Apex Institute of Technology(CSE)

Subject Name & Subject Code :Introduction to IoT(CSD-231)

Prepared by Ms. Rana Gill

Introduction to IoT(CSD-231) DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 Introduction to IoT
CSD-231

Course Objective Course Outcome

CO Title CO Title Level
Number Number

I To acquire the knowledge of Internet of Things (IoT) and also Remember

I To understand the concepts of Internet of Things and IoT devices. recognize various IoT  
components.
II To explore Internet of things connectivity and networking protocols.

II To develop the ability to evaluate a variety of existing and Understand

developing architecture technologies for IoT.  
III To design and implement IoT based systems on emerging platforms.

III To explore the design space of this emerging technology and Implement
analyze real world IoT design constraints.

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 Syllabus

UNIT-I
• Chapter 1 Introduction to IoT: Definitions of the Internet
of Things (IoT), Trends in Adoption of IoT, The importance
of Internet of Things (IoT) in society, Characteristics of IoT,
Physical and logical design of IoT, Design challenges in
IoT, Risks, Privacy and Security, IoT applications.
• Chapter 2 IoT Devices and embedded systems: IoT
Sensors-definition, types of sensors, factors driving the
adoption of sensor, Challenges and solutions, Applications,
Actuators, Embedded systems- features, key components,
Analog/Digital Conversion, Integrated Circuits, Operating
Systems.
Chapter 1: Introduction to IoT
Lecture 4

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 Design of IoT

• Physical Design
• Logical Design
 Physical Design of IoT
• Physical Design is a graphical representation of system’s internal and
external entities and flow of data between these entities.
• Things in IoT
• IoT Protocols
 Things in IoT
• Refers to IoT devices which have unique identities that can perform sensing, actuating and monitoring
capabilities.

• IoT devices can exchange data with other connected devices or collect data from other devices and process the
data either locally or send the data to centralized servers or cloud – based application back-ends for processing
the data.
 Generic Block Diagram of an IoT Device

• An IoT device may consist of

several interfaces for connections
to other devices, both wired and
wireless.
• I/O interfaces for sensors
• Interfaces for internet
connectivity
• Memory and storage
interfaces
• Audio/video interfaces
 IoT Protocols
• Link Layer
• 802.3 – Ethernet
• 802.11 – WiFi
• 802.16 – WiMax
• 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
• 2G/3G/4G
• Network/Internet Layer
• IPv4
• IPv6
• 6LoWPAN
• Transport Layer
• TCP
• UDP
• Application Layer
• HTTP
• CoAP
• WebSocket
• MQTT
• XMPP
• DDS
• AMQP
 IoT Protocols…Link Layer…
 This protocol determines how the data is physically sent over the network layer
(e.g. copper wire, coaxial cable or a radio wave).
 It determines how the packet are coded and signalled by the hardware device
over the medium to which the host is attached.

 Examples:
1. IEEE 802.3--Ethernet (wired connection)
2. 802.11 –Wi-Fi
3. 802.16—WiMax
4. 2G/3G/4G—Mobile communication
IoT Protocols…Link Layer…Ethernet
Sr.No Standard Shared medium

1 802.3 Coaxial Cable…10BASE5

2 802.3.i Copper Twisted pair …..10BASE-T

3 802.3.j Fiber Optic……10BASE-F

4 802.3.ae Fiber…..10Gbits/s

Data Rates are provided from 10Gbit/s to 40Gb/s and higher

IoT Protocols…Link Layer…WiFi
Sr.No Standard Operates in
1 802.11a 5 GHz band

2 802.11b 2.4GHz band

and 802.11g
3 802.11.n 2.4/5 GHz bands

4 802.11.ac 5GHz band

5 802.11.ad 60Hz band

• Collection of Wireless LAN

• Data Rates from 1Mb/s to 6.75 Gb/s
IoT Protocols…Link Layer…WiMax
Sr.No Standard Data Rate
1 802.16m 100Mb/s for mobile stations
1Gb/s for fixed stations

• Collection of Wireless Broadband standards

• Data Rates from 1.5Mb/s to 1 Gb/s
IoT Protocols…Link Layer…2G/3G/4G –Mobile
Communication
Sr.No Standard Operates in
1 2G GSM-CDMA

2 3G UMTS and CDMA 2000

3 4G LTE

• Data Rates from 9.6Kb/s (for 2G) to up to 100Mb/s (for 4G)

 IoT Protocols…Network/Internet Layer

• Responsible for sending of IP datagrams from source to destination

network
• Performs the host addressing and packet routing
• Host identification is done using hierarchical IP addressing schemes such
as IPV4 or IPV6
 IoT Protocols…Network Layer
• IPv4
• Used to identify the devices on a network using hierarchical addressing scheme
• Uses 32-bit address scheme
• IPv6
• Uses 128-bit address scheme
 IoT Protocols…Transport Layer
• Provide end-to-end message transfer capability independent
of the underlying network
• It provides functions such as error control, segmentation,
flow- control and congestion control
• TCP
• UDP
 IoT Protocols…TCP
• Transmission Control Protocol
• Connection Oriented
• Ensures Reliable transmission
• Provides Error Detection Capability to ensure no duplicacy of packets and retransmit
lost packets
• Flow Control capability to ensure the sending data rate is not too high for the receiver
process
• Congestion control capability helps in avoiding congestion which leads to degradation
of n/w performance
 IoT Protocols…UDP

• User Datagram Protocol

• Connectionless
• Does not ensures Reliable transmission
• Does not do connection before transmitting
• Does not provide proper ordering of messages
• Transaction oriented and stateless
Types of IoT Protocols

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IoT Network Protocols

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 Hypertext Transfer Protocol: HTTP
• Forms foundation of World Wide Web(WWW)

• Protocol that is used for IoT devices when there is a lot of data to be published.

