Introduction to Internet of Things

Brief Content/Summary of Nptel video Lectures

Lecture – 01 Introduction to IoT-Part – 1

• The Basics of Internet of Things • The basic technologies connectivity

• Different fundamental concepts behind devices that are required
IoT • And an overall understanding about
how IoT’s are made.

Lecture – 02 Introduction to IoT-Part- II

• IoT Resulting in Address crunch • Multi-homing

• Connectivity Terminologies • IPV4 v/s IPV6
• IoT Network Configurations • IPV4 header format
• Gateway Prefix Allotment • IPV6 header format
• Impact of mobility on Addressing • IPV6
• Gateways

Lecture – 03 Sensing

Sensors are essential building blocks of internet of things.

• Sensor Definition • Scalar sensors

• few real sensors • Vector Sensors
• Sensors • Sensor Types
• Transducers • Some Real Physical sensors
• Sensors vs Transducers • Sensorial Deviations
• Sensor Features • Non-linearity
• Sensor Resolution • Hysteresis error
• Sensor Classes • Other errors
• Analog Sensor
• Digital sensors
Lecture – 04 Actuation

Actuators perform certain actions based on the readings of different types of sensors, on the
environment on another system on a device

• Actuation • Electric Actuators

• Real Actuator • Thermal or Magnetic actuators
• Actuator • Mechanical Actuators
• Actuator Types • Soft actuators
• Hydraulic actuators • Shape Memory Polymers
• Actual hydraulic actuator • Light activated polymers
• Pneumatic actuator

Lecture – 05 Basics of IoT Networking-Part-I

Basics on the networking aspects of Internet of Things.

• Convergence of Domain • IoT and Associated Technologies

• IoT Components • Technical Deviation from Regular
• IoT working Web
• Functional Components of IoT • Key technologies for IoT
• An Example of IoT Implementation • IoT Challenges
• IoT interdependencies • Different considerations for
• IoT Service Oriented Architecture building IoT
• IoT categories • Complexity of Networks
• IoT Gateways • Wireless networks
• Scalability

Lecture – 06 Basics of IoT Networking-Part-II

IoT Protocols based on Functionality

MQTT – Message Queue Telemetry Transport

• Functionality based IoT Protocol • Communication

Organization • MQTT Topics
• Introduction – MQTT • MQTT Applications
• MQTT components • SMQTT – Secure MQTT
• MQTT methods
• Fig - publish subscribe model of MQTT
Lecture – 07 Basics of IoT Networking- Part- III

IoT Protocols
CoAP – Constrained Application Protocol
XMPP – Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol

• CoAP – Constrained Application • XMPP - Extensible Messaging and Presence

Protocol Protocol
• Introduction • Introduction
• CoAP Position in the Protocol • Highlights of the XMPP protocol
Stack • Core XMPP Technologies
• CoAP Message Types • Weaknesses of XMPP
• CoAP Request-Response Model • Applications of XMPP
• CoAP Features

Lecture – 08 Basics of IoT Networking- Part- IV

IoT Protocols
AMQP – Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

• Introduction – AMQP • Components of AMQP

• ( Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) • AMQP exchanges types
• Protocol Working • AMQP Features
• AMQP Features • Applications
• Message Delivery Guarantees
• AMQP frame types

Lecture – 09 Connectivity Technologies- Part-1

IEEE 802.15.4, ZigBee protocol

IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee protocol
• Communication Protocols • Features of ZigBee protocol
• Features of IEEE 802.15.4 • Fig. Position of ZigBee with respect to
• IEEE 802.15.4 Focus Areas 802.15.4
• IEEE 802.15.4 Variants • Important components
• IEEE 802.15.4 Types • ZigBee topologies
• 802.15.4 networks classification • ZigBee star topology
(FFD and RFD) • ZigBee Mesh
• 802.15.4 Frames • ZigBee Types
• Beacon Enabled Networks • ZigBee Network Layer
• Non-Beacon Enabled Networks • ZigBee Applications
Lecture – 10 Connectivity Technologies- Part-II

6LoWPAN Protocol
RFID

6LoWPAN RFID
• Introduction to 6LoWPAN Protocol • Introduction
• Features of 6LoWPANs • RFID Features
• Addresses in 6LoWPAN • Working Principle
• 6LoWPAN Packet Format • RFID Working
• Header type – Dispatch Header • RFID Applications
• Header type – Mesh Addressing
Header
• Header type – Fragmentation Header
• 6LoWPAN Routing Consideration
• LOADng Routing Protocol
• RPL Routing

