Englu 203 - Unit 2

07/03/2021
Unit 2: Transformation
Edwards, L., & Naunton, J. (2013). Gold Pre-First: course book. Pearson
(p. 16 – p. 25)
• A marked change in form, nature, or appearance.

A new hairstyle will totally transform your appearance.
Removing the tree from the backyard will transform the landscape into a
wide open space.
ENGLU 203_Dr. Yasser A. Gomaa 69
Speaking – p. 16
What is the first thing you notice when you meet someone
new?
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Speaking – p. 16
What is the first thing you notice when you meet someone
new? (FIRST IMPRESSION)
Their expression (do they like happy, friendly, sad)

Their clothes
Their hair
Their shoes
Something else????
• A first impression is the event when one person first encounters another
person and forms a mental image of that person.
• Impression accuracy varies depending on the observer and the target
(person, object, scene, etc.) being observed.
Speaking – p. 16
• You never get a second chance to make a first impression.

What does this mean?
Do you agree?
Why/why not?
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Vocabulary – p. 16: Describing Feelings
• Understanding the meaning of adjectives to describe

feelings through pictures and definitions.
AFRAID OF
• Feeling fear or being frightened.
The child is afraid of the dark.
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AMUSED
• Entertained / showing that you think something
is funny.
Children don’t need expensive toys and games to
keep them amused.
ASHAMED OF
• Feeling embarrassement
The children were ashamed of their father's
alcoholism.
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CONFUSED ABOUT
• Unable to think clearly or understand something.
Grandfather gets quite confused sometimes, and
doesn't even know what day it is.
DELIGHTED
• Very pleased
Patty was delighted with her new apartment.
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DEPRESSED ABOUT
• Unhappy and without hope.
He semmed a bit depressed about his work
situation.
DISAPPOINTED
• Unhappy because someone or something was not as
good as you expected; or because something didn’t
happen.
We were really disappointed about his exam results.
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EMBARRASSED
• Feeling ashamed or shy
She was embarrassed about undressing in front of
the doctor.
FED UP WITH
• Bored, annoyed, or disappointed, especially by
something that you have experienced for too
long.
Joan was fed up with being sent from one office
to another.
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GUILTY ABOUT
• Feeling guilt
I feel so guilty about forgetting her birthday.
HOMESICK
• Unhappy because being away from home for a
long period.
As I read my brother’s letter, I began to feel more
and more homesick.
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IRRITATED WITH
• Annoyed
Billy began to get really irritated with her
questions.
JEALOUS OF
• Upset and angry because someome that you
love seems to be interested in another person.
Anna says she feels jealous of girls who look at
her boyfriend.
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NERVOUS
• Worried and anxious
Do you get nervous during exams?
PLEASED WITH
• Happy or satisfied
I’m really pleased with your work this term.
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PROUD OF
• Feeling pleasure or satisfaction because you or
people connected with you have done or got
something good.
You must be very proud of your son. He’s the best
student of his class.
RELIEVED ABOUT
• Happy that something unpleasant has ended or
not happened.
He was relieved about finishing his exams.
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SATISFIED WITH
• Pleased because you have got what you
wanted, or because something has happened in
the way that you wanted.
Are you satisfied with the new school schedule?
SHOCKED
• To make someone feel upset or surprised.
The news of the accident shocked the family.
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UPSET
• To make someone worried, unhappy or angry
It still upsets him when he thinks about the
argument with his boss.
Feeling Vocabulary
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Vocabulary – p. 16: Describing Feelings
Activity 3, p.16: Match feelings 1-10 with explanation?
Vocabulary – p. 17: Adjectives ending in -ing

