Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word

or phrase for
each of the blanks from 15 to 19

About 50 or so kinds modern plastic are made from oil, gas, or coal-non-renewable natural resources. We (15)___ well over
three million tons of the stuff in Japan each year and, sooner or later, most of it is thrown away .A high proportion of our
animal consumption is in the (16)____ of packaging and this constitutes about seven percent by weight, of our domestic(17)
____ . Almost all of it can be recycled, but very little of it is, though the plastic recycling industry is growing fast. The plastics
themselves are extremely energy - rich – they have a higher calorific(18) ____ than coal and one methodn of “recovery”
strongly (19)____ by plastic manufacturers if the conversion of waste plastic into a fuel.

Question 15. A. consign B. import C. consume D. remove

Question 16. A. form B. way C. type D. kind

Question 17. A. goods B. refuse C. rubble D. requirements

Question 18. A. effect B. degree C. value D. demand

Question 19. A. argued B. presented C. desired D. favored

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer to each of the questions.
Sunlight is solar energy. Sunlight is needed for growing plants that you eat to get energy. Sunlight is also used to
make clean electricity. Burning fossil fuels to make electricity pollutes our atmosphere and rivers. Fossil fuels are
expensive and limited sources of energy. Nuclear fission is used to create enormous amount of heat and electricity.
However, nuclear fission forms dangerous radioactive waste.
Sunlight offers many ways to get energy. A window can allow warm sunlight into your room. Solar water-heating
systems can use sunlight to warm the water for your home, swimming pool and school. Sunlight also warms the
Earth and causes wind. Electricity can be made by wind generators.
Photovoltaic, or PV system use a type of material that converts sunlight into electricity. PV systems can power
your air conditioner or a satellite like the International Space Station. PV systems are also used to run a calculator,
recharge cell phone, or even power lightweight cars.
Sunlight is also changed into electricity by concentrating solar power or CSP systems. CSP systems have mirrors
that focus the sunlight. The concentrated sunlight turns water into steam which turns a turbine that is connected to
an electric generator. A CSP system usually uses sunlight to make steam. CSP power plants can store large amount
of heat. The stored heat is used to make electricity at night. During cloud days, many CSP plants can also burn
natural gas to provide the heat that is used to turn water into steam.
Sunlight provides the energy needed to grow plants and make large amount of environmentally friendly heat and
electricity. Solar energy can provide power today and for a long time in the future.
13. This article is mainly about ______
A. Human using sunlight to stay warm.
B. The need to develop new technology for solar power system.
C. How the energy of sunlight is used.
D. How solar energy can provide power for transportation systems.
14. In the first paragraph, the word “fossil fuels” in line 2 means ________
A. fuels formed millions of years from the remains of animals and plants

