IP QoS

Foreword
 With limited bandwidth, QoS uses guaranteed policies to manage
IP QoS network traffic and offer differentiated services.
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Objectives Contents
 Upon completion of this section, you will be able to: 1. QoS Service Models
 Be familiar with QoS service models 2. Traffic Classification and Re-marking
 Understand the implementation of the DiffServ model
3. Congestion Management and Congestion Avoidance
 Be familiar with the packet classification basis
4. Traffic Policing and Traffic Shaping
 Understand the process of packet re-marking
 Be familiar with common queue scheduling algorithms
 Be familiar with the disadvantages and solution of tail drop
 Be familiar with features of traffic policing and traffic shaping
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1
Traditional E2E Network Communication Network Quality Requirements of Various
Problems Services
WAN  Network requirements of various services must be met to ensure the
communication quality.
Blocked point
Packet Loss
10Mbps Traffic Type Bandwidth Delay Jitter
E1 E1 Ratio
Data flow 10Mbit/s Voice Low High High Low
Enterprise headquarters Video High High High Low
Enterprise branch
FTP Medium, high Low Low High
 Traditional network devices process packets based on the packet arrival Email, HTTP web Medium,
Low Low Low
page browsing high
sequence. That is, the packet that arrives first is preferentially forwarded. When
network congestion occurs, the communication quality of some key services
cannot be guaranteed (such as voice delay, video frame freezing, failure to  To improve communication quality is to improve the bandwidth and reduce
process key services). This affects user experience. the delay, jitter, and packet loss ratio.
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BE Model IntServ Model

 On the network where the Best-Effort (BE) model is used, you can increase network  Devices run some protocols to ensure the communication quality
bandwidth and upgrade network devices to improve the network communication quality.
of key services.
 Increase the network bandwidth:  Upgrade network devices:
64kbit/s bandwidth 64kbit/s bandwidth 64kbit/s bandwidth 64kbit/s bandwidth
required required required required
64Kbps 1Mbps AR2811 AR2220 AR2200E
RSVP RSVP RSVP RSVP
E1 RSVP RSVP RSVP RSVP

E1
E1 E1
OK OK OK OK
Data flow 2Mbit/s The packet forwarding
Data flow 2Mbit/s performance is improved nearly
10 times,
and the memory is improved  Advantage: The IntServ model can provide bandwidth and delay assurance for specific
nearly 15 times.
 Advantage: Bandwidth bottleneck, serialization  Advantage: Problems such as the processing services.
delay, and packet loss can be prevented. delay, queue delay, and packet loss can be  Disadvantage: The implementation is complex. When no traffic is sent, the bandwidth
 Disadvantage: Network construction costs are prevented.
is occupied exclusively. The bandwidth usage is low. All nodes must support and run
high.  Disadvantage: The costs are high and device
replacement causes service interruption risks. RSVP.
 The IntServ model is seldom used.
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2
Comparison Between Three Service
DiffServ Model
Models
 Because the implementation of the IntServ model is complex and the bandwidth usage is
low, the Differentiated Service (DiffServ) model is used to ensure the communication Service
Advantage Disadvantage
Models
quality of key services.
③ Send packets to buffer queues based on CoS It cannot differentiate different
values and implement differentiated services BE Model The implementation is simple.
① Classify packets at the network service flows.
ingress and re-mark priority of packets. based on the scheduling mechanism between
queues.
The IntServ model needs to trace and
The IntServ model provides E2E record the status of each data flow.
IntServ
QoS services and ensures the The implementation is complex, the
Model bandwidth and delay. scalability is low, and the bandwidth
usage is low.
DS edge node DS node DS node The DiffServ model does not need
to trace the status of each data The DiffServ model needs to be
② Map priorities of packets to locally
DiffServ domain
DiffServ flow, occupies a few resources, and deployed on each node, and there
Enterprise defined CoS values. Model has strong extensibility. are high requirements for technical
Enterprise
branch headquarters In addition, this model can personnel's capabilities.
implement differentiated services.
 The DiffServ model is widely used.
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Contents Necessity of Packet Classification

1. QoS Service Models  To provide differentiated services, the device needs to classify
traffic entering the DiffServ domain based on rules.
2. Traffic Classification and Re-marking