Lecture – 11 Connectivity Technologies – III

HART
Wireless HART
NFC (Near Field Communication)

• Introduction to HART • NFC

(Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol) • NFC (Near Field Communication)
• Wireless HART • NFC Types
• HART Physical Layer • NFC Working Principle
• HART Data Link Layer • Fig. - NFC reader Contactless NFC
• HART Network and Transport Layers Card
• HART Application Layer • NFC specification
• HART Congestion Control • Modes of Operation of NFC
• Wireless HART Network Manager • NFC Applications
• Wireless HART vs Zigbee
• wireless HART used in the mesh network
Lecture – 12 Connectivity Technologies – IV

• Bluetooth
• RFComm (Radio Frequency Communication Protocol)
• SDP (Service Discovery Protocol)
• concept of Piconets

Bluetooth • RFComm
• Introduction to Bluetooth Wireless • (Radio frequency communication
Technology protocol)
• Features • Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)
• Features • concept of Piconets
• Connection Establishment • Fig. – Piconet Master/Salve
• Modes of operation of Bluetooth • Fig. – Multiple Piconet
devices • More Piconet info
• Protocol Stack • Fig. - configuration of Piconet and
• Baseband Layer or Physical Layer scatter net
• L2CAP • Features of Piconet
• (Logical Link Control Adaptation • connection between the slaves
Protocol) • Scatternet
• Applications of Bluetooth

Lecture – 13 Connectivity Technologies – V

• Zwave
• Zwave vs Zigbee
• ISA100.11a. (International Society of Automation)

• Zwave • ISA100.11A
• Introduction to Zwave • ISA100.11A Introduction
• home automation example fig • The network and transport layers
• Zwave Global operating frequency • Application Layer
• Modulation used in Zwave • Fig - scenario
• GFSK modulation (Gaussian frequency • Features of - ISA100.11A
shift keying) • Security
• Zwave - Home Automation use case • usage classes
• Zwave vs Zigbee
Lecture – 14 Sensor Networks – I
Wireless Sensor Networks
• Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
• Multi hop path in WSNs
• Basic Components of a Sensor Node
• Different units in WSN
• Sensor Nodes
• Constrains on Sensor Node
• Applications
Lecture – 15 Sensor Networks – II
• Interconnecting the different nodes in
WSN for extended coverage of sensing
• Understand the behavior of the
different nodes in the network.
• Node Behavior in WSN
• Dynamic Misbehavior : Dumb Behavior
• Detection and Connectivity Re-
establishment
• Event Aware Topology Management in
Wireless Sensor Network
Object Detection in WSN
• single source single object detection
• single source multiple object detection
• multiple sources single object
detection
• multiple sources multiple objects
detection
• Challenges in implementing sensor
networks
• Sensor web
• Sensor web Entanglement
• Cooperation in Wireless Ad Hoc and
sensor Network
• Security Challenges in cooperation
• Information Theoretic Self-
Management of Wireless Sensor
Network
• General Framework of InTSeM
• Social Sensing in WSNs
• Military Sensor Network
• Application of WSNs : Mines
• Application of WSNs : Healthcare
Lecture – 16 Sensor Networks- III
• Problem of Target Tracking/object
tracking - house sensor networks
• WSN in Agriculture
• Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network
(WMSNs)
• Topology Management in WMSN
• Nano-networks
• Molecular Communication
• Electromagnetic based Communication
• Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
Lecture – 17 Sensor Networks- IV
Concept of coverage in sensor networks
• WSN Coverage (concept of coverage in
sensor networks)
• Definition
• Coverage
• Coverage Problems in Static WSNs
• Area Coverage
Lecture – 18 Sensor Networks- V
• concepts of mobility
• concept of mobile sensor networks
• Stationary sensor network
• mobile wireless sensor network
• components of a mobile wireless
sensor network
• Underwater MWSNs
• Terrestrial MWSNs
• Aerial MWSNs
• Oceanic forces and their impact
• 3 Dimensional Localization in USNA
• (underwater sensor networks)
• HASL: High Speed AUV- Silent
Localization
• for Under Water Sensor Network
• Opportunistic Localization
• A Self Organizing Virtual Architecture
• Virtual topology Formation
• Point Coverage
• Barrier Coverage
• Coverage Maintenance
• Optimality Conditions
• Optimal Geographical Density Control
OGDC Algorithm
• Possible Entity as Mobile Nodes in Daily
life
• Human-centric sensing
• Participatory sensing
• Delay tolerant networks
Lecture – 19 UAV Networks
(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Network)
Flying Objects Network
• Features of UAV networks
• key issues
• considerations in UAV network
• UAV Networks Constraints
• Advantages of UAV Networks
• UAV Network Topology: Star
Lecture – 20 Machine to Machine Communication
Communication between two machines, with no human intervention
• Introduction to M2M
• M2M Overview
• M2M Applications
• M2M Features
• M2M Node Types
• Low End Sensor Nodes
• Mid-end Sensor Nodes
• High-end Sensor Nodes
• UAV Network Topology: Mesh
• UAV Topology Comparison
• FANETs - Flying Ad hoc Network
• Gateway Selection in FANETs
• FANET Vs V ANET (Flying Ad-Hoc Nw v/s
vehicular Ad-Hoc Nw)
• Trajectory Control for increasing
Throughput
• M2M Ecosystem
• M2M Service Platform (M2MSP)
• M2M Device Platform
• M2M User Platform
• M2M Application Platform
• M2M Access Platform
• Non IP Based M2M Network
• M2M Area Network Management Features
Lecture – 21 Interoperability in Internet of Things

