 SOCRATES – He defined self as The Self in Differing Cultural Context

“unexamined life is not worth living.”

1. ANTHROPOLOGY – the science of
“Without this work on yourself, life is
humanity which studies human beings
worthless”
in aspects ranging from the biology and
 PLATO – For him, the ideal self is the
evolutionary history
perfect self.
2. CULTURE – characteristics and
 ST. AUGUSTINE – He approaches the
knowledge of a particular group of
theme of humanity with particular tools
people, encompassing language,
that include experience, reason and
religion, cuisine, social habits, music
language.
and arts
Was an early Christian theologian and
3. SELF – set of someone's characteristics,
philosopher who lived from
such as personality and ability
approximately 354 AD to 430 AD.
4. PERSONALITY – refers to individual
 THOMAS AQUINAS – For him, we don’t
differences in characteristic patterns of
encounter ourselves as isolated minds
thinking, feeling and behaving
or selves, but rather always as agents
5. RESPONSIBILITY – also the obligation of
interacting with our environment.
an individual to perform the duty or
 RENE DECARTES – Father of modern
task assigned to him
Philosophy. He believed that the mind is
6. ATITTUDE – in social psychology, a
the seat of our consciousness. Because
cognition, often with some degree of
it houses our drives, intellect, and
aversion or attraction
passions, it gives us our identity and our
senses of self.
 CULTURE’S IMPACT ON PERSONALITY –
 DAVID HUME – According to him, “the
The human personality and how it
self is a bundle theory of mind.”
develops has stimulated the interest of
Scottish philosopher, historian,
scholars.
economist, and essayist known
 ROLE OF CULTURE – Theoretical
especially for his philosophical
controversial becomes more
empiricism and skepticism.
pronounced underscoring the need for
 IMMANUEL KANT – He stated that
a cross-cultural perspective psychology.
morality is about respect for persons.
Two components of the self: 1. Inner Basic Dimensions of Personality “The Big Five”
self 2. Outer self.
1. OPENNESS – People who are high in
 JOHN LOCKE – He considered personal
this trait tend to be more adventurous
identity (or the self) to be founded on
and creative.
consciousness (visa. via memory), and
o Imagination, feelings, actions,
not on the substance of either the soul
ideas
or the body.
2. CONTIENCIOUSNESS – Highly
 SELF – It involves ‘sameness at a time’
conscientious people tend to be
or ‘sameness over time’.
organized and mindful of details.
 o Competence, self-discipline,
thoughtfulness, goal-driven
3. EXTROVERSION – People who are high
in extraversion are outgoing and tend to
gain energy in social situations.
o Sociability, assertiveness,
emotional expression
4. AGREEABLENESS – People who are high
in agreeableness tend to be more
cooperative while those low in this trait
tend to be more competitive and
sometimes even manipulative
o Cooperative, trustworthy,
good-natured
5. NEUROTISM – Individuals who are high
in this trait tend to experience mood
Achievement Motivation or Need for
swings, anxiety, irritability, and sadness.
Achievement
o Tendency toward unstable
emotion
There are three (3) contrasting views of
personality development:
1. CONFLICT MODEL – Freud’s Intra-
Psychic Model
Freud believed that events in our
childhood have a great influence on our
adult lives, shaping our personality
2. FULFILLMENT MODEL – The Humanistic
His quasi-mythical status has fascinated
his disciplinary descendants who
continue to measure themselves
Social Connotation of Emotion (Positive and
against his achievements
Negative)
3. CONSISTENCY MODEL – Cognitive
Model
Defined as the concept that individuals
have a preference for their thoughts,
beliefs, knowledge’s, opinions,
attitudes, and intents to be congruent,
which is to say that they don’t
contradict each other
 INDEPENDENT CONSTRUAL SELF –
refers to the way in which a person
thinks about and defines the self.
 INTERDEPENDETN CONSTRUAL SELF –
To fit in and maintain the
interdependence among individuals.
 SELF PERCEPTION – Several studies
have supported the notion that with an
independent self, internal attributes are
most salient and less salient for
interdependent selves.
 SOCIAL EXPLANATION – Self-construal
serves as a cognitive template for
interpreting behaviours of others as
well.
1. INDEPENDENT CONSTRUAL –
excellence linked to individual’s
tendency to push himself or herself
ahead and see individual success
2. INTERDEPENDENT CONSTRUAL –
excellence sought to achieve broader
social goals. Motivated by collective or
group achievement.
