Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 41 (2004) 301–310

www.elsevier.com/locate/tafmec

A dynamic meso-scale model of the pullout behavior for

non-straight fibers and corresponding DEM3 simulation
Song-lin Xu *, Z.P. Tang, Jian-long Xu, Xiang-yu Dai, Yang-bo Guo
Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials (LMBD) of CAS, Department of Modern Mechanics,
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China

Abstract

Lots of work had been reported in the experimental investigation and modeling of the debonding and pullout
behavior for straight crack-bridging fibers in brittle matrix composites, but few of them involving in the dynamic and/or
non-straight fiber case. In this paper, a dynamic meso-scale model for non-straight fiber was proposed on the work of
Chanvillard. The model was time-dependent and related to the impact loading through the interfacial shearing stress
along the embedded part of the steel fiber, and properly setting the thresholds, the dynamic meso-damage model of the
fiberÕs debonding and pullout process was eventually constructed. The model prediction fitted the experimental data of
Chanvillard for non-straight steel fiber under static condition quite well and could demonstrate the rate sensitivity of
the reinforcing effects of fibers. Then, a 3-D discrete meso-element method (DEM3) was used to simulate the dynamic
pullout behavior of such fiber configurations as wiredrawn fibers from cementitious matrix with pores. Comparing to
afro-mentioned model, DEM3 was more effective in simulating the complete procedures of matrix dynamic failure and
fiber pullout and would be more helpful in the analyses of complicated configurations of fiber.

2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction pullout behavior for straight fibers in brittle matrix

Non-straight steel fiber reinforced cement-
based matrix had been of great concerns in engi-
neering material research because of its perfect
properties in improving the strength, flexibility,
toughness and shockproof of the matrix. Lots of
work had been reported in the experimental in-
vestigation and modeling of the debonding and
* debonding and pullout behavior of elastic, elasto-
Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-551-3606754; fax: +86-
551-3606459.
E-mail addresses: slxu99@ustc.edu.cn (S.-l. Xu), zptang@
ustc.edu.cn (Z.P. Tang).
composites.
Static and dynamic experiments had been con-
ducted on the mechanical behavior of composites
including carbon, polypropylene, glass or steel
fiber-reinforced cement, slurry, mortar, concrete,
or organic matrix [1–24,31–34]. Dynamic loading
methods as pendulum impact [2], drop-weight
[1,22], vertical SHPB [5], one-stage light gas gun
[6], hard projectile [11,12] had been reported.
Li and co-workers [13–18] had analyzed the
plastic high strength fiber and polymer fiber.
Chanvillard [8] had modeled the pullout behavior
of wiredrawn steel fiber. Liu [19] had introduced

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2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.tafmec.2003.11.017
302 S.-l. Xu et al. / Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 41 (2004) 301–310

