ASSIGNMENT NO.

1
ON COMPUTER IN EDUCATION (8620)
SUBMITTED BY:
AMEN NAZISH
Roll No: CB651584
PROGRAME: B. Ed (1.5)
Semester: 2nd Spring-2021

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN

Q.1: Differentiate among the various types of Software.

Software:
A set of instructions, data, or programmes used to operate computers and carry out
specific tasks is referred to as software. It is the inverse of hardware, which describes a
computer's physical components. Software is a catch-all term for applications, scripts,
and programmes that run on a device. It is the variable part of a computer, whereas
hardware is the invariable part.

Types of Software:
Application software and system software are the two main types of software. An
application is software that solves a specific problem or performs a specific task. System
software is intended to run the hardware of a computer and to provide a platform for
applications to run on top of.

Programming software, which provides the programming tools required by software

developers; middleware, which sits between system software and applications; and
driver software, which operates computer devices and peripherals, are examples of
other types of software.

System Software:

These software programmes are intended to run the application programmes and
hardware of a computer. The activities and functions of the hardware and software are
coordinated by system software. Furthermore, it manages the operations of computer
hardware and provides an environment or platform for all other types of software to
operate in. The operating system (OS) is the best example of system software; it
manages all other computer programmes. Firmware, computer language translators,
and system utilities are other examples of system software.

The programmes that control the operations of a computer and its devices are referred
to as system software.

Two types of system software are the operating system and utility programs.

1. An operating system (OS) coordinates all hardware device activities and contains
instructions for running application software.
2. A utility programme is a programme that performs specific tasks, usually related to
the management of a computer, its devices, or its programmes. The user interface of
software is how you interact with it.

Application Software:

Programs that perform specific tasks for users are referred to as application
software. Among the most popular application software is

Word processing software is used to manipulate text documents such as resumes

and reports. Text is typically entered by typing, and the software includes tools for
copying, deleting, and formatting. Word processing software has the following
features:

 Creating, editing, saving and printing documents.

 Copying, pasting, moving and deleting text within a document.
 Formatting text, such as font type, bolding, underlining or italicizing.
 Creating and editing tables.
 Inserting elements from other software, such as illustrations or photographs.
 Correcting spelling and grammar.

Spreadsheet software is a software application that can organize, store, and analyze
tabular data. The application can simulate paper accounting worksheets digitally. They
can also have multiple interacting sheets with data represented as text, numbers, or
graphics.

Database software refers to computer programmes that are designed to store and
organize large amounts of data in order to make it accessible. Database software such
as Microsoft Access is an example.

Presentation graphics software is a set of tools that allows users to create slideshows of
charts, diagrams, and graphics on a computer that can be shown to a group of people
using a projector. Microsoft Powerpoint is an example of presentation graphics
software.

Application software can be packaged software (copyrighted software that meets the
needs of a variety of users), custom software (tailor-made software developed at a
user’s request), freeware (copyrighted software provided at no cost), public-domain
software (software donated for public use with no copyright restrictions), or shareware
(copyrighted software distributed free for a trial period).

Driver software

This software, also known as device drivers, is frequently regarded as a type of system
software. Device drivers manage the devices and peripherals that are connected to a
computer, allowing them to perform their specific functions. Every device connected to
a computer requires at least one device driver in order to function. Software that comes
with nonstandard hardware, such as special game controllers, as well as software that
enables standard hardware, such as USB storage devices, keyboards, headphones, and
printers, are examples.

Middleware

The term "middleware" refers to software that acts as a bridge between application and
system software or between two types of application software. Middleware, for
example, allows Microsoft Windows to communicate with Excel and Word. It is also
used to send a remote work request from one application on one computer to another
application on another computer with a different operating system. It also allows newer
applications to communicate with legacy ones.

It enables one or more types of communication or connectivity in a distributed network

between two or more applications or application components. Middleware streamlines
application development and accelerates time to market by making it easier to connect
applications that weren't designed to connect with one another - and by providing
functionality to connect them in intelligent ways.

Programming software

Computer programmers write code using programming software. Programming

software and tools allow developers to create, write, test, and debug other software
programmes. Assemblers, compilers, debuggers, and interpreters are examples of
programming software.