• Adjectives that end ‘-ed’ (e.g. ‘bored’, ‘interested’) and adjectives that end
‘-ing’ (e.g. ‘boring’, ‘interesting’) are often confused.
-ed adjectives
• Adjectives that end ‘-ed’ describe emotions – they tell us how people feel
about something.
• Feeling tired and depressed, he went to bed.
-ing adjectives
• Adjectives that end ‘-ing’ describe the thing that causes the emotion – a
boring lesson makes you feel bored.
• Have you seen that film? It’s absolutely terrifying.
Remember that people can be boring but only if they make other people
feel bored.
• He talks about the weather for hours. He’s so boring.
• NOT I was very boring at the party so I went home.
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• Here are some more adjectives that can have both an ‘-ed’ and an
‘-ing’ form
– amused amusing
– annoyed annoying
– confused confusing
– disappointed disappointing
– excited exciting
– exhausted exhausting
– frightened frightening
– satisfied satisfying
– shocked shocking

Further explanation
Watch the following video!
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Listening: Activity 8, 9 and 10_ p. 17

8. Look at the pictures on p. 17, Listen to the examiner’
questions and tick the correct instruction?
9. Look at the pictures on p. 17, Listen to the answers, A

and B. Which is better? Why?
Turn to p. 134 and check your ideas.
10. Complete the sentences about the pictures with the

words in the box.
11. What is the difference between the way you look

now and the way you looked when you were a child?
• The main difference is that I had long hair then and now I have
short hair.
Speaking: Activity 1_ p. 18
Listening: Activity 2 and 3_ p. 18
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Dependent prepositions
(with verbs, adjectives and nouns)
• Certain verbs, adjectives and nouns naturally take certain
prepositions when placed in a sentence – these are called
dependent prepositions.
• For example, you can object to (something), participate in
(something), complain about (something).
• Unfortunately there are no fixed rules that can help you
decide which dependent prepositions should be placed with
which words, you really just need to learn them.
• Remember that sometimes usage of different dependent
prepositions change the meaning.
Dependent prepositions examples:
• He is angry with us. (angry with ‘someone’)
• He is angry about the problem. (angry about ‘a situation’)
• He is good at football.
(meaning he has skill / ability in something – he is good at
(playing) football).
• She is good with children (meaning she has a positive
relationship with / has an affinity with…).
(A teacher for example, might be good at teaching English and
may be good with their students.)
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• The best way to learn more about dependent prepositions is
to make a list of your own, and then find sentences that use
the structure.
• Google can be very useful for that. For example, if you were
trying to remember that complain is generally followed by
about, simply type in “complain about” in Google and see
the results.
• NOTE: It is important to use the quotation marks (“ ”)
around the phrase you are searching for so that only results
with that phrase will come up.
Activity 4 p. 18
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Reading: Activities 1 and 2 _ p. 19
Present Perfect vs. Past Simple
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The Past Simple Tense

FORM:
I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they workED/SLEPT.
DID I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they WORK/SLEEP?
I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they DIDN’T WORK/SLEEP.
Short answers:
Yes, I did./No, I didn’t.
Exceptions in spelling when adding –ed:
1. After a final -E only add a -D : e.g. love – loved, smile- smiled, hate-
hated
2. Final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or -l as final consonant
after a vowel is doubled: e.g. admit – admitted; travel- travelled
3. A final -y after a consonant becomes an –i: e.g. hurry – hurrIED,
cry- crIED, try- trIED
BUT play-plaYED, stay-staYED because the –y is preceded by a vowel.
4. Verbs short in pronunciation that end in a vowel preceded by a
consonant: e.g. jog-jogged, beg-begged, slam-slammed
The Past Simple Tense – to be

• Don’t forget that the verb TO BE follows different rules:
FORM:
I//he/she/it WAS. You/we/they WERE.
WAS I/he/she/it? WERE you/we/they?
I//he/she/it WASN’T. You/we/they WEREN’T.
Short answers:
Yes, I was./ No, I wasn’t.
Yes, you were./ No, you weren’t.
• ADVERBS:
yesterday, last week/month/year, 3 days AGO, in 1985,
in the last century, in the 20th century, the other day,
when I was born, when I was a child, in the beginning, etc.
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The Past Simple Tense