the concept of effective lateral loading area, which

was successfully used in the analysis of the crack-
bridging behavior of inclined fibers. However, few
works had been reported in the dynamic and/or
non-straight fiber case.
The discrete meso-element dynamic method
was a new concept simulation method and being
developed recently to investigate the deformation
processes and mechanisms of heterogeneous mate- Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a wiredrawn fiber under pullout
rials at meso-scale. Tang et al. [26–30] had success- loading.
fully updated it from 2-D to 3-D recently. Their
work had shown the unique capabilities of the
method to analyze pore collapse of brittle material
[28].
In this paper, a dynamic meso-scale model and a
more powerful simulation method, DEM3, were
introduced to analyze the dynamic pullout behav-
ior for a non-straight fiber. First, a dynamic meso-
scale model was built on the work of Chanvillard
in [8]. Since the forces in the model proposed by
Chanvillard on a fiber element were not proper in
the balance of moment, a little complex, but more
accurate model was proposed. As an example, the
model was used to analyze the pullout of a corru-
gated fiber reinforced mortar matrix, in which the
effects of loading rates were discussed. Finally, the
DEM3 method was used to simulate the dynamic Fig. 2. Illustration of a fiber element.
pullout behavior of wiredrawn fiber from cemen-
titious matrix with pores.
scale model. The x–z plane formed a local coor-
dinate for the fiber element. It merited attention
2. Dynamic meso-scale model that the mechanical balance, the displacement field
and the strain field of the fiber element were ana-
Chanvillard [8] had built a model to analyze the lyzed in this local coordinate, while the global one
behavior of the pullout of an individual fiber. was only used in numerical analysis when equa-
Since the forces system in his model could not tions were integrated along the whole fiber. To
ensure the balance of the moment of a fiber ele- simplify the equation description, the Descartes
ment, it was improved in this paper. coordinates, x–z was applied in the analysis of
mechanical balance, and the polar coordinates,
2.1. Mechanical balance z0 –s, was used in the analysis of displacement and
strain fields during model building. Here, z-axis
As shown in Fig. 1, an individual fiber with a was the radius coordinate and s-axis was the cur-
given curvature was anchored in a cement-based vilinear coordinate. When these two coordinates,
matrix, and the global coordinate was built as OX. x–z and z0 –s, were properly chosen as shown in Fig.
The fiber microelement dl was analyzed in detail in 2, z0 -axis could coincide to a great extent with z-
Fig. 2. axis during fiber element deformation. Henceforth,
In Fig. 2, the general case of a microfiber ele- these two coordinates as x–z and z–s were used in
ment was illustrated to build the dynamic meso- the following analysis.
 S.-l. Xu et al. / Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 41 (2004) 301–310
Another problem that had to be discussed pre-
viously was how to simplify the normal stresses
and shear stresses continuously and unevenly dis-
tributing on the upper and lower peripheries of the
fiber element. Taking into account the possible
deformation, the element was compressed down-
wards in the neighbor region of point A and point
C, while compressed upwards around point B. The
forces were simplified into three couples of forces
as T , N ; T1 , N1 and T2 , N2 . To ensure the cohesion
equilibrium discussed later, the acting area of these
three couples of forces on the lateral surface of
fiber element was simply divided into A0 , A01 and A02 ,
and let A0 ¼ A02 ¼ 2prf dl=4, A01 ¼ 2prf dl=2, where
rf and dl were the radius and length of the fiber
element, respectively.
As CoulombÕs law of friction was widely used to
model the interface traction between the fiber and
matrix, the linking of the normal stresses to the
shear stresses for the fiber element could be ex-
pressed as
T ¼ s0 De dl=4 þ fN
T1 ¼ s0 De dl=2 þ fN1 ð1Þ
T2 ¼ s0 De dl=4 þ fN2
where De was the perimeter of the fiber, s0 and f
were the bond stress and the friction coefficient
between the fiber and the matrix. Then, the dy-
namic equilibrium of forces on the element could
be deduced in the x–z plane as
Along the x-axis:
dp
T
T1
T2 ¼ qA dl  €
uf
ð2Þ
Along the z-axis: N þ N2
N1 þ p dh ¼ 0 ð3Þ
Around point E, E was the center of the right end
of the element as shown in Fig. 2, we have



dl2 dh2 dh2
T2 rf
T1 rf

pR þ T rf þ R
8R 2 2
dh

NR dh þ N1 R ¼ 0 ð4Þ
2 Wdef ¼
where subscript ÔfÕ in the equations denoted fiber,
u€f was the global acceleration, q and A were the
density and the cross-section area of the fiber,
respectively; R was the curvature radius of the
microfiber element, dh ¼ dl=R.
303
Since dh was a very small angle, sinðdh=
2Þ ¼ dh=2 and cosðdh=2Þ ¼ 1 had been used and
the higher order terms of dh had been ignored in
Eqs. (2)–(4). To simplify the problem, the accel-
erations along the z-axis and around point E in the
x–z plane were also ignored. In fact, they had little
effects on the result. In this model, N , N1 , N2 and
T , T1 , T2 replaced the forces dN and dT in the
ChanvillardÕs model, and they could ensure the
static and dynamic balance for forces and mo-
ments of the fiber element.
2.2. Energy balance during slipping
Disregarding the works generated by body
forces, the balance of the energies could be ex-
pressed as following:
Wext ¼ Wdef þ Wmove ð5Þ
where Wext was the work done by the external
forces applied on the element surface (see Fig. 2),
Wdef was the deformation energy, and Wmove was
the kinetic energy.
Taking into account the global displacement,
dd, of the fiber element along x-direction caused
by whole deformation and rigid movement of the
fiber, Wext could be written as
Wext ¼ pðdd þ
uAs Þ
ðp þ dpÞðdd þ
uCs Þ

