Labor Legislation: Definitions

Labor Legislation / Labor Law: Consists of STATUTES, REGULATIONS and

JURISPRUDENCE governing the relations between CAPITAL and LABOR; by providing for
certain EMPLOYMENT STANDARDS and a LEGAL FRAMEWORK for DEFINING,
ADJUSTING and ADMINISTERING the standards and other incidents of employment or
related productive work relationship.

Labor Standards and Labor Relations

Prologue:

Labor Standards - “Standards” are all matters required or established by law

Ex.: Minimum wage set by law, employees’ right to organize and to retain their jobs until
a lawful cause of dismissal occurs.

Legal Standards - norms set by law that must be observed otherwise it is unlawful.

Labor Standards

Definition: Refer to TERMS and CONDITIONS of employment that employers must comply
with and to which employees are entitled as a matter of legal right.

Per Jurisprudence: Minimum requirements prescribed by existing laws, rules and regulations
relating to wages, hours of work, cost-of-living allowance, and other monetary and welfare
benefits, including occupational, safety and health standards.

Labor Relations

Covers the STATUS, RIGHTS and DUTIES, and the INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS that
govern the individual and collective interactions of employers or employees or their representatives.

Labor defined

Physical toil which includes the application of skill.

Skill defined

The familiar knowledge of any art or science, united with readiness and dexterity in execution or
performance or in the application of the art or science to practical purposes.

Work is broader than labor – Work covers all forms of physical or mental exertion, or both combined, for
the attainment of some object other than recreation or amusement per se.

Worker is broader than employee – Workers may refer to self-employed people and those working in the
service and under the control of another; regardless of rank, title, or nature of work.

Article 13 of the labor code, any member of the labor force, whether employed or unemployed, is a
worker.
To be entitled to protection of or benefits from labor laws, it requires the existence of employer-
employee relationship (Em-Rel) – Worker has to be an employee.

Employee is a salaried person working for another who controls or supervises the means, manner or
method of doing the work.

Labor law and Social Legislation

Social legislation are laws that provide particular kinds of protection or benefits to society or
segments thereof in furtherance of social justice. Labor laws are social legislation.

Examples of Social Legislation: Agrarian Reform, SSS law, labor code provision on state insurance
fund covering work-related injuries and occupational diseases, Animal Welfare Act, E-commerce Act,
Fisheries Code, BOT law, Biofuels Act, Children’s Television Act, Clean Water Act, Wildlife Resources
Conservation Act, Fire Code of the Philippines, Clean Air Act, etc.

Labor laws directly affect employment while social legislation governs the effects of employment.

All labor laws are social legislation but not all social legislation are labor laws.

Purpose of Labor Law:

Constitutional goal of freedom from poverty – The justification labor laws is social justice. It is best
seen in poverty alleviation.

Article II – Declaration of Principles and State Policies

The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and independence
of the nation and free the people from poverty

How?

1. Provide adequate social services

2. Promote full employment
3. A rising standard of living
4. Improved quality of life for all

Goal of national economy are:

1. More equitable distribution of opportunities, income and wealth

2. Sustained increase in the amount of goods and services produced by the nation for the
benefit of the people
3. Expanding productivity as the key to raising the quality of life for all, especially the
underprivileged.

Case: Calalang v Williams

Jose P Laurel defined Social Justice: “is neither communism, nor depotism, nor atomism, nor anarchy, but
the humanization of laws and the equalization of social and economic forces by the state so that justice in
its rational and objectively secular conception may at least be approximated.

Social justice means the promotion of the welfare of all the people, the adoption by the Government of
measures calculated to insure economic stability of all the component elements of society through the
maintenance of proper economic and social equilibrium in the interrelations of the members of the
community, constitutionally, through the adoption of measures legally justifiable, or extra-
constitutionally, through the exercise of powers underlying the existence of all government, on the time-
honored principle of salus populi est suprema lex”

SC pronouncement in 1949: Social justice does not champion division of property or equality of
economic status, what it and Constitution do guaranty are equality of opportunity, equality of political
rights, equality before the law, equality between values given and received, and equitable sharing of the
social and material goods on the basis of efforts exerted in their production.

Social justice both a juridical and a societal goal.

Juridical principle: It prescribes equality of the people, rich or poor, before the law

As a goal: It means the attainment of decent quality of life of the masses through humane
productive efforts.

Constitutional Basis

Constitution prescribes the boundaries of labor and social laws because the country’s economic system
and governance are inscribed in the national constitution.

Constitution says “the State shall promote social justice in all phases of national development.”2
Furthermore, “the State affirms labor as a primary social economic force.” Therefore, “it shall protect the
rights of workers and promote their welfare.”

Article XIII with 14 sections — to “Social Justice and Human Rights.”

This Article in part provides:

“Section 1. The Congress shall give highest priority to the enactment of measures that protect and
enhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and political
inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for
the common good.

“To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use, and disposition of property
and its increments.”

“Section 2. The promotion of social justice shall include the commitment to create economic
opportunities based on freedom of initiative and self-reliance.”
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AND MANDATES

If there should be conflict between constitutional provisions and those of the Labor Code, the
Constitution shall prevail as it is the highest law of the land.

Article II, Section 18 – As a state policy:

“The state affirms labor as a primary social economic force. It shall protect the rights of
workers and promote their welfare.”

Accordingly, in the article on social justice, the Constitution commands:

“The State shall afford protection to labor, local and overseas, organized and unorganized,
and promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities for all.”

Constitution enumerates the guaranteed basic rights of workers, namely:

(1) to organize themselves;

(2) to conduct collective bargaining or negotiation with management;

(3) to engage in peaceful concerted activities, including to strike in accordance with law;

(4) to enjoy security of tenure;

(5) to work under humane conditions;

(6) to receive a living wage; and

(7) to participate in policy and decision-making processes affecting their rights and benefits
as may be provided by law.

Protect the rights or promote the welfare of workers

1) Art III, Bill of rights, Sec 8: The right of the people, including those employed in the public and
private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall
not be abridged.

2) Article IX-B, The Civil Service Commission, Sec. 2 [3], [5], [6]: The right of self-organization
shall not be denied to government employees. No officer or employee of the civil service shall be
removed or suspended except for cause provided by law. Temporary employees of the
Government shall be given such protection as may be provided by law.

3) Art XIII, Secs 4, 5 and 6, Social Justice and Human Rights: Regular farmworkers shall have
the right to own directly or collectively the lands they till. Other farmworkers shall receive a
 just share of the fruits of the land they till. The State recognizes the right of farmworkers, along
with other groups, to take part in the planning, organization and management of the agrarian
reform program. Landless farmworkers may be resettled by the Government in its own
agricultural estates.

4) Art XIII, Sec 9: The State shall, by law, and for the common good, undertake, in cooperation
with the private sector, a continuing program of urban land reform and housing which will
make available at affordable cost decent housing and basic services to underprivileged and
homeless citizens in urban centers and resettlement areas. It shall also promote adequate
employment opportunities to such citizens.

5) Article XIII, Sec. 14: The State shall protect working women by providing safe and healthful
working conditions taking into account their maternal functions, and such facilities and
opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable them to realize their full potential in
the service of the nation.

6) Article VI, The Legislative Department: Along with other sectors, labor is entitled to seats
allotted to party-list representatives for three consecutive terms after the ratification of the
Constitution.

7) Article XII, National Economy and Patrimony, Sec. 1: The goals of the national economy are
a more equitable distribution of opportunities, income, and wealth; a sustained increase in the
amount of goods and services produced by the nation for the benefit of the people; and an
expanding productivity as the key to raising the quality of life for all, especially the
underprivileged. The State shall promote industrialization and full employment based on
sound agricultural development and agrarian reform, through industries that make full and
efficient use of human and natural resources.

8) Article XII, Sec. 15: Congress shall create an agency to promote the viability and growth of
cooperatives as instruments for social justice and economic development.

9) Article XVIII, Transitory Provisions, Sec. 18: At the earliest possible time, the Government
shall increase the salary scales of the other officials and employees of the National
Government.

10) Article XVIII, Transitory Provisions, Sec. 16: Career civil service employees separated from
the service not for cause but as a result of the reorganization shall be entitled to appropriate
separation pay and to retirement and other benefits under existing laws. In lieu thereof, they
may also be considered for reemployment in the Government. Those whose resignations have
been accepted in line with the existing policy shall also have this right.

BALANCING OF RIGHTS IN PRIVATE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM

“The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector, encourages private enterprise,
and provides incentives to needed investments.”

While labor is entitled to a just share in the fruits of production, the enterprise has an equally
important right not only to reasonable returns on investment but also to expansion and growth.

R.A. No. 7796, the TESDA Law - seeks active participation of private enterprises in providing and
developing technical education and skills.

Private Enterprise Definition: Section 4 of the TESDA Law says, is an “economic system
under which property of all kinds can be privately owned and in which individuals, alone or
in association with another, can embark on a business activity. This includes industrial,
agricultural, or agro-industrial establishments engaged in the production, manufacturing,
processing, repacking or assembly of goods, including service-oriented enterprises.”

The constitutional outlook suggests a balanced treatment of workers and employers.

Shared Responsibility

Constitution (Art XIII, Sec 3) commands the State to promote the principle of shared responsibility
between workers and employers and the preferential use of voluntary modes of settling disputes,
including conciliation, and (to) enforce their mutual compliance therewith to foster industrial peace.

POLICE POWER AS THE BASIS

Police power itself has to respect the Constitution. The classic People vs. Pomar:

But the state, when providing by legislation for the protection of the public health, the
public morals, or the public safety, is subject to and is controlled by the paramount
authority of the constitution of the state, and will not be permitted to violate rights secured
or guaranteed by that instrument or interfere with the execution of the powers and rights
guaranteed to the people under their law — the constitution. (Mugler vs. Kansas)

BIRTH OF THE LABOR CODE

1. The writing of a labor code began in 1968 under the leadership of the then Minister of Labor, Mr.
Blas F. Ople – Father of the Labor Code
2. Contributions
a. Department of Labor,
b. the Department of Industry and the Board of Investments,
c. UP Law Center,
 d. the Integrated Bar of the Philippines,
e. the Personnel Management Association of the Philippines (PMAP),
f. the National Economic and Development Authority, and the various trade union centers.
3. After seven times of drafting and redrafting, the Code was ratified by a National Tripartite
Congress on April 28, 1973 and submitted to the President on May 1, 1973 – Underwent several
revisions
4. On May 1, 1974, it was signed into law as P.D. No. 442

PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING THE CODE

Seven innovative principles permeated the entire composition of the Labor Code, namely:

1) Labor relations must be made both responsive and responsible to national development.

