ASSIGNMENT UNIT 1

Last date of submission=15.04.2020

1. Define superconductor material and its type.
Ans A material that can conduct electricity without resistance is known as a
superconductor. In most of the cases, in some materials like compounds otherwise metallic
elements offers some amount of resistance at room temperature, although they offer low
resistance at a temperature is called its critical temperature.
Types of Superconductors
Superconductors are classified into two types namely type-I & type-II.

types-of-superconductors
 
Type-I Superconductor
This kind of superconductor includes basic conductive parts and these are utilized in
different fields from electrical cabling to microchips on the computer. These types of
superconductors lose their superconductivity very simply when it is placed in the magnetic
field at the critical magnetic field (Hc). After that, it will become like a conductor. These
types of semiconductors are also named as soft superconductors due to the reason of loss
of superconductivity. These superconductors obey the Meissner effect completely.
The superconductor examples are Zinc and Aluminum.
Type-II Superconductor
This kind of superconductor will lose their superconductivity slowly but not simply as it is
arranged within the exterior magnetic field. When we observe the graphical representation
between magnetization vs. the magnetic field, when the second type semiconductor is
placed within a magnetic field, then it will lose its superconductivity slowly.
This kind of semiconductors will start to lose their superconductivity on the less significant
magnetic field & totally drop their superconductivity at the higher critical magnetic field.
The condition between the slighter critical magnetic field & higher critical magnetic field is
called an intermediate state otherwise vortex state.

2. What are the properties of material which make it suitable for application of:-
a) Fuse : The material used for fuse elements must be of low melting point, low
ohmic loss, high conductivity (or low resistivity), low cost and free from
detraction. The material used for making fuse element has a low melting point
such as tin, lead, or zinc. A low melting point is, however, available with a high
specific resistance metal shown in the table below.
b) Soldering : Soldering is all about electrical conductivity and low melting points.
Solder allows the joining of material with greater strength than simply twisting
two wires together. The solder creates a strong bond of low resistance between
two points. The solder itself is a low melting point alloy.
c) Lamp filament: The filament is an important part of incandescent lamp. The life of an
incandescent lamp, depends on its filament. The filament material must have following
merits-
 High melting point.
 Low vapour pressure.
 Free from oxidation in inert gas (i.e. argon, nitrogen etc.) medium at operating
temperature.
 High resistivity.
 Low thermal coefficient of expansion.
 Low temperature coefficient of resistance.
 Should have high young modulus and tensile strength.
 Sufficient ductility so that can be drawn in the form of very thin wire.
 Ability to be converted in the shape of filament.
 High fatigue resistance against thermally induced fluctuating stresses.
d) Furnace : The performance and life of heating element depend on properties of the
material used for heating element. The required properties in material used for heating
elements-
 High melting point.
 Free from oxidation in open atmosphere.
 High tensile strength.
 Sufficient ductility to draw the metal or alloy in the form of wire.
 High resistivity.
 Low temperature coefficient of resistance.

3. Write shot notes on Write shot notes on:-

a) Low resistivity materials :
b) high resistivity material
Ans.
unit 1.pdf