 SELF ENHANCEMENT – A collection of
psychological processes by which
individuals reinforce or enhance their
self-esteem
1. SOCIALLY DISENGAGED EMOTIONS –
tend to separate or disengage the self
from social relationships and to
promote the perceived independence
of the self
2. SOCIALLY ENGAGED EMOTIONS –
further engage and assimilate the self in
the relationship and enhance the
 perceived interdependence of the self
with relevant others
 HAPPINESS – most generic, unqualified
state of feeling good (relaxed, elated,
and calm).
 RELATIONSHIP – an interaction
between two or more people. It is the
way in which two or more people, talk
to, behave and deal with each other
Who are involved in a Family Relationship?
 Parents  Siblings
 Grandparents  Aunts and Uncles
 Cousins  Others?
The Sociological View of Self
1. SELF – our impressions, thoughts
and feelings (Understanding
Thoughts and Feelings
2. SCHEMA – set of beliefs and
feelings about something (AP
Psychology Social Psychology)
3. PARTS OF THE SELF – Physical,
Social, and Personal
The following are the parts of the self
1. PHYSICAL SELF – Ones’ psychological
sense of one’s physical being
2. SOCIAL SELF – The social roles one
plays- student, worker, husband,
mother, citizen, leader, and etc.
3. PERSONAL SELF – One’s private,
continuous sense of being oneself in the
world.
 SOCIETY – The combination of various
components such as activities, people
and places.
 MAN AS A SOCIAL ANIMAL – He has a
natural urge to live an associated life
with others.
 GEORGE HERBERT MEAD – sociologist
from the late 1800’s is well known for
his theory of the social self, which
includes the concepts of the ‘self, ‘me,’
and ‘I’
 STAGES OF PSYCJOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT – Freud is well known
for his development. Can be further
defined by one’s gender identity,
gender role, and sexual orientation
 THE PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY – the
personality theory, which is based on
the notion that an individual gets
motivated more by unseen forces that
are controlled by the conscious and the
rational thought
Part of personality
 ID (INTERNAL DESIRES) – internal drives
or instinctive drives.
 EGO (REALITY) - operates based on
reality, which strives to satisfy the id’s
desires in realistic and socially
appropriate ways that gives an
individual his/her sense of own identity
 SUPER EGO (CONSCIENECE) – to
provide a conscience and awareness of
others through feelings such as guilt.
Freudian Stages of Psychosexual Development
1. ORAL – the mouth of the body through
which gratification is secured
Age Range: Birth to 1 Year
Erogenous Zone: Mouth
2. ANAL – stage covers the toilet-training
period that leads to a sense of
accomplishment and independency.
Age Range: 2 to 3 Years
 Erogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder
Control
3. PHALLIC – the attraction of a boy to his
mother is called “Oedipus Complex,”
while that of a girl to her father is called
“Electra Complex.
Age Range: 3 to 6 Years
Erogenous Zone: Genitals
4. LATENCY – children develop social skills,
values, and relationship with peers and
adults outside of the family.
Age Range: 10 to 12 Years or 6 to
Puberty
Erogenous Zone: Sexual feelings are
inactive
5. GENITAL – the individual develops a
strong interest in the opposite.
Age Range: Puberty to Death
Erogenous Zone: Maturing sexual
interests
Psychosocial Stages of Self-Development
1. TRUST vs. MISTRUST – Infancy (birth to
18 months)
2. AUTONOMY vs. SHAME AND DOUBT –
Early childhood (18 months to 3 years)
3. INITIATIVE vs. GUILT – Preschool (3 to 5
years). Central to this stage is play, as it
provides children with the opportunity
Stages of Growth and Development
to explore their interpersonal skills
through initiating activities.
4. INDUSTRY vs. INFERIORITY –
Elementary school age (6 to 11 years).
Child now feels the need to win
approval by demonstrating specific
competencies.
5. IDENTITY vs. ROLE CONFUSION –
Adolescence (12 to 18 years). Major
stage of development where the child
has to learn the roles he will occupy as
an adult.
6. INTIMACY vs. ISOLATION – Young
adulthood (19 to 40 years). An
individual begins to share him/herself
more intimately with others/ exploring
relationships leading toward longer-
term commitments with
someone/other people.
7. GENERATIVITY vs. STAGNATION –
Middle adulthood (40 to 65 years).
“Making your mark” on the world
through creating or nurturing things
that will outlast an individual.
8. INTEGRITY vs. DESPAIR – Old age/
maturity (65 to death). This stage an
individual contemplates on
accomplishments and develop integrity
by feeling a sense of fulfillment.
 GROWRTH – It is the process of physical
maturation resulting an increase I size
of the body and various organs.