2) Labor laws or labor relations during a period of national emergency must substitute rationality for
confrontation; therefore, strikes or lockouts give away to a rational process which is arbitration.

3) Laggard justice in the labor field is injurious to the workers, the employers and the public; labor
justice can be made expeditious without sacrificing due process.

4) Manpower development and employment must be regarded as a major dimension of labor policy,
for there can be no real equality of bargaining power under conditions of severe mass unemployment.

5) There is a global labor market available to qualified Filipinos, especially those who are unemployed
or whose employment is tantamount to unemployment because of their very little earnings.

6) Labor laws must command adequate resources and acquire a capable machinery for effective and
sustained implementation; otherwise, they merely breed resentment not only of the workers but also of
the employers. When labor laws cannot be enforced, both the employers and the workers are penalized,
and only a corrupt few — those who are in charge of implementation — may get the reward they do not
deserve.

7) There should be popular participation in national policy-making through what is now called
tripartism.

SOME LABOR LAWS BEFORE THE PASSAGE OF THE CODE

Oldest was Act No. 1874 - Employer’s Liability Act

Enacted on June 19, 1908 by the Philippine Legislature.

Act No. 2549 - prohibited payment of wages in non-cash form

Act No. 2071 - prohibiting slavery or involuntary servitude

R.A. No. 1054 - Requiring emergency medical treatment for employees

C.A. No. 444 - Eight-Hour Labor Law

Commonwealth Act No. 103 - created the Court of Industrial Relations (CIR), precursor to the NLRC
under PD 21 – task was to investigate, decide and settle all disputes between employers and employees.

Industrial Peace Act (R.A. No. 875) – 1953 - was the law governing labor-management relations.
Modeled after the US Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947 (Taft-Hartley Act), which amended the
CLR Act of the Wagner Act.

Blue Sunday Law (R.A. No. 946) - used to forbid commercial, industrial or agricultural enterprises to
open on any Sunday, Christmas Day, New Year’s Day, Holy Thursday, and Good Friday.

“Sundays and legal holidays are set aside by law as days of rest. The life, existence, and
happiness of a person do not depend only on the satisfaction of his physical needs. There are
moral, intellectual, and spiritual needs as imperative as the physical ones.”

The Termination Pay Law (R.A. No. 1052 as amended by R.A. No. 1787) - enumerated the “just
causes” for terminating an employment without a definite period and allowed employers to separate an
employee by simply serving a 15-day notice per year of service or, instead of notice, by paying an
equivalent separation pay.

Significance of Foreign Decisions

American court decisions influence our courts’ rulings - American authorities interpreting said
American labor legislation are applicable and may be considered by us with profit.

It should be remembered in this regard that “judicial decisions applying or interpreting the laws or the
Constitution (shall) form part of the legal system of the Philippines.”

WHAT IS THE LABOR CODE?

PD442 as amended - set of substantive and procedural laws that prescribe the principal rights and
responsibilities of employers, employees and other industrial participants, as well as the role of
Government, in employment and related activities, so as to institute social justice.

The Labor Code lays down the fundamental rights and correlative obligations of employers and
employees to each other, such as those about work days and work hours, wage and wage
protection, validity of dismissal as well as the processes of unionization and collective
bargaining.

Those substantive rights are enforceable through procedures prescribed in the Code, devised by
either the parties themselves or the government in its role as regulator of employment relations.
“Labor” in “Labor Code” is better viewed in its broad ordinary sense as work and work relationship,
referring to any economically productive application of physical, mental and material resources.

True task of labor law students, therefore, is to examine how the law hinders or helps the attainment of
socio-economic goals, how it helps or fails to help improve the quality of life of the masses.

RELATED LAWS

The Civil Code

“The relations between capital and labor are not merely contractual. They are so impressed with public
interest that labor contracts must yield to the common good. Therefore, such contracts are subject to the
special laws on labor unions, collective bargaining, strikes and lockouts, closed shop, wages, working
conditions, hours of labor and similar subjects.” (Article 1700)

This being so, “Neither capital nor labor shall act oppressively against the other, or impair the
interest or convenience of the public.” (Article 1701)

The Civil Code further contains provisions regarding wages, house helpers, and injuries sustained by
employees.

Other labor-related issues call for application of the Civil Code such as those relating to awards of
damages, interpretation of a collective bargaining agreement, validity of a waiver, preference of workers’
claims, and fixed-period employment.

The Revised Penal Code

Crimes against public order, against persons, against property, or against honor come into play, alongside
labor laws, especially in case of labor disputes.

Article 289: “The penalty of arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding P300 pesos shall be imposed upon
any person who, for the purpose of organizing, maintaining or preventing coalitions of capital or labor,
strike of laborers or lockout of employers, shall employ violence or threats in such a degree as to compel
or force the laborers or employers in the free and legal exercise of their industry or work, if the act shall
not constitute a more serious offense in accordance with the provisions of this Code.”

Special Laws

SSS law, the GSIS law, the Agrarian Reform law, the 13th-month pay law, the Magna Carta for Public
Health Workers

INTERNATIONAL ASPECT
International Labour Organization (ILO)

UN specialized agency which seeks the promotion of social justice and internationally recognized human
and labour rights.

The ILO formulates international labour standards in the form of Conventions and Recommendations
setting minimum standards of basic labour rights: freedom of association, the right to organize, collective
bargaining, abolition of forced labour, equality of opportunity and treatment, and other standards
regulating conditions across the entire spectrum of work-related issues.

Essential characteristic: Tripartism - it is composed not only of government representatives but also of
employers’ and workers’ organizations.

ILO Philippine Membership - 26 June 1945

19 Mar 1948 – Philippine Senate passed Resolution No. 44 Country’s acceptance of ILO Constitution and
By-Laws. (Roxas Time)

Proc No. 67 signed on 19 May 1948 – Pres Quirino

15 Jun 1948 – Ph signed in as a member of ILO

INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENTS

(a) labor is not a commodity;

(b) freedom of expression and of association are essential to sustained progress;

(c) that poverty anywhere constitutes a danger to prosperity everywhere;

(d) the war against want requires to be carried on with unrelenting vigor within each nation, and by
continuous and concerted international effort in which the representatives of workers and employers,
enjoying equal status with those of governments, join with them in free discussion and democratic
decision with a view to the promotion of the common welfare.

Philippines is committed to pursue programmes:

(a) full employment and the raising of standards of living;

(b) policies in regard to wages and earnings, hours and other conditions of work calculated to
ensure a just share of the fruits of progress to all, and a minimum living wage to all employed and
in need of such protection;

(c) the effective recognition of the right of collective bargaining, the cooperation of management
and labour in the continuous improvement of productive efficiency, and the collaboration of
workers and employers in the preparation and application of social and economic measures;
 (d) the extension of social security measures to provide a basic income to all in need of such
protection.

ART. 3. DECLARATION OF BASIC POLICY

The State shall afford protection to labor, promote full employment, ensure equal work
opportunities regardless of sex, race or creed, and regulate the relations between workers and
employers. The State shall assure the rights of workers to self-organization, collective bargaining,
security of tenure, and just and humane conditions of work.

LABOR LAWS AND SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GOALS

Art 3 mentions 3 issues: Employment, Protection to labor, labor-management relations

All 3 are considered as SOCIAL ISSUES – concerns of labor laws because labor laws are devices for
social equity

Art 3 is not a goal but rather a statement of policy directions to achieve the goal of the national economy:
Equitable distribution of opportunities, income and wealth.

Labor laws, in other words, are a significant factor in a nation’s economy. They explain, partly but
weightily, why a nation is poor or prosperous, why a country is competitive or not in the global market.

The needs, the faults, and the goals of the economy cannot be ignored in formulating the labor laws,
otherwise, the labor laws become purposeless, socially irrelevant, or economically damaging.

INTERDEPENDENCE

It should not be deduced that the basic policy is to favor labor to prejudice capital. The plain reality is that
both sectors need each other. They are interdependent — one is inutile without the other.

ART. 4. CONSTRUCTION IN FAVOR OF LABOR

All doubts in the implementation and interpretation of the provisions of this Code, including its
implementing rules and regulations, shall be resolved in favor of labor.

INTERPRETATION AND CONSTRUCTION

Laborer’s Welfare; Liberal Approach

The policy is to extend the decree’s applicability to a greater number of employees to enable them to avail
of the benefits under the law, in consonance with the State’s avowed policy to give maximum aid and
protection to labor.

Concern for Lowly Worker

Law regards him with tenderness and even favor and always with faith and hope in his capacity to help in
shaping the nation’s future. He must not be taken for granted. He deserves abiding respect. How society
treats him determines whether the knife in his hands shall be a caring tool for beauty and progress or an
angry weapon of defiance and revenge.

Reason for According Greater Protection to Employees

there is no doubt that the employer stands on higher footing than the employee; the law must protect
labor, at least, to the extent of raising him to equal footing in bargaining relations with capital and to
shield

Justice, the Intention of the Law

The right to obtain justice is enjoyed by all members of society, rich or poor, worker or manager, alien or
citizen. It is not to be blinded or immobilized by the fact of one’s being economically underprivileged.

MANAGEMENT RIGHTS, BROADLY

Management also has its own rights which, as such, are entitled to respect and enforcement in the interest
of simple fair play. The Secretary of Labor is duly mandated to equally protect and respect not only the
laborer or worker’s side but also the management and/or employer’s side.

Limitations of management:

1. Law
2. Contract or collective bargaining agreements
3. General principles of fair play and justice

Fundamental management rights:

Right to ROI - The employer has the right to return of investments and to make profit

Right to Prescribe Rules - Company policies and regulations are, unless shown to be grossly oppressive or
contrary to law, generally binding and valid on the parties.

Right to Select Employees - He has a right under the law to full freedom in employing any person free to
accept employment from him, and this, except as restricted by valid statute or valid contract, at a wage
and under conditions agreeable to them.
The employer and the employee have thus an equality of right guaranteed by the Constitution. If the
employer can compel the employee to work against the latter’s will, this is servitude. If the employee can
compel the employer to give him work against the employer’s will, this is oppression.

Right to Transfer or Discharge Employees - An employer has the perfect right to transfer, reduce or lay
off personnel in order to minimize expenses and to insure the stability of the business, and even to close
the business.

ART. 5. RULES AND REGULATIONS

The Department of Labor and Employment and other government agencies charged with the
administration and enforcement of this Code or any of its parts shall promulgate the necessary
implementing rules and regulations. Such rules and regulations shall become effective fifteen (15) days
after announcement of their adoption in newspapers of general circulation.

Administrative regulations and policies enacted by administrative bodies to interpret the law
which they are entrusted to enforce have the force of law, and are entitled to great respect.

