Building Construction

Building :
Permanent or temporary structure enclosed within exterior walls, roof, usually
windows and door , and including all attached apparatus, equipment, and fixtures
that cannot be removed without cutting into ceiling, floors, or walls. it used for any
of a wide variety of activities, as living, entertaining, or manufacturing.

Building construction steps

• Building concept, aim and need
• Building Requirements
• Engineering design
• Implementation (site cast and pre cast building)

STRUCTURE SYSTEMS
• load bearing walls system
• Skeleton structure system
• Space structure system
Load bearing walls system

Wall bearing type system

Bearing wall Type
In this type of buildings the live and dead loads come from the ceiling and the beams
to the wall. Then, they reach the underneath continous base which distributes the
upper weight to the available layer of soil. On the other hand we can conclude that
the thickness of walls increases as we come near to the base.

Building Components:
A- Structural Elements:
Flooring slab, Beams, Brick walls, Stairs, and Foundations.

B- Non Structural Elements:

Doors, Windows, and finishing materials.
Advantages:
1- A good insulator of sound and temperature due to it’s thickness.
2- It is low in cost compared to the skeleton concrete buildings.
3- The building works as one unit so it reduces the effect of earthquakes.
4- It can give large open space because there are no columns that disturb
the furniture.

Disadvantages:
1- You can not make any changes in the building like removing any wall
2- You can not construct more than five or six floors only
3- The thickness of the wall is too big so it reduces the inner space in
rooms.4- Wide openings can weak the building
Skeleton structure system

Skeleton type system

Skeleton Concrete Buildings

Building Components:
A- Structural Elements:
1 Foundations:
i- Plain concrete base resting on the soil layers.
ii- Reinforced concrete base resting on the plain concrete base.
iii- Reinforced concrete smells joint the reinforced concrete bases.

2- Columns: They are made of reinforced concrete and they rest on the reinforced concrete base
and extend vertically to the level of the ground floor ceiling.

3- Beams : They are made of reinforced concrete and they rest on the columns at each floor level.

4- Floor Slab: It is made of reinforced concrete and it rests on the beams at each floor.

5- Stairs: They are made of reinforced concrete and they connect each two floor levels.
B- Non-Structural Elements
1- The Walls: They are made of masonry or brick and are used to fill the
openings between columns.
2- Doors and windows: They are made of different materials such as wood,
steel, glass, and so on.
3- Floor finishing: Tiles of ground as ceramic or wood covering
4- Wall finishing: Painting, plastering, wall paper and so on
Advantages:
1- It can be constructed with any number of floors according to the bearing capacity
of the soil.
2- Openings as windows or doors can be made with any width and height.
3- Walls between columns can be removed for decorative design.
Disadvantages :
1.It is very difficult and expensive to make corrections when encounter errors or
mistake in setting of formwork or false work once the concrete has been casted.
2. Heavy weight
Space structure system