B. nuclear energy
C. solar power
D. fuel formed from the energy of the wind
15. The drawback of nuclear fission is that ________
A. it sends out energy in the form of rays that can be harmful.
B. it is costly.
C. it releases smoke.
D. it is time-consuming to be formed.
16. To help the readers understand some of the benefits of solar energy, the author ________
A. provides a list of solar energy projects.
B. lists in chronological order the invention of various systems that gather the energy of sunlight.
C. describes in detail how a PV system works.
D. briefly compares and contrasts the differences in using fossil fuels, nuclear fission and solar energy in electric
power systems.
17. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Fossil fuel supplies are unlimited.
B. Solar energy is the energy that comes from the sun.
C. PV systems provide electricity for the International Space Station.
D. A CSP power plant can produce steam even at night.
18. In the third paragraph, the word “convert” is closest in meaning to _______
A. change form one religion to another B. transform
C. exchange for something equal in value D. converse
19. In the fourth paragraph, the word “which” refers to _______
A. water B. steam C. sunlight D. solar power
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each
of the questions.
In this era of increased global warming and diminishing fossil fuel supplies, we must begin to put a greater priority
on harnessing alternative energy sources. Fortunately, there are a number of readily available, renewable resources that are
both cost- effective and earth – friendly. Two such resources are solar power and geothermal power.
Solar energy, which reaches the earth through sunlight, is so abundant that it could meet the needs of worldwide
energy consumption 6,000 times over. And solar energy is easily harnessed through the use of photovoltaic cells that convert
sunlight to electricity. In the US alone, more than 100, 000 homes are equipped with solar electric systems in the form of
solar panels or solar roof tiles. And in other parts of the world, including many developing countries, the use of solar system
is growing steadily.
Another alternative energy source, which is abundant in specific geographical areas, is geothermal power, which creates
energy by tapping heat from below the surface of the earth. Hot water and steam that are trapped in underground pools are pumped
to the surface and used to run a generator, which produces electricity. Geothermal energy is 50,000 times more abundant than the
entire known supply of fossil fuel resources and as with solar power, the technology needed to utilize geothermal energy is fairly
simple. A prime example of effective
geothermal use in Iceland, a region of high geothermal activity where there are over 80 percent of private homes, are heated
by geothermal power.
Solar and geothermal energy are just two of promising renewable alternatives to conventional energy sources. The
time is long overdue to invest in the development and use of alternative energy on global scale.
Question 25: What is the main topic of this passage?
A. The benefits of solar and wind power over conventional energy sources.
B. Two types of alternative energy sources that should be further utilized.
C. How energy resources are tapped from nature.
D. Examples of the use of energy sources worldwide.
Question 26: According to the passage, why should we consider using alternative energy sources?
A. Because fossil fuels are no longer available.
B. Because global warming has increased the amount of sunlight that reaches the earth.
C. Because they are free and available worldwide.
D. Because conventional energy resources are being depleted, and they cause environmental damage.
Question 27: Which of the following words could best replace the word “harnessing”?
A. Capturing B. Harassing C. Depleting D. Exporting
Question 28: According to the passage, what can be inferred about solar roof tiles?
A. They are being used in many undeveloped countries.
B. They can convert geothermal energy to electricity.
C. They are more expensive than solar panels.
D. They contain photovoltaic cells.
Question 29: According to the passage, how is solar energy production similar to geothermal energy production?
A. They both require the use of a generator. B. They both use heat from the earth’s surface.
C. They both require fairly simple technology. D. They are both conventional and costly.
Question 30: Where is the best place in the passage to insert the following sentence?
“Although the US is not utilizing geothermal resources to this extent, the Western US has a similar capacity to
generate geothermal power”
A. after the phrase “earth-friendly” B. after the phrase “growing steadily”
C. after the phrase “geothermal power” D. after the phrase “global scale”
Question 31: According to the passage, which of the following is true about solar power?
A. There is very little of it available in Iceland.
B. It is being used in 100, 000 private homes worldwide.
C. It is 6,000 times more powerful than energy from fossil fuels.
D. There is enough of it to far exceed the energy needs of the world.
Question 32: What can be inferred about the use of geothermal energy in Iceland?
A. It is widely used form of energy for heating homes.
B. Twenty percent of the geothermal energy created is used to heat businesses.
C. It is not effective for use in private homes.
D. It is 80 times more effective than traditional forms of energy.
Question 33: What does the author imply about alternative energy sources?
A. Many different types of alternative energy sources exist.
B. Most alternative energy sources are too impractical for private use.
C. Alternative energy is too expensive for developing countries to produce.
D. Solar and geothermal energy are the effective forms of alternative power.
Question 34: What best describes the author’s purpose in writing the passage?
A. To warn people about the hazards of fossil fuel use.
B. To convince people of the benefits of developing alternative energy sources.
C. To describe the advantages and disadvantages of alternative energy use.
D. To outline the problems and solutions connected with global warming.

Exercise 9: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer

sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions

 In the twentieth - century, people depend on unlimited energy to power their everyday lives.

A wide range of energy-run devices and modern conveniences are taken for granted, and although

it may seem that we will never be in danger of living without those conveniences, the fact is that

many supplies of energy are dwindling rapidly. Scientists are constantly searching for new sources

of power to keep modern society running. Whether future populations will continue to enjoy the

benefits of abundant energy will depend on the success of this search.

Coal, oil, and natural gas supply modern civilization with most of its power. However, not

only are supplies of these fuels limited, but they are a major source of pollution. If the energy

demands of the future are to be met without seriously harming the environment, existing

alternative energy sources must be improved or further explored and developed. These include

nuclear, water, solar, wind, and geothermal power, as well as energy from new, nonpolluting

types of fuels. Each of these alternatives, however, has advantages and disadvantages.