T ðdd þ
uAs Þ
T1 ðdd þ
uBs Þ

T2 ðdd þ
uCs Þ
N dd1
N2 dd2
N3 dd3
ð6Þ
where
uAs ,
uBs and u
Cs were the local average dis-
placement along s-direction at cross-section A, B
and C due to deformation; dd1 , dd2 and dd3 were
the local radius displacements of points A, B and
C, and they could be deduced to be: dd1 ffi
dd2 ffi dd3 ffi 0.
And also, the expression of Wdef and Wmove could
be obtained as
Z
rij eij dV ð7Þ
V
2
Wmove ¼ 12qA dl  ðu_ f Þ ð8Þ
where V was the volume of fiber element and u_ f
was the velocity of the element.
304 S.-l. Xu et al. / Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 41 (2004) 301–310

2.3. Displacement field and strain field of a bending In Eq. (13), there were some coefficients should
fiber be determined, such as M, s0 and f . M could be
determined by the method proposed in [8]. How-
Chanvillard had given the displacement field ever, the effects of loading rates and dynamic
and strain field of steel fiber subjected to bending. damage should be involved in s0 and f .
The displacement fields were

us ¼ zs  dC 2.5. Modeling the cohesion and the friction
ð9Þ
uz ¼ uy ¼ 0
2.5.1. The cohesion, s0
where dC was the variation in the curvature of the
The relationship of cohesion, s0 , and relative
element and s was the curvilinear coordinates. And
displacement, D, was proposed by Chanvillard as
the strain fields could be written as: 8
2
>
> s0 D
ess ¼ z dC; esz ¼ ezs ¼ s dC=2 >
< D ¼1
1
; if D 6D0
smax D0
and the others are zero: ð10Þ  
>
> s0 1
D=D0
>
: D ¼ ð1
slim Þ exp a þ slim ; if D P D0
In succession, by ignoring the higher order smax 1
slim
terms in Eq. (4), we obtained ð14Þ


1 2 where, sD

dp dd
ðT þ T1 þ T2 Þ dd þ p R þ rf dC 2 dl max was the maximum stresses of dynamic
2
4 cohesion, slim was the ratio of the residual cohesion
1 2 to the maximum dynamic cohesion, a was the
¼ M dC dl þ qA dl  ðu_ f Þ ð11Þ
2 material coefficient, and D0 was the relative dis-
where placement corresponding to sD max . In this paper we
Z took D0 ¼ 0:01 mm, and slim ¼ 0.
M¼ zrs dA ð12Þ Refs. [25,31,34] reported that the dynamic
A strength of such materials as cement and mortar
was strongly related to their static strength. When
2.4. The dynamic meso-scale model the loading rates exceeded 10
5 /s, their relation-
ship satisfied
By combining the Eqs. (1) and (11), and taking
sDmax
into account the linking of velocity, acceleration to ¼ k0 þ ke_ ln e_ ð15Þ
displacement at time interval dt, a dynamic meso- sSmax
scale model for the fiber element was eventually where sSmax was the maximum stresses of static
obtained cohesion, ke_ was the strain rate factor, and k0 was

  the material coefficient.
1
p R2 þ rf2 dC 2 þ f dCðfrf þ dl=2Þ
dpR dC As damage often initiated, grew and coagu-
4

 lated in brittle material during dynamic or impact
1 3 loading, considerable interests had been taken in
þ s0 De dl
R dC þ f dC dl
M dC
2 16 this field. Based on the thermal activation behav-
qA ior of material, Wang and co-workers [9,33] had
þ 2 ½uf ðtÞ
uf ðt
dtÞ þ uf ðt
2 dtÞ proposed an evolution equation for dynamic dam-
dt
qA age factor D as the following:
þ R dC dl=22
½
uf ðt
dtÞ þ uf ðt
2 dtÞ Z t
2 dt2
2 qA D ¼ jD e_ b dt ð16Þ
þ R dC dl=2 þ 2 ½
2uf ðt
dtÞ þ uf ðt
2 dtÞ t0
dt
qA 2 where jD was the dynamic evolution factor of
 R dC dl=2
u ðt
dtÞ ¼ 0 ð13Þ
2 dt2 f damage, b was the material coefficient.
 S.-l. Xu et al. / Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 41 (2004) 301–310 305