 DEVELOPMENT – It is the process of
functional and physiological maturation
of the individual.
 MATURATION – It is the completion of
growth and development within the
organism, the unfolding of an
individual’s inherent traits or potentials.
1. INFANCY – Males are usually heavier
and taller than females at birth
2. CHILDHOOD – One year to eleven years
Consists of:  Early childhood  Mid–
childhood  Late childhood
3. EARLY CHILDHOOD – Girls lose less fat
than boys during this stage
4. MID-CHILDHOOD – Improved
coordination and motor functioning
5. LATE CHILDHOOD – Development of
the reproductive system
 Appearance of secondary sex
characteristics  Breasts  Pubic hair
6. ADOLESCENCE – Obvious differences in
physical growth cease with the end of
adolescence
The Variability of Body Types (Somatotypes)
Becomes More Evident
1. ECTOMORPH – Delicate bone structure;
Long limbs relative to the body
2. MESOMORPH – Well- muscled
3. ENDOMORPH – The body type which is
rounded appearance, heavy bone
structure little bone and muscle
definition.
4. SOMATOTYPES – The variability of body
types.
 HEREDITY – Genetic information that is
passed on from generation to
generation.
 NUTRITION – Adequate nutrients are
essential for growth and development
 EXERCISES AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
– Team sports that stress positive
interaction and cooperation facilitate
social development in children and
teens  Pressure by parents and
coaches can hinder
The Male Reproductive System
EXTERNAL PARTS
1. PENIS – The male organ that is used
during sexual intercourse. The semen
which contains the male reproductive
cells or sperm
2. SCROTUM – the thick-skinned sac
covering the testes and shielding them
3. TESTICLES / TESTES – oval organs which
measures about 1.5 to 3 inches in
length and 20 to 25 millimetres in
volume.
INTERNAL PARTS
1. EPIDIDYMIS – single coiled
microscopic tube measuring
approximately 20 feet (6 meters) in
length. Extracts sperm from the
testis and provides the sperm
habitat for maturing
2. VAS DEFERENS – a solid tube (the
size of a spaghetti strand), which
carries sperm from the epididymis
to the urethra.
3. EJACULATORY DUCTS – brings
sperm into the urethra,
incorporating prostate secretions
and additives required for sperm
function.
4. URETHRA – the part of the urinary
tract that holds urine from the
bladder
5. SEMINAL VESICLES – combine with
the vas deferens to form the
ejaculatory ducts that pass through
the prostate
6. PROSTATE GLANDS – adds extra
fluid to the ejaculation. Fluids from
prostate also help to nourish sperm.
7. BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
(COWPER’S GLANDS) – pair of
exocrine pea-shaped glands located
on the sides of the urethra below
the prostate gland.
The Female Reproductive System
EXTERNAL PARTS
1. LABIA MAJORA (LARGE LIPS) – encloses
the other external reproductive organs
and covers them
 2. LABIA MINORA (SMALL LIPS) – lies
inside of the majora labia, covering the
openings to the vagina and urethra
3. BARTHOLIN’S GLANDS – are situated on
either side next to the vaginal opening
and contain a secretion of fluid (mucus)
4. CLITORIS – is protected by a skin fold,
called the prepuce that is like the
foreskin at the end of the penis
INTERNAL PARTS
1. VAGINA – a canal that links the cervix
(lower uterus) to the outside of the
body. It's also known as the birth canal.
2. UTERUS (WOMB) – a pear-shaped
hollow organ which is the location of a
growing fetus
3. OVARIES – The ovaries are small, oval-
shaped glands, on either side of the
uterus. The ovaries contain the
hormones and the eggs.
4. FALLOPIAN TUBES – thin tubes that are
connected to the upper part of the
uterus which act as routes from the
ovaries to the uterus for the ova (egg
cells) to move. A sperm fertilization of
an egg usually occurs in the fallopian
tubes.
 EROGENOUS ZONE – a region of the
human body that has enhanced
sensitivity, which stimulates a sexual
response such as relaxation, sexual
desires, sexual pleasure and orgasm
The Chemistry of Love
 LUST – motivated by the initial flirting
and physical attraction
Sexual Orientation
 FALLING IN LOVE – ATTRACTION –
romantic or passionate love, when
things are going well, is characterized
by euphoria and horrible mood swings
when they are not.
 DOPHAMINE – Produced by the
hypothalamus, it is a highly well-
publicized participant in the reward
system of the brain
 PHENYL ETHYLAMINE – a natural
amphetamine just like known drug,
which can cause the same effects of
stimulation
 SEROTONIN – This regulates desires,
unruly emotions, obsessive actions and
supports the sense of "being in
control."