Internet of things uses different types of devices. These devices are made by different vendors
following different specifications; there is no one standard for IOT.
One of the core issues in IoT is heterogeneity of devices, protocols, user groups and many other
heterogeneity aspects from different angles.
A requirement to handle heterogeneity issue is to have some kind of interoperability,
interoperability between different heterogeneous aspects.
Need to have middleware which can help heterogeneous devices/two different diverse groups
to be able to talk to each other.

• Current Challenges in IoT • User interoperability

• What is interoperability?
• why interoperability is important in the
context of IoT
• Why interoperability is required?
• Different types of interoperability
• Example of Device and User
interoperability
• device identification & categorization
for discovery
• syntactic interoperability for device
interaction
• semantic interoperability for device
interaction
• device interoperability
Lecture – 22 Introduction to Arduino- I

Hands on of ardunio programming

Basics of arduino

• How a Arduino device looks like • Sketch structure

• Features of arduino • Supported data types
• Types of Arduino boards • Arduino function Libraries
• Arduino UNO • pin number on the arduino board
• board details • Example – Blinking LED
• Set up • Arduino board + breadboard + led
• Arduino IDE overview • Example – blink

Lecture – 23 Introduction to Arduino- II

Introduction to Arduino Programming

• Arduino Programming • Example - traffic control system

• Content (the Operators in Arduino, • outputs are printed on the terminal
Control Statements, Loops, Arrays, • Code
Strings, The Mathematics Library, • Photo – traffic control system
Random Number Interrupts and • Photo - go through the code again
Example Program) • focus on the serial monitor
• Operators
• control statements
• Loops
• Arrays
• String
• math library
• random number
• Interrupts
Lecture – 24 Integration of Sensors and Actuators with Arduino- I

Integration of sensors and actuators with Arduino platform.

• Sensors • DHT sensor library

• type of sensors • Connection – DHT to board
• Sensor Interface with Adrunio board • Sketch : DHT sensor
• Photo - Arduino mega • Photo – include library
• Photo - Arduino mega+ breadboard+ • Photo
sensor • Output
• Photo – sketch
• Photo – output

Lecture – 25 Integration of Sensors and Actuators with Arduino- II

Integration of a motor based actuator

• Photo - integration of a motor based • Photo
actuator. • servo library on Ardunio
• Topics Covered • Sketch: Servo Actuator
• Actuators • Connection
• basic working principle • BoardSetup
• types of motor based actuators • Output – photo
• servo motor • Do more with servo Library
Lecture – 26 Introduction to Python Programming – I

Introduction to the Python programming language

• why python • functions as objects

• python IDE
• Starting with python
• data types in python
• data types in python…
• basic control statements
• basic control statements …
• functions in python
• functions in python ….
• functions in python ….
• number is prime or not
• variable scope in python
• Example showing Global variable
• Example showing variable scope
• modules in python
• modules in python …
• modules in python …
• exceptional handling in python
• exceptional handling in python
• example code is to check whether a

