Wastewater Treatment

Engr. Elisa G. Eleazar

School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences

ENV111: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 1

 Outline
Module 6: ENGINEERING AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT Learning Outcomes
Wastewater Infrastructure 1. Explain the purpose of wastewater treatment
Constituents of Wastewater 2. Enumerate and differentiate the constituents of wastewater
3. Identify the basic processes involved in wastewater
Overview of Wastewater Treatment Processes
treatment
Preliminary Treatment 4. Explain the purpose, mechanism and basic equipment for
Primary Treatment the different areas of wastewater treatment
Secondary Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
Sludge Treatment and Disposal

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 Wastewater Infrastructure
Components of Domestic Wastewater
• wastewater from domestic,
commercial and industrial users
• stormwater runoff
• infiltration
• inflow

Purpose of Wastewater Treatment

• protect human health
• prevent surface water /
groundwater pollution

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 Constituents of Wastewater
Organic Matter can deplete oxygen content of receiving waters
Suspended Solids cause turbidity, may contain organic matter, other pollutants or pathogens
Pathogens cause diseases
Nutrients accelerate eutrophication, can contribute to NBOD
Toxic Chemicals heavy metals and organic chemicals
Emerging Pollutants pharmaceuticals, surfactants, personal care products, endocrine-disrupting chemicals

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 Overview of Wastewater Treatment Processes

Secondary Treatment
Primary Treatment
Tertiary Treatment

Preliminary Treatment

Solids Treatment and Disposal

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 Overview of Wastewater Treatment Processes

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 Preliminary Treatment
PURPOSE OF PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
to prepare the wastewater for futher treatment
to remove materials that may damage equipment
to balance flows or organic loading

SCREENING COMMINUTION
removal of large materials grinding of solids to 0.3-cm pieces

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 Preliminary Treatment
GRIT REMOVAL FLOTATION
prevents abrasion of piping and mechanical equipment utilizes buoyancy to remove fats, oils and grease (FOG)

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 Preliminary Treatment
FLOW EQUALIZATION
used to dampen the flow and organic loading rate to overcome problems associated with large flow variations

In-Line Equalization
• all of the flow passes through the equalization basin

Off-Line Equalization
• only a portion of the flow is diverted to the basin

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 Primary Treatment
PURPOSE OF PRIMARY TREATMENT
to remove solids by gravity settling

Removes:
60% of the SS
30% of the BOD
20% of the P

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 Primary Treatment
SP1. A municipal wastewater treatment plant treats an average flow of 12,000 m3/day and a peak hourly flow of 30,000
m3/day. Two circular clarifiers are to be designed, using a depth of 4 m and overflow rate of 40 m3/m2-day. Calculate
the area, diameter, volume and detention time required for each clarifier.

m3
12,000 d 2 πd2 πd2
clarifier area = m3
= 300 m A= V= ∗ depth
40 m2 −d
4 4

300 m2 4A 4 150 m2 π 14 m 2
area per clarifier = d= = = 13.8 m V= ∗4m
2 π π 4
area per clarifier = 150 m2 d = 14 m V = 616 m3

616 m3 24 h
θ= m3
∗
6,000 1d
d

θ = 2.5 h

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 Secondary Treatment
PURPOSE OF SECONDARY TREATMENT
to remove organic matter

ATTACHED GROWTH (FIXED FILM REACTORS)

Trickling Filter Rotating Biological Contactor

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 Secondary Treatment
SUSPENDED GROWTH REACTORS

Bacterial Growth Requirements

• electron acceptor
• macronutrients: carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus
• micronutrients: trace metals, vitamins
• appropriate environment: moisture, temperature, pH

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 Secondary Treatment
SUSPENDED GROWTH REACTORS

𝑆 • ^ maximum growth rate constant

𝜇=𝜇 • S concentration of limiting food in solution
𝐾𝑠 + 𝑆
• Ks half saturation constant
concentration when =0.5^
Exponential Growth Phase
• availability of nutrients 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑆
• predator-prey relationships =𝑌 • Y yield
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
• X concentration of biomass 𝑑𝑆 𝑋 𝜇𝑆
𝑑𝑋
= 𝜇𝑋 •  instantaneous growth rate =
𝑑𝑡 𝑌 𝐾𝑠 + 𝑆
𝑑𝑡 • t time

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑

𝑌=
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
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 Secondary Treatment
SUSPENDED GROWTH REACTORS

Suspended Growth Reactor without Recycle 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝜃𝑐 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑉𝑋 𝑋 • c solids retention time

𝜃𝑐 = =
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑆 sludge age
𝑌 𝑉 𝑌
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 mean cell detention time

1 𝜇𝑆
= =𝜇
𝜃𝑐 𝐾𝑠 + 𝑆

𝑉 𝐾𝑠
𝑡= 𝑆=
𝑄 𝜇 𝜃𝑐 − 1
• t liquid retention time
• V reactor volume
• Q flow rate

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 Secondary Treatment
SP2. A biological reactor with no solids recycle must be operated so that an influent BOD of 600 mg/L is reduced to 10
mg/L. The kinetic constants have been found to be Ks = 500 mg/L and ^ = 4 /d. If the flow is 3 m3/day, how large
should the reactor be?

1 μS
=
θc K s + S
S0 = 600 mg/L S = 10 mg/L K s + S 500 + 10
Q = 3 m3/d θc = = = 12.75 d
μS 4 10
V
θc =
Ks = 500 mg/L Q
^ = 4 /d
𝑉 = 12.75 3

V = 38.25 m3

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 Secondary Treatment
ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEM DESIGN

𝑑𝑆 𝑋 𝜇𝑆
Mixed Liquor =
𝑑𝑡 𝑌 𝐾𝑠 + 𝑆
Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids
Waste Activated Sludge
Return Activated Sludge

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 Secondary Treatment
SP3. An activated sludge wastewater treatment system uses a 8 million-L aeration basin. The mean cell retention time is 12
days. The MLSS is kept at 3,100 mg/L and the recycled activated sludge (RAS) is 11,000 mg/L. What is the wasted
activated sludge (WAS) rate if the sludge is wasted from (a) the aeration basin; (b) the recycle line?