• USE:
1. Actions that started and finished in the past (usually short actions):
My friends LEFT yesterday.
The company started working in 1978.
2. To indicate the past habits:
When I WAS a student, I CARRIED a bag with me.
He WAS a fan of this musician.
3. A sequence of short actions happening one after another.
He CAME in, TOOK off his coat and SAT down.
 When you want to make a WH- question, follow the rules we have already
covered:
I went to the cinema with my sister.
WHERE did you go with your sister?
• First goes the question word and then the auxiliary verb DID + Subject +
INFINITIVE.
I went to the cinema with my sister.
WHO did you go to the cinema WITH?
Remember: Prepositions are always AT THE END of the question!!!
The Present Perfect Tense

• FORM:
I/you/we/they HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (worked)
He/she/it HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE (worked)
HAVE I/you/we/they + PAST PARTICIPLE (worked)?
HAS he/she/it + PAST PARTICIPLE (worked)?
I/you/we/they HAVEN’T + PAST PARTICIPLE (worked).
He/she/it HASN’T + PAST PARTICIPLE (worked).
Short answers:
Yes, I have./No, I haven’t.
Yes, he has./No, he hasn’t.
• ADVERBS:
already (+), yet (-, ?), recently, lately, ever, never, since, for, so far,
up to now, in the past/last 20 years, just, this morning, this evening,
today, during the last ten days.
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• USE:
1. Actions for which we don’t know when they happened, or actions for which is more
important that they happened than when they happened.
I have bought a cat recently.
2. Actions which happened in the past and the effects of which are visible in the
present.
I have broken my arm. (present result = My arm is still in a cast.)
The government has increased taxes.
(present results = taxes are now higher)
We have employed two new workers.
(present results = two more employees)
3. Actions which started in the past and last up to now.
I have lived here since 1968. (I started living here in 1968 and I am still living here)
4. Personal experience (from the moment of birth till now)
I have never been to America.
5. To show an activity within a period of time which is not yet finished at the time of
speaking:
The quality of the product has improved this year. (The year is not yet finished.)
John has changed three jobs this month. (The month is not yet finished.)

• USE:
6. to give new information
Did you hear the news? Jim has found a new job!
Do you know about Susan? She has got married!
7. to announce a recent happening
We have just signed a new contract.
I have just finished work.
8. with a superlative
This is the largest order we have ever received.
This is the most boring book I have ever read!
9. with the expressions such as This is the first time or It's the first time:
This is the first time we have done business with you so the payment should be in
cash.
It's the first time I have had a job interview so I'm a bit nervous.
10. to talk about an activity between a short time ago and now:
I haven't seen John lately. Have you?
We have recently changed over to Widows 10.
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Past Simple vs. Present Perfect

• I haven't smoked since September. NOT: I don't smoke since September.
• How long have you known Tom? NOT: How long do you know Tom?
1. We use the past simple tense when we know exactly when an activity
happened in the past.
The government reduced interest rates last week.
We use the present perfect tense for an activity that happened at a non-
specific time in the past:
The government has reduced interest rates.
2. We use the present perfect tense to give new information or to announce a
recent happening.
A: Did you know? I've changed my job!
But, if we continue to talk about it, we normally use the past simple tense:
B: Really? When did you change it?
A: Well, actually, my previous employer called me yesterday and asked me to
work for him again.

3. The present perfect always tells us something about the present. The sentence
 Prices have fallen. (tells us that the prices are now lower).
The past simple tense tells us only about the past:
 The prices fell last year. (We do not know what the prices are like now. We
only now that they fell last year.
4. We DO NOT use the present perfect when we are talking about a finished time in the
past, e. g. yesterday, two years ago, in 1980, when I was a child, etc.
We use the past simple tense here:
 I played tennis very well when I was young.
 Mr Jones retired from his job two years ago.
 I lost my key yesterday.
5. We DO NOT use the present perfect tense to ask when something happened.
We use the past simple instead:
 When did you change your job?
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• If a person we are talking about is dead, we use the PAST SIMPLE.
Adam Smith wrote “The Wealth of Nations”.
• If we are talking about some past event we use the PAST SIMPLE Tense,
even if we don’t have an adverb as an indicator of a tense.
Our last meeting proved to be fruitful and successful.
We faced many problems in the last century.
 The last century is over, has nothing to do with the present and that is
why we use the Past Simple Tense.
BUT
We have faced many problems in the last 20 years.
 The expression “in the last 20 years” encompasses the period from 2001
till NOW. Since the present moment is involved, we use the Present
Perfect Simple Tense.
Main clause Temporal clause