Lecture – 27 Introduction to Python Programming- II

• Continuation to Python Programming

• Few interesting applications

• File, read/write, operations • Networking in python

• File, read/write, operations code + • Example – Simple Server
Image • Screen shots
• Screen shots • Example – Simple Client
• image read write operations • Code Snapshot
• Ouput • Output
• Screen shots
Lecture – 28 Introduction to Raspberry Pi– 1
• Introduction to Raspberry Pi
• Different functions of Raspberry pi
• Why Raspberry pi is so important in the development of IoT.
• What is Raspberry pi?
• Raspberry pi variants and
Specifications
• Basic functional architecture of a
raspberry pi
• Picture of a raspberry pi
• Photo (Rpi another view)
• Startup Raspberry pi (screen shot)
• Raspberry pi GPIOs
• GPIO pins – Rpi Pin Configuration
• Basic setup for Raspberry pi
( components required for Rpi setup)
Lecture – 29 Introduction to Raspberry Pi- II
Using GPIO pins
Taking images using pi camera
• Topics Covered
• blinking LED (component photo) ….
• Photo (Rpi with monitor booted
system) ….
• Capture image using Rpi
• Requirement
• Basic setup for Raspberry pi
( photo of completed setup)
• Operating System
• Raspberry pi setup
• Raspberry pi OS setup
• Basic initial Configuration
• Photos (Rpi with monitor)
• Photos (Rpi with monitor screen shots)
• Basic initial Configuration
• Programming
• Popular Applications
• Screen shot
• raspberry pi camera
• Connection
• Configuring Pi for Camera
• Capture Image
• Photo of setup
Lecture - 30 Implementation of IoT with Raspberry Pi- I

 using Raspberry pi to capture data from sensors

 making a basic decision on the basis of capture data to actuate some device

This video demonstrate/shows how Rpi can be used to control Fan (on/off) based on the
input temperature.
Uses DHT22 sensor (Temperature Humidity sensor), Relay as an actuator to make power to
Fan on or off.
Explains python program

• IoT • Program: DHT22 with Pi

• Sensor • Program: DHT22 interface with Rpi
• Actuator • Photo of setup
• System Overview • Screen shot - remotely logged into
• System Overview … (continued) the Raspberry pi
• DHT sensor • Screenshot - after program
• Relay execution
• Temperature dependent auto • Screenshot – code in editor (nano)
cooling system …. • Connection: Relay …
• Temperature dependent auto • Connection – Fan …
cooling system …. • Screenshot after remote log into
• Temperature dependent auto Raspberry pi.
cooling system …. • Result
Lecture - 31 Implementation of IoT with Raspberry Pi- II
 integration of a DHT sensor with raspberry pi
 adding networking components to previous setup
 raspberry pi behave as a client
 remote desktop which will act as a server
• IoT
• IoT: Remote Data logging
• IoT: Remote Data logging – System
Overview
• IoT: Remote Data logging -
Requirements
• DHT sensor
• Sensor - Raspberry pi Interface
• Read Data from sensor
• Program: DHT22 interface with Rpi
• Screen shot – code and output
• Sending Data to a Server using network
protocols -Algorithm/ steps
• Sending Data to a Server – Socket
programming
• Sending Data to a Server – Creating a
socket
• Sending Data to a Server – server code
• Sending Data to a Server – client code
creating a socket
• Sending Data to a Server – Client code
obtain reading from server
• Photo - the basic circuit connection
• Sending Data to a Server – Client code
connecting to the server and sending
the data
• Sending Data to a Server – Server code
• Receive data from the client and save it
• Result
• Screenshot – UDP server code opened
in python spyder environment for
adding server IP address, datalog.txt
file in append mode.
• Other window shows after starting of
the server
• Screenshot - access the client or the
raspberry pi remotely to run client
program
• Screenshot – client script opened in
editor
• Screenshot - running client code
DHTTEMP.py
• Screenshot – server side showing
receiving data
• Screenshot – datalog.txt file opened in
notepad
• Result
Lecture - 32 Implementation of IoT with Raspberry Pi- III

 Focusing more on the server side i.e data processing at server side
 Adding features in previous setup
 Rpi as a client sending temperature and humidity data to remote server using socket
programming
 Desktop as remote server receiving the data and plotting the graph

• IoT • Data Processing – Basic Plot (screenshot,

• IoT: Remote Data logging code)
• IoT: Remote Data logging – System • Data Processing – Common functions used in
Overview plotting
• IoT: Remote Data logging - • Sending Data to a Server – Client code
Requirements • Sending Data to a Server – Server code
• DHT sensor • Sending Data to a Server – Server code ..
• Sensor - Raspberry pi Interface • Output
• Read Data from sensor • Output - Screenshot – temp, humidity graph
• Program: DHT22 interface with Rpi and o/p of console
• Screen shot – code and output • Photo – setup – increasing temp of sensor
• Sending Data to a Server using socket
programming
• Data Processing at server side
• Data Processing – Data
Splitting/Filtering
• Data Processing – Plotting the data
using MATPLOTLIB
• Data Processing – Plotting the data