Appropriate requirements should be chosen from the product family/product standards i.e. ITU-T
Recommendations K.20, K.21 and K.45. The protection of telecommunication lines from power frequency
surges may be resolved by the application of current limiting or current switching SPDs.

7.2.1.4 SPD’s compatibility with respect to the system to be protected

To achieve system compatibility it is necessary to obtain specifications (see 5.2) pertaining to the SPD
from the manufacturer, as are other measures which have been taken in the protection circuit for reducing
the interference quantity.

These measures should be adjusted to the system to be protected in such a way that a reduction of the
interference quantities mentioned in section 7.1 is secured to the values that are admissible for the
system. It is necessary, for example, that the protection measures have a voltage limiting effect not only
against the joint protector-line to earth / reference point (line to earth protection measures for limiting
common mode voltages), but also between the signal lines (line to line protection measures for limiting
differential mode voltages). The features of a protection circuit, determined by the allocation of the
protection elements within or maybe outside an SPD are shown in figure 7.2.1.4 as an example.
 19 37A/122/CD

Key

(c) Joint connection of an SPD, to which generally all common mode voltage limiting surge voltage components refer within
the SPD.
(f) Information technology port of an ITE
(g) Power supply line and input of an ITE in a protection concept with SPDs
(h) Information technology line
(p) Earth conductor
(n) SPD according to IEC61643-21 category C1 or C2 (for example corresponding to EMC-regulation IEC61000-4-5)
(o) SPD for power lines according to IEC61643-11 arrester class III
(q) Necessary connection (as short as possible)
(1) Surge voltage protection component according to IEC61647-X for limiting common mode voltages
(2) Surge voltage protection component according to IEC61647-X for limiting differential mode voltages
X1, X2 Connecting points of an SPD, between which the limiting components (1,2) are allocated respectively, to which the
unprotected side of an SPD is connected.
Y1, Y2 Connecting points of an SPD on the protected side
U P(C) Common mode voltage limited to the protection level
U P(D) Differential mode voltage limited to the protection level

Figure 7.2.1.4: Example of protecting measures against common mode voltages and differential
mode voltages of the data (f) and supply voltage input (g) of an ITE.

7.2.2 SPD installation cabling considerations

The installation should minimize the wiring voltage drop from degrading protector performance.

The following measures, together with a low protection level for Up, are basic rules with the target to
avoid any additional voltage rises during the arresting process due to incorrect wiring (coupling, looping,
cable inductance.), and thus an effective voltage limiting effect is achieved.

An effective voltage limiting effect is achieved by

• a close installation of the protecting device to the equipment to be protected (see also
7.2.2.2).
• avoiding long leads and minimising unnecessary bending between the terminals X1, X2 of the SPD
(figure 7.2.2.1)and were the protection is applied. The allocation corresponding to figure 7.2.2.2 is
optimal.
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7.2.2.1 Two-terminal SPD

The following two figures represent two possible ways of installation of a two terminal SPD. The second
installation removes secondary effects of protector lead length.

Key

L1, L2 Conductor inductivity of a lead

U L1, U L2 at the allocated inductivities ”L” normal mode voltages induced by the dU/dt of the surge current referred to the total
conductor length or a length unit
X1, X2 Terminals of an SPD, between which the limiting components (1, 2 see fig. 7.2.1.4) are allocated with respect to the
unprotected side of an SPD.
i TC Partial surge current of a lightning current
U P(f) Voltage at the input (f) of the equipment to be protected (effective protection level) resulting from the protection level
and the connecting conductor between the protection device and the equipment to be protected
UP Voltage at the output of an SPD (protection level)

Figure 7.2.2.1.1 : Influence of the voltages U L1 and U L2 on the protection level U P formed by
conductor feed with the induction.

Key

X1, X2 Terminals of an SPD, between which the limiting components (1, 2 see fig. 7.2.1.4) are allocated with respect to the
unprotected side of an SPD.
i TC Partial surge current of a lightning current
U P(f) Voltage at the input (f) of the equipment to be protected (effective protection level) resulting from the protection level
and the connecting line between the protection device and the equipment to be protected
UP Voltage at the output of an SPD (protection level)

Figure 7.2.2.1.2: Removal of the voltages U L1 / U L2 by V-shaped connection

7.2.2.2 Three, five or multi-terminal SPD

An effective voltage-limiting effect requires a system-specific observation, which has to consider various
conditions between the protective device and the device to be protected.
 21 37A/122/CD

Key

(c) Joint connection of an SPD, to which generally all common mode voltage limiting surge voltage components refer within
the SPD.
(d) Equipotential bonding line PAS at the interface transitions of the single lightning protection zones (LPZ)
(n) Surge voltage protective (SPD) according to IEC61643-21 category C1 or C2 (for example corresponding to EMC-
regulation IEC61000-4-5)
(e) Information technology equipment
(f) Information technical port of an information technology equipment
X1, Y1 Terminals of an SPD, between which the limiting components (1, 2 see fig. 7.2.1.4) are allocated with respect to the
unprotected side of an SPD.
(q) Necessary connection (as short as possible)
(p) Earth conductor

Figure 7.2.2.2 Necessary installation conditions of a “Three, five or multi terminal” SPD (k) with an
ITE(e) for minimizing the interference influences on the protection level

Additional measures:

• Do not run the protected Y-cabling together with X-cabling

• Do not run the protected Y-cabling together with the earth conductor (i).
• The connection of the protected side y1 of the SPDs to the ITE to be protected has to be made as
short as possible, or shielded.