Nuclear power plants efficiently produce large amounts of electricity without polluting the

atmosphere; however, they are costly to build and maintain, and they pose the daunting problem

of what to do with nuclear waste. Hydroelectric power is inexpensive and environmentally safe,

but impractical for communities located far from moving water. Harnessing energy from tides and

waves has similar drawbacks. Solar power holds great promise for the future but methods of

collecting and concentrating sunlight are as yet inefficient, as are methods of harnessing wind

power.

Every source of energy has its disadvantages. One way to minimize them is to use less

energy. Conservation efforts coupled with renewable energy resources, such as a combination of

solar, water, wind, and geothermal energy and alternative fuels, such as alcohol and hydrogen,

will ensure supplies of clean, affordable energy for humanity's future.

Question 40. The word "dwindling" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to

A. diminishing B. changing C. increasing D. limiting

Question 41. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. Our present energy sources must be eliminated and replaced with alternative sources.
B. Demands for energy in the future are likely to decrease.
C. The search for alternative energy sources is not over
D. Alternative sources of energy on this planet are very limited.
Question 42. It can be inferred from the passage that .
A. Many alternative energy sources are environmentally hazardous
B. solar and wind power are not promising for the future
C. most alternative energy sources have proven to be impractical
D. nuclear power solves one problem while creating others
Question 43. The passage suggests that .

A. people use energy without giving great thought to where it's coming from
B. modern society requires a minimum amount of energy to keep it running
C. the search for energy sources is mainly a problem for the future
D. scientists believe we will never have to go without our modern conveniences
Question 44. From the passage, it can be inferred that to solve our energy problems .
A. a combination of conservation and invention will be needed
B. we will have to stop using many of our modern conveniences
C. scientists will have to find ways to increase our supplies of coal, oil, and gas
D. scientists will have to find one major source of nonpolluting energy.
 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
A
There are many reasons why we are looking toward alternative
energy sources. With many countries signing the Kyoto Treaty,
efforts to reduce pollutants and greenhouse gases are a primary
focus in today’s culture. Alternative, or renewable, energy sources
show significant promise in helping to reduce the amount of toxins
that are by-products of energy use. Not only do they protect against
harmful by-products, but using alternative energy helps to preserve
many of the natural resources that we currently use as sources of
energy. To understand how alternative energy use can help preserve
the delicate ecological balance of the planet, and help us conserve
the non-renewable energy sources like fossil fuels, it is important to
know what types of alternative energy are out there.
B
Alternative energy sources are resources that constantly replace and
are usually less polluting. They are not the result of the burning of
fossil fuels or the splitting of atoms. The use of renewable energy is
contributing to our energy supply. Some alternative energy sources
are biomass energy, geothermal energy, hydroelectric power, solar
power, wind power, fuel cells, ocean thermal energy conversion, tidal
energy, and wave energy.
C
Biomass is renewable energy that is produced from organic matter.
Biomass fuels include wood, forest and mill residues, animal waste,
grains, agricultural crops, and aquatic plants. These materials are
used as fuel to heat water for steam or processed into liquids and
gases, which can be burned to do the same thing. With more use of
biomass at lower production costs and better technology, the United
States could generate as much as four-and-a-half times more
biopower by 2020. It is estimated that biomass will have the largest
increase among renewable energy sources, rising by 80 percent and
reaching 65.7 billion KW in 2020.
D
Geothermal energy uses heat from within the earth. Wells are drilled
into geothermal reservoirs to bring the hot water or steam to the
surface. The steam then drives a turbine-generator to generate
electricity in geothermal plants. In some places, this heat is used
directly to heat homes and greenhouses or to provide process heat
for businesses or industries. Reykjavik, Iceland, is heated by
geothermal energy. Most geothermal resources are concentrated in
the western part of the United States. Geothermal heat pumps use
shallow ground energy to heat and cool homes, and this technique
can be employed almost anywhere. With technological improvements
much more power could be generated from hydrothermal resources.
Scientists have been experimenting by pumping water into the hot
dry rock that is 3-6 miles below the earth’s surface for use in
geothermal power plants.
E
Hydroelectric (hydropower) energy employs the force of falling water
to drive turbine-generators to produce electricity. Hydropower
produces more electricity than any other alternative energy source. It
has been estimated that hydroelectric power will decline from 389
billion KW in the US in 1999 to 298 billion KW in 2020. This decline is
expected because most of the best sites for hydropower have already
been developed and because of concerns about the adverse impact
that large-scale hydroelectric facilities may have on the environment.
F
Solar energy is generated without a turbine or electromagnet. Special
panels of photovoltaic cells capture light from the sun and convert it
directly into electricity. The electricity is stored in a battery. Solar
energy can also be used to directly heat water for domestic use (solar
thermal technology). The domestic photovoltaic (PV) industry could
provide up to 15% of new US peak electricity capacity that is
expected to be required in 2020.
G
Wind energy can be used to produce electricity. As wind passes
through the blades of a windmill, the blades spin. The shaft that is
attached to the blades turns and powers a pump or turns a generator
to produce electricity. Electricity is then stored in batteries. The speed
of the wind and the size of the blades determine how much energy
can be produced. Wind energy is more efficient in windier parts of the
country. Most wind power is produced from wind farms – large
groups of turbines located in consistently windy locations. Wind, used
as a fuel, is free and non-polluting and produces no emissions or
chemical wastes. Wind-powered electricity is gaining in popularity.
H
Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that produce electricity through
a chemical reaction. Fuel cells are rechargeable, contain no moving
parts, are clean, and produce no noise. Scientists are exploring ways
that they could be used as a power source for nearly exhaust-free
automobiles and how they can be used as electricity-generating
plants. The high cost of manufacturing fuel cells has prevented the
mass use of this valuable energy source.
I
Ocean sources; Oceans, which cover more than 70% of the earth,
contain both thermal energy from the sun’s heat and mechanical
energy from the tides and waves. Ocean thermal energy conversion
(OTEC) converts solar radiation to electric power. OTEC power
plants use the difference in temperature between warm surface
waters heated by the sun and colder waters found at ocean depths to
generate electricity. The power of tides can also be harnessed to
produce electricity. Tidal energy works by harnessing the power of
changing tides but it needs large tidal differences. The tidal process
utilizes the natural motion of the tides to fill reservoirs, which are then
slowly discharged through electricity-producing turbines. Wave
energy conversion extracts energy from surface waves, from
pressure fluctuations below the water surface, or from the full-wave.
Wave energy also uses the interaction of winds with the ocean
surface. This technology is still in the exploratory phase in the United
States.
 