⑥ ⑤ ④ ③ ② ①
⑥ ⑤ ① Rule 1
④ ② Rule 2
③ Rule 3
Traffic classification is the basis of DiffServ

QoS deployment.
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3
Packet Classification Basis Complex Traffic Classification
 Because simple traffic classification cannot classify traffic in a fine-
 Packet classification technology can transmit different types of packets
granular manner, complex traffic classification is used.
based on link types and QoS priority fields in packets. Complex Traffic
Common Matching Item Description
Classification Type
802.1Q field in the VLAN frame header: 802.1p priority in the inner or outer
Complex traffic
VLAN tag Matching items can be
Dest add Sour add 802.1Q (PRI) Length/Type Data FCS classification at the link
combined flexibly.
layer Source or destination MAC address
IP-Precedence
Label field in MPLS packets: Source or destination IPv4 address
Complex traffic Matching items can be
Link layer header Label (EXP) Layer 3 header Layer 3 payload TCP/UDP source port number
classification at the IP layer combined flexibly.
TCP/UDP destination port number
ToS field in the IP packet header: Protocol number
ToS
Version Len Len … Protocol FCS IP-SA IP-DA Data
(IPP/DSCP)  Complex traffic classification based on source MAC addresses and TCP
 One traffic classification mode is used and matching rules are simple, so port numbers can be used to meet requirements 1 and 2 in slide 11,
this classification is called simple traffic classification. respectively.
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Packet Classification Configuration

Packet Classification Configuration
Requirements
① Requirement 1: Traffic from the ② Requirement 2: The FTP file transfer
manager's PC needs to be preferentially service also requires certain preferential
forwarded. forwarding.
Manager DS edge node
(3333-3333-3333) DS node
RTA
Finance
Manager FTP Server SWA DS edge node
department
SWB FTP Server

Finance department
traffic classifier manager acl 3000

Enterprise Enterprise if-match source-mac 3333-3333-3333 rule permit tcp source-port eq 20
traffic classifier voice traffic classifier ftp
headquarters branch if-match 8021p 3 if-match acl 3000
traffic classifier video
③ Requirement 3: Real-time services such as voice if-match 8021p 2
and video services are forwarded first.
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Packet Re-marking Process Packet Re-marking Configuration
traffic behavior manager
remark 8021p 1
Manager DS edge node DS node traffic behavior voice
(3333-3333-3333) remark 8021p 5
traffic behavior video
802.1p=1 remark 8021p 3
802.1p=5
RTA
Finance department Manager DS node
802.1p=3 G0/0/0 802.1p=1
SWA 802.1p=2 G0/0/1
G0/0/2 802.1p=5 RTA
Finance department 802.1p=3
SWB FTP G0/0/3 SWA 802.1p=2
Server
DS edge node SWB G0/0/0 FTP
Server
① Complex traffic classification ② Simple traffic classification ③ Complex traffic classification
and re-marking and re-marking and re-marking int g0/0/0
traffic-policy a1 inbound
Source MAC 802.1p 802.1p TCP Source
802.1p 802.1p traffic policy a1 int g0/0/1
Address Port classifier manager behavior manager traffic-policy a1 inbound
2 3 int g0/0/2
3333-3333- classifier voice behavior voice
1 3 5 20 2 classifier video behavior video traffic-policy a1 inbound
3333 int g0/0/3
… … … … … … traffic-policy a1 inbound
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Implementation of Congestion
Contents
Management (1/2)
1. QoS Service Models
FTP server SWB
2. Traffic Classification and Re-marking 802.1p=2
Queue 0
802.1p=1
Queue 1
3. Congestion Management and Congestion Avoidance 802.1p=5 Queue 2
Enterprise
branch
802.1p=3
…
SWA RTA
Queue
802.1p LP
Index
Send packets to different queues based
- 0 0
on the mapping between local priorities
1 1 1 and queue index numbers.
2 2 2
3 3 3
- 4 4
5 5 5
- 6 6
- 7 7
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5
Implementation of Congestion
FIFO
Management (2/2)
FIFO queue Queue scheduling
… Video FTP Data Voice
Which queue is first scheduled?