7.2.2.3 Effects of lightning-related interference on systems inside buildings

Due to lightning-related interference affecting the coupling paths described in section 7.1 transient surge
voltages and interference currents with different effects are coupled into the system. In installation loops
transient surge voltages, as a result of lightning typically occur as common* mode but may also be
differential mode. Transient surge voltages can break down or spark over the insulation and separation
of systems and components (cable isolation, plugs…), as well as the junctions of semi conductors. These
differential and common mode surge voltages are limited with SPDs according to figure 7.2.1.4.

Other measures that may be taken are as follows:

• Equipotential bonding (q) between SPD (p SPD ) ) and ITE (p ITE )) to reduce the common mode voltage
(s. figure 7.2.2.2)
• Use of twisted pair lines to reduce differential mode voltage
• Use of shielded lines to reduce differential mode voltage

* For calculation basis on various loop configurations see IEC 61312-2, annex B
 22 37A/122/CD
8 Multiservice surge protective devices

These devices consist of a combination of protection circuits in a single enclosure for at least two
different services, which limits the surge voltages to the equipment and provides equipotential bonding
between the different services. An example of the application of such a device is a PC with modem as
detailed in Amendment 1 to IEC 61643-12 clause 8..The surge voltage protection circuits of combined
protective devices have to comply with the requirements of IEC 61643-1 for the power supply circuit, and
with IEC 61643-21 for the telecommunications/signalling circuits .

Specific tests for such devices are under consideration.

9 Coordination of SPDs/ITE

To ensure that two cascaded SPDs or an SPD and an ITE to be protected are coordinated during
overvoltage conditions, the output protective levels from the SPD 1 must not exceed the input resistibility
levels of SPD 2 for all known and rated conditions.

Key

U IN2 ; U IN ITE open circuit voltage of the generator used for resistibility verification

I IN2 ; I IN ITE short circuit current of the generator used for resistibility verification

UP voltage protection level

IP let through current

Figure 9.1 -Coordination of two SPDs.

Since an SPD contains at least one non-linear voltage limiting device, the protective open circuit output
voltage will be a distorted version of the applied (open circuit) overvoltage from the test generator. The
SPD protective short circuit output current is very dependent on the SPD design. The output current may
be the same or a scaled version of the short circuit current of the applied overvoltage generator. If the
non-linear component is operating during these conditions then the protective short circuit output current
of the SPD will be a distorted version of the applied short circuit current of the overvoltage generator.
When protecting, the input impedance of the SPD will be non-linear. In some cases the non-linearity will
vary with time due to switching or heating or previous operation effects.

The above factors make it impossible to give a generalized approach to ”black box” SPD coordination. For
the user, the safest approach is to have the manufacture(s) recommend appropriate SPDs. The
manufacturer, who knows the SPD circuits, may be able to calculate if coordination is achieved or may
have to resort to testing. If the user knows the SPD circuits he may also be able to calculate if
coordination is achieved. As there are so many configurations involved in a generalized analysis, such
calculations are not covered here.

The following analysis of ”black box” SPD coordination is based on linear assumptions, which will lead to
a conservative and non-optimal design. It assumes that SPD electrical parameters are available, either
from the manufacturer or from testing. Some types of SPD will require testing for both common mode and
differential overvoltage conditions. There are three steps:

• Determine the input terminal resistibility voltage and current waveforms for SPD2.
• Determine the output protective voltage and current waveforms for SPD1.
 23 37A/122/CD
• Compare SPD1 and SPD2 values.

The test-procedure for protective open circuit output voltage, Up, is described in 5.2.1.3 of IEC 61643-21.
Amendment 1 of IEC61643-21 will describe the test-procedure for protective short circuit output current
I P.

9.1 Determination of U IN and I IN

Coordination between SPD1 and SPD2 could be achieved using IEC 61643-21.

Coordination between SPD2 and ITE may be possible if U IN ITE and I IN ITE are available from the ITE
manufacturer or a relevant ITE-product standard. It is assumed that the ITE withstands the protective
levels U P2 and I P2 produced by SPD2 under rated conditions. The ITE impedance may vary considerably
under protective conditions, so the extremes of loading for the output terminals of SPD2 must be
considered under open circuit and short circuit conditions.

When SPD2 is tested at its rated impulse values, the voltage and current resistibility waveforms will be
developed at the input terminals of SPD2. There are two sets of waveforms for each rated condition; one
for open circuit output and the other for short circuit output. The coordination verification process is
shown in figure 9.2.

9.2 Determine the output protective voltage and current waveforms for SPD1

The purpose of SPD1 is to increase the resistibility of the system and will be rated for the same tests as
SPD2, but at higher voltage levels. When SPD1 is tested at its rated impulse values, the voltage and
current protective waveforms will be developed at the output terminals of SPD1. There are two sets of
waveforms for each rated condition; one for open circuit output and the other for short circuit output. It
may be advisable to check SPD1 at lower voltage test levels to ensure the protective levels produced at
the rated conditions are the maximum that can occur.
 24 37A/122/CD

Figure 9.2 – Coordination verification process

To ensure that two cascaded SPDs are coordinated during overvoltage conditions, the output protective
levels from the SPD 1 must not exceed the input resistibility levels of SPD 2 for all known and rated
conditions, See Figure 9.1.
 25 37A/122/CD
9.3 Compare SPD1 and SPD2 values

Coordination is achieved when all the following conditions are met.