This software assists the programmer in the development of other software.

Programming software includes compilers, assemblers, debuggers, interpreters, and so
on. All of these pieces of software are combined in integrated development
environments (IDEs).
Difference of software:
System Software
General purpose software that manages
basic system resources and processes
Written in low level assembly language of
machine code
Must meet specific hardware needs,
interacts closely with hardware
Installed as the same time as the OS,
usually by the manufacturer
Runs any time the computer is on
Works in background and users do not
usually access it
Runs Independently
Is necessary for the system to function
Application Software
Software that perform specific tasks to
meet user needs
Written in high level languages, such as
Python and JavaScript
Does not take hardware into account and
does not interact directly with hardware
User or admin install software when
needed
User triggers and stop the program
Runs in the foreground and users work
directly with the software to perform
specific tasks
Need system software to run
Is not needed for system to function

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Q. 2 Explain ways to access the Internet?

Internet:
The Internet has had a significant impact on the computer world. According to Microsoft
CEO Bill Gates, "the Internet is pervasive in everything we do." The Internet has also
grown in importance in the world at large. Nowadays, the letters "www" appear to be
omnipresent in advertisements on buses, billboards, and magazines.

The Internet has proven to be a dependable means of data transmission. However,

transmission issues do occur on occasion. For 30 minutes in the spring of 1995, all MIT
traffic was routed through a small wire in Florida, a situation described as equivalent to
routing all O'Hare flights to a driveway.

Ways to Access the Internet

You can access the Internet through an Internet service provider, an online service
provider, or a wireless service provider.

 The Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Individuals and businesses can get temporary Internet connections from an Internet
service provider (ISP). AT&T, EarthLink, and WorldCom are examples of national ISPs.
An online service provider (OSP) provides Internet access as well as a variety of
specialized content and services. America Online (AOL) and the Microsoft Network are
two popular OSPs (MSN). Certain types of information are provided by some online
services.

Access to the Internet is provided by an Internet service provider (ISP), which can be a
large corporation like Comcast or AT&T or any of hundreds of smaller ISPs across the
country. You are given unlimited access for a fixed monthly fee.

Although most ISPs charge a standard fee for dial-up access, some ISPs are now offering
free service to attract users (who view advertisements on an ISP's home page).
Following suit, a California-based DSL provider recently advertised free, high-speed
Internet access to users who agree to receive ads tailored to their demographic.

 The Wireless Service Provider (WSP)

Wireless Internet access is provided by a wireless

service provider (WSP) to users who have wireless modems or Web-enabled handheld
computers or devices. WSP's role is expected to expand. According to industry analysts,
more than 60 million people will use wireless Web-enabled devices to connect to the
Internet by 2003. Amazon.com's CEO goes even further, predicting that all Internet
connections will be wireless in ten years.

 Dia-lup Internet Access

Dial-up Internet access is a type of Internet access that uses the

public switched telephone network (PSTN) to connect to an Internet service provider
(ISP) by dialling a phone number on a traditional phone line. Dial-up connections employ
modems to decode audio signals into data for transmission to a router or computer, as
well as to encode signals from the latter two devices for transmission to another
modem.
Employees and students frequently access the Internet via a business or school network
that is linked to a service provider. Dial-up access provides a simple and inexpensive
way for home or small business users to connect to the Internet. With dial-up access,
you use a computer, a modem, and a regular telephone line to dial into an ISP or OSP.
Some home and small business users opt for newer, high-speed technologies.

 DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

DSL (digital subscriber line) connections provide high-speed connections over a

standard copper telephone line. The term "digital subscriber line" refers to a group of
technologies used to transmit digital data over telephone lines. The term DSL is
commonly used in telecommunications marketing to refer to asymmetric digital
subscriber line (ADSL), the most commonly installed DSL technology for Internet access.

Because DSL uses higher frequency bands for data, it can be delivered alongside wired
telephone service on the same telephone line. A DSL filter on each non-DSL outlet on
the customer's premises blocks any high-frequency interference, allowing the voice and
DSL services to be used concurrently. DSL is one of the most popular ways ISPs provide
broadband internet access.