Urgent
Data Data Data Queue 0
Secondary urgent
1. The core for providing differentiated
services is to determine the forwarding Non-urgent
Manager Queue 1 sequence of packets in different queues.
Queue scheduling mechanisms are used.
Video FTP Video FTP FTP Queue 2  Advantage: The implementation of First In First Out (FIFO) is simple and the
2. Common queue scheduling algorithms processing speed is fast.
…
include FIFO, PQ, WRR, WFQ, and CBQ.

Voice Voice Queue 5  Disadvantage: Packets with different priorities cannot be processed in
different manners.
…
…
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PQ WRR
Queue a weight 3
Top 8 7 4 1
Queue scheduling
Classification
Middle
Normal Queue b weight 2 a

Bottom 5 2 3 5 2 7 4 1
b
c
Urgent Queue c weight 1
Secondary urgent
9 6 3
Non-urgent
 Advantage: Weight Round Robin (WRR) prevents the problem that low-priority
 Advantage: For Priority Queuing (PQ), high-priority packets are
queues are not scheduled.
preferentially forwarded.  Disadvantage: Packets are scheduled based on number of packets. In this case,
 Disadvantage: Low-priority queues may be not scheduled. packets with different sizes are not scheduled in a fair manner and low-delay
services are not scheduled in a timely manner.
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6
WFQ PQ+WFQ
Packets to be sent
Packets to be sent
from this interface
from this interface
Sent packets
Sent packets
Classification Interface
Classification Scheduling Interface

Scheduling sequence
 Advantage: Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) allocates bandwidth based on

weights. Packets are classified automatically and the configuration is simple.  Advantage: Low-delay services are scheduled in a timely manner and bandwidth
is allocated based on weights.
 Disadvantage: Low-delay services cannot be scheduled in a timely manner.
User-defined classification rules cannot be provided.  Disadvantage: Packets cannot be flexibly classified based on user-defined rules.
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Comparison Between Scheduling

CBQ
Algorithms
Type Advantage Disadvantage
Packets with different priorities
IP or MPLS packets The implementation is simple and the
Sent packets
FIFO cannot be processed in different
processing speed is fast.
manners.
Low-priority queues may be not
PQ Low-delay services can be guaranteed.
scheduled.
Classification Scheduling Interface Packets are not scheduled in a fair
The problem that low-priority queues are
WRR manner, and low-delay services
not scheduled is prevented.
cannot be guaranteed.
Packets are scheduled in a fair manner. Low-delay service cannot be

WFQ WFQ provides automatic classification guaranteed, and user-defined rules
and simple configuration. are not supported.
 Advantage: Class-based Queuing (CBQ) supports user-defined rules and defines Low-delay services are guaranteed and
PQ+WFQ packets are scheduled based on weights User-defined rules are not supported.
different scheduling policies for different services.
in a fair manner.
 Disadvantage: Because complex traffic classification is involved, enabling CBQ
CBQ User-defined rules are supported. More system resources are consumed.
consumes some system resources.
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Congestion Management Requirements Congestion Management Implementation
(PQ+WFQ) (PQ+WFQ)
[RTA]qos queue-profile qos-Huawei

Voice services are forwarded preferentially, schedule pq 5 wfq 1 to 3
and other services are processed in a fair int g0/0/0
FTP server manner. G0/0/0 qos queue-profile qos-Huawei
10 Mbit/s RTA queue scheduling

10 Mbit/s
G0/0/0 Enterprise
RTA branch [RTA]dis qos queue-profile qos-Huawei
Queue 1
Queue-profile: qos-Huawei
Enterprise Queue Schedule Weight Length GTS
headquarters Queue 2 WFQ ------------------------------------
1 WFQ 10 -/- -/-
Queue 3 2 WFQ 10 -/- -/-
Queue 5 PQ 3 WFQ 10 -/- -/-
5 PQ - -/- -/-
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Traditional Processing After the Queue Is Disadvantages of Tail Drop: Global TCP
Full Synchronization (1/2)
2. Due to congestion, packets of a large number

of TCP connections are discarded.
6 packets per 4 packets per
second second FTP server TCP connection
4 3 2 1 10 Mbit/s
6 5
2. When the queue is full, all 1. The queue is full. RTA