- Up < Uin
- Ip < Iin
- Up waveform is shorter than the Uin waveform

- Ip waveform is shorter than the Iin waveform

If the protective waveforms are shorter than the corresponding resistibility waveforms then time
coordination is achieved. At this peak level and time coordination is achieved. However, some
components are sensitive to rate of change (e.g. TSS have a di/dt rating) and coordination may fail as a
result. This level of detail is beyond the scope of this approach.

9.4 Necessity of verification of the coordination by testing

Any of the following conditions would require verification by testing the combination of SPD1 and SPD2.

- Up > Uin

- Ip > Iin

- Up waveform is longer than the Uin waveform

- Ip waveform is longer than the Iin waveform

The verification by testing is not necessary if the coordination conditions are give by the manufacturer
(figure 9.2).
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Annex A
(informative)

Voltage limiting devices

A.1 Voltage clamping devices

A.1.1 Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV)

An MOV is a non-linear resistor made from metal oxides. Over most of the voltage limiting range, the
MOV voltage increases non-linearly with increasing current. At the highest current levels the material bulk
resistance predominates, making its characteristic more nearly linear.

MOV components are available with U c voltages of about 5 V and upwards, usually with a tolerance of
about ±10%. Under high impulse current conditions, the MOV limiting voltage can increase significantly.
This can help in coordination of cascaded SPDs, but the downstream equipment may be exposed to high
voltage levels.

The MOV has a short response time, making it suitable for limiting rapidly transient voltages. It also has a
high thermal capacity and can absorb quite high amounts of energy. Exposure to many rated current
impulses or to a few exceeding the device rating will degrade the MOV. This degradation is displayed as
decreasing U c and must be taken into account in the application of these devices.

MOV components exhibit high capacitance. This characteristic will limit its use in some high frequency
applications.

A.1.2 Silicon semiconductors

These SPD components are formed from single or multiple PN junctions.

Generally these SPD components have a relatively low energy handling capability and are temperature
sensitive. They are used where a rapid voltage-limiting capability is required and they can provide voltage
limiting values of 1 V and upwards.

A.1.2.1 Forward biased PN junction

A forward biased PN has a forward voltage (V f ) of about 0.5 V. Over most of the voltage limiting range,
the diode current increases rapidly with increasing applied voltage. Under high current conditions the V f
may increase to 10 V or higher.

Under rapidly rising applied voltage conditions, the diode may exhibit some voltage overshoot. This
overshoot (forward recovery voltage, V frm ) may be greater than the high current forward voltage. In the
forward biased polarity, the diode has a relatively high capacitance. This capacitance is dependent on the
signal and DC bias levels. If the diode is used with reverse bias, the capacitance is decreased.
Assemblies of these devices connected in series for higher operating voltage will also have significantly
reduced capacitance because of the series connection.

A.1.2.2 Avalanche Breakdown Device (ABD)

ABD’s are reversed bias PN junctions, with threshold or breakdown voltages ranging from about 7 volts
upward. Over most of its operating current range, the typical ABD terminal voltage changes little with
current.

The ABD has a very short response time, making it suitable for limiting rapidly rising transient voltages.
The capacitance of an ABD is inversely proportional to the breakdown voltage and is also inversely
proportional to the applied voltage, either from signal or dc operating voltage.
 27 37A/122/CD
The single junction ABD is unidirectional. To make a bi-directional device, a second, reverse poled ABD
is connected in series with the first. In either polarity the device acts as an avalanche ABD in series with
a forward biased diode. These two devices can be integrated into a single NPN or PNP structure in chip
form.

A.1.2.3 Zener diode

Reverse biased PN junctions in Zener breakdown have breakdown voltages of approximately 2.5 volts to
5.0 volts. Unlike the ABD, the Zener terminal voltage increases considerably with current. This increase
may be as high as twice the breakdown voltage.

A.1.2.4 Punch-through diode

Punch-through diodes are NPN or PNP structure. They utilize the widening of the center region depletion
layer with increasing applied voltage to achieve conductivity between the space charge regions of the two
PN junctions. Breakdown voltages as low as 1 volt are possible. The punch-through diode was introduced
as a low voltage, low capacitance replacement for Zener diodes.

A.1.2.5 Foldback diode

Foldback diodes are NPN or PNP structures that utilize transistor action to create a reentrant or
”foldback” voltage-limiting characteristic. Once the breakdown voltage is reached the terminal voltage
rapidly drops with increasing current to approximately 60% of the breakdown voltage. Higher currents will
cause the device voltage to increase. Compared to an ABD with the same breakdown voltage, the
foldback has a lower limiting voltage.

The amount of ”foldback” is dependent on the breakdown voltage. For 10-volt devices, the amount of
foldback is very small.