He hasn’t worked anywhere since he left “Philips”.
NOT
He hasn’t worked anywhere since he has left “Philips”.
 If we have a complex sentence like this one, the temporal

clause (the one beginning with SINCE) should be in the
Past Simple Tense, while the main clause should be in
the Present Perfect Tense.
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Activities 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7_ p. 19
Speaking: 1, p. 20: Galápagos Islands
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Speaking: 1, p. 20: Galápagos Islands

What do you know about the Galápagos Islands?
• Galápagos Islands are islands named for the tortoises

(Spanish Galápagos who live there; discovered by
Europeans in 1535. On September 15, 1835, Charles Darwin
landed at the Galápagos Islands.
• A tortoise is a reptile with a hard round shell, that lives on
land and moves very slowly. It can pull its head and legs
into its shell.
• A reptile is any animal that has cold blood and skin
covered in scales, and that lays eggs.
Snakes, crocodiles and tortoises are all reptiles.
Reading: 3, p. 20: Gapped Text
Reading: 4, p. 20: What could the underlined

words refer to?
Reading: 7, p. 21: What could the underlined

words refer to?
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Past Simple: Used to and Would

• When we talk about things that happened in the past but don’t happen
anymore we can do it in different ways:
(1) Used to
We used to live in New York when I was a kid.
There didn’t use to be a petrol station there. When was it built?
• We can use ‘used to’ to talk about past states ….
I used to go swimming every Thursday when I was at school.
I used to smoke but I gave up a few years ago.
• … or we can use ‘used to’ to talk about repeated past actions
Remember: ‘used to’ is only for past states/actions that don’t happen
now – we can’t use it for things that still happen now. Also, ‘used to +
infinitive’ should not be confused with ‘be/get used to + ‘ing’ form’ –
this is covered in a separate section.
Past Simple: Used to and Would

(2) Would
Every Saturday I would go on a long bike ride.

My teachers would always say “Sit down and shut up!”
• We can use ‘would’ to talk about repeated past actions.

• Often either ‘would’ or ‘used to’ is possible. Both of the following
sentences are possible:
Every Saturday, I would go on a long bike ride.
Every Saturday I used to go on a long bike ride.
• However, only ‘used to’ is possible when we talk about past states.
We used to live in New York when I was a kid.
We would live in New York when I was a kid.
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Used to, Would, and Past Simple

Past simple
We went / used to go/ would go to the same beach every summer.
• We can use the past simple in the same way as ‘used to’ and
‘would’ to talk about repeated past actions.
I had / used to have a dog called Charlie.
• We can also use the past simple for past states.
I went to Egypt in 1988.
• However, if something happened only once we can’t use ‘used to’
or ‘would’ – we must use the past simple.
Grammar Focus: 3, 4, 6 and 7 p. 22
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Grammar Focus _ Listening: 5, p. 22
Speaking: 1, p. 23
Use of English: Open Cloze, 2 and 3, p. 23
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CONTENT WORDS VS. FUNCTION WORDS
• Each word in English belongs to one of the eight parts of

speech. Each word is also either a content word or a
function word.
• Let's think about what these two types mean.
• Content = information, meaning
• Function = necessary words for grammar
• In other words, content words give us the most important
information while function words are used to stitch those
words together.