Concept of delegating the police power – Potestas delegati non delegare potest – Art 5 vests
DOLE with Rule Making powers.

ART. 6. APPLICABILITY

All rights and benefits granted to workers under this Code shall, except as may otherwise be provided
herein, apply alike to all workers, whether agricultural or non-agricultural.

APPLICABILITY TO GOVERNMENT CORPORATIONS

The ruling now is that the Labor Code applies to a government corporation incorporated under the
Corporation Code.

Earlier, in the 1985 ruling in National Housing Corporation vs. Juco, 134 SCRA 172, the Supreme
Court laid down the doctrine that employees of government-owned and/or controlled corporations,
whether chartered by Congress or formed under the general Corporation Law, were governed by the Civil
Service Law and not by the Labor Code.

This doctrine is now obsolete as it has been supplanted by the present [1987] Constitution, which
provides: “The Civil Service embraces all branches, subdivisions, instrumentalities and agencies of the
Government, including government-owned or controlled corporations with original charters.”

Government-owned and controlled corporations “with original charter” refer to corporations chartered by
special law from Congress as distinguished from corporations organized under our general incorporation
statute, the Corporation Code.
TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER GOCC IS SUBJECT TO CIVIL SERVICE LAW IS THE
MANNER OF ITS CREATION

GOCCs created by Congress = Civil Service Rules

GOCCs incorporated under the general Corporation Law = Labor Code

PNOC-EDC, FTI, NHA

PNOC-EDC = Philippine National Oil Corp. Energy Development Corp

FTI = Food Terminal Inc.

NHA = National Housing Authority (Incorporated under Act 1459)

NON APPLICABILITY TO GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

The terms governmental “agency” or “instrumentality” are synonymous in the sense that either of them is
a means by which a government acts, or by which a certain government act or function is performed. The
word “instrumentality,” with respect to the state, contemplates an authority to which the state delegates
government power for the performance of a state function.

EX. National Parks Development Committee employees are allowed under the 1987 constitution to
organize and join unions of their choice, there is no law permitting them to strike.

In cases of dispute between employees and the government, Sec 15 of EO 180 provides that the Public
Sector Labor-Management Council and not the DOLE shall hear the dispute.

EX 2: Employees of the SSS are Civil Service Employees. When they went on strike, the RTC and not
the NLRC had jurisdiction to enjoin the strike.

Note: State insurance fund do apply to government personnel covered by the GSIS.

APPLICABILITY WITHOUT EMPLOYER-EMPLOYEE RELATIONSHIP

Labor Code may apply even if the parties are not employers and employees of each other. In other words,
it is not correct to say that employment relationship is a pre-condition to the applicability of the Code.

When one speaks of employment benefits (e.g., overtime pay or rest day premium) or of unionization,
then surely employment relationship is an essential element. But when the issue, for instance, is an
indirect employer’s liability, or illegal recruitment, or misuse of POEA license, there is no employer-
employee relationship between the complainant and the respondent, and yet the pertinent Labor Code
provisions may be invoked. In short, the Labor Code applies with or without employment relationship
between the disputants, depending on the kind of issue involved.
 Chapter II

EMANCIPATION OF TENANTS

I. Law governing agrarian reform

II. Objectives of agrarian reform
III. Process and conditions observed to make a tenant-farmer an owner under agrarian reform
program

ART. 7. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES

Inasmuch as the old concept of land ownership by a few has spawned valid and legitimate grievances that
gave rise to violent conflict and social tension and the redress of such legitimate grievances being one of
the fundamental objectives of the New Society, it has become imperative to start reformation with the
emancipation of the tiller of the soil from his bondage.

ART. 8. TRANSFER OF LANDS TO TENANT-WORKERS

Being a valid part of the labor force, tenant-farmers on private agricultural lands primarily devoted
to rice and corn under a system of share crop or lease tenancy whether classified as landed estate or
not shall be deemed owner of a portion constituting a family-size farm of five (5) hectares if not
irrigated and three (3) hectares if irrigated. In all cases, the landowners may retain an area of not
more than seven (7) hectares if such landowner is cultivating such area or will now cultivate it.

ART. 9. DETERMINATION OF LAND VALUE

For the purpose of determining the cost of the land to be transferred to the tenant-farmer, the value of
the land shall be equivalent to two and one-half (2-1/2) times the average harvest of three (3) normal
crop years immediately preceding the promulgation of Presidential Decree No. 27 on October 21, 1972.

The total cost of the land, including interest at the rate of six percent (6%) per annum, shall be paid by
the tenant in fifteen (15) years of fifteen (15) equal annual amortizations. In case of default, the
amortizations due shall be paid by the farmers’ cooperative in which the defaulting tenant-farmer is a
member, with the cooperative having a right of recourse against him. The government shall guarantee
such amortizations with shares of stock in government-owned and government-controlled corporations.

ART. 10. CONDITIONS OF OWNERSHIP

No title to the land acquired by the tenant-farmer under Presidential Decree No. 27 shall be actually
issued to him unless and until he has become a full-fledged member of a duly recognized farmers’
cooperative. Title to the land acquired pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 27 or the Land Reform
Program of the Government shall not be transferable except by hereditary succession or to the
Government in accordance with the provisions of Presidential Decree No. 27, the Code of Agrarian
Reforms and other existing laws and regulations.

ART. 11. IMPLEMENTING AGENCY

The Department of Agrarian Reform shall promulgate the necessary rules and regulations to implement
the provisions of this Chapter

Notes: Labor Code touches agrarian reform inadequately in five articles only because it is a subject
governed principally by R.A. No. 6657 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988)

BOOK ONE

PRE-EMPLOYMENT

ART. 12. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES

It is the policy of the State:

(a) To promote and maintain a state of full employment through improved manpower training,
allocation and utilization;

(b) To protect every citizen desiring to work locally or overseas by securing for him the best
possible terms and condition of employment;

(c) To facilitate a free choice of available employment by persons seeking work in conformity
with the national interest;

(d) To facilitate and regulate the movement of workers in conformity with the national
interest;

(e) To regulate the employment of aliens, including the establishment of a registration and/or
work permit system;

(f) To strengthen the network of public employment offices and rationalize the participation of
the private sector in the recruitment and placement of workers, locally and overseas, to serve
national development objectives;

(g) To insure careful selection of Filipino workers for overseas employment in order to protect
the good name of the Philippines abroad.
The Administrative Code of 1987 (Executive Order No. 292) names the Department of Labor and
Employment as “the primary policy-making, programming, coordinating, and administrative entity
of the Executive Branch of the government in the field of labor and employment.” The
Administrative Code mandates DOLE to assume “primary responsibility” for:

a) The promotion of gainful employment opportunities and the optimization of the

development and utilization of the country’s manpower resources;

b) The advancement of worker’s welfare by providing for just and humane working
conditions and terms of employment;

c) The maintenance of industrial peace by promoting harmonious, equitable and stable

employment relations that assure protection for the rights of all concerned parties.

The DOLE agencies, offices, and bureaus are “clustered” correspondingly to DOLE’s areas of
responsibility.

The Regional Offices (ROs), headed by Regional Directors (RDs), are the DOLE frontline action centers.

Title I

RECRUITMENT AND PLACEMENT OF

WORKERS

Chapter I

GENERAL PROVISIONS

I. Agencies created to promote employment opportunities

II. POEA protects and assists OFWs
III. Adjudicatory jurisdiction over claims by OFWs
IV. RA 8042 – Significant amendments
V. POEA – approved employments contracts immutable

ART. 13. DEFINITIONS

(a) “Worker” means any member of the labor force, whether employed or unemployed.

(b) “Recruitment and placement” refers to any act of canvassing, enlisting, contracting,
transporting, utilizing, hiring or procuring workers, and includes referrals, contract services,
promising or advertising for employment, locally or abroad, whether for profit or not: Provided,
That any person or entity which, in any manner, offers or promises for a fee employment to two or
more persons shall be deemed engaged in recruitment and placement.
(c) “Private fee-charging employment agency” means any person or entity engaged in the
recruitment and placement of workers for a fee which is charged, directly or indirectly, from the
workers or employers or both.

(d) “License” means a document issued by the Department of Labor authorizing a person or entity
to operate a private employment agency.

(e) “Private recruitment entity” means any person or association engaged in the recruitment and
placement of workers, locally or overseas, without charging, directly or indirectly, any fee from the
workers or employers.

f) “Authority” means a document issued by the Department of Labor authorizing a person or

association to engage in recruitment and placement activities as a private recruitment entity.

(g) “Seaman” means any person employed in a vessel engaged in maritime navigation.

(h) “Overseas employment” means employment of a worker outside the Philippines.

(i) “Emigrant” means any person, worker or otherwise, who emigrates to a foreign country by
virtue of an immigrant visa or resident permit or its equivalent in the country of destination.

ARTICLE 13(b) CONSTRUED; WHAT CONSTITUTES RECRUITMENT

AND PLACEMENT

People vs. Panis, 142 SCRA 664 (1986) —

Facts: Four separate criminal complaints were filed against Abug for operating a fee-charging
employment agency without first securing a license. But Abug argued that the complaints did not charge
an offense as he was charged with illegally recruiting only one person in each of the four informations.
Abug claimed that under Article 13(b) there would be illegal recruitment only when two or more persons
in any manner were promised or offered any employment for a fee.

Ruling: The Court ruled that the number of persons is not an essential ingredient of the act of recruitment
and placement of workers. — “As we see it, the proviso was intended neither to impose a condition on the
basic rule nor to provide an exception thereto but merely to create a presumption. The presumption is that
the individual or entity is engaged in recruitment and placement whenever he or it is dealing with two or
more persons to whom, in consideration of a fee, an offer or promise of employment is made in the course
of the “canvassing, enlisting, contracting, transporting, utilizing, hiring or procuring (of) workers.” The
number of persons dealt with is not an essential ingredient of the act of recruitment and placement of
workers. Any of the acts mentioned in the basic rule in Article 13(b) will constitute recruitment and
placement even if only one prospective worker is involved. The proviso merely lays down a rule of
evidence that where a fee is collected in consideration of a promise or offer of employment to two or
more prospective workers, the individual or entity dealing with them shall be deemed to be engaged in the
act of recruitment and placement. The words ‘shall be deemed’ create that presumption.

People vs. Goce

To prove that the accused was engaged in recruitment activities, it must be shown that the accused gave
the complainant the distinct impression that she had the power or ability to send the complainant abroad
for work, such that the latter was convinced to part with her money in order to be so employed. Where
such act or representation is not proven, there is no recruitment activity and conviction for illegal
recruitment has no basis.