 Its aim is to maintain the high speed of the internet being transferred.
 If we ask that how we gonna achieve such a thing i.e., both telephone and
internet facility, then the answer is by using splitters or DSL.
 The Modem

A modem connects to the Internet at high speeds via a cable television network. For
connection, you will need a piece of hardware known as a "modem" depending on the
type of service you have. Most people in the United States now receive service from
cable and telephone companies, and the modem converts their signals to the Internet
packets required by your computer. DSL modem and cable modem are both examples
of modems.

In rural areas, satellite service or dial-up telephone access may be the only options, with
the latter being up to 100 times slower than cable. Dial-up telephone ports were built
into older computers.

A modem modulates and demodulates electrical signals sent over phone lines, coaxial
cables, or other types of wiring; in other words, it converts digital data from your
computer into analogue signals that can be transmitted over wires, and it can translate
incoming analogue signals back into digital data that your computer can understand.
Most stand-alone modems have only two ports: one that connects to the outside world
and one that connects to a computer or a router via Ethernet.

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Q. 3: Identify the widely used products and explain the key features of
different software applications.

Application Software:
Application software is a collection of programmes that are designed to perform specific
tasks for users. Application software can be used as a productivity/business tool, to help
with graphics and multimedia projects, to support home, personal, and educational
activities, and to help with communications. Software vendors sell specific application
software products known as software packages. Although application software is also
available as shareware, freeware, and public-domain software, it typically has fewer
features than retail software packages. There are several types of software applications:

 productivity/business software applications

 graphic design/multimedia software applications
 home/personal/educational software applications
 communications software applications

How to Start a Software Application

The desktop concept is used by both Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh
operating systems. The desktop is a work area on the screen that contains common
graphical elements such as icons, buttons, menus, links, windows, and dialogue boxes. A
software application can be launched by selecting its programme name from a menu or
command list. By clicking the programme name, the operating system is instructed to
transfer the program's instructions from a storage medium into memory. When
launched, the application appears in a window on the desktop. A window is a
rectangular area of the screen used to display a programme, data, or information. A title
bar at the top of the window contains the window's title.
The Key Features of Widely Used Products

Productivity Software: People use productivity software to help them be more

effective and efficient in their daily activities. Productivity software typically combines
project management, time tracking, and collaboration features on a single platform. It is
software designed to help employees stay on track with project goals, focus on their
tasks, and strive for project completion on time.

Word Processing Software: Word processing software allows users to create and
manipulate text and graphics-based documents. You can insert clip art into a document,
change the margins, find and replace text, use a spelling checker to check spelling, place
a header and footer at the top and bottom of a page, and change the font (character
design), font size (character scale), and font style with word processing software
(character appearance).

Spreadsheet Software: Data is organized in rows and columns in spreadsheet

software, which is referred to as a worksheet. A cell, which is formed by the intersection
of a row and a column, can contain a label (text), a value (number), or a formula or
function that performs calculations on the data and displays the results.

Database Software: You can use database software to create and manage
databases. A database is a collection of data that has been organized in such a way that
it can be accessed, retrieved, and used. A query is used to retrieve data based on
predefined criteria, which are constraints that the data must meet.

Presentation Graphics Software: Presentation graphics software is used to

create presentations that use a slide show to communicate ideas, messages, and other
information to a group. A clip gallery can be used to supplement your presentation with
clip art images, pictures, video clips, and audio clips.

PIM Software: A personal information manager (PIM) is software that includes an

appointment calendar for scheduling activities, an address book for keeping track of
names and addresses, and a notepad for jotting down ideas, reminders, and important
information. A software suite is a collection of individual applications sold as a whole.

Project Management Software: Consider which features you require to

efficiently manage your projects when looking for the best software for your team. Take
a look at the must-have features of project management tools to ensure that you don't
overlook any important aspects when looking for new software. You can use project
management software to plan, schedule, track, and analyse the progress of a project.

Accounting Software: Accounting software is a basic application that allows a

company to record the flow of money for internal and external review and auditing. It is
the primary tool for evaluating an organization's financial health and meeting legal
compliance through tools such as general ledgers, account payables and receivables,
purchase orders, stock management, and billing. Accounting software assists businesses
in recording and reporting their financial transactions.