subsequent packets sent to the queue
will be discarded. Enterprise 1. When congestion occurs and the queue is full,
headquarters packets at the end of the queue are discarded.
Enterprise
branch
 The length of each queue is limited. When a queue is full, all subsequent
packets sent to the queue will be discarded traditionally until congestion is
eliminated. This processing mode is called tail drop.
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8
Disadvantages of Tail Drop: Global TCP
Solution: RED
Synchronization (2/2)
 To avoid global TCP synchronization, some packets are discarded randomly before queues are full. The
3. The TCP acknowledgement packets sent by the server are transmission rate of some TCP connections can be reduced to prevent global TCP synchronization as
discarded due to congestion. Consequently, the sender does
2. Traffic is heavy. As a result, the queue not receive TCP acknowledgement and considers that network much as possible. Such a random packet drop behavior is called Random Early Detection (RED).
is full and tail drop is used. congestion occurs. Then both the TCP window size and traffic
are reduced.
Traffic Traffic
Drop
probability
Drop probability
100% curve
Maximum
3. When the length of the queue is
drop larger than the maximum drop
probability threshold, all new incoming packets
are dropped.
Actual queue
length
Time Lower drop Upper drop Maximum queue
4. Network congestion is eliminated. The sender can receive threshold length
1. TCP connections threshold
TCP acknowledgement packets, and considers that network
enter the slow start congestion does not occur. Then TCP connections enter the 1. When the length of the 2. When the length of a queue ranges from the lower Time
state. slow start state. This process repeats.
queue is shorter than the drop threshold to the upper drop threshold, subsequent 4. Global TCP synchronization may still occur, but the
minimum drop threshold, packets are randomly dropped. The longer the queue, the
packets are not dropped. link utilization is greatly increased.
larger the drop probability.
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Disadvantage 2 of Tail Drop: TCP Disadvantage 3 of Tail Drop: Drop Without

Starvation Differentiation
UDP TCP TCP UDP TCP UDP UDP TCP UDP

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Key data Key data Key data Non-key data Non-key data Non-key data Key data
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1. The queue is full.

2. A large number of TCP packets that are
1. The queue is full.
sent to the queue and at the tail of the queue 2. Tail drop may cause much non-
are discarded. As a result, the window size key data to be forwarded,
and TCP traffic are reduced. However, UDP whereas much key data is
traffic is not reduced and may occupy the discarded.
queue, causing TCP starvation.
 Cause: Tail drop cannot distinguish traffic.  Cause: Tail drop cannot distinguish traffic.
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Solution: WRED WRED Configuration Requirement
 WRED technology sets drop policies for data packets with different
priorities or queues to distinguish and discard traffic. Requirement: When network congestion occurs
and queues are full, FTP traffic is discarded later
Drop probability than other traffic.
Drop probability
100%
curve Manager DS node
dscp E1
Maximum drop Finance RTA

department SWA G0/0/1
probability 30%
dscp
1. Traffic with the IPP of 0: lower

drop threshold of 20 and upper Actual Queue length
drop threshold of 40 20 30 35 40 2. Traffic with the IPP of 2: lower drop threshold of
SWB FTP server
35 and upper drop threshold of 40
IP precedence used as an 0 1 2 Such traffic is discarded later than the traffic with
example: the IPP of 0.
 WRED can prevent three disadvantages of tail drop. It greatly improves

link bandwidth utilization.
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WRED Configuration Implementation Contents

Traffic DSCP Tail Drop
LP Queue 1. QoS Service Models
Type Value Lower drop
60 70 50
threshold
Voice 40 5 5 (PQ)
Upper drop
threshold
80 90 70 2. Traffic Classification and Re-marking
Video 24 3 3 (WFQ)
Maximum drop
FTP 16 2 2 (WFQ) probability
20 10 10
Manager 8 1 1 (WFQ)
[RTA]drop-profile manager
wred dscp
dscp 8 low-limit 50 high-limit 70 discard-percentage 10
drop-profile ftp
wred dscp
drop-profile video
wred dscp
qos queue-profile qos-Huawei
queue 1 drop-profile manager
queue 2 drop-profile ftp
queue 3 drop-profile video
interface E1
qos queue-profile qos-Huawei
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10
Traffic Policing Traffic Shaping
Configure traffic policing on the Configure traffic shaping on the
traffic behavior voice
inbound interface of the enterprise outbound interface of the enterprise traffic behavior voice Packet rate of the outbound
egress router to limit the rate of total car cir 800 The packets of which the rate is
traffic behavior video Packet rate of egress router to ensure bandwidth of gts cir 800 interface on RTA
traffic and ensure the minimum exceeded may be discarded or the different types of traffic and optimize traffic behavior video (data traffic used as an example)
bandwidth of various traffic. car cir 2000 the inbound priority of the packets is reduced bandwidth usage. gts cir 2000
traffic behavior data interface on RTA before being forwarded.
traffic behavior data
car cir 1200 gts cir 1200
100 Mbit/s ISP