Thus, considering the evolution of meso dy-

namic damage, the cohesion could be expressed as
sD S
max ¼ smax ðk0 þ ke_ ln e
_ Þ ð1-DÞ ð17Þ

2.5.2. The friction coefficient, f

The friction efficient, f , could be expressed
similarly as for the cohesion.
8
2
>
> f D
> D ¼ 1
1

< ; if D6 D0
fmax D0  
> f 1
D=D0
>
: f D ¼ ð1
flim Þexp a 1
flim þ flim ; if DPD0
>
max Fig. 4. Relationship of the normalized friction and the nor-
ð18Þ malized displacement.

D S D S
where fmax ¼ fmax ðk0 þ ke_ ln e_ Þ (1-D), fmax and fmax
were the limit dynamic and static friction co- was the radius of the equivalent shear ring of shear
efficients, respectively; flim was the ration of the lag model [7,19], and it satisfied
residual friction to the maximum dynamic friction.
The meaning of other coefficients in Eq. (18) was ln½RB =ðrf þ ti Þ ¼
½2 ln Vf þ ð1
Vf Þð3
Vf Þ
2
the same as in Eq. (14). =½4ð1
Vf Þ  ð20Þ
The cohesion and the friction versus D=D0 were
illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4. Here, ti was the thickness of the transition band
from fiber to the matrix; Vf was the volume percent
2.6. Relative displacement between the fiber and the of fiber in the composites.
matrix The determination of shear strain, c, of the
matrix should involve in the constitutive relation-
Relative displacement, D, between the fiber and ship of the cement matrix. As cement matrix had
matrix could be written as been reported to be viscous elastic [9,33], we then
adopted the ZWT model proposed by Zhu et al.
D ¼ uf
uB ð19Þ
[9,25,33] to describe the viscoelastic response of the
where uB was the displacement of the matrix, matrix as
uB  RB  c, c was the shear strain of the matrix, RB Z t

t
s
s ¼ G0 c þ G1 exp
e_ ðsÞ dt
0 h1
Z t

t
s
þ G2 exp
e_ ðsÞ ds ð21Þ
0 h2
where G0 was the shear modulus, G1 ; h1 and G2 ; h2
were coefficients describing mechanical behaviors
of the material at low strain rate and high strain
rate loading, respectively.