CAD Software: Computer-aided design (CAD) software helps in creating engineering,

architectural, and scientific designs. DTP Software: Desktop publishing (DTP)
software is used to design and produce sophisticated and advance documents. DTP is
developed specifically to allow page layout, which is the process of arranging text and
graphics in a document.

Paint Software: Paint software is utilized to draw graphical images with various on-
screen tools. Image editing software allows for the capability to modify existing images.

Video editing Software: Video editing software and audio editing software can be
utilized to modify video and audio segments. Multimedia Authoring Software:
Multimedia authoring software is utilized to create electronic interactive presentations
that can add text, images, video, audio, and animation. Web page authoring software is
designed to make Web pages and to organize, manage, and maintain Web sites.

Personal Software: Many software applications are specifically designed for use at
home, as well as for personal or educational purposes. Integrated software is a package
that combines several productivity software applications that have a similar interface
and common features. Personal finance software is an accounting programme that
assists in the payment of bills, the balance of a chequebook, the tracking of income and
expenses, the monitoring of investments, and the evaluation of financial plans. Personal
DTP software assists in the creation of traditional documents by asking questions,
displaying predefined layouts, and providing standard text.
Legal Software: Legal software helps in the creation of legal documents and
provides legal advice. Tax preparation software leads users through the process of filing
federal taxes. Photo editing Software: To edit digital photographs, photo-editing
software is used. A clip art/image gallery is a collection of images and clip art that can be
used in a variety of documents. Home design and landscaping software aids in planning
and remodeling.

Educational Software: Educational software teaches a specific skill and is available

for almost any subject. Individuals of all ages can benefit from reference software,
which provides valuable and comprehensive information. Interactive games, videos, and
other programmes designed to support a hobby or provide entertainment are examples
of entertainment software. People use computers for a variety of reasons, one of which
is to communicate and share information.

E-mail Software: E-mail software is used to create, send, receive, forward, store,
print, and delete electronic mail (email). A Web browser is a piece of software that
allows you to access and view Web pages. A chat client is software that allows you to
connect to a chat room and chat with other users through your computer.

Newsreader Software: A newsreader is a software programme that allows users

to participate in a newsgroup, which is an online area on the Internet where users can
engage in written discussion about a specific topic.

Instant Messaging Software: An instant messenger is a piece of software that

allows you to use instant messaging (IM), a real-time communications service that alerts
you when one or more people are online and allows you to exchange messages or files.

Groupware: Groupware is a software application that helps groups of people on a

network work together and share information. Videoconference: A
videoconference is a meeting between two or more geographically separated people
who use a network or the Internet to transmit audio and video data.

Q. 4 Enlist different modes of CAI. How it helpful in teaching learning.

CAI:
The use of computers to deliver instruction and lectures is referred to as CAI
(COMPUTER-ASSISTED INSTRUCTION). CAI's foundations are in educational psychology
and instructional technology. In 1950, educational psychologists began experimenting
with programmed instruction. This divided course content into "frames," allowing
students to master the material in a specific order.

The majority of CAI strategies are computerized versions of teaching techniques that are
typically performed by people/teachers. CAI is the oldest computer instructional
application, providing instruction, drill, and practice in basic computation and language
skills.

In CAI, information is displayed on a computer screen, students are asked to respond,

and their responses are graded. If the response is correct, the student advances; if the
response is incorrect, similar problems are presented until the correct response is
elicited. CAI software can be purchased as a package or written by the classroom
teacher using market-available packages. The study programme is displayed on a CRT
screen. This programming style is essentially a stimulus response sequence. CAI logic
and content decisions made by teachers may have been translated into a programme of
study by a CAI system.

MODES OF CAI:
Programs for CAI can be written in a variety of modes:

1. Tutorial mode
2. Drill and practice mode
3. Discovery mode
4. Problem solving mode
5. Modeling mode
6. Simulation or role playing games
7. Gaming mode
8. Inquiry mode
9. Author mode
10. Logo mode

1. Tutorial Mode:
In tutorial, information is presented in small chunks, each of which is followed by a
question. The computer analyses the students' responses and provides appropriate
feedback. To teach, a network of branches or pathways can be programmed. Students
are free to work at their own pace.

2. Drill and Practice Mode:

In this mode, the programme guides the learner through a series of examples designed
to improve dexterity and fluency with the skill. Every correct response is reinforced.