CONTENT WORDS TYPES
• Content words are usually nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
• A noun tells us which object,
= person, place or thing (e.g., house, computer, lake, Peter)
• A verb tells us about the action happening, or the state.
= action, state (e.g., enjoy, purchase, understand, look forward to)
• An adjectives give us details about objects and people
= describes an object, person, place or thing
• An adverbs tell us how, when or where something is done.
(e.g., slowly, carefully, sometimes, thoughtfully, often, suddenly)
• Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs give us important information

required for understanding.
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OTHER CONTENT WORDS

• While nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are the
most important content words, there are a few other
words that are also key to understanding. These
include:
1. Negatives (no, not and never)
2. Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these and those),
and
3. Question words (what, where, when, how and why).

FUNCTION WORDS
• Function words help us connect important information.
• Function words are important for understanding, but they add little
meaning beyond defining the relationship between two words.
• Function words include:
1. Auxiliary verbs are used to establish the tense and help
with conjugation of tense. (e.g., do, has, will, is, has been, did).
2. Prepositions show relationships in time and space. (e.g., in, at, through,
over, between, under).
3. Articles show us something that is specific or one of many and used to
indicate specific or non-specific nouns (e.g., a, an, the).
4. Conjunctions are words that connect (e.g., do, has, will, is, has been, did).
5. Pronouns refer to other nouns (e.g., I, you, him, us, ours, she).
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• Knowing the difference between content and function

words is important because content words are stressed in
conversation in English, whereas function words are non-
stressed.
• In other words, function words are not emphasized in
speech, while content words are highlighted.
• Knowing the difference between content and function
words can help you in understanding, and, most
importantly, in pronunciation skills.

Watch this Video
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What do you think a Makeover is?
A makeover is a major change in the use of something, or

in the appearance of something or someone; a radical
transformation.
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Reading: 1 and 2, p. 24
Writing: 3, 4 , 5, p. 24
Writing: 7 and 8, p. 24 (assignment)
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Letter Writing
How to Write a Friendly Letter

Purpose of a Friendly Letter
• A friendly letter (or informal letter) is a way of communicating
between two people (sometimes more) who are usually well
acquainted.
• There are many uses and reasons for writing a friendly letter but
friendly letters will usually consist of topics on a personal level.
• Friendly letters can either be printed or hand-written.
Friendly Letter Writing Characteristics
• The friendly letter is typically less formal than that of a business letter.
• Usually the first paragraph of the body will consist of an introduction
which will give the recipient an idea about why you're writing to
them with a short summary of the main topic of your letter.
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How to Write a Friendly Letter

• The next few paragraphs will usually consist of the message you want
to get across along with any details you may want to convey.
• The last paragraph will usually be the conclusion where you wrap
everything up. You can sum up your main idea in this paragraph,
thank the recipient for their time, wish the recipient well, and/or ask
any questions.
• Since friendly letters are less formal, you can feel free to write it
however you like, but the following format is fairly common.
Sample Friendly Letter
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07/03/2021

• A marked change in form, nature, or appearance.

ENGLU 203_Dr. Yasser A. Gomaa 69

ENGLU 203_Dr. Yasser A. Gomaa 70

Their expression (do they like happy, friendly, sad)

• You never get a second chance to make a first impression.

Vocabulary – p. 16: Describing Feelings

• Understanding the meaning of adjectives to describe

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Vocabulary – p. 16: Describing Feelings

Activity 3, p.16: Match feelings 1-10 with explanation?

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Vocabulary – p. 17: Adjectives ending in -ing

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Vocabulary – p. 17: Adjectives ending in -ing

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Vocabulary – p. 17: Adjectives ending in -ing

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Listening: Activity 8, 9 and 10_ p. 17

9. Look at the pictures on p. 17, Listen to the answers, A

10. Complete the sentences about the pictures with the

11. What is the difference between the way you look

Listening: Activity 2 and 3_ p. 18

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Reading: Activities 1 and 2 _ p. 19

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Present Perfect vs. Past Simple

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The Past Simple Tense

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The Past Simple Tense – to be

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The Past Simple Tense

The Present Perfect Tense

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The Present Perfect Tense

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