Darvin vs. C.A. and People of the Philippines

The Court noted the lack of evidence to prove that the accused offered a job to complainant-respondent. It
was established, instead, that the complainant gave P150,000.00 to the accused-appellant for payment of
air fare and US visa and other expenses. The receipt for the P150,000.00 stated that it was “for Air Fare
and visa to USA.” The Court through Justice Romero concluded:

“By themselves, procuring a passport, airline tickets and foreign visa for another individual, without
more, can hardly qualify as recruitment activities.”

ART. 14. EMPLOYMENT PROMOTION

The Secretary of Labor shall have the power and authority:

(a) To organize and establish new employment offices in addition to the existing employment
offices under the Department of Labor as the need arises;

(b) To organize and establish a nationwide job clearance and information system to inform
applicants registering with a particular employment office of job opportunities in other parts of
the country as well as job opportunities abroad;

(c) To develop and organize a program that will facilitate occupational, industrial and
geographical mobility of labor and provide assistance in the relocation of workers from one
area to another; and

(d) To require any person, establishment, organization or institution to submit such

employment information as may be prescribed by the Secretary of Labor.

DOLE carries out programs for local and overseas employment. Effective allocation of manpower
resources in local employment is assigned to the BLE (Bureau of Local Employment) and to POEA
(Philippine Overseas Employment Administration) for overseas employment.
 ART. 15. BUREAU OF EMPLOYMENT SERVICES

(a) The Bureau of Employment Services (Now BLE) shall be primarily responsible for developing
and monitoring a comprehensive employment program.

It shall have the power and duty:

1. To formulate and develop plans and programs to implement the employment promotion
objectives of this Title;

2. To establish and maintain a registration and/or licensing system to regulate private sector
participation in the recruitment and placement of workers, locally and overseas, and to secure the
best possible terms and conditions of employment for Filipino contract workers and compliance
therewith under such rules and regulations as may be issued by the Department of Labor and
Employment; - Amended by DO 141-14. Now POEA no longer under BLE.

3. To formulate and develop employment programs designed to benefit disadvantaged

groups and communities;

4. To establish and maintain a registration and/or work permit system to regulate the
employment of aliens;

5. To develop a labor market information system in aid of proper manpower and development
planning;

6. To develop a responsible vocational guidance and testing system in aid of proper human
resources allocation; and

7. To maintain a central registry of skills, except seamen.

Comments:

LOCAL EMPLOYMENT

History: To achieve SOCIAL JUSTICE as a goal – through the availability of jobs.

Article 15 - requires the Department of Labor and Employment to promote employment

opportunities.

Task initiated and given by PD No. 850 – Bureau of Employment Services, replaced by
the Bureau of Local Employment (BLE) through EO 797.

EO 797 also created the POEA – which consolidated the overseas employment
functions of the BES as well as the Overseas Employment Development Board (OEDB)
under Article 17 and National Seamen Board (NSB) under Article 20.

Administrative Order no. 186 (1987) , the Secretary of Labor devolved to the DOLE
regional offices the line functions of the BLE – The regional offices now handles the
 licensing of local recruitment agencies and issuance of work permits to non-resident
aliens and of employment registration certificates to resident aliens.

BLE has issued the Rules and Regulations Governing Local Employment, which is
reproduced in Book I of the Implementing Rules in this volume (Azucena).

DO no. 141-14 contains the Revised Rules and Regulations Governing Recruitment and
Placement for Local Employment. The reference to “overseas” recruitment and
placement now pertains to POEA, not BLE in article 15 (a, 2)

PRPA – Private Recruitment and Placement Agency

The agency that recruits applicants for local employment.

Definition of PRPA – The BLE Rules define PRPA as any individual, partnership,
corporation or entity engaged in the recruitment and placement of persons for local
employment.

PRPA secures license from a DOLE regional office – The license is nontransferable to
other persons or entities but valid nationwide for two (2) years and renewable.

Prior to approval of the license, an applicant for license to operate a private employment
agency for local employment shall post cash bond and surety bond – Bonds and Surety
valid for two (2) years and will answer for all valid and legal claims arising from the
illegal use of the license and shall likewise guarantee compliance with the provision sof
the Labor Code and its Implementing Rules.

Under BLE regulations – a license PRPA may charge a worker placement fee which
shall not exceed 20% of the worker’s first month’s basic salary, chargeable after
actual commencement of employment.

NOTE: Kasambahay Law (RA 10361) sec 13:

Regardless of whether the domestic worker was hired through a private

employment agency or a third party, no share in the recruitment or finder’s fee
shall be charged against the domestic worker by the said private employment
agency or third party.

Service Fee Chargeable to Employer (never to worker)

PRPA may charge the employer service fee which shall not exceed twenty
percent (20%) of the annual salary of the worker. In no case shall the service fee be
deducted from the worker’s salary.

Transportation expenses of the worker from place of origin to the place of work
shall be charged against the employer and shall in no case shall be deducted from
worker’s salary.
 The PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT SERVICE OFFICE (PESO)

RA 8759 (2000) – Requires establishment of a public employment service office (PESO)

in capital towns, cities and other strategic areas.

PESO will serve as

1. Employment service and information center in its area of operation.

2. It regularly obtains lists of job vacancies from employers, publicizes them,
invites and evaluates applicants, and refers them for probable hiring.
3. It also provides training and educational guidance and employment
counseling services.
4. The PESO also renders special services to the public such as holding of
(job fairs) livelihood and self-employment bazaars;
5. special credit assistance for placed overseas workers;
6. special program for employment of students (SPES) during summer or
semestral breaks
7. work appreciation seminars and conferences;
8. hiring of workers in infrastructure projects (WHIP) – Pursuant to RA 6885
a. Requires the Department of Public Works and Highways and private
contractors to hire 30 percent of skilled and 50 percent unskilled
labor requirements from the area where the project is being
undertaken.

ART. 16. PRIVATE RECRUITMENT

Except as provided in Chapter II of this Title, no person or entity, other than the public employment
offices, shall engage in the recruitment and placement of workers.

NOTES:

AUTHORIZED ENTITIES

EXCEPTION: Article 25 provides a broad exception as it states that “the private employment sector
shall participate in the recruitment and placement of workers, locally and overseas.”

Article 18 generally prohibits direct hiring for overseas employment, it also recognizes a number of
exceptions.

The following entities are authorized to recruit and place workers for local or overseas employment:

a. public employment offices (PESO)

b. private employment agencies

 c. shipping or manning agents or representatives

d. the POEA

e. construction contractors if authorized to operate by DOLE and the Construction Industry

Authority

f. members of the diplomatic corps although hirings done by them have to be processed through
the POEA

g. other persons or entities as may be authorized by the DOLE secretary

ART. 17. OVERSEAS EMPLOYMENT DEVELOPMENT BOARD

An Overseas Employment Development Board is hereby created to undertake, in cooperation with

relevant entities and agencies, a systematic program for overseas employment of Filipino workers
in excess of domestic needs and to protect their rights to fair and equitable employment practices.

It shall have the power and duty:

1. To promote the overseas employment of Filipino workers through a comprehensive

market promotion and development program;

2. To secure the best possible terms and conditions of employment of Filipino contract
workers on a government-to-government basis and to ensure compliance therewith;

3. To recruit and place workers for overseas employment on a government-to-government

arrangement and in such other sectors as policy may dictate; and

4. To act as secretariat for the Board of Trustees of the Welfare and Training Fund for
Overseas Workers.

OVERSEAS EMPLOYMENT, A BRIEF HISTORY

1. Began in the 1900s when Hawaii experienced severe manpower shortage – 200 Filipinos initially
went there and were followed by many more until they formed about 70% of Hawaii’s plantation
labor.
2. Filipinos became in demand in California as apple and orange pickers – gained reputation as fruit
pickers – prompted plantation owners to increase incentives for manpower recruitment in the
Philippines.
3. After WWII – Filipino workers went to Guam, Okinawa, Wake Islands as construction workers
and laborers in US military stations.
4. Canada and Australia hiring professionals. Borneo, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia also
opened their labor markets for construction and logging personnel.
5. Mostly middle east in 1983 – 500K employment contracts processed for overseas jobs
 6. Hong Kong – biggest labor market in Asia – Singapore and Malaysia also opening more
employment opportunities for skilled and professional Filipino workers.

LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND OF OVERSEAS EMPLOYMENT

Act No. 2486 was the first law passed by the Philippine Legislature in 1915 related to overseas
employment. This law provided for license issuance and license fee and welfare regulations, such as
prohibiting minors (under 15 years) to work abroad without the parent’s written consent, prohibiting
recruitment of non-Christians for exhibition or display and provision of transportation for returning
workers who are physically unfit or have finished serving the contract. This became the basis of the
government’s policy on overseas employment from 1915 up to the advent of the Labor Code in 1975.

P.D. No. 442 (the Labor Code) paved the way for a stricter government regulation of the overseas
employment industry. The Overseas Employment Development Board (OEDB) and the National
Seamen Board (NSB) were created to implement a more systematic deployment of land-based and sea-
based workers to other countries. P.D. No. 442 initially aimed at giving the government complete
control of the overseas employment program.

Under P.D. No. 1412, to cope with the great demand for workers in the Middle East, the government had
to revive private sector participation in the recruitment and placement of Filipino workers. The
government’s recruitment role was thus limited to government-to-government arrangements.

E.O. No. 797 was passed in 1982 aimed at streamlining operations in the overseas employment program.
The OEDB, NSB, and the overseas employment program of the Bureau of Employment Services were
united in a single structure — the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA).

E.O. No. 247, also known as the Reorganization Act of POEA, was passed in 1987 (after the EDSA
revolt) in response to the government’s call for a more efficient delivery of public service. One of the
more important provisions of this Order is the strengthening of the worker’s protection and welfare and a
tighter regulation of the private sector’s recruitment activities.

R.A. No. 8042, approved on June 7, 1995, is known as the “Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act
of 1995.” This law institutes the policies on overseas employment and establishes a higher standard of
protection and promotion of the welfare of migrant workers, their families, and of overseas Filipinos in
distress.

R.A. No. 10022, which lapsed into law on March 8, 2010, further improves the standard of protection and
promotion of welfare provided under R.A. No. 8042

OVERSEAS EMPLOYMENT POLICY

“Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995” (R.A. No. 8042) was passed during the Ramos
Administration.

Policies on Migrant Workers

R.A. No. 8042 as amended by R.A. No. 10022 states the policies on overseas Filipinos and migrant
workers in particular. Summarized, they are as follows:

(a) The State shall, at all times, uphold the dignity of its citizens whether in country or overseas, in
general, and Filipino migrant workers, in particular, and endeavor to enter into bilateral agreements
with countries hosting overseas Filipino workers.