It is an instructional strategy suited to the acquisition of basic knowledge, which

necessitates memorization, but it is also useful in more complex learning, as the
acquisition of complex knowledge necessitates repetitive practice. A drill programme is
broken down into three parts: item selection, item delivery, and record keeping. In the
presentation and tracking of drills, a computer can work in detail and sophistication that
a human tutor cannot.

3. Discovery Mode:

By presenting information to students and asking them to draw conclusions, discovery

fosters new insights. This promotes learning through trial and error. The discovery mode
may state a principle and then ask students to select appropriate examples.

The inductive approach is used in this case. The problems are presented, and the
students must solve them through trial and error. It's very similar to laboratory learning.
It aims to gain a better understanding of the outcomes of discovery.

4. Problem Solving Mode:

Problem solving is simple if the computer has the typical computational capability and a
typewriter and display response device with remote control of two-way communication.
Students must understand how to communicate with computers and how to solve low's
problem.

5. Dialogue Mode:

The basic concept of two days education is dialogue between student and teacher; in
CAI, a computer is used as a tutor. There are two types of dialogue: tutorial dialogue and
inquiry dialogue. The most difficult problem is analysing student responses because it is
impossible to list all possible student responses.

6. Simulation Mode:

The pupil is confronted with a scaled-down version of real-life scenarios. As a result,

realistic practice occurs without any risk.

This gives students the opportunity to participate in exercises that are closely related to
real-world experience. These are especially useful when the goal is to gain firsthand
experience. Students can use simulations to explore relationships in real-life situations.
Task performance simulations, system modelling simulations, and experience/encounter
simulations are the most common types of simulations.

7. Gaming Mode:

Games are commonly thought to be beneficial in shaping mental processes. However,

the link between learning and games is not always obvious. Identifying and selecting
games with educational value is a difficult task. Games can be divided into two types:
cooperative and competitive.

This mode may or may not be instructional, but it is certainly entertaining. Learning can
sometimes take the form of games. This mode is designed specifically for young
children.

8. Inquiry Mode:

Inquiry is the third type of CAI application mode. This CAI system responds to student
inquiries with answers that it has previously stored. In this mode, instructional
personnel must learn how the system works.

9. Author Mode:

CAI is used to supplement instruction by creating sets of materials for students to use.
When creating concept learning materials, these could be sentence forms with blanks in
them that are to be filled by a word or a set of words, i.e., inserted into the blanks by
computer according to the sets of instructions.
10. Logo Mode:

Logo is a simple programming language that children can learn. This programme
provides instructions for creating images on the screen. Children who learn LOGO create
their own programmes to draw flowers, faces, and designs on the screen.

Benefits of CAI in Teaching Learning:

 It is the primary source of receiving facts and information for teachers and students.
 Pupils are given drill and practice opportunities.
 It is beneficial in the form of a learning laboratory.
 It is critical in resolving administrative issues.
 It is useful in the evaluation process.
 It can be used to create a timetable.
 One-on-one interaction is a great motivator, as is the freedom to experiment with
different options.
 Instantaneous response/immediate feedback on the responses elicited Self-pacing -
allows students to proceed at their own pace.
 Aids teacher in devoting more time to individual students Privacy aids the shy and
slow learner in learning Individualized care
 learn more and more rapidly
 multimedia helps to understand difficult concepts through multi sensory approach
 self directed learning – students can decide when, where, and what to learn

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Q. 5: Enlist and discuss the ways in which computer helps self learning

Self Learning:
Self learning, or learning without direct supervision or attendance in a classroom, is a
valuable way to learn that is gaining popularity among parents and students. Students'
grades, material understanding, and confidence can improve dramatically when formal
education is supplemented with home study.
Many students study at home to supplement their classroom instruction. Self-study, on
the other hand, can be used to master a new skill or learn an entirely new concept –
such as a language or an instrument. The advantages of self-study are limitless and
entirely dependent on you and your child's goals.
There are numerous self-studying methods you can use at home (whether they are self-
study tips to complete alone or with others) that can provide numerous educational
benefits both in and out of school.
Make sure you have the following tools on hand to effectively incorporate self-study
into your child's life:

COMPUTER:
Many methods of self-study require the use of a computer, particularly when reading,
watching, or listening to online resources. However, if you prefer to complete work by
hand, non-digital substitutes (such as pencils and notebooks) can be used.
The majority of early computer use in education is classified as instructional computer
instigate and control learning. This is known as CAI. In computer programmes, students
are instructed through an interactive dialogue. TV educational application packages use
interesting and colorful graphics to keep students' attention and include programmes to
improve reading comprehension, spell, build vocabulary, and develop thinking and
other special skill.
A tutorial is made up of three interconnected components: the subject, the student, and
the teacher - the what, who, and how. Similarly, a computer programme to conduct
tutorials should be designed based on the contents of the topics and the manner in
which they are taught. It is not easy to realize one's desire to create an intelligent
computer tutor. This cannot be accomplished solely through the principles that
underpin the majority of educational programmes. The real challenge is in educational
psychology, because we don't know how students learn, and in artificial intelligence,
because we must try to build computer programmes that can use their expertise.
COMPUTER-ASSISTED INSTRUCTION A self-learning technique, usually offline/online,
involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials. CAI is used
to refer that situation where students and computer interact and where learning takes
place. This is a learning situation where the student interacts with computer through a
course of study aimed at achieving certain instructional goals. In a typical CAI setting,
students sit at an online device and communicate with the program in computer.
Interaction may take place in the following way.
1. The computer presents instructional information and questions
2. Student studies information or instruction presented, answer the questions, and
perhaps ask questions of his or her own; and
3. The computer then accepts, analyzes, and provides immediate feedback to student's
responses, and it maintains records of the student’s performance for evaluation
purposes.
CAT's fundamental philosophy entails a direct link between students and software, as
well as the transfer of basic instructional decisions from teacher to curriculum
developer.
Drill and practice can benefit students who have not mastered basic skills; the computer
also motivates students and frees the teacher to provide individual instruction. Some
argue that drill and practice can be accomplished through the use of flash cards or other
forms of drill. In response, educators have created an intelligent CAI programme in
which students interact with I computers rather than responding to them in a
predetermined manner. Intelligent C can assist students in generating and solving
problems, storing and retrieving data, and diagnosing problems.
Computer facilitates self learning as it:
• provides individual help to the student who might otherwise ignored
• helps student to learn at his own pace
• is impartial, patient and objective
• provides immediate feedback
Ways in which computer helps self learning:
In today's world, there is a huge emphasis on technology, and this trend is only going to
continue. The numerous advantages of using computers in the classroom are being
recognized by an increasing number of school districts and higher education institutions.
Almost everything is now done online. Using computers to enhance classroom learning
not only helps students learn, but it also helps teachers teach more information to their
students. Here are some of the ways computers can help in the classroom.

Educational Games

Many students, particularly younger children, genuinely enjoy educational games.

Quality educational games can distract a child from the fact that they are working.
Games can pique a child's interest in learning. When they complete a game, both the
student and the teacher can see an instant report of their progress with a particular
skill.

Word Processing Software

Word processing software can be an invaluable classroom tool regardless of the subject
being taught or the level at which it is taught. Students can use the computer to type up
projects, lab reports, and pretty much anything else they need. Most word processing
software will highlight miss pelt words and incorrect punctuation, allowing children to
learn while also learning to type.

Digital Textbooks

Most new textbooks are available in digital editions with supplemental educational
software that makes them interactive. Because students don't realise they're learning,
interactive learning is generally more engaging and enjoyable. You can also get voice
software that reads sections of the book to the students. This is especially useful for
difficult-to-pronounce words and students with varying learning abilities.

Teaching Websites

Several websites have been created with the sole purpose of assisting students and
teachers. These websites enable students in the same class to communicate with one
another via messages and discussion boards. Teachers can also participate in
discussions, grade homework, and post grades, as well as communicate and connect
with their students.
Discovery
Discovery approach provides a large database of information specific to a course or
content area and challenges the learner to analyze, compare, infer and evaluate based
on their explorations of the data.
Problem Solving Software
This approach helps children develop specific problem solving skills and strategies.
Simulation
Simulation software can provide an approximation of reality that does not require the
expense of real life or its risks.

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