A.2 Voltage switching devices

A.2.1 Gas discharge tube

Gas discharge tubes consist of two or more metal electrodes separated by a gap of the order of 1 mm or
less and held by a ceramic or glass cylinder. Noble gas mixtures at pressures above and below
atmospheric fill the interior. When a slowly rising voltage across the gap reaches a value determined
primarily by the electrode spacing, gas pressure, and gas mixture, an ionization process begins. This
process proceeds rapidly to the formation of an arc between the electrodes with the residual voltage
across the device dropping to a value typically less than 30 volts. The voltage at which this process
occurs is defined as the sparkover (breakdown) voltage of the device.

If the applied voltage (transient e.g.) is rising rapidly, the time taken for the ionization/arc formation
process may allow the transient voltage to exceed the value required for breakdown in the previous
paragraph. This voltage is defined as the impulse breakdown voltage, and is generally a positive function
of the rate-of-rise of the applied voltage (transient).

Because of their switching action and rugged construction, gas tubes exceed other SPD components in
current carrying capability. Surge currents as high as 10 kA peak, 8/20 surges can easily be carried by
many types of gas tubes.

The construction of gas discharge tubes is such that they have very low capacitance, generally less than
2 pF. This allows their use in many high frequency circuit applications.

When GDTs (Gas Discharge Tubes) operate they may generate high frequency radiation, which can
influence sensitive electronics. It is therefore wise to place GDT circuits at a certain distance from the
electronics. The distance depends on the sensitivity of the electronics and how well the electronics are
shielded. Another method to avoid the effect is to place the GDT in a shielded enclosure.
 28 37A/122/CD
A.2.2 Air gaps

These SPD components are similar to gas discharge tubes in their operation. The differences lie in their
construction and the fact that, as their name implies, ambient air is the gas that separates the electrodes.
Construction differences include a much smaller gap, generally of the order of 0.1 mm and carbon rather
than metal electrodes. Dust and moisture from the ambient air and graphite dust resulting from the arcing
process combine to quickly reduce the useful life of these devices. Also, dust particles can actually bridge
the gap resulting in a variable resistance that may make a noisy line in telecom applications.

Since atmospheric pressure air is used as the gas dielectric, the lowest practical Breakdown Voltage for
these components is typically 350 V. This compare with about 70V for gas discharge tubes. Because of
the small gap length, however, the impulse ratio or ratio of Impulse Breakdown to Breakdown Voltage is
lower for air gaps than for gas discharge tubes. Millions of these devices are in use today and are still
being produced in some quantity. However, in almost all new applications, their use is decreasing.

A.2.3 Thyristor fixed voltage types (self-gating)

A fixed voltage thyristor surge suppressor (TSS) utilizes the breakdown voltage of the inner NP junction to
set the threshold voltage (see avalanche, zener and foldback diode sections.). This voltage is set in TSS
manufacture. Above a certain breakdown current the NPNP structure regenerates and switches to a low
voltage condition. The peak value of breakdown voltage is called the breakover voltage (V (BO) ). For the
TSS to switch off the current provided by the protected system must be below the TSS holding current,
usually several hundred milliamperes. All the TSS parameters are temperature sensitive and this needs to
be comprehended in design.

Bi-directional TSS components can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Unidirectional TSS components will
only switch in one polarity. In the other polarity the TSS may block current flow or conduct large current if
a diode (PN junction) has been integrated in parallel. These unidirectional types provide benefits for
certain applications.

The multiple PN junctions of the TSS does reduce the overall capacitance, values in the tens to hundreds
of picoFarads are common. As with all PN junction devices the capacitance is dependent on d. c. bias
and signal amplitude. The breakdown voltage is dependent on the rate of rise of current. A power
frequency voltage is used to determine the slow rate breakover voltage. Under fast rates of rise the
impulse breakover voltage may be 10% to 20% higher.

When TSS operate they may generate high frequency oscillation, which can influence sensitive
electronics. Care should be taken in designing this type of protection to minimize such oscillations and
their coupling into adjacent electronics.

A.2.4 Thyristor, gated type

A voltage controlled TSS uses a gate connection to the central P or N regions of the NPNP structure.
Connecting the gate to an external reference sets the TSS threshold voltage to a similar value. This form
of TSS is used where it is desirable to limit the overvoltage close to the external reference value. The
external reference may be the supply voltage of the equipment electronics. P-gate types provide negative
voltage protection and N-gate types provide positive voltage protection. Bi-directional and unidirectional
devices are available.
 29 37A/122/CD
Annex B
(informative)

Current limiting devices

B.1 Current interrupting devices

These devices are series elements, which normally conduct the circuit current. An overcurrent condition
causes the devices to open circuit, interrupting the current flow. These devices are not resettable

Source Current
Impedance Limiting
Surge Current Interrupting

Interrupting
Surge

SPD or ITE
Current
Surge

Source current

Figure B.1 Circuit for interrupting devices

B.1.1 Fusible resistor

These devices are linear resistors, which incorporate an overcurrent fusing function. The fusing function
may be directly incorporated in the resistor technology or as a separate element integrated with the
component.

B.1.1.1 Thick film resistors

These devices are made by depositing resistive tracks onto a ceramic substrate. Laser trimming is used
for accurate adjustment of the resistance values. In some cases, one side of the substrate may have two
power resistors, matched for balanced line applications and the other side may have an array of resistors
for other system applications.

The layout and thermal mass of thick film resistors means that the resistance is insensitive to impulse
energies. These devices are used primarily to provide current interrupting under long term a. c.
overcurrent conditions. They are sometimes termed pulse-absorbing resistors.