Questions 1-2
The writer mentions a number of facts relating to alternative power
sources.
Which TWO of the following facts are mentioned?
A     International co-operation has yet to result in the largescale
implementation and effective use of alternative power sources.
B     One alternative energy source, in particular, will have a great
impact in the years to come.
C     A side-effect of one of these forms of energy is the production of
chemical waste.
D     Expense is the main factor that is an obstacle to developing one
of these forms of energy.
E     Approximately one in five US homes will be using one of these
forms of energy within twenty years.
F     One attraction of these forms of energy, in general, is the
relatively low production costs.
 

Questions 3-4

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.

3   Geothermal energy is produced by
A   heating the air below the surface of the ground.
B   employing the force of falling water.
C   extracting water or steam from beneath the earth’s surface.
D   using the earth’s natural electricity.
4   Which form of alternative energy does not involve the use of
turbines?
A   wind energy
B   geothermal energy
C   tidal energy
D   fuel cell energy
 
Questions 5-8
Do the following statements agree with the information given in
Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE               if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE              if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN    if there is no information on this
5   Wind power is the most efficient form of alternative energy.NG
6   Wave energy can be derived from a number of sources.T
7   Alternative energy sources serve several purposes.T
8   Fossil fuels are needed in at least one of these alternative energy
sources.F
 
Questions 9-13
Complete the sentences.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each
answer.
9   By using alternative energy sources, we can cut the amount of toxins that
are produced by current power sources.
10   In addition to fossil fuels and atom-splitting, we presently use
renewable energy as part of our power source.
11   Renewable energy called biomass is produced from organic matter
12   The renewable energy that comes from within the earth is called
geothermal energy
13   One of the reasons that fuel cells are not widely used is the (high)
cost of manufacturing.