(b) The State shall afford full protection to labor, local and overseas, organized and unorganized , and
promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities for all.

(c) While recognizing the significant contributions of Filipino migrant workers to the national
economy through their foreign exchange remittances, the State does not promote overseas
employment as a means to sustain economic growth and achieve national development. The State,
therefore, shall continuously create local employment opportunities and promote the equitable
distribution of wealth and the benefits of development.

(d) The State affirms the fundamental equality before the law of women and men and the significant role
of women in nation-building. The State shall apply gender-sensitive criteria in the formulation and
implementation of policies and programs.

(e) Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied
to any person by reason of poverty. The rights and interest of distressed overseas Filipinos, in general,
and Filipino migrant workers, in particular, whether regular/documented or irregular/undocumented,
shall be adequately protected and safeguarded.

(f) Filipino migrant workers and all overseas Filipinos have the right to participate in the democratic
decision-making processes of the State and to be represented in institutions relevant to overseas
employment.

(g) The State recognizes that the most effective tool for empowerment is the possession of skills by
migrant workers. The government shall provide them free and accessible skills development and
enhancement programs. The government shall deploy and/or allow the deployment only of skilled
Filipino workers. (As amended by R.A. No. 10022)

(h) The State recognizes [that] non-governmental organizations, trade unions, workers associations,
recruitment and manning agencies and similar entities duly recognized as legitimate, are partners of the
State in the protection of Filipino migrant workers and in the promotion of their welfare.

(i) Government fees and other administrative costs of recruitment, introduction, placement and assistance
to migrant workers shall be rendered free without prejudice to the provision of Section 36 of R.A. No.
8042. – Non increase of fees; abolition of repatriation bond.

OFWs: Land-based or Sea-based

OFW’s are classified by DOLE as either land-based or seabased.

Sea-Based OFW’s (or seamen) are those employed in a vessel engaged in maritime navigation. Sea-
based work pertains to ship operations like navigation, engineering, maintenance, including a variety of
occupations from kitchen staff to on-board entertainment in large vessel ships.

Land-Based OFW’s are contract workers other than a seaman including workers engaged in offshore
activities whose occupation requires that majority of his working/ gainful hours are spent on land.
Occupations in the land-based categories are broader, covering all the skill areas one can think of from
house cleaners to entertainers to managers.

The land-based group constitutes the great majority of OFWs

Selective Deployment

R.A. No. 8042, in stark contrast, requires certain guarantee of protection in country destinations of OFWs.

Following are guarantees of the receiving country for the protection of the OFW:

(a) It has existing labor and social laws protecting the rights of workers, including
migrant workers;

(b) It is a signatory to and/or a ratifier of multilateral conventions, declarations or

resolutions relating to the protection of workers, including migrant workers; and

(c) It has concluded a bilateral agreement or arrangement with the government on

the protection of the rights of overseas Filipino Workers:

Provided, That the receiving country is taking positive, concrete measures to protect
the rights of migrant workers in furtherance of any of the guarantees under
subparagraphs (a), (b) and (c) hereof.

DFA function: Department of Foreign Affairs, through its foreign posts, shall issue a certification to the
POEA, specifying therein the pertinent provisions of the receiving country’s labor/social law , or the
convention/declaration/resolution, or the bilateral agreement/ arrangement which protect the rights
of migrant workers.

SANCTIONS: The members of the POEA Governing Board who actually voted in favor of an order
allowing the deployment of migrant workers without any of the aforementioned guarantees shall suffer
the penalties of removal or dismissal from service with disqualification to hold any appointive
public office for five (5) years.

Government official or employee responsible for the issuance of the permit or for allowing the
deployment of migrant workers in violation of this section and in direct contravention of an order by
the POEA Governing Board prohibiting deployment shall be meted the same penalties in this section.

POEA Governing Board, after consultation with DFA may terminate, impose a ban on the deployment of
Migrant Workers.
 THE POEA; OVERVIEW OF ITS FUNCTIONS AND POWERS

Philippine Overseas Employment Administration has taken over the functions of OEDB and the
NSB

POEA was reorganized by E.O. No. 247 (24 Jul 1987) -

Principal functions of the POEA include:

1. Formulation, implementation, and monitoring of policies and programs on overseas

employment of Filipino workers.
2. POEA is the protector of overseas workers’ rights to fair and equitable employment practices.
3. Additional function of POEA is the deployment of Filipino workers through government-to-
government hiring.
4. POEA performs administrative, regulatory and enforcement, as well as limited adjudicatory
functions.

POEA has extended its services nationally through its regional extension units to process vacationing
workers, register sea-based workers, and participate in government hiring through manpower pooling.

REALIGNMENT OF POEA JURISDICTION

Before passage of RA 8042 – Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995. POEA had original
and exclusive jurisdiction to hear and decide the following kinds of cases:

a. Recruitment Violation and Related cases consisting of all pre-employment cases which are
administrative in character, involving or arising out of recruitment laws, rules and regulations,
including money claims therefrom or violations of the conditions for issuance of license to recruit
workers.
b. Employer-Employee Relations cases consisting of all claims arising out of an employer-employee
relationship or by virtue of any law or contract involving Filipino workers in overseas
employment, such as but not limited to:
1. Violation of the terms and conditions of employment;
2. Disputes relating to the implementation and interpretation of employment contracts;
3. Money claims of workers against their employers and duly authorized agents in the
Philippines or vice versa;
4. Claims for death, disability and other benefits arising out of employment; and
5. Violation/s of or noncompliance with any compromise agreement entered into by and
between the parties in an overseas employment contract.
c. Disciplinary Action cases consisting of all complaints against a contract worker for breach of
discipline.2 The disciplinary action may take the form of warning, repatriation, suspension, or
disqualification from the overseas employment program, or inclusion in the POEA blacklist.

RA 8042 has transferred employer – employee relations cases from the POEA to the NLRC (Labor
Court)
Among the cases now in the hands of labor arbiters are money claims arising from pretermination
of the employment contract without valid cause. In such a case, Sec. 10 of R.A. No. 8042 entitles the
OFW to “reimbursement of his placement fee with interest plus his salary for either (1) the
unexpired portion of the employment contract or (2) for three months for every year of the
unexpired term, whichever is less.

This quoted provision has been the subject of cases that will be taken up under Article 224. But it is
important to note here that the three-month option has been declared unconstitutional in a
Supreme Court ruling in 2009.

PRESENT JURISDICTION OF THE POEA

POEA retains original and exclusive jurisdiction ot hear and decide:

A. ALL CASES which are ADMINSITRATIVE in character, involving or arising out of

violations of rules and regulations relating to licensing and registration of recruitment and
employment or entities;

POEA Jurisdiction over Administrative or Regulatory Cases

POEA retains the power to regulate the private sector participation in the
recruitment and overseas placement of workers through its licensing and
registration system. This function is taken up further under Article 25.

B. DISCIPLINARY ACTION CASES and other special cases which are administrative in
character, involving employers, principals, contracting partners and Filipino migrant workers.

POEA Jurisdiction over Disciplinary Cases

Rule VII of Book VII of the POEA Rules provides that complaints for breach of
discipline against a contract worker shall be filed with the Adjudication Office or
Regional Office of the POEA, as the case may be.

POEA may motu proprio undertake disciplinary action against a worker for
breach of discipline. It shall establish a system of watching and blacklisting of
overseas contract workers.

Secs. 6 and 7, Rule VII, Book VII of the POEA Rules and Regulations (1991)
provide:

“Sec. 6. Disqualification of Contract Workers. Contract workers, including

seamen, against whom have been imposed or with pending obligations imposed
upon them through an order, decision, or resolution shall be included in the
POEA Blacklist Workers shall be disqualified from overseas employment unless
properly cleared by Administrator or until their suspension is served or lifted.
 Sec. 7. Delisting of the Contract Worker’s Name from the POEA Watchlist.
The name of an overseas worker may be excluded, deleted and removed from the
POEA Watchlist only after disposition of the case by the Administration.

Grounds for Disciplinary Action

Commission by the worker of any of the offenses enumerated below or of similar offenses while working
overseas shall be subject to appropriate disciplinary actions as the POEA may deem necessary ( Sec 145
of the 2016 POEA Rules):

a. Commission of a felony punishable by Philippine laws or by the laws of the host

country;

b. Drug addiction or possession or trafficking of prohibited drugs;

c. Desertion or abandonment;

d. Drunkenness, especially where the laws of the host country prohibit intoxicating
drinks;

e. Gambling, especially where the laws of the host country prohibit the same;

f. Initiating or joining a strike or work stoppage where the laws of the host country
prohibit strikes or similar actions;

g. Creating trouble at the worksite or in the vessel;

h. Embezzlement of company funds or of moneys and properties of a fellow worker

entrusted for delivery to kins or relatives in the Philippines;

i. Theft or robbery;

j. Prostitution;

k. Vandalism or destroying company property;

l. Gunrunning or possession of deadly weapons;

m. Unjust refusal to depart for the worksite after all employment and travel documents
have been duly approved by the appropriate government agency/ies; and

n. Violation/s of the laws and sacred practices of the host country and unjustified
breach of government-approved employment contract by a worker.

To Whom Appealable
POEA decisions on cases within its jurisdiction are appealable not to the NLRC nor directly to the Court
of Appeals but to the Secretary of Labor.

POEA Rules and Regulations of 2016: “The Office of the DOLE Secretary shall have exclusive
jurisdiction to act on appeals cases decided by the Administration (POEA).” – The Secretary’s
appellate jurisdiction is part of its power of supervision and control recognized by the Revised
Administrative Code of 1987.

OUTSIDE OF POEA JURISDICTION

No Jurisdiction to Enforce Foreign Judgment

POEA has no jurisdiction to hear and decide a claim for enforcement of a foreign judgment. Such a claim
must be brought before the regular courts.

The POEA is not a court, it is an administrative agency, exercising, inter alia, adjudicatory or quasi-
judicial functions. Neither the rules of procedure nor the rules of evidence which are mandatorily
applicable in proceedings before courts, are observed in proceedings before the POEA.

No Jurisdiction Over Torts

Mckenzie, et al. vs. Cui, G.R. No. 48831

The Supreme Court affirmed the order of the trial court, that is, the court (not POEA) has jurisdiction
over the case. Aguedo’s complaint reveals his intention to seek and claim protection under the Civil Code
and not under the Labor Code. The items demanded are not labor benefits such as wages, overtime, or
separation pay, but are items claimed as natural consequences of such dismissal. His complaint is
denominated as “damages” as a consequence of his alleged summary dismissal by Kraamer. Moreover, in
his opposition to the motion to dismiss, he cites Articles 2197, 2200, 2219 and adds the relevant articles
on Human Relations: Articles 19, 21, 24 and 32 of the Civil Code to support his claim for damages. [This
kind of case is not within POEA’s jurisdiction].