The heat developed under a. c. overcurrent conditions causes a severe thermal gradient in the ceramic
substrate. If the gradient becomes excessive the substrate fragments, breaking the resistive tracks which
interrupts the current flow.

In some cases, a series solder alloy thermal fuse link is added to reduce the long term fusing current
characteristic.

B.1.1.2 Wirewound fusible resistors

These devices are wirewound resistors often non-inductively wound, which incorporate a fuse or a
solderable spring or link.
 30 37A/122/CD
B.1.2 Fuses

Fuses are self-acting break elements for protection of electrical circuits against overcurrent. The current
flow is interrupted by the melting of the fuse wire in which the current flows.

B.1.3 Thermal fuses

These devices are sometimes known as thermal cut out devices (TCO). They provide protection against
overload by interrupting the current due to ambient temperature increases. They can be found in non-
resetting and resetting types.

B.2 Current reducing devices

These devices are series elements, which normally conduct the circuit current. An overcurrent condition
causes the devices to increase their resistance reducing the current flow.

Source Current
Impedance Limiting
Surge Current
Reducing
Reducing

Surge

SPD or ITE

Current
Diverting Surge

Source current

Figure B.2 Circuit for current reducing devices

Positive Temperature Coefficient Thermistors, PTC’s, are commonly used as current reducing devices. A
PTC is a resistive element, which undergoes a resistance increase of many orders of magnitude if its
body temperature is increased beyond a specific switching temperature (typically 130ºC). On cooling
down to a reference temperature (normally 25ºC) the PTC resistance is reduced to a value similar to that
before switching occurred. PTC’s are normally used in the directly (internally) heated mode; the circuit
current flow is through the PTC causing device heating and temperature rise. The heating from impulse
currents is usually too small to cause PTC switching. Higher values of current will give shorter times for
switching to occur (PTC response time). When switching occurs, the high PTC resistance reduces the
circuit current to a low value. If the power frequency source voltage has sufficient compliance, the PTC
will stay in a high voltage, low current switched condition. When the disturbing voltage stops, the PTC will
cool and revert to a low resistance value. PTC’s are usually given maximum (unswitched) inrush current
and (switched) voltage ratings beyond which the PTC may be damaged.

B.2.1 Polymer PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient Resistor)

These PTCs are typically made from a polymer filled with a conducting material, normally graphite. They
are typically available in resistance values from 0.01 ohms to 10.0 ohms. The unswitched resistance
value is reasonably constant with temperature. After switching and cooling the resistance may be 10% to
20% higher than the original value. In balanced telecommunication systems, using a PTC thermistor in
each conductor, resistance changes can give rise to balance problems.

Polymer PTCs have a lower thermal capacity than ceramic PTCs. This tends to give them shorter
switching times.

B.2.2 Ceramic PTC

These PTCs are typically made from ferrolelectric semiconductor materials and are generally available in
resistance values from 10 ohms to 50 ohms. Over most of the unswitched temperature range, the
 31 37A/122/CD
resistance slightly decreases with increasing temperature. After switching and cooling the resistance
returns to a value close to the original value, making matched ceramic PTCs suitable for balanced line
applications.

Under impulse conditions the ceramic PTC effective resistance decreases with voltage level, possibly by
70% of the zero current value.

B.3 Current diverting devices

Diversion effectively places a short across the load. Activation occurs due to temperature rise of the
device or load current sensing.

Diverting
Source Current
Impedance Limiting
Surge Current

Diverting

Surge

SPD or ITE
Current
Surge

Source current

Figure B.3 Circuit for current diverting devices

B.3.1 Heat coils

Heat coils are thermally activated mechanical devices placed in series with the line being protected. Their
function in this application is to divert current to earth, thereby preventing this current from flowing
through the protected equipment. Normally they are constructed using a grounding contact held in its non-
operative position by solder. A heat source, generally a coil of resistance wire and a spring force the
grounding contact to ground when the solder melts.

The source of heat is the unwanted line current flowing through the coil of resistance wire. The resistance
of communication-type heat coils is generally 4.0 ohms, with 21 ohms and 0.4 ohms also used. The
contact arrangement is such that once the heat coil contacts are closed (operated) the current flows to
earth directly and bypasses the coils.

They are normally single operating devices. There is no means to restore the line to its operating state
other than the replacement of the SPD containing the heat coil. Heat coils have been designed and are in
use that are manually resettable, not requiring replacement of the SPD. These are generally restricted to
use in applications in areas where induced currents from the 50 or 60 Hz power systems are frequent.

It is also possible to construct current interrupting heat coils which open circuit as a result of overcurrent.

B.3.2 Gated thyristor, current operated

A current operated TSS has a gate connection made to the central P or N regions of the NPNP structure.
The gate and its adjacent protection terminal are connected in series with the circuit, making the circuit
current flow through the gate. Switching and resultant current diversion occurs when the circuit current
exceeds the gate current triggering value. The potential difference across the gate and adjacent
protection terminal is about 0.6 V at the trigger current value.

In practice, the gate current trigger value may be lower than the normal circuit current. To avoid
premature triggering, the circuit current for switching can be increased by bypassing some current
 32 37A/122/CD
through a low value resistor (usually 1 Ω to 10 Ω) connected across the gate and adjacent protection
terminal.

