Name : Hussain Alhabib

Supervisor : Dr. Mohammed Mabrook

Affiliation : Student
Introduction
The mammary glands of mammals contain milk, which is
a pale liquid.
Adulterants are used to increase yield, which may affect
the nutritional quality of milk. Adulterated milk
consumption causes severe health issues and is a major
source of concern for the food industry.
The present project is based upon designing a detector to
determine the quality of milk.
Scope
 Arduino-based system comprising of steel or iron
electrodes, attached to an impedance analyzer which is our
Arduino.
Adulteration of milk with water shows a ‘X’ and pure
milk shows a ‘/’.
The characteristics at 100 kHz and 80 C for all skimmed
milk samples revealed a linear decrease in conductance
with increasing water content.
Objective
Performing a background research and literature review
on milk adulteration measurements.

Analyzing the active components of the milk conductivity

sensor and explaining its functionality.

Performing the conductivity measurement.

Comparing the results for both samples

Block diagram
Continue….
Milk Samples:

Different milk samples are taken as source.

Power supply:

The AC voltage, which is usually 220V which is

connected to a transformer.

A diode rectifier produces a full-wave redressed voltage.

Continue….
Arduino uno controller:

Microcontroller board based on the ATmega328.

14 digital input/output pins, six analogue inputs, a 16

MHz ceramic resonator, a USB link, a power jack, an
ICSP header, and a reset button.

It is worked as an impedance analyzer.

Continue….
Conductivity or current sensor

The conductivity will increase as the concentration

increases.

The measurement of conductance between two electrodes

is a well-known method for detecting adulteration.

The conductivity of a liquid is defined as the number of

free-moving charged particles known as ions.
Digital Display
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display,
electronic visual display that makes use of liquid crystals'
light modulating properties (LCs).

The LCD screen will show / if the added water to the milk
is greater than 1%. Otherwise it will show X on the
display if the added water is less than 1%.
Experimental setup
An impedance analyser is used to obtain admittance
measurements.

Pure milk samples are first adulterated by adding small

quantities of water to it (1%) then (2%) and noting down
conductivity changes.

Measure and Compare between them when we add the 2%

water. If 2% > 1% so the display shows (/)

If 2% < 1% the display shows (X)

Continue
A full fat milk sample that is suspected to be adulterated
can be placed in a 25 mL amount into a beaker, into which
the electrodes are placed.

The set up must be placed in a refrigerator at 2℃-8℃;

 The conductivity of milk was found to change

dramatically with temperature, requiring careful
monitoring.
Results
Figure shows the calculated conductance (Gm) and
susceptance (Bm = ωCm) versus frequency for full fat milk
at 80 C.
Continue
Figure shows the Gm values for full fat and skimmed milk
mixtures with water at 80 C and 100 kHz.
Continue
Figure shows the variation of the milk conductance as a
function of the percentage of water in milk at 80 C; data
for water concentrations less than 10%
Conclusion
The adulteration of milk is known to be of various types,
and the present project is limited to considering milk
adulteration as the addition of water to milk.
An appropriate technique was recommended for fraud
detection in milk quality in terms of detecting the water
content of a milk sample.

The conductance of full fat milk at 100 kHz was found to

increase abnormally when small amounts (a few percent)
of water were added.
Future work
This project can be used in small and large milk diaries for
automated milk analyzers in the future.

 It can be connected to a computer and printer to save the

results and print the research report for future use.

The graphical representation of results can be plotted into

a graph if the display device is a PC.
Acknowledgement
Thanks for Bangor university, Mohammed Mabrook my
supervisor to guide me, encourage me advise me and stand
with me step by step from the start to this moment.

 Yanhua Hong for answering all our questions about the

final project poster presentation and dissertation.

My friends Majeed, Sadeq, Sultan, abdullah, Muaath,

Nasser and Khaled to help me during my study abroad by
moving away the worries of alienation and many study
and life difficulties before and during Corona pandemic.