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12th February 2012 Pipe Wall Thickness Design

PIPE WALL THICKNESS DESIGN

 Sumber : Buku "Introduction to Offshore Pipeline and Riser"

Pipe wall thickness (WT) should be checked for;

- internal pressure (burst)

- external pressure (collapse/buckle propagation)
- bending buckling
- combined load

Also the calculated pipe WT should be checked for thermal expansion, on-bottom
stability, free spanning, and installation stress.

1.      Internal Pressure (Burst) Check

Pipe should carry the internal fluid safely without bursting.  Design factor (inverse of
safety factor) used for burst pressure check (hoop stress) varies due to the pipe
application; oil or gas and pipeline or riser.  The 0.72 design factor means a 72% of
pipe SMYS shall be used in pipe strength design.  Riser is required to use a lower
design factor than the flowline/pipeline.  This is because the riser is attached to a
fixed or floating structure and the riser’s failure may damage the structure and cost
human lives, unlike the pipeline failure.  Moreover, gas riser uses lower design factor
than the oil riser, since gas is a compressed fluid so gas riser’s failure is more
dangerous than the oilriser’s.
Using a conventional thin wall pipe formula, as used in ASME B31.4 and B31.8, then
required pipe wall thickness (t) can be obtained as;

[file:///C:/Users/PC/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg]
For example, for a gas pipeline with a 4,000 psi internal pressure (at water surface), the
required WT for a 16” OD and X-65 grade pipe is 0.684” as below. 

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SuQmCC]

The empty pipe dry weight in air is 112.0 lb/ft and water displacement (buoyancy) is 89.4
lb/ft.  Therefore, the pipe specific gravity is 1.25 (or 112.0/89.4).  The submerged
pipeweight is 22.6 lb/ft (or 112.0-89.4 lb/ft).  The gas pipeline riser requires 0.985” WT
pipe, using the same criteria as above but with 0.5 design factor. 
For a deepwater application, the external hydrostatic pressure should be accounted forby

using ∆P instead of P.

∆P = (internal pressure)max – (external pressure)min = Pi_max – Po_min

For the above example, the external pressure is zero at the platform, so there is no
change in WT calculation. 

The above thin wall pipe formula assumes uniform hoop stress across the pipe wall and
gives a conservative result (high hoop stress).  However, the hoop stress is not uniform
and it is maximum at inner surface and minimum at outer surface as shown in Figure
9.1.1.  Therefore, a closed form solution of thick wall pipe (D/t<20) formula should be used
if more accurate hoop stress is required 

By replacing r = a, the maximum hoop stress at inner pipe wall can be expressed as; 
  

2. External Pressure (Collapse/Buckle Propagation) Check

The deepwater pipeline shall be checked for external hydrostatic pressure for its
collapse resistance and buckle propagation resistance.  Normally the buckle
propagation resistance requires heavier WT than the collapse resistance.  However, if
a buckle arrestor is installed at a certain interval (typically a distance equivalent to
the water depth), the buckle propagation is prevented or stopped (arrested) and no
further damage to the pipeline beyond the buckle arrestor can occur.  In this way, we
can save some pipe material and installation cost by designing the pipe for collapse
resistance.

The ASME code does not provide a formula to check for collapse resistance, thus the
API RP-1111 is normally used
For example, for a 4,000 psi internal pressure gas pipeline in 3,000 ft water depth
  (1,333.3 psi), the 16” OD x 0.684” WT, X-65 grade seamless pipe can resist collapse
pressure, as calculated below.

Buckle propagation pressure (Pp) should be computed and checked with differential
pressure per API RP-1111 formula.  If the buckle propagation pressure is higher than
the differential pressure, buckle will not propagate (travel).  However, buckle will
propagates if the calculated buckle propagation pressure is less than the differential
pressure.

As shown in the below calculations, the 16” OD x 0.684” WT, X-65 grade pipe requires
buckle arrestors in water depths greater than 1,453 ft (equivalent to 646 psi).

3. Bending Buckling Check

Pipe WT should be checked for bending buckling during installation and operation
per API RP-1111.  
  
 
The same pipe as above with 1.0% ovality satisfies the bending buckling requirement
as calculated below.

If the pipe is to be installed by a reel-lay method, the pipe WT needs to be checked for
buckling during reeling.  For a reel drum radius of R, the required pipe WT for
reeling is estimated as: 

4. Combined Load Check

The combined stress of hoop stress  and longitudinal (axial compression or tension)
stress should not exceed 90% of the pipe SMYS during operation, per ASME B31.8. 
There is no maximum combined stress limit for hydrotesting in this code, but it is
allowed by industry to use 100% SMYS during hydrotest.

 
The combined stress can be calculated using Von Mises formula as below, neglecting
torsional (tangential) stress:

The longitudinal stress comes from tension and bending loads due to installation,

route curvature, free span, thermal expansion, etc.  As shown in Figure 9.4.1, the

maximum allowable Von Mises Stress curve gives less conservative results than the

Tresca stress curve.  If the calculated Von Mises stress falls inside of the curve, the

pipe is considered safe in terms of combined resultant stress

 
 Diposting 12th February 2012 oleh The Ocean Engineer

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