Current operated TSS components can be made which switch on a single polarity or both polarities of
current. P-gate TSS types can only be switched with positive gate current and N-gate TSS types can only
be switched with negative gate current. TSS types with a combined P-gate and N-gate will switch with
both polarities of gate current.

The current operated TSS is used where it is desirable to have fast-acting current diversion. Once the
current trigger level is exceeded, current division takes place within a few microseconds. Overcurrent
protection is given for lightning-type impulses as well as a.c. overcurrents. This fast-acting current
division will usually give automatic protection coordination with the following load. These current operated
TSS types may also have a fixed voltage TSS function, giving combined overvoltage and overcurrent
protection.

B.3.3 Thermal Switch

These switches are thermally activated mechanical devices mounted on the voltage limiting device
(normally a GDT). They are typically non resetting devices. There are three common activation
technologies:

Melting plastic insulator, melting solder pellet or a disconnect device. Melting occurs as a result of the
temperature rise of the voltage limiting device’ thermal overload condition, when exposed to a continuous
current flow. When the switch operates, it shorts out the voltage limiting device, typically to ground, and,
conducts the surge current previously flowing through the voltage limiting device.

• A plastic-melting based switch, consists of a spring with a plastic insulator that separates the spring
contact from the metallic conductors of the voltage limiting device. When the plastic melts, the spring
contacts both conductors and shorts out the voltage limiting device.
• A solder–pellet-melting based switch, consists of a spring mechanism that separates the line
conductor(s) from the ground conductor by a solder pellet. In the event of a thermal overload
condition the solder pellet melts and shorts out the voltage limiting device.
• A disconnect switch typically uses a spring assembly that is held in the open position by a soldered
connection and will short out the voltage limiting device when its switching temperature is reached.
When the solder melts the switch is released and shorts out the voltage limiter.

B.4 Device name/symbol/characteristics

Secretary’s note
This subject is being developed by WG4 experts, however comments from National
committees are welcome.
 33 37A/122/CD
Annex C
(Informative)

This annex has been omitted

Secretary’s note
It was decided at the meeting of WG 4 in Vienna April 2002 to remove the contents of this annex and
place it in the part 21 standard. This will result in a major task to change all the cross references in this
document, since the Annex numbering will be changed. To avoid any delay in the release of this CD, this
task will be carried out at the CDV stage.
 34 37A/122/CD

Annex D
(Informative)

Risk management

D.1 Risk due to lightning discharges

D.1.1 Risk assessment

The risk assessment of possible damage due to lightning consist of fundamental assessment of the
following quantities related to the location under consideration:

• Lightning flash density

• Earth resistivity
• Nature of installation (buried or open wired shielded or unshielded cable)
• Resistivity of equipment to be protected

Completion of this assessment will determine whether or not protective measures e.g. SPDs are required.

If so the selection of these measures will be based on the information gained from section 1) to 4) as well
as initial and maintenance cost. Further information and calculation methods are mentioned in Annex E.

D.1.2 Risk analysis

The purpose of a risk analysis to reduce the expected risk of damages (R p ) due to lightning to a value
which is equal to or lower than the tolerable risk of damages (R a )

However, if R p > R a, protective measures are required in order to reduce R p

The risks of damages are those caused to telecommunication and signal lines (e.g. insulation breakdown)
and connected equipment:

• R pi is the risk of indirect lightning influences to telecommunication or signal lines; depending on

lightning flash density, length of the line, insulation material, earth resistivity and shielding
effectiveness.
• R ps is the risk of direct lightning strokes to the structure in which the telecommunication or signal lines
are terminated or pass through; depending on the expected average annual number of direct lightning
strokes to the structure, the peak value of the direct lightning current and its probability of occurrence
• R pd and R pa are the risks of direct lightning strokes to buried or aerial cables depending on the
ground flash density; installation conditions, environmental factor, length of the line, earth resistivity
and shielding effectiveness of the cable.

The expected risk of damage R a is the sum of the estimated expected frequencies of damages per year
and the expected downtime of service in hours for the user.

R p = R pi + R ps + R pd + Rpa

D.1.3 Risk evaluation

Risk evaluation deals with the risk of damage to the cables, such as perforation of the insulation or
melting of conductors, and/or damage to the equipment connected to the cables which causes
interruption or degradation of service below acceptable limits
 35 37A/122/CD
D.1.3.1 Risk criteria

Minimum resistibility characteristics of the cables and the connected equipment have to be assumed as
risk criteria.

• The minimum cable resistibility between any two metallic conductors is assumed to be the following:

-1.5 kV for the paper insulated cable;

-5 kV for plastic insulated cable, which includes terminal blocks.

• Equipment connected at the ends of or installed along telecommunication or signallines is expected to

withstand the following minimum impulse common mode overvoltages:

-1 kV 10/700 µs, as required by ITU-T Rec. K.20 for equipment at the telecommunication centre end;

-1.5 kV 10/700 µs, as required by the ITU-T Rec. K.21/K.45 equipment at the subscribers building end or
along the line.

• In all other cases (signalling networks) the applicable product or generic EMC standard takes place.