 NOREPINEPHRINE – Another
neurotransmitter that induces euphoria
in your brain, which excites the body by
giving it a natural adrenaline booster
dose.
 ATTACHMENT STAYING-TOGETHER –
With a long-term partner, there is a
sense of peace and security that we feel
-- a kind of connection that holds
couples together.
 OXYTOCIN – often referred to as the
"cuddle chemical". The best known
hormone for its role in inducing
contractions to trigger labor.
 VASOPRESSIN – sometimes called
"chemical monogamy." Can cause males
to leave their nest of love and seek out
new mates.
 ENDORPHINS – biochemical substances
that strengthen our immune system,
block blood vessel lesions, have anti-
aging, anti-stress and pain relieving
effects and also help boost memory.
 AFFECTIONAL ORIENTATION –
Describes a person's sexual attraction
 pattern, whether a person's gender falls
in love with or wishes to partner with
 SEXUAL ORIENTATION – There are
three types of sexual orientation
namely: monosexual, polysexual and
asexual.
 SAME-SEX ORIENTTATION – are drawn
solely to members of only one gender.
 GAY – relates to a man drawn to men
 LESBIAN – A woman attracted to
another woman.
 STRAIGHT – A man who is attracted
exclusively to women, or a woman who
is attracted exclusively to men
Polysexual Orientation
 BISEXUAL – Attracted to both genders
and often referred as “bi”
 PANSEXUAL – Attracted to people
regardless of gender and referred as
“omnisexual”
 QUEER – can be an identity label which
means that a person is drawn to people
of many genders
 ASEXUAL – Not sexually drawn to
someone and/or behaving attractively
towards others.
 GENDER – It is multifaceted and
dynamic
 BIOLOGICAL SEX – Characteristics such
as anatomy and chromosomes and are
usually assigned at birth and provide
details as to whether an individual is
male or female.
 GENDER IDENTITY – The inner sense of
an individual being a man, a woman,
neither of these two, and so on — it is
one's inner sense of being, and one's
own understanding of how one relates
to the binary gender
 GENDER EXPRESSION – How a person
manifests masculinity, femininity, by
appearance, behavior, dress, speech
patterns, preferences, and more.
 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES –
are infections transmitted from an
infected person to an uninfected person
through social contact.
 CHLAMYDIA – a viral disease that is
transmitted by sex. It is caused by
bacteria called chlamydia trachomatis,
it can affect men and women alike
 CHANCROID – also known as molle
ulcus and soft chance. It is a bacterial
infection caused by the called
Haemophilus Ducreyi streptobacillus
 CRAB OS PUBIC LICE – transmitted
through sexual activity. Pets do not play
any part in the transmission of human
lice.
 GENITAL HERPES – a herpes simplex
virus (HSV). You can get it from having
sex with someone who has it through
vaginal, anal or oral.
 HEPATITIS B – transmitted through the
semen, blood and other body fluids of
an infected person.
 TRICHOMONIASIS – sexually
transmitted disease that is caused by a
parasite called Trichonomas vaginalis.
This disease may affect both sexes
 HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) &
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome) – HIV most frequently
spreads to an HIV-positive person by
unprotected sex
 HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) –
these are spread through direct sexual
contact with someone with the virus.
They can also spread via other intimate
physical touch.
 SCABIES – a skin infestation that is
caused by a mite called the Sarcoptes
scabies.
 SYPHILIS – bacteria-caused, sexually
transmitted disease. This infects both
male and female genital region, skin,
mouth, and anus.
 ABSTINENCE – from penetrative sex
offers 100 percent pregnancy
protection and offers prevention of
sexually transmitted infections
 WITHDRAWAL / COITUS INTERRUPTUS
– this approach avoids conception by
preventing contact between the sperm
and the egg; family planning withdrawal
process is unlike other approaches,
since it is controlled by male
 CALENDAR METHODS – the calendar
rhythm system, a woman calculates the
days she is fertile based on past the
duration of her menstrual cycle.
 BARRIER METHOD – an artificial
method that uses barriers to prevent
the sperm from reaching the egg cell.
 HORMONAL METHOD – a method
wherein a hormonal contraceptive is
present. These contraceptives help in
the birth control
 SURGICAL STERILIZATION – is a type of
artificial method wherein the female
undergo a surgery called tubal ligation and
the male undergo vasectomy. These surgery
procedures helped to prevent the egg cells
and sperm cells to unite