WAS?
8 million L 3,100 mg
L
WAS =
12 d 3,100 mg
L

million L
WAS = 0.67
d
c = 12 d V = 8 million L
X = 3,100 mg/L
8 million L 3,100 mg
L
WAS =
RAS = 11,000 mg/L
WAS? 12 d 11,000 mg
L

million L
mass microorganisms in system WAS = 0.19
θc = d
mass microorganisms wasted per unit time
VX
WAS =
θc X
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 Secondary Treatment
ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEM DESIGN

Substrate Removal Velocity, q

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑞=
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑆0 − 𝑆
𝑆0 − 𝑆
𝑞= 𝑡 𝑞=
𝑋𝑉 𝑋𝑡
𝜇 𝜇𝑆 1
𝑞= 𝑞= 𝑞=
𝐹 𝑌 𝑌 𝐾𝑠 + 𝑆 𝜃𝑐 𝑌
Process Loading Factor, 𝑀

𝐹 𝑄𝑆0 𝐹 𝑆0 𝜇𝑆𝑋𝑡 𝑆0 − 𝑆
= = 𝑆0 − 𝑆 = 𝑋=
𝑀 𝑉𝑋 𝑀 𝑡𝑋 𝑌 𝐾𝑠 + 𝑆 𝑡𝑞

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 Secondary Treatment
SP4. An activated sludge system operates at a flow rate of 400 m3/d with an incoming BOD of 300 mg/L. Through pilot
plant work, the kinetic constants for this system are determined to be: Y = 0.5 kg SS/kg BOD; Ks = 200 mg/L; ^ = 2/d.
A solids concentration of 4000 mg/L in the aeration tank is considered appropriate. A treatment system must be
designed that will produce an effluent BOD of 30 mg/L. Determine the volume of the aeration tank, the sludge age,
and the F/M ratio.
X = 4,000 mg/L
μSXt
Q = 400 m3/d S = 30 mg/L
S0 − S =
Y Ks + S
S0 = 300 mg/L
300 − 30 0.5 200 + 30
t= = 0.13 d
2 30 4000
V? Y = 0.5 kg SS/kg BOD V = Qt = 400 0.13
c? Ks = 200 mg/L
^ = 2 /d V = 52 m3
WAS?
F/M?

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 Secondary Treatment
SP4. An activated sludge system operates at a flow rate of 400 m3/d with an incoming BOD of 300 mg/L. Through pilot
plant work, the kinetic constants for this system are determined to be: Y = 0.5 kg SS/kg BOD; Ks = 200 mg/L; ^ = 2/d.
A solids concentration of 4000 mg/L in the aeration tank is considered appropriate. A treatment system must be
designed that will produce an effluent BOD of 30 mg/L. Determine the volume of the aeration tank, the sludge age,
and the F/M ratio.
X = 4,000 mg/L μS 2 30
q= q= = 0.52
Q = 400 m3/d S = 30 mg/L Y Ks + S 0.5 200 + 30
S0 = 300 mg/L
1 1
q= θc =
θc Y 0.52 0.5

V? Y = 0.5 kg SS/kg BOD θc = 3.85 d

c? Ks = 200 mg/L
^ = 2 /d F QS0 F 400 300
WAS? =
= M 52 4000
F/M? M VX
F
= 0.58 kgkg
BOD/d
SS
M

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 Tertiary Treatment
PURPOSE OF TERTIARY TREATMENT
to remove other constituents of wastewater

NITROGEN REMOVAL

2𝑁𝐻4+ + 3𝑂2 → 2𝑁𝑂2− + 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 4𝐻 + nitrosomanas

2𝑁𝑂2− + 𝑂2 → 2𝑁𝑂3− nitrobacter

2𝑁𝑂3− + 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 → 𝑁2 + 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 pseudomonas

Modified Ludzak– Ettinger (MLE) Process

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 Tertiary Treatment
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL

𝐴𝑙 3+ + 𝑃𝑂43− → 𝐴𝑙3 𝑃𝑂4

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 Tertiary Treatment
FURTHER SOLIDS AND ORGANIC MATTER REMOVAL

Oxidation Ponds Wetlands

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 Sludge Treatment and Disposal
PURPOSE OF SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
to stabilize and dispose the sludge

Properties of Raw Sludge

• odoriferous
• full of water
• pathogenic

Stages of Sludge Treament

• stabilization
• dewatering
• disposal

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 Sludge Treatment and Disposal
SLUDGE STABILIZATION

• removes sludge odors and pathogens

• lime addition
• anaerobic digestion

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 Sludge Treatment and Disposal
SLUDGE DEWATERING

Sand Beds Belt Filter

Centrifuge

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 Outline
Module 6: ENGINEERING AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT Learning Outcomes
Wastewater Infrastructure 1. Explain the purpose of wastewater treatment
Constituents of Wastewater 2. Enumerate and differentiate the constituents of wastewater
3. Identify the basic processes involved in wastewater
Overview of Wastewater Treatment Processes
treatment
Preliminary Treatment 4. Explain the purpose, mechanism and basic equipment for
Primary Treatment the different areas of wastewater treatment
Secondary Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
Sludge Treatment and Disposal

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 Wastewater Treatment

Engr. Elisa G. Eleazar

School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences

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