D.1.3.2 Evaluating procedure

The procedure to be followed in order to evaluate the protection need against lightning for
telecommunication or signal lines or their equipment is illustrated in the flow chart shown in Figure D1.
 36 37A/122/CD

H as th e eq u ip m en t a In s tall ad d ition al p rotec tive

m in im u m res is tib ility ? No d evic es ;
s ee c h ap ter 9

Yes

Is th ere a ris k of d irec t s trokes to

No Is th e lin e in u rb an area? Yes th e s tru c tu re w h ere th e lin e
en ters ?

No Y es

C an you evalu ate th e d ow n tim e T h e lin e is p r o te c te d C an you evalu ate th e d ow n tim e

of s ervic e? a g a in s t lig h tn in g of s ervic e?

No Y es
Y es No

U s e th e valu es s u g g es ted b y U s e th e valu es s u g g es ted b y

IE C 6 1 6 6 3 -2 IE C 6 1 6 6 3 -2

evalu ate
R p i; R p s ; R p a; R p d evalu ate R p s

Rp < Ra ?

No Y es

In s tall p rotec tive m eas u res

T h e lin e is p ro te c te d
(s ee IE C 6 1 6 6 3 -2 ) a g a in s t lig h tn in g

Figure D1 Risk evaluating procedure

D.1.4 Risk treatment

For telecommunications or signal lines, the following protective measures, which can also be combined,
are considered:

• use of surge protective devices (SPD);

• installing buried instead of aerial cables, i.e. to improve the installation factor of the different line
sections
• shielding, i.e. to improve the shielding factor of the line; selecting shielded cables instead of
unshielded ones or cables with reduced shielding factors
• increasing lightning cable resistibility, e.g. choice of cable with plastic insulated conductors instead of
cable with paper insulated conductors, in combination with the use of SPD.

• Route redundancy

The use of above-mentioned protective measures reduces the risk of damage:

– of the cable insulation

– of equipment connected to the telecommunication or signalline.
 37 37A/122/CD
When the cable types and the installation conditions of the different line sections are defined, the use of
SPDs is the only available method to protect the equipment.

If protective measures are needed at the building in customer’s premises, the equipotential bonding bar
(E.B.B.) shall be available to achieve protection of the telecommunication installation. Moreover it is
necessary to point out that the metallic shield of the cable, if used, shall be continuous, i.e. it shall be
connected across all splices, regenerators, etc., along the length of the cable and shall be connected to
the E.B.B, preferably directly or through a SPD (for corrosion problem), at the ends of the cable.

D.2 Risk due to power line faults

The risk of overvoltages due to fault conditions in power line systems (power supply and traction systems)
is dependent on

• the distance of the telecommunications or signal line to the line of the power system
• the earth resistivity and
• the voltage level and type of the power system.

Earth faults in power systems cause large unbalanced currents to flow along the power line inducing
overvoltages into adjacent telecommunications or signal lines, which follow a parallel course. The
overvoltages may rise to several kilovolts and have durations of 200 to 1000 ms (occasionally even
longer) according to the fault clearing system used on the power line. Calculation methods for
overvoltages due to power line faults are mentioned in Annex E.

D.2.1 AC Power systems

The necessity for exact calculation for fault conditions in AC overhead power systems is given at the
following influence conditions:

Table D2.1.1 AC overhead power systems

Environment Earth resistivity (Ωm) Influence distance (m)

rural ≤ 3000 3000

rural > 3000 10000

urban ≤ 3000 300

urban > 3000 1000

The necessity for exact calculation for fault conditions in AC underground electric cables is given at the
following influence conditions:

Table D.2.1.2 AC underground electric cables

Environment Earth resistivity (Ωm) Influence distance (m)

rural ≤ 3000 10

rural > 3000 100

urban 1

D.2.2 DC Power systems

The necessity for exact calculation for fault conditions in DC overhead power systems is given at the
following influence conditions:

Table D.2.2.1 – DC overhead power systems

Environment Earth resistivity (Ωm) Influence distance (m)

rural ≤ 3000 400

rural > 3000 700

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urban ≤ 3000 40

urban > 3000 70

The necessity for exact calculation for fault conditions in DC underground electric cables is given at the
following influence conditions:

Table D.2.2.2 DC underground electric cables

Environment Earth resistivity (Ωm) Influence distance (m)

rural ≤ 3000 10

rural > 3000 100

urban 1

D.3 Earth potential rise

Secretary’s note
This subject is being developed by WG4 experts, however comments from National
committees are welcome.
 39 37A/122/CD
Annex E
(Informative)

Information technologies and some of their transmission characteristics

This Annex provides data about information technologies and some of their transmission characteristics
that have to be taken into account when providing SPD into these systems. Depending on the application
the SPD may need to be tested using selected tests and requirements that will be found in the
corresponding IEC 61643-21. The installation of SPDs may be subject to additional requirements and/or
restrictions given by the network operator, network authority and system manufacturer (see chapter 6).
 40 37A/122/CD

E.1 Telecommunications systems

Table E.1 Transmission characteristics for telecommunications systems in access networks

System Bitrate Bandwith Channels Standard(s) Z max. allowed remarks

[kBit/s] [kHz] [Ohm]
attenuation
[dB] at kHz

Analogue - (0,025) 0,3 - ETSI ETS 300 ZL various

– 3,4 (16) 001, (com-
lex)
TBR 21, TBR
38
PCM11 784 0 – > 600 11 x 64 kbit/s + ETSI TS 101 135 31/150
1 x 64 kbit/s 135
signalling
ISDN_PMXA 2048 0 – ca. 30 x 64 kbit/s 130 40/1000 There exists no valid
5000 international standard
for this kind of
linecodes! G.703 is a
spec for inhouse
(6 dB@1MHz)
ISDN- BA 160 0 - ca. 120 2 x 64 Kbit/s + IUT-T G.961 150 32/40 EURO-ISDN
1 x 16 kbit/s
ETSI TS 102 There is no difference
080 Annex B regarding the physical
layer between ISDN-
BA and ”Euro-ISDN”,
however in layer 2
and 3 there are
differences in the
protocol.

