Nama : Zakyah Derajat

Kelas : B1

Stambuk : 06120200046

Mata kuliah : Indonesia – English Translation

• The message from the chapter is that we can find out is linguistic meaning must be carefuliy
distinguished from other types or meaning, for the linguistic signification of a form does not refer to
anything outside of language itsell, as does refer to anything outside of language self.

• The summary about the chapter is about

1. DIFFERENT MEANINGS IN APPARENTLY SIMILAR TYPES OF PHRASES.

Though constructions made up of similar classes of words often have similar meanings, this
is by no meana aways the case. For example, in the fellowing phrases his car, his failare, his
arrest, and his goodnass, the relationship between his and the following nouns is in ench
instance quite different. In his car the expression is more or less equivalent to he has a car,
but in his faslure the corresponding expression would be he failed.

For his arrest the corresponding form would be he was arrested, and his goodsess is roughly
equivalent to he is good. In other words, these four rxpressiors his car, his failure, his arrest,
and his goodnass actually "go back to" different expressions.

We may describe kis car (and other phrases of the same type, e.g. Ais Aall, his land, his
kouse, etc.) as meaning "A possesses B. His failsre (anl similar expressions such as his
mistahe, his journsy, his error, his allempt, etc.) is equivalent to "A pertorms B; while his
arrest (and such other phrases as his imprisonnent, his embarrassment, and his isvolvemens)
is eyuivalent to "A is the goal of the action B": and his goodness (together with such
expressions as kis kindness, his wodesty, and his humsility) may be described as "B is the
quality of A."

2. In any particnar language many words function in only one class. For example, in English silly
and tall occur ways us abstracts and raccoon and moth as objects, but some words may
readily occur in more than one class, e.g. tree, fox, deg, sail, and man.

3. There are three practical advantages to be derived trom treating transformations in terms of
four basie semantic elements: (1) we can often more readily see the equivalence of different
formal structures possessing the same meaningful relationships, (a) we can more easily plot
complex structures, without having to employ long series of related transiormations from
terminals back to kernels, and (3) we can more signiticantly highlight some of the contrasts
between languages which tend to be otherwise obscured.
In the following four expressions the meaningful relationships between the event (work,
zorks), the abstract (excellent, axcellencs, and excellemty), and the object (his, he) are
essentially similar:
1. his excellent work
2. the excellence of his work
3. he works excellentiy
4. his work is excellent