\--,)

E so
ELASTIC
FOUNDATION

Theory with
.
application
. in the fields of
civil and mechanical engineering

I
 )
"'-'" '''--'' ,---'

~EAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

I THEORY WITH' APPLICATIONS IN THE FIELDS
OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BY
M. HETENYI

-~-

~NN ARBOR: THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS

I

Eleventh printing 1979
Publish~d in. the United States of America by
!h; UmversIty of Michigan Press and simultaneously
In exdaJe, Canada, by John Wile & Son C
nada
Manufactured in the U)lited State; of Am:ric:
V~ille,si~~1 of Michigan Studies
SC'~ntlfic Series
Volume XVI
,
PREFACE
'The subject of this book is the analysis of elastically supported beams. The
elastic support' is provided here by ,.: load-bearing' medium, referred to as the
"foundation," distributed continuously along the length of the beams. Such
conditions of support can be found ina large variety of technical problems. In
some of these problems the identity of the beam and theJou1tdation can be easily
established, as in the case of actual foundation structures or in the case of the
railroad track:' In other problems, however, which constitute perhaps the most'
fruitful field of application Of this theory, the concept of beam and foundation is
" more of an abstract nature .. ' .Such conditions we find in networks of beams o.nd
in .thin-w'alled tubes, shells, and domes, :where the elastic foundation for the
. . beam part is supplied by the resilience of the adjoining portions of a co:n,tinuou8
, Umlted elastic structure. Apart from the diversity of technical applicatioIis, there is a
considerable variation possible in the fundamental subjeet itself.. The flexural
rigidity of ,the beam or the elasticity of the foundation may 'be" variable quan-
· tity; the axis of the beam may be straight or curved or the character of the
applied loadiJ?g may .be- axial, transverse, or torsion~, in addition to a combina·
tion o!.end conditions to which any of these beams may be subjected. On the
wholO, however, all these problems are closely related through an aflinit.y in their
mathematical formulation. This renders the entire Subject matter eminently
suitable for a comprehensive treatment, which is the aim of the present volume.
In the course of this work much help was derived from the numerous publica- .
tio~s on the subject, including several 'monographs in Gerina.n and Russian,
to which references are made in the :footnotes. In attempting to fom a com·
prebensive unit of all this material it has been found that many questions of
· interest to research men·and practicing ,engineers have not yet been answered.
This made it nec~ry to dev,elop'new solutions, to work out new ~ of load·
ings, etc., the result of which i's that 'a sizable portion ofthe material contained
in this volume is of a kind that has not been publWted before. Among theSj.
new developments we may'mention";n particular the use of end-conditioning
forces for producing beams of finite 'length under any combination of ioading,
the reduction of the problem of axially symmetrical deformation of conical and
spherical shells to that of bending of beams on elastic foundation, and the in-
troduction of the concept of foundation layers' representing partial continuity:
in the material of the foundation. In addition to these a large number of new
· formulas for specific cases of loading and end conditions were worked out, to-
gether with ill\1strative examples, which appear interspersed throughout the
text. Though the problems discussed are chiefly in the field of statics; the solu-
tions developed in -this connection may also be employed in other fields of mathe-
matiQw pbyeics, particularly in vibrations and acoustics.
There are two basic types of elastic foundations. The first type is char-
acterized by the fact that the pressure in the foundation is proportional at' every
point to the deflection .occurnng at that.point and is independent of -pressureR or
, v
 vi PREFACE

deflections produced elsewhere in the foundation. Such a correlation betwqen CONTENTS