PCM2A, PCM4 160 ca. 120 PCM4: 4 x 32 IUT-T G.961 150 32/40 Both systems are
Kbit/s allowed to use 2B1Q
192 ca. 80 ETSI TS 102 135 36/40 and 4B3T linecodes
PCM2: 2 x 64 080 acc. ETSI 102 080
kbit/s Annex A and Annex B.
Annex B
Annex A
SDSL 192 - Various, up various ETSI TS 101 135 various
2312 to ca. 800 524
HDSL 784, 0 – >1000 12-32 x 64 ETSI TS 101 135 31, 27 or
1568 or kbit/s 135 22/150
2312
ADSL 32 – 138 - 1104 various ETSI TS 101 100 various
8192 388; ITU-T
G.992.1 Annex
B
VDSL 2- ca. 138 various ETSI TS 101 135 various
30000 (1104)- 270-1, -2
12000
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E.2 Signalling, measurement and control systems

Table E.2 – Transmission characteristics of Inhouse Information Technology (IT) systems

*1)
System Bitrate NEXT [ dB ] Standard(s) Z max. allowed Remarks
[kBit/s] [Ohm]
Class attenuation
[dB] at kHz

Gigabit Ethernet D (5e) 30,1@100 MHz Draft EN 50173 100 24 max. length
100 m;
(1000 Base T) 2nd ed. @100 MHz
*1)
ACR [ dB ]
6,1 @100 MHz
Ethernet 100 D (5) 27,1@100 ISO/IEC 8802-5 100 24 max. length
Mbit/s 100 m
(100 Base T) @100 MHz
ATM 155 D (5) 27,1@100 100 24 max. length
Mbit/s 100 m
EN 50173:2000 @100 MHz
Token Ring 16 C (3) 19,3@16 MHz ISO/IEC 8802-5 150 14,9 max. length
Mbit/s 100 / 150 m
EN 50173:2000 @16 MHz
*1) Channel performance

Further transmission parameters, described in EN 50173, are:

Return loss, PSNEXT, PSACR, ELFEXT, and PSELFEXT7.2.2 Measurement and Control
 42 37A/122/CD

E.3 Cable TV systems

Table E.3 – Transmission characteristics of Cable TV-systems

System Band- Return Loss Min. Return Loss Standard(s) Z Max. Remarks
with [dB] [dB at 50 MHz] [Ohm] allowed
[MHz] f > 50 MHz at system outlet attenuation
(customer) [dB/100m] at
450 MHz
(depending
on cable
type)

Broadband 47 – 450 from ≤ 24dB- ≤20dB-1.5 dB/octave national (DE) 75 2,9 dB Carrier
TV
1dB/octave signal
distribution 4,1 dB
network level at
to ≤ 26 dB- 6,2 dB system
1dB/octave outlet min.
12,2 dB
(depending 47 – to
on cable max. 77
type) dB

Broadband 47 – 862 from ≤24 dB- To be determined national 75 2,9 dB

TV 1dB/octave
IEC100D/28/ 4,1 dB
distribution
network to ≤26 dB- FDIS:1997 6,2 dB
1dB/octave
EN 50083x 12,2 dB
(depending
on cable
type)
 43 37A/122/CD
Annex F
(Informative)

Bibliography

Draft IEC 61663-2: Lightning Protection – Telecommunication lines – Part 2: Lines using metallic
conductors

CENELEC draft Report ROBT 002; ETSI Guide EG 201 280: Resistibility requirements for equipment
having (a) telecommunication port(s)

IEC 61662; Risk due to lightning

IEC ACOS/226/INF 08/2000; General Risk Management Terminology, guidelines for use in standards

prEN 50351: The influence of electric power supply and traction systems on telecommunication systems -
calculation and measurement methods; CENELEC TC 210 WG03 01/2000

ITU-T Rec. K.11 Principles of protection against overvoltages and overcurrents

ITU-T Recommendation K.12: Characteristics of gas discharge tubes for the protection of
telecommunications installations

ITU-T Recommendation K.20: Resistibility of telecommunication switching equipment to overvoltages and

overcurrents

ITU-T Recommendation K.21: Resistibility of subscribers' terminals to overvoltages and overcurrents

ITU-T Recommendation K.22: Overvoltage resistibility of equipment connected to an ISDN T/S bus

ITU-T Recommendation K.27: Bonding configurations and earthing inside a telecommunication building

ITU-T Recommendation K.30: Positive temperature coefficient (PTc) thermistors

ITU-T Recommendation K.39: Risk assessment of damages to telecommunication sites due to lightning
discharges

ITU-T Directives concerning the protection of telecommunication lines against harmful effects from
electric power and electrified railway lines; Volume II Calculation induced voltages and currents in
practical cases 1989)