ISP 4 Mbit/s
100 Mbit/s 4 Mbit/s 2000 kbit/s
video
RTA RTB 1200kbps
RTA RTB
Traffic policing 1200 kbit/s Tenant Traffic shaping data
Tenant data
800 kbit/s
The tenant's LAN bandwidth is far higher voice 800kbps
voice 800kbps voice
The tenant's LAN bandwidth is far higher than the ISP ingress bandwidth. In this video 2000kbps
than the ISP ingress bandwidth. In this case, video 2000kbps case, a large amount of traffic at the ISP The packets of which the rate is Time
a large amount of traffic is discarded ingress is discarded. data 1200kbps exceeded are buffered, and are sent
indiscriminately at the ISP ingress. data 1200kbps Time when the link becomes idle.
 Advantage: Traffic shaping limits the rates of different packets separately. The buffer
 Advantage: Different types of packets can be limited separately.
mechanism can reduce bandwidth waste and traffic retransmission.
 Disadvantage: When a link becomes idle, bandwidth is wasted. Discarded traffic may be  Disadvantage: Traffic shaping may increase the delay.
retransmitted.
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Comparisons Between Traffic Policing

Quiz
and Traffic Shaping
1. Which are QoS models?
Rate Limiting A. BE model
Advantage Disadvantage
Type
B. IntServ model
Limits the rate of
Causes a high packet loss ratio. C. DiffServ model
different types of
Traffic policing When the link is idle, the bandwidth
packets and re-marks 2. What are two packet classification modes?
cannot be fully used.
the packets.
3. Which disadvantages of tail drop can RED technology solve?
Discards fewer packets Causes extra delay and jitter and
Traffic shaping and makes full use of requires more device buffer A. Global TCP synchronization
bandwidth. resources. B. TCP starvation
C. Drop without any differentiation
4. What are differences between traffic shaping and traffic policing?

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Foreword

 With limited bandwidth, QoS uses guaranteed policies to manage

IP QoS network traffic and offer differentiated services.

Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Be familiar with common queue scheduling algorithms

 Be familiar with the disadvantages and solution of tail drop

 Be familiar with features of traffic policing and traffic shaping

BE Model IntServ Model

E1 RSVP RSVP RSVP RSVP

Contents Necessity of Packet Classification

3. Congestion Management and Congestion Avoidance

Traffic classification is the basis of DiffServ

ToS field in the IP packet header: Protocol number

Packet Classification Configuration

SWB FTP Server

traffic classifier manager acl 3000

Which queue is first scheduled?

include FIFO, PQ, WRR, WFQ, and CBQ.

Normal Queue b weight 2 a

Classification Scheduling Interface

 Advantage: Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) allocates bandwidth based on

Comparison Between Scheduling

Packets are scheduled in a fair manner. Low-delay service cannot be

[RTA]qos queue-profile qos-Huawei

10 Mbit/s RTA queue scheduling

2. Due to congestion, packets of a large number

2. When the queue is full, all 1. The queue is full. RTA

Disadvantage 2 of Tail Drop: TCP Disadvantage 3 of Tail Drop: Drop Without

UDP TCP TCP UDP TCP UDP UDP TCP UDP

1. The queue is full.

Maximum drop Finance RTA

1. Traffic with the IPP of 0: lower

 WRED can prevent three disadvantages of tail drop. It greatly improves

WRED Configuration Implementation Contents

100 Mbit/s ISP

Comparisons Between Traffic Policing

C. Drop without any differentiation

4. What are differences between traffic shaping and traffic policing?

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