pressllres and deflections implies a lack of continuity in the supporting medium,
just as if it were made up of rows of closely spaced but independent elastic springs. PAGE
The second type of foundation is furnished by an elastic solid which, in contrast. PRE~'ACE .......... : .••• , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... V
to the first one, represent.s the case of complet.e continuity in the supporting
medium. Though the first type is mathematically simpler, onc should not regard CHAPTER I
it, as some 'investigators do, as an approximat.ion or an "elementary" solution GENERAL SOLUTION OF THE ELASTIC LINE ......•....... '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
for the elastic solid foundation, hecause it, has its OW11 physical characteristics 1 The Differential Equation of the Elastic Line ... ': ... , ...... , 2
and significance. ,Foundations of the first, type have by far the wider field of ap- 2: Interpretation of the Integration Constants ............... . 6
plicat.ion in physical sci~nces, and most of the problems mentioned abo\'e can bl:' 3. Method of Superposition .............. , .................. . 9
reduced to elastic supporting conditions falling under this clal'lsification. For
t,his reason t.he larger part. of the book, nine chapters out of the ten, is devoteel to CHAPTER II
prohlems arising in connection wit,h such an essentially discontinuous type of BEAMS OF UNLIMITED LENGTH ..... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .• 10
foundation, and only the last chapter deals with cal'les in which the supporting ,
1. The Infinite Beam . ........................................... . 10
hody is an elastic continuum. Problems of continuity are introduced-In the
4. Concentrated Loading ............. : ..... , .............. . 10
tent.h chapter with a discussion of foundation layers which, "'ith their varying 14
5. Uniformly DistributeqLoading .......................... .
and adjustable degree of continuity, form a Ilseful transition he tween the two 17
basic types of foundationslllentioned above. .6. Triangular Loading ................... : ................. .
7. Various Loading Conditions on the Infimte Beam. , ........ . 18
In the mathematical nota\ion of this text a minor departme wat; made from 22
existing practice in that capital initial letters are used in the otherwise customary
II. The Semi-infinite Beam ...... ........ , '.' ..................... .
8. The End-Conditioning Forces: ........................... . 22
notat,ions for hyperbolic functions. The need fOI' this arose from the fact that-, 24
9, Particular Cases of End-Loadmg, ........................ .
owing to the nature of the subjert, RolutionR oft.en appeared in lengthy and some- 27
Ill. Applications .... ............................................ .
t.imes perplexing combinationR of trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. Thus
it hecame highly desirable to accent,uate the difference in notation between these
10. The Railroad Track .................. '...... , .. : . , ....... . 27
11. Cylindrical Tube under Axially Symmetncal Loudmg ....... , . 30
two types of functions. and the nse of a capital initial for the lat.t.m· type was
12. Examples ....................................... , .. , .. . 33
fonnd to be a simple and effective way to achieve the purpose ..
The first manuscript for this book was prepared in 1936-37 during the tenure CHAPTER III
of a Horace H. Rackham PORtdoct.orate FeIlo\\'ship at the Universit.y of Michigan. BEAMS OF FINl'l'E. LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . 38
Since t.hen the material has heen revised several times and enlarged untiUt has
assumed its present form. The author takes this opportunity to express his 13. General Method of Solution for Beams of Finite Length ...... . 38
deep appreciation and gratitude to the Universit,y of Michigan for granting the 14. Beams with Free Ends ....... , ............ , ............. . 38
generous fellowship \\'hich made this undertaking possible and for supporting the 15. Beams \vith Hinged Ends ........... , .... , ..... , ....... . 43
publication of the ensuing results. During the work much encouragement"and 16 Beams with Fixed Ends, .............................. , .. 44
benefit were deriv.eel from personal contacts with Professor Stephen P. Timo- 17: .Classification ~f Beams according to Stiffness .............. . 46
shenko, who first, aroused the autho~'s interest in this subject and who proved 18. Example., .............' .............. , ......... , . , ...... .. 47
to be a constant source of inspiration. It is also apleasure to acknowledge the CH,APTER IV
valuable assistance received from Professor Edward L. Eriksen, Dr. Merhyle F.
PARTICULAR CASES OF LOADING ON FINITE BEAMS . . . . . . . . , ... , .. , ..• , 50
Spotts, and Dr. Stewart Way. The author is greatly indebted t.o Dr. Eugene
S. McCart,ney, editor of t.he University of Michigan Press, for his care rn steer- I. Solutions of the Differential Equa.tion of the Elastic Line . .. , ......... . 50
ing t.he publication through the press under wartime conditions .and for the 19. Beams with Free EIlds .................................. . 50