ART. 18. BAN ON DIRECT-HIRING

No employer may hire a Filipino worker for overseas employment except through the Boards and
entities authorized by the Department of Labor and Employment. Direct-hiring by members of the
diplomatic corps, international organizations and such other employers as may be allowed by the
Department of Labor and Employment is exempted from this provision.

COMMENTS
Direct hiring of Filipino workers by a foreign employer is not allowed except direct hiring by members of
the diplomatic corps and others mentioned in this Article.

Additional Exception are “name hirees” - or those individual workers who are able to secure contracts
for overseas employment on their own efforts and representation without the assistance or
participation of any agency. Their hiring, nonetheless, has to be processed through the POEA.

Name hires should register with the POEA by submitting the following documents:

(a) Employment contract;

(b) Valid passport;

(c) Employment visa or work permit, or equivalent document;

(d) Certificate of medical fitness; and

(e) Certificate of attendance to the required employment orientation/briefing

ART. 19. OFFICE OF EMIGRANT AFFAIRS – ABOLISHED

(a) Pursuant to the national policy to maintain close ties with Filipino migrant communities and
promote their welfare as well as establish a data bank in aid of national manpower policy
formulation, an Office of Emigrant Affairs is hereby created in the Department of Labor. The
Office shall be a unit at the Office of the Secretary and shall initially be manned, and operated by
such personnel and through such funding as are available within the Department and its attached
agencies. Thereafter, its appropriation shall be made part of the regular General Appropriations
Decree.

(b) The office shall, among others, promote the well-being of emigrants and maintain their close
link to the homeland by:

1) serving as a liaison with migrant communities;

2) providing welfare and cultural services;

3) promoting and facilitating re-international of migrants into the national mainstream;

4) promoting economic, political and cultural ties with the communities; and

5) undertaking such activities as may be appropriate to enhance such cooperative links.

Pertinent functions were transferred to the Commission on Filipinos Overseas by BP Blg 79 (1980)

1. The CFO provides advice and assistance to the President of the Philippines and the Congress
in the formulation of policies and measures affecting Filipinos overseas.
2. It also formulates, in coordination with agencies concerned, an integrated program for the
promotion of the welfare of Filipinos overseas for implementation by suitable existing agencies.
 3. Attached to the Department of Foreign Affairs, the CFO has five members appointed by the
President, one of whom is the Minister of Foreign Affairs as ex-officio member. Other ministers
may be appointed as ex-officio members. From among them, the President designates the
chairman and the vice-chairman.

ART. 20. NATIONAL SEAMEN BOARD – NSB ABOLISHED

(a) A National Seamen Board is hereby created which shall develop and maintain a
comprehensive program for Filipino seamen employed overseas. It shall have the power and
duty:

1. To provide free placement services for seamen;

2. To regulate and supervise the activities of agents or representatives of shipping

companies in the hiring of seamen for overseas employment; and secure the best possible
terms of employment for contract seamen workers and secure compliance therewith;

3. To maintain a complete registry of all Filipino seamen.

(b) The Board shall have original and exclusive jurisdiction over all matters or cases including
money claims, involving employer-employee relations, arising out of or by virtue of any law or
contracts involving Filipino seamen for overseas employment. The decision of the Board shall
be appealable to the National Labor Relations Commission upon the same grounds provided in
Article 223 hereof. The decisions of the National Labor Relations Commission shall be final and
unappealable. – NSB > POEA > NLRC

COMMENTS AND CASES

NSB NOW POEA (Adjudicatory moved to NLRC)

Executive Order No. 797 (issued on May 1, 1982) abolished the National Seamen Board and
transferred its functions to the POEA.

The NSB’s “original and exclusive jurisdiction” mentioned in paragraph (b) of this Article has since
been exercised by the POEA

But, as already pointed out in comments under Article 17, this adjudicatory jurisdiction of the POEA
has been moved to the NLRC by R.A. No. 8042 since 1995.

ARTICLE 20 CONSTRUED; SEAMEN’S EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS AND THE

INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT FEDERATION (ITF)
Article 20, no. 2, requires the National Seamen Board (now POEA) to “secure the best possible terms of
employment for contract seamen workers and secure compliance therewith.” The implications of
this article are illustrated in the following cases which also rule on the question of immutability
(changeability) of seamen’s standard contract.

CASES:

Wallem Shipping, Inc. vs. Ministry of Labor

Some seamen who were hired for ten months were dismissed before the expiration of the period. The
employer defended the dismissal by alleging that the seamen had conspired with the International
Transport Federation (ITF) in coercing the ship authorities to pay the seamen the worldwide rate, instead
of the lower Far East rate as provided in their contracts of employment. It further charged that the seamen
threatened the ship authorities that unless they would agree to the increased wages, the ship would not be
able to leave port; it would be picketed or boycotted and declared a “hot” ship by the ITF. The employer
therefore claimed that the dismissal of the seamen was justified because the latter, in threatening the ship
authorities in acceding to their demands, were guilty of serious misconduct.

The Supreme Court ruled against the employer, noting that the records failed to establish clearly
the commission of any threat.

“But even if there had been such a threat, respondents (the seamen’s) behavior should not be
censured because it is but natural for them to employ some means of pressing their
demands on the petitioner, who refused to abide with the terms of the Special Agreement, to
honor and respect the same. They were only acting in the exercise of their rights, and to deprive
them of their freedom of expression is contrary to law and public policy. There is no serious
misconduct to speak of in the case at bar which would justify respondents’ dismissal just because
of their firmness in their demand for the fulfillment by petitioner of the obligation it entered into
without any coercion, especially on the part of private respondents.”

“On the other hand, it is the petitioner [employer] who is guilty of breach of contract when it
dismissed the respondents without just cause and prior to the expiration of the employment
contracts. As the records clearly show, petitioner voluntarily entered into the Special
Agreement with ITF and by virtue thereof the crew men were actually given their salary
differentials in view of the new rates. It cannot be said that it was because of respondents’ fault
that petitioner made a sudden turnabout and refuse to honor the Special Agreement.”

Vir-Jen Shipping and Marine Services vs. NLRC

Facts: Certain seamen entered into a contract of employment for a 12-month period. Some three months
after the commencement of their employment, the seamen demanded a 50% increase of their salaries
and benefits. The seamen demanded this increase while their vessel was en route to a port in Australia
controlled by the International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF) where the ITF could detain the vessel
unless it paid its seamen the ITF rates.
The agent of the owner of the vessel agreed to pay a 25% increase, but when the vessel arrived in Japan
shortly afterwards, the seamen were repatriated to Manila and their contracts were terminated.

The NSB upheld the cancellation of the contracts of employment of the seamen, but on appeal the NLRC
ruled that the termination was illegal. Subsequently, the Second Division of the Supreme Court reversed
the NLRC decision, that is, the seamen’s dismissal was held legal. The Division denied the two motions
for reconsideration but another motion for reconsideration was filed with the Supreme Court en banc
which gave it due course because there was a need to reconcile the decision of the Second Division with
that of the First Division in Wallem Shipping, Inc. vs. Minister of Labor [see above], which had ruled that
the termination of the seamen was illegal.

Ruling: Taking a position similar to that of the First Division, the Supreme Court en banc found the
termination of the seamen’s contract illegal. Through Mr. Justice Gutierrez, the Court, in patriotic
language declared:

The contention that manning industries in the Philippines would not survive if the instant case is not
decided in favor of the petitioner is not supported by evidence. The Wallem case was decided on
February 20, 1981. There have been no severe repercussions, no drying up of employment opportunities
for seamen, and none of the dire consequences repeatedly emphasized by the petitioner. Why should Vir-
Jen be an exception?

Filipino seamen are admittedly as competent and reliable as seamen from any other country in the world;
otherwise, there would not be so many of them in the vessels sailing in every ocean and sea on this globe.
It is competence and reliability, not cheap labor that makes our seamen so greatly in demand. Filipino
seamen have never demanded the same high salaries as seamen from the United States, the United
Kingdom, Japan and other developed nations. But certainly they are entitled to government protection
when they ask for fair and decent treatment by their employers and when they exercise the right to
petition for improved terms of employment, especially when they feel that these are substandard or
are capable of improvement according to internationally accepted rules.

Prescinding from the above, we now hold that neither the National Seamen Board nor the National Labor
Relations Commission should as a matter of official policy, legitimize and enforce dubious arrangements
where shipowners and seamen enter into fictitious contracts similar to the addendum agreements or side
contracts in this case whose purpose is to deceive. The Republic of the Philippines and its ministries and
agencies should present a more honorable and proper posture in official acts to the whole world,
notwithstanding our desire to have as many job openings both here and abroad for our workingmen, no
less than our dignity as a people and the welfare of our workingmen must proceed from the Batasang
Pambansa in the form of policy legislation, not from administrative rule making or adjudication. Another
issue raised by the movants is whether or not the seamen violated their contracts of employment.

The form contracts approved by the National Seamen Board [now POEA] are designed to protect
Filipinos, not foreign shipowners who can take care of themselves. The standard forms embody the
basic minimums which must be incorporated as parts of the employment contract. They are not
collective bargaining agreements or immutable contracts which the parties cannot improve upon or
modify in the course of the agreed peril of time. To state, therefore, that the affected seamen cannot
petition their employer for higher salaries during the 12-month duration of the contract runs counter to
established principles of labor legislation. The National Labor Relations Commission, as the appellate
tribunal from the decision of the National Seamen Board, correctly ruled that the seamen did not violate
their contracts to warrant their dismissal.

Suzara vs. Benipayo, G.R. No. 57999; Suzara vs. National Labor Relations Commission, August 1,
1989

Facts: A group of Filipino seamen entered into separate contracts of employment with Magsaysay Lines
at specified salary rates. When they arrived at Vancouver, Canada, the seamen demanded and received
additional wages prescribed by the International Transport Workers Federation (ITF) in amounts over and
above the rates appearing in their employment contract approved earlier by the National Seamen Board.

When the vessel docked at Nagoya, an NSB representative boarded the vessel. He called a meeting
among the seamen, and urged them to sign an agreement, which they did. It turned out that in the
agreement the following statement was inserted: “the amounts were received and held by crew members
in trust for shipowners.”

When the vessel reached Manila, Magsaysay Lines demanded from the seamen the “overpayments” made
to them in Canada. When they refused, it filed charges against them before the NSB.

NSB declared the seamen guilty of breach of their employment contracts and suspended the seamen for
three years, prompting the workers to bring the case up to the Supreme Court.