2.7. Numerical analysis––applying the model on a

corrugated steel fiber

Chanvillard [8] had carried out a test of a corru-

Fig. 3. Relationship of the normalized cohesion and the nor- gated steel fiber under static loading. The geome-
malized displacement. try of this fiber was modeled through a succession
306 S.-l. Xu et al. / Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 41 (2004) 301–310
of straight segments and circular arcs. In this
paper, it was only modeled to be a succession of
circular arcs. Eq. (13) was numerically integrated
along s-direction and used to analyze this fiber
under static loading. Therefore, there was no
acceleration in this case, but the effects of loading
rates would be discussed in the calculation.
2.7.1. Parameters
Parameters of the steel fiber. The fiber was 0.85
mm in diameter (2rf ), 60 mm in length (l) and 7.8
g/cm3 in density (q). Its elastic modulus was 200
GPa, and its curvature radius was 25 cm.
Parameter of the cement matrix. As only the
effects of loading rates for fibers under static load-
ing were discussed in the present paper, the rate
sensitivity relationship of ZWT model in low load-
R t simplified to be [19]: s ¼ 6:0 GPa  c þ
ing rate was
80 GPa  0 expð
ðt
sÞÞ_eðsÞ ds. The other para-
meters could be determined as the followings. Rate
sensitivity factor [34]: k0 þ ke_ ln e_ ¼ 1:8 þR0:16 ln e_ ;
t
dynamic damage [9,19,33]: D ¼ 150  t0 e_ 1:07 dt,
eth ¼ 0:08%; the elastic modulus was 25 GPa [9,
19,33].
Parameter of the interface of the fiber and the
matrix. a was 0.8, ssmax was 5 MPa, and slim was
s
zero; fmax was 0.6, and flim was 0.72 [8]. Values of
the parameters listed were determined referencing
to the corresponding marked references.
2.7.2. Calculated results
Fig. 5 was the comparison of the pullout curves
of the calculated results of Eq. (13) and Chanvil-
Fig. 5. Pullout curves of a corrugated fiber.
Fig. 6. Calculated pullout curves of a corrugated fiber with
different loading strain rates by the present model.
lardÕs experimental and calculated results. It showed
that the present model prediction fitted the experi-
mental data for non-straight steel fiber quite well
and was even better than ChanvillardÕs simulation
that showed a stepped curve. Since the cohesion
was expressed as Eq. (14), see in Fig. 3, and the
geometry of corrugated fiber was modeled only to
be a succession of circular arcs, comparing to the
calculated results of Chanvillard model, the pro-
cesses of debonding and pullout of fiber in present
model shown in Fig. 5 were progressive.
Fig. 6 was the calculated results of Eq. (13) with
different strain rates. Since the model had taken
into account the loading rates, there were evident
time-dependent effects of pullout curves when
strain rates varied from 10
5 /s to 10
2 /s, and with
the increasing of loading rates, the stiffness and the
maximum pullout load increased, but the maxi-
mum displacement decreased gradually.
3. DM3 simulation for the dynamic pullout behavior
of non-straight fiber
3.1. The DM3 method
The DM3 method was based on the quasi-
molecular dynamics. In this method, the medium
was divided into a set of individual particles (ele-
ments) that were governed by the classic equations
of motion. The evolution of the system was de-
scribed with the aggregate movement of each ele-
ment. The main mechanical interaction between a
 S.-l. Xu et al. / Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 41 (2004) 301–310
Fig. 7. The initial geometry and boundary conditions of the
simulated samples. The porous ratio of the cementitious matrix
is 10%, according to the SEM measurement, and they scatter
randomly.
pair of element was the central potential interac-
tion, and the Lennard-Jones potential function
was adopted. The details regarding to the DM3
method were described in [26].
3.2. Simulation parameters
To simulate the dynamic pullout behavior of
wiredrawn fibers from brittle matrix, the initial
geometry and boundary conditions for the steel
fiber reinforced cementitous composites with poro-
sity 10% was shown in Fig. 7. The size of calcu-
lation region was 3.0 cm · 2.0 cm. The radius of
element was 0.15 cm, and the total number of the
elements in the calculation region was 3927.
In this simulation of dynamic pullout, the steel
fiber was easy to be snapped when two or more
circular arcs were used to model the geometry of
wiredrawn fiber. Therefore, only one circular arc
of steel fiber was adopted. The arc length of
the fiber was 15 mm, which was different from
that of afro-mentioned model simulation. The dia-
meter of fiber was 3.0 mm. In this preliminary
simulation the procedures of dynamic pullout
behavior of fiber would be obtained, and more
accurate simulation should be developed in the
near future.
The material parameters were given on the
Lennard-Jones potential function, which expressed
as
307
8 !
ðnþ1Þ !
ðmþ1Þ 9
ij
aij mn < rij rij =
rij
P ¼ ij

