7.

18
a:

Food Drink Party (Food ⇒ Party) ∨ (Drinks ⇒ Party) (Food ∧ Drinks) ⇒ Party
T T T T T
T T F F F
T F T T T
T F F T T
F T T T T
F T F T T
F F T T T
F F F T T

As the left is always the same as the right, we can see that the sentence is always true, so it’s valid.

b:

Left : (Food ⇒ Party) ∨ (Drinks ⇒ Party)

= (￢Food ∨ Party) ∨ (￢Drinks ∨ Party)
= ￢Food ∨ ￢Drinks ∨ Party

Right : (Food ∧ Drinks) ⇒ Party

= ￢(Food ∧ Drinks) ∨ Party
= ￢Food ∨ ￢Drinks ∨ Party

As the left side is the same as the right side in CNF, so A ⇒ A is always true, so it’s valid.

c:

To prove (a), we just need to prove the sentence below is unsatisfiable.

[(Food ⇒ Party) ∨ (Drinks ⇒ Party)] ∧ ￢[(Food ∧ Drinks) ⇒ Party]
= (￢Food ∨ ￢Drinks ∨ Party) ∧ ￢(￢Food ∨ ￢Drinks ∨ Party)
= (￢Food ∨ ￢Drinks ∨ Party) ∧ Food ∧ Drinks ∧ ￢Party
= (￢Drinks ∨ Party) ∧ Drinks ∧ ￢Party
= Party ∧ ￢Party
= False

So the sentence is unsatisfiable, which means (a) is valid.

13.8
a: P(toothache) = 0.108 + 0.012 + 0.016 + 0.064 = 0.2
b: P(Cavity) = <0.108 + 0.012 + 0.072 +0.008, 0.016 + 0.064 + 0.144 + 0.576> = <0.2,0.8>
c: P(Toothache | cavity) = <(0.108 + 0.012) / 0.2, (0.072 + 0.008) / 0.2> = <0.6, 0.4>
d: P(toothache ∨ catch) = 1 – 0.008 – 0.576 = 0.416
P(Cavity | toothache ∨ catch)
= <(0.108 + 0.012 + 0.072) / 0.416, (0.016 + 0.064 + 0.144) / 0.416>
= <0.4615, 0.5385>

13.23

Pi,j and Pk,l is not independent because now that the total number of pit is a constant, if Pk,l is a
pit, Pi,j will get reduced. Even, if all pits are found in other positions(not in i,j), then the Pi,j will
decrease to 0.

P(P1,2 . . . P4,4) = 1/C(3,15) = 455

P1,3:
If P1,3 = true, then there will be 1 + 10 + 10 = 21 conditions.
If P1,3 = false, then there will be C(2,10) + 10 = 55 conditions
So P(P1,3) = <21/76, 55/76> = <0.276, 0.724>

P2,2:
If P2,2 = true, then there will be 1 + 2*10 + C(2,10) = 66 conditions.
If P2,2 = false, then there will be only 10 conditions
So P(P2,2) = <66/76, 10/76> = <0.868, 0.132>