Ruling: The Supreme Court reversed and set aside the decisions of the NSB and the NLRC. It held that
the seamen were not guilty of the offenses for which they were charged and ordered Magsaysay Lines to
pay the seamen their earned but unpaid wages and overtime pay according to the rates in the Special
Agreement that the parties entered into in Vancouver. The criminal cases were ordered dismissed. The
Court reiterated the Vir-Jen pronouncements.

INVALID SIDE AGREEMENT

An agreement that diminishes the employee’s pay and benefits as contained in a POEA-approved contract
is void, unless such subsequent agreement is approved by POEA.

CASE:

Chavez vs. Bonto-Perez, Rayala, et al., G.R. No. 109808, March 1, 1995

Facts: Petitioner Chavez, hired as an entertainment dancer in Japan, entered into a standard employment
contract through a Philippine placement agency for two (2) to six (6) months, at a monthly compensation
of US$1,500.00. The POEA approved the contract. Subsequently, however, petitioner executed a side
agreement with her Japanese employer stipulating a monthly salary of $750, and authorizing the employer
to deduct $250 as commission of her manager. The salary therefore became Five hundred dollars ($500)
only.
She returned to the Philippines on June 14, 1989. On February 21, 1991, she filed a complaint, seeking
payment of US$6,000.00, representing the unpaid portion of her basic salary for six months. The POEA
Administrator dismissed the complaint, holding that the agreement for a monthly salary of $750 was
valid. Moreover, the POEA adjudged the complainant petitioner guilty of laches or delay in filing her
complaint about two years after her employment. On appeal, the NLRC upheld the POEA’s decision.
Chavez petitioned for review.

Ruling: The Supreme Court, in a decision penned by Mr. Justice Puno, reversed those of the POEA and
the NLRC, and ruled:

Firstly, we hold that the managerial commission agreement executed by petitioner [Chavez] to authorize
her Japanese employer to deduct US$250.00 from her monthly basic salary is void because it is against
our existing laws, morals and public policy. It cannot supersede the standard employment contract of
December 1, 1988 approved by the POEA with the following stipulation appended thereto: “It is
understood that the terms and conditions stated in this Employment Contract are in conformance with the
Standard Employment Contract for Entertainers prescribed by the POEA under Memorandum Circular
No. 2, Series of 1986. Any alterations or changes made in any part of this contract without prior approval
by the POEA shall be null and void.” (Emphasis supplied.)

Clearly, the basic salary of US$1,500.00 guaranteed to petitioner under the parties’ standard employment
contract is in accordance with the minimum employment standards with respect to wages set by the
POEA. Thus, the side agreement which reduced petitioner’s basic wage to US$750.00 is null and void for
violating the POEA’s minimum employment standards, and for not having been approved by the POEA.

Secondly, the doctrine of laches or “stale demands” cannot be applied to petitioner.

DELAY IN FILING CLAIM

In the above-cited case of Chavez, the Court explained why the claim, although filed two years after the
employment, could still prosper. The laches doctrine did not apply.

Laches is defined as the failure or neglect for an unreasonable and unexplained length of time to do
that which, by exercising due diligence, could or should have been done earlier, thus giving rise to a
presumption that the party entitled to assert it either has abandoned or declined to assert it. It is not
concerned with mere lapse of time; the fact of delay, standing alone, is insufficient to constitute laches.
Laches refers to deliberate lack of interest or lack of action to pursue a claim.

The doctrine of laches is based upon grounds of public policy which requires, for the peace of society, the
discouragement of stale claims, and is principally a question of the inequity or unfairness of permitting a
right or claim to be enforced or asserted. There is no absolute rule as to what constitutes laches; each case
is to be determined according to its particular circumstances. The question of laches is addressed to the
sound discretion of the court, and since it is an equitable doctrine, its application is controlled by
equitable considerations. It cannot be worked to defeat justice or to perpetrate fraud and injustice.
In the case of Esalyn Chavez, she filed her claim well within the three-year prescriptive period for the
filing of money claims set forth in Article 291 [now 305] of the Labor Code. For this reason, the Court
held the doctrine of laches inapplicable to petitioner. As ruled in Imperial Victory Shipping Agency vs.
NLRC, 200 SCRA 178 (1991):

“x x x Laches is a doctrine in equity while prescription is based on law. Our courts are basically courts of
law, not courts of equity. Thus, laches cannot be invoked to resist the enforcement of an existing legal
right.xxx

“Thus, where the claim was filed within the three-year statutory period, recovery therefor cannot be
barred by laches. Courts should never apply the doctrine of laches earlier than the expiration of time
limited for the commencement of actions at law.

MINIMUM EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS

The POEA Regulations Governing Overseas Employment prescribes the following minimum provisions
of employment contracts:

a. Guaranteed wages for regular working hours and overtime pay, as appropriate, which shall
not be lower than the prescribed minimum wage in the host country, nor lower than the
appropriate minimum wage standard set forth in a bilateral agreement or international convention
duly ratified by the host country and the Philippines or not lower than the minimum wage in the
Philippines, whichever is highest;

b. Free transportation to and from the worksite, or offsetting benefit;

c. Free food and accommodation, or offsetting benefit;

d. Just/authorized causes for termination of the contract or of the services of the workers taking
into consideration the customs, traditions, norms, mores, practices, company policies and the
labor laws and social legislations of the host country;

e. The Administration may also consider the following as basis for other provisions of the
contract:

1. Existing labor and social laws of the host country;

2. Relevant agreements, conventions, delegations or resolutions;

3. Relevant bilateral and multilateral agreements or arrangements with the host country;
and

4. Prevailing condition/realities in the market.

FREEDOM TO STIPULATE
Parties to overseas employment contracts are allowed to stipulate other terms and conditions and other
benefits not provided under these minimum requirements; provided the whole employment package
should be more beneficial to the worker than the minimum; provided that the same shall not be contrary
to law, public policy and morals, and provided further, that Philippine agencies shall make foreign
employers aware of the standards of employment adopted by the Administration.

ART. 21. FOREIGN SERVICE ROLE AND PARTICIPATION

To provide ample protection to Filipino workers abroad, the labor attaches, the labor reporting officers
duly designated by the Secretary of Labor and the Philippine diplomatic or consular officials concerned
shall, even without prior instruction or advice from the home office, exercise the power and duty:

(a) To provide all Filipino workers within their jurisdiction assistance on all matters arising out of
employment;

(b) To insure that Filipino workers are not exploited or discriminated against;

(c) To verify and certify as requisite to authentication that the terms and conditions of
employment in contracts involving Filipino workers are in accordance with the Labor Code and
rules and regulations of the Overseas Employment Development Board and National Seamen
Board;

(d) To make continuing studies or researches and recommendations on the various aspects of the
employment market within their jurisdiction;

(e) To gather and analyze information on the employment situation and its probable trends, and to
make such information available to the Department of Labor and Employment and the
Department of Foreign Affairs; and

(f) To perform such other duties as may be required of them from time to time.

COMMENTS

PROTECTION AND ASSISTANCE BY GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

In addition to the officials mentioned in Article 21, R.A. No. 8042 (Sec. 23) assigns four government
agencies to promote the welfare and protect the rights of migrant workers and, as far as applicable, of all
overseas Filipinos. The agencies are the:

1. Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA),

2. Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE),
3. Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), and the
4. Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA)
(a) Department of Foreign Affairs. — The Department, through its home office or foreign posts, shall
take priority action or make representation with the foreign authority concerned to protect the rights of
migrant workers and other overseas Filipinos and extend immediate assistance including the repatriation
of distressed or beleaguered migrant workers and other overseas Filipinos.

Furthermore, R.A. No. 8042 created the position of Legal Assistant for Migrant Worker’s Affairs
[LAMWA] under the Department of Foreign Affairs. Its primary responsibility is to provide and
coordinate all legal assistance services to Filipinos in distress. It also administers the Legal
Assistance Fund for Migrant Workers.

Finally, R.A. No. 8042 establishes a “Migrant Workers and Other Overseas Filipinos Resource
Center” in Philippine Embassies in countries where there are at least 20,000 migrant workers.

The resource center is envisioned to provide such services as:

1. Counseling and legal assistance,

2. Welfare assistance including procurement of medical and hospitalization services,
3. Registration of undocumented workers, and
4. Conciliation of disputes arising from employer-employee relationship.
5. The resource center is to be established and operated jointly by the government
agencies mentioned, although its operation is to be managed by the Labor Attaché.

(b) Department of Labor and Employment. — The Department of Labor and Employment shall see to
it that labor and social welfare laws in the foreign countries are fairly applied to migrant workers
and whenever applicable, to other overseas Filipinos including the grant of legal assistance and
referral to proper medical centers or hospitals.

(c) Philippine Overseas Employment Administration. — The POEA shall regulate private sector
participation in the recruitment and overseas placement of workers by setting up a licensing and
registration system. It shall also formulate and implement, in coordination with appropriate entities
concerned, when necessary, a system for promoting and monitoring the overseas employment of Filipino
workers taking into consideration their welfare and the domestic manpower requirements.

(d) Overseas Workers Welfare Administration. — The Welfare Officer or in his absence, the
coordinating officer, shall provide the Filipino migrant worker and his family all the assistance they may
need in the enforcement of contractual obligations by agencies or entities and/or their principals. In the
performance of this function, he shall make representation and may call on the agencies or entities
concerned to conferences or conciliation meetings for the purpose of setting the complaints or problems
brought to his attention.
THE RPM CENTER (Re-Placement and Monitoring Center)

TO REINTEGRATE MIGRANT WORKER RETURNING TO THE PHILIPPINES - Coordinating with

the private sector, the RPM Center is expected to develop livelihood programs for the returning workers
and formulate a computer-based information system on skilled Filipino migrant workers.

REPATRIATION

The OWWA has a role to play even in cases where a worker has to be sent or brought back to the
Philippines, as shown in the dramatic repatriation of thousands of OFWs trapped in Israel-Lebanon war in
July 2006. The repatriation of the worker and the transport of his personal belongings shall be the primary
responsibility of the agency which recruited or deployed the worker overseas. All costs attendant to
repatriation shall be borne by or charged to the agency concerned and/or its principal.

In no case shall an employment agency require any bond or cash deposit from the worker to guarantee
his/her repatriation. The mandatory repatriation bond is abolished as of June 17, 1995 pursuant to Section
36 of R.A. No. 8042.

Of the Remains

The repatriation of remains and transport of personal belongings of a deceased worker and all costs
attendant thereto shall be borne by the principal and/or the local agency.

Worker at Fault

In cases where the termination of employment is due solely to the fault of the worker, the
principal/employer, or agency shall not in any manner be responsible for the repatriation of the former
and/or his belongings.