r0 ðn
mÞ : r0ij r0ij ; rij
ð22Þ
ij
where P was the force acting on element i by
element j, aij , m, n were the material constants, r0ij ,
rij were the initial and current distances between
the centers of two elements. rsij , rmax ij
were the
yielding distance and the bond breaking distance,
respectively, these two parameters were used to
control the brittleness and yielding properties of
the material.
The matrix material was cement mortar, and its
parameters used in the calculation were aij ¼ 3:514
GPa, m ¼ 3, n ¼ 4, rsij ¼ 1:008r0ij , rmax ij
¼ 1:04r0ij .
The fiber material was steel, and its parameters
used in the calculation were aij ¼ 104:42 GPa,
m ¼ 1, n ¼ 2, rsij ¼ 1:002r0ij , rmax
ij
¼ 1:5r0ij .
3.3. Simulation results
Three cases with various loading velocities were
calculated, they were 1, 5 and 50 m/s. The simu-
lation results were shown in Figs. 8–10.
Fig. 8 was the relation of the pullout stress of
steel fiber with respect to the pullout displacement.
It showed that with the increase of loading veloc-
ity, the maximum pullout stresses increased from
0.128 to 0.17 GPa with a ratio of 32.8%, and
the corresponding pullout displacement decreased
Fig. 8. Calculated pullout curves of a corrugated fiber with
various velocities by DM3 method.
308 S.-l. Xu et al. / Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 41 (2004) 301–310
Fig. 9. Typical pullout state of a corrugated fiber with various
velocities by DM3 method: (a) velocity was 50 m/s and (b)
velocity was 5 m/s.
Fig. 10. Relationship of the damage degree of matrix to the
pullout displacement of fiber with various velocities by DM3
method.
from 1.04 to 0.287 mm with a ratio of )72.4%.
That showed evident loading rate sensitivity.
Fig. 9 was the typical pullout states of a cor-
rugated fiber with various velocities by DM3
method when the pullout displacement of fiber toe
was almost the same. Region A, B and C in Fig. 9a
and b were three typical damage regions of matrix
around the fiber. With the increase of pullout
velocity, Region A and B were damaged more
seriously, while there was not evident difference in
region C. It was also shown that with the same
pullout displacement of fiber toe, the displacement
of fiber end under pullout velocity 50 m/s was
larger than that of 5 m/s for the matrix was cru-
shed more seriously in region B (probably in re-
gion C) under higher pullout velocity. Quantitative
analysis of matrix damage was put forth in suc-
cession.
Fig. 10 was the relationship of the damage
degree of matrix to the pullout displacement of
fiber with various velocities by DM3 method. The
damage degree, D, was defined as the ratio of the
number of the fractured bonds among elements to
the sum of the all element bonds in the system.
When the pullout velocity was 1 m/s, the bond
fracture of elements took place in a small region
around the fiber, and the damage degree D in-
creased slowly and was lower than 2%. Along with
the increase of pullout velocity, the affected region
was enlarged and the damage degree D increased
with higher velocity, and D exceeded 4% when the
pullout velocity was 50 m/s.
Therefore, by this method, we could easily
investigate the fiber and the matrix responses,
especially the crushing and the failure of matrix,
which were difficult for model simulation.
4. Conclusions
In this paper, a dynamic meso-scale model of
the pullout behavior for a non-straight fiber was
first built on the work of Chanvillard. This model
had improved the definition of forces in Chanvil-
lardÕs model to ensure the dynamic balance of
forces and moments, and taken into account the
effects of the dynamic damage and loading rates.
The model was applied to analyze a corrugated
steel fiber under quasi-static loading. The model
prediction fitted the experimental data of loading
 S.-l. Xu et al. / Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 41 (2004) 301–310
rates 10
5 /s quite well, and it also showed the
evident time-dependent effects of pullout behavior
for strain rates from 10
5 /s to 10
2 /s. However,
this model needed to be further confirmed for the
higher strain rate experiments in future.
The application of DM3 method to simulate the
dynamic pullout behavior for a wiredrawn fiber
from cementitous matrix showed that the method
could successfully describe the crushing and failure
of matrix, and the dynamic pullout behavior of
fiber. And if the interaction within the interface
region between fiber and matrix was dealt well
with, this method could have the potential to
simulate this behavior more accurately.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Key Labora-
tory for Mechanical Behavior and Design of
Materials of CAS (LMBD), the Project of the
National Key Lab for Shock Wave Physics and
Detonation Physics, and the Chinese National
Natural Science Foundation for Youth Scholars
(10202022).
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