• Follows a request-response model

• Uses Universal Resource Identifiers(URIs) to identify HTTP resources.
• Additive manufacturing/3D printing is one of the use cases of the HTTP protocol.

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 LoRaWan (Long Range Wide Area Network)

• LoRaWan connects battery operated

things wirelessly to the Internet in
either private or global networks.
• This communication protocol is mainly
used by smart cities, where there are
millions of devices that function with
less power and memory.

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 Bluetooth
 Bluetooth is one of the most widely used protocols for
short-range communication. It is a standard IoT protocol for
wireless data transmission. This communication protocol is
secure and perfect for short-range, low-power, low-cost, and
wireless transmission between electronic devices.

 Bluetooth protocol is mostly used in smart wearables,

smartphones, and other mobile devices, where small
fragments of data can be exchanged without high power and
memory. Offering ease of usage, Bluetooth tops the list of
IoT device connectivity protocols.

 BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) is a low-energy version of

Bluetooth protocol that reduces the power consumption and
plays an important role in connecting IoT devices.

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 Zigbee
 ZigBee is an IoT protocol that allows smart objects to
work together.
 It is commonly used in home automation.
 More famous for industrial settings, ZigBee is used
with apps that support low-rate data transfer between
short distances.
 Street lighting and electric meters in urban areas, which
provides low power consumption, use the ZigBee
communication protocol. It is also used with security
systems and in smart homes.

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IoT Data Protocols
 IoT data protocols are used
to connect low power IoT
devices.
 These protocols provide
point-to-point
communication with the
hardware at the user side.
 Connectivity in IoT data
protocols is through a wired
or a wireless network.

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 IoT Protocol: CoAP(Constrained Application Protocol)

• Web transfer protocol for IoT and uses request-response model.

• Uses client –server architecture.

• CoAP is an internet-utility protocol for restricted gadgets.

• CoAP protocol is used mainly in automation, mobiles, and microcontrollers.

• The protocol sends a request to the application endpoints such as appliances at homes and
sends back the response of services and resources in the application.
IoT Protocols… MQTT(Message Queue Telemetry
Transport)
• MQTT is most preferred light-weight messaging IoT protocol.
• Based on publish-subscribe model
• Well suited for constrained environments where devices have limited processing, low memory ,low n/w
bandwidth requirement and less power.
• MQTT is mainly used in devices like fire detectors, car sensors, smart watches, and apps for text-based
messaging.
 IoT Protocols…AMQP(Advanced Messaging
Queuing Protocol)
• AMQP is used for business messaging mainly for banking industry.
• Supports both point-to-point and publisher/subscriber models, routing and queuing
• Broker here receives messages from publishers and route them over connections to consumers
through messaging queues.
• AMQP ensure a secure and successful exchange and storage of messages. It also helps in
establishing the relationship of one message with the other.
IoT Protocol…XMPP(Extensible messaging and
presence protocol)
• For Real time communication and streaming XML data between n/w entities
• The XMPP is uniquely designed. It uses a push mechanism to exchange messages in real-time.
• XMPP works as a presence indicator showing the availability status of the servers or devices
transmitting or receiving messages.
• Other than the instant messaging apps such as Google Talk and WhatsApp, XMPP is also used in online
gaming, news websites, and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
 IoT Protocols…DDS(Data Distribution Service)
• Data Distribution service is a data-centric middleware standard for device-to-device or machine-to-machine
communication in real time systems.(open standard for messaging).

• Publish subscribe model where publishers create topics to which subscribers can use.
• Provides Quality-of-service control and configurable reliability.
• Used in Autonomous vehicles, Industrial IoT, Transportation, Smart Grid and Robotics.
Application layer Protocols

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 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

 How to infer information and knowledge from data?

 Which layer constitutes for sensors and systems
administration outfit?
 Why do IoT systems have to be self
adapting and self configuring?
 What is the role of things and internet in IoT?

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 Summary

Internet of Things (IoT) refers to physical and virtual objects that have
unique identities and are connected to the Internet. This allows the
development of intelligent applications that make energy, logistics,
industrial control, retail, agriculture and many other domains of human
endeavor "smarter".

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 BOOKS
1.Jan Holler, Vlasios Tsiatsis, Catherine Mulligan, Stefan Avesand, Stamatis Karnouskos,
David Boyle, “From Machine-to-Machine to the Internet of Things: Introduction to a New
Age of Intelligence”, 1st Edition, Academic Press, 2014.
2. Vijay Madisetti and Arshdeep Bahga, “Internet of Things (A Hands-onApproach)”, 1st
Edition,
VPT, 2014
Reference Books:
1. Francis daCosta, “Rethinking the Internet of Things: A Scalable Approach to Connecting
Everything”, 1st Edition, Apress Publications, 2013
2. Cuno Pfister, Getting Started with the Internet of Things, O‟Reilly Media, 2011, ISBN:
978-1-4493-
9357-1

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THANK YOU

For queries
Email: rana.cse@cumail.in