In Case of Disasters

The OWWA (Overseas Workers Welfare Administration), in coordination with appropriate international
agencies, shall undertake the repatriation of workers in cases of war, epidemic, disasters or calamities,
natural or man-made, and other similar events, without prejudice to reimbursement by the responsible
principal or agency. However, in cases where the principal or recruitment agency cannot be identified, all
costs attendant to repatriation shall be borne by the OWWA.

The law has created and established an emergency repatriation fund under the control of OWWA.

Validity

A recruitment agency has questioned the validity of Section 15 of R.A. No. 8042 and of Secs. 52 to 55 of
the implementing rules on the ground that they violate the agency’s right to due process.
The Court upheld the validity of the law and the rules which provide that “the repatriation of remains and
transport of the personal belongings of a deceased worker and all costs attendant thereto shall be borne by
the principal and/or the local agency.” The mandatory nature of said obligation is characterized by the
legislature’s use of the word “shall.” That the concerned government agencies opted to demand the
performance of said responsibility solely upon petitioner does not make said directives invalid as the law
plainly obliges a local placement agency such as herein petitioner to bear the burden of repatriating the
remains of a deceased OFW with or without recourse to the principal abroad.

In this regard, we [the Court] see no reason to invalidate Sec. 52 of the omnibus rules as R.A. No. 8042
itself permits the situation wherein a local recruitment agency can be held exclusively responsible for the
repatriation of a deceased OFW.

Repatriation is in effect an unconditional responsibility of the agency and/or its principal that cannot be
delayed by an investigation of why the worker was terminated from employment. To be left stranded in a
foreign land without the financial means to return home and being at the mercy of unscrupulous
individuals is a violation of the OFW’s dignity and his human rights. These are the same rights R.A. No.
8042 seeks to protect.

Mandatory Repatriation of Underage Worker

Section 16 of R.A. No. 8042

Responsible officers in the Foreign Service shall without delay repatriate said workers and advise the
Department of Foreign Affairs through the fastest means of communication available of such discovery
and other relevant information.

Sanction to Recruitment / Manning Agency

1. The license of a recruitment/manning agency which recruited or deployed an underage migrant

worker shall be automatically revoked and shall be imposed a fine of not less than five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000.00) but not more than one million pesos (P1,000,000.00).
2. All fees pertinent to the processing of papers or documents in the recruitment or deployment shall
be refunded in full by the responsible recruitment/manning agency, without need of notice, to the
underage migrant worker or to his parents or guardian.
3. The refund shall be independent of and in addition to the indemnification for the damages
sustained by the underage migrant worker. The refund shall be paid within thirty (30) days from
the date of the mandatory repatriation as provided for in this Act.

ART. 22. MANDATORY REMITTANCE OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE EARNINGS

It shall be mandatory for all Filipino workers abroad to remit a portion of their foreign exchange earnings
to their families, dependents, and/ or beneficiaries in the country in accordance with rules and regulations
prescribed by the Secretary of Labor and Employment.
Executive Order No. 857, as amended, prescribes the percentages of foreign exchange remittance
ranging from 50% to 80% of the basic salary, depending on the worker’s kind of job.

ART. 23. COMPOSITION OF THE BOARDS

a) The Overseas Employment Development Board shall be composed of the Secretary of Labor as
Chairman, the Undersecretary of Labor as Vice-Chairman, and a representative each of the
Department of Foreign Affairs, the Department of National Defense, the Central Bank, the
Department of Education and Culture, the National Manpower and Youth Council, the Bureau of
Employment Services, a workers’ organization and an employers organization, and the Executive
Director of the OEDB as members.

(b) The National Seamen Board shall be composed of the Secretary of Labor as Chairman, the
Undersecretary of Labor as Vice-Chairman, the Commandant of the Philippine Coast Guard, and
a representative each of the Department of Education and Culture, the Central Bank, the Maritime
Industry Authority, the Bureau of Employment Services, a national shipping association and the
Executive Director of the NSB as members.

The members of the Boards shall receive allowances to be determined by the Boards which shall
not be more than P2,000 per month.

(c) The Boards shall be attached to the Department of Labor for policy and program coordination.
They shall each be assisted by a Secretariat headed by an Executive Director who shall be a Filipino
citizen with sufficient experience in manpower administration, including overseas employment
activities. The Executive Director shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines upon the
recommendation of the Secretary of Labor and shall receive an annual salary as fixed by law. The
Secretary of Labor shall appoint the other members of the Secretariat.

(d) The Auditor General shall appoint his representative to the Boards to audit their respective
accounts in accordance with auditing laws and pertinent rules and regulations

ART. 24. BOARDS TO ISSUE RULES AND COLLECT FEES

The Boards shall issue appropriate rules and regulations to carry out their functions. They shall
have the power to impose and collect fees from employers concerned, which shall be deposited in
the respective accounts of said Boards and be used by them exclusively to promote their objectives.
 Chapter II

REGULATIONS OF RECRUITMENT AND PLACEMENT

ACTIVITIES

I. Requirements and restriction for the private sector’s participation in recruitment and
placement of workers, local and overseas
II. Acts or Practices prohibited in recruitment and placement activities of licensed
recruiters
III. Grounds and office an employment license or recruitment permit be cancelled

ART. 25. PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN THE RECRUITMENT AND PLACEMENT

OF WORKERS

Pursuant to national development objectives and in order to harness and maximize the use of
private sector resources and initiative in the development and implementation of a comprehensive
employment program, the private employment sector shall participate in the recruitment and
placement of workers, locally and overseas, under such guidelines, rules and regulations as may be
issued by the Secretary of Labor.

POEA’S RETAINED JURISDICTION

R.A. No. 8042 transferred from POEA to NLRC the jurisdiction over OFWs’ claims arising from
employer-employee relationship.

POEA retains original and exclusive jurisdiction over cases involving violations of POEA rules and
regulations, disciplinary cases and other cases that are administrative in character involving OFWs.

To sum: POEA performs REGULATORY, ENFORCEMENT and LIMITED or SPECIAL

ADJUDICATORY FUNCTIONS

VALIDITY OF POEA REGULATIONS

Under Sec. 4(a) of E.O. No. 797 which created the POEA, the authority to issue regulations is clearly
provided:

“x x x The governing Board of the Administration (POEA), as hereunder provided, shall

promulgate the necessary rules and regulations to govern the exercise of the adjudicatory
functions of the Administration (POEA).”

Power of subordinate legislation – Potestas Delegata non Delegari Potest

The regulations issued by administrative agencies have the force and effect of law.

Must follow publication – Tañada v Tuvera

Administrative rules and regulations must be published if its purpose is to enforce or implement existing
law pursuant to a valid delegation. Considering that POEA Administrative Circular No. 2, Series of 1983
(embodying a schedule of fees that employment offices may charge) has not yet been published or filed
with the National Administrative Register, the circular cannot be used as basis for the imposition of
administrative sanctions.

ART. 26. TRAVEL AGENCIES PROHIBITED TO RECRUIT

Travel agencies and sales agencies of airline companies are prohibited from engaging in the
business of recruitment and placement of workers for overseas employment whether for profit or
not.

ART. 27. CITIZENSHIP REQUIREMENT

Only Filipino citizens or corporations, partnerships or entities at least seventy-five percent (75%) of
the authorized and voting capital stock of which is owned and controlled by Filipino citizens shall
be permitted to participate in the recruitment and placement of workers, locally or overseas.

DISQUALIFICATIONS

Local Employment [BLE RULES]

The following are not qualified to engage in the business of recruitment and placement for local
employment:

A. Those who are convicted of illegal recruitment, trafficking in persons, anti-child labor violation,
or crimes involving moral turpitude.
B. Those against whom probable cause or prima facie finding of guilt for illegal recruitment or other
related cases exist particularly to owners or directors of agencies who have committed illegal
recruitment or other related cases.
C. Those agencies whose licenses have been previously revoked or cancelled by the Department
under Section 54 of these rules
D. Cooperatives whether registered or not under the Cooperative Act of the Philippines
E. Law enforcers and any official and employee of the DOLE
F. Sole proprietors of duly licensed agencies are prohibited from securing another license to engage
in recruitment and placement
 G. Sole proprietors, partnerships or corporations licensed to engage in private recruitment and
placement for local employment are prohibited from engaging in job contracting or sub-
contracting activities.

Overseas Employment [POEA RULES]

The following are disqualified from participating or engaging in the recruitment and placement of
workers for overseas employment

A. Travel agencies and sales agencies of airline companies

B. Officers or members of the Board of any corporation or partners in a partnership engaged in the
business of a travel agency
C. Corporations and partnerships, where any of its officers, members of the board or partners is also
an officer, member of the board or partners is also an officer, member of the board or partner of a
corporation or partnership engaged in the business of a travel agency.
D. Individuals, partners, officers or directors of an insurance company who make, propose or
provide an insurance contract under the compulsory insurance coverage for agency-hired OFW
E. Sole proprietors, partners or officers and members of the board with derogatory records, such as,
but not limited to the following:
a. Those convicted, or against whom probable cause or prima facie finding of guilt is
determined by a competent authority, for illegal recruitment, or for other related crimes
or offenses committed in the course of, related to, or resulting from, illegal recruitment,
or for crimes involving moral turpitude.
b. Those agencies who licenses have been revoked for violation of RA No. 8042 (Migrant
Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995), as amended, PD 442 (Labor Code of the
Philippines), as amended, and RA 9208 (Trafficking in persons Act of 2003), as amended
and their implementing rules and regulations;
c. Those agencies whose licenses have been cancelled, or those who, pursuant to the Order
of the Administrator were included in the list of persons with derogatory record for
violation of recruitment laws and regulations; and
F. Any official or employee of the DOLE, POEA, OWWA, DFA, DOJ, DOH, BI, IC, NLRC,
TESDA, CFO, NBI, PNP, Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP), international
airport authorities, and other government agencies directly involved in the implementation of RA
8042 as amended, and/or any of his/her relatives within the fourth civil degree of consanguinity
or affinity.

ART. 28. CAPITALIZATION

All applicants for authority to hire or renewal of license to recruit are required to have such
substantial capitalization as determined by the Secretary of Labor.
CAPITALIZATION

A private employment agency for LOCAL employment should have a minimum networth of PHP
1,000,000.00 in the case of single proprietorship and partnership or a minimum paid-up capital of PHP
1,000,000.00 in the case of corporation.

A private recruitment or manning agency for OVERSEAS employment should have a minimum
capitalization of PHP 5,000,000.00 for single proprietorship or partnership, and a minimum paid-up
capital of PHP 5,000,000.00 for corporation.