many eonst.ruct.ive Ruggestions that, hot.h he and Mis!'; Grace Potter, former 20. Beums with Hinged Ends ... , ... , . , .. , ............. , .. , .. 59
assistant editor, have eontributed. 21. Beams with Fixed Ends, .............. , .. :' ..... , ........ . 62
M. HETENYI 22. Cantilever Beams. . . .. . . . . . .. . ....................... ,. 64
:.;!3. Partially Supported Beams .............................. , 67
vii
 viii CONTENTS CONTENTS ix
PAGE
1[.Solutions in the Form of Tn:gonometric Series .......... " . 69 CHAPTER X
24. Beams with Free Ends ......... : ......................... " 69 I'AGE
25. Beams wit.h Hinged Ends .............................. " 75 . CONTINUITl.: IN THE F OUNDATlO N . . . . . . . . . .. .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. ..........
.. 179
.
2G. Beams wit.h Fixed Ends........ . . . . .. .. . . . . .... .... . . . . ..
II I. A 7J pir:cations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ............
80
81
. 52.
53.
Partial Continuity: Foundation Layers ....... '.' . . . . . . . . . . ..
Interconnected Girders .. ' .................. , ... , ..... , . '.'
~
1~2
7;
27. Examples ........................ :.. . . .... .... . . .. .. . . . .. 81
54. Grillage Beams ........ ; ........ : ..........,'. .............. 7
CHAP.TE~ V 55 C . lete Continuity: Elastic Soltd FoundatIOn. . . . . . . . . . . .. 19
BEAMS OF V AHIABLE FLEXURAL RIGIDITY AND VARIABLE MODULUS OF
56: T~:infinite Beam Supported 011 an Elastic Solid and Loaded !
. py a Concentrated Force ................... '.' . . . . . . . . .. 20
FOUNDA TION . ...........•............,......... '. . . . . . . . . • . ... . . . . . .. 97
28. Variation in Steps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 97 TABLES
29. ContinuOlis Variation ............... " " ................ , 98 TABLES I-III ......................., . ............................... 215
30. Linearly Varying Moment of Inertfa: the Circular Plate. . . .. 100
31. Linearly Varying Modulus of Foundation ............. , .... 108 Tables I. sin~, cos x, Sinh x, COihx,l e", e-x , A", B",C", .Dx ............ ;~~
32. Beam of Linearly Varying Depth ......................... , 112' Tables II. E I , Ell, F I, F II· . . . . . . . . ;' '.' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . .
33. Cylindrical Tank with Linearly Varying Wall Thickness ..... 114 Tables III. Zl(X)., Z2(X), dZt(x)/dx, dZ2(x)/dx, . .. 245
Z3(X), Z.(x), d~(x)/dx, dZ4 (x)/dx ........... ; .. : .... '.' ... .
34. Conical Shell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. 119
CHAPTER VI
STRAIGHT BARS UNDER SIMULTANEOUS AXIAL AND TRANSVERSE LOADING.. •. 127
35. Bars under Axial Tension ................... ::. " . . . . . . .. 127
36. Bars under Axial Compression ....................., . . . . . .. 135
37. Expressions in Terms of Trigonometric Series............... 136
38. Examples ....... '.' ............ J • • • • • • • • " • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 138
CH:A:PtER VII
ELASTIC STABILITY OF STRAIGHT BARS .•... :.: . . . . . • . . . . 141
39. General Considerations ..............., ,- ................. . 141
40. Bars with Free Ends .............................. ; .. < • • 142
41. Bars with Hinged Ends ................................. . 144
42. Bars with, Fixed Ends ...................... ' ............. . 146
43. Partially Supported Bars .................................. . 148
CHAPTER VIII.
TORSION OF BARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
44. Bars of Unliinited Length ............................... . 151
45. Bars of Finite L~ngth ...................... : ............. '. 152
46. Torsion of Rails ................. : .. : . :. ....... , ....... t ' , ' 151
. CHAPTER IX
r:IRCur,AR ARCHES ../ ................ " . . . . . . . : ... , ................... . 156
47. General Solution of the Elastic Line ............ -.. _._ ...... .
I
156
48. Circular Ring .......•... : ... : .................: ... _...... . 159
49. Spherical Shell ................ _. : ...................... . :.J
163
50. Approximate Solution for Flat Arches ........ : ... __ ...... . 171
.tiJ. Corrugated Tubes ....... '.' ... : ............. _ 1711
 , CHAPTER I
GENERAL SOLUTION OF THE ELASTIC. LINE

In the major part of this work the analysis of bending of beams on an elastic
foundation is developed on the assumption that the reaction forces of the founda· '
tion are proportional at every point to the deflection of the beam at thl!-t point.
This assumption was introduced first by E. Winkler* in 1867 and formed the
basis of H. Zimmermann's classicitl work t on' the analysis' of the railroad track,
published in 1888. Though the:early investigators thought chiefly of soil as
the supporting medium, it was later found that there are other fields where the
,conditions of Winkler's assumption are much more rigorously satisfied. Two
such fields of application were discovered to be of particular importance, and
,
they are discussed in detail in the course of this book. One ,of these is' con-
,

,cerned with networks of beams, which are characteristic in the construction of

floor systems, for ships, buil~gs, ~nd bridges; the other deals with thin shells of
as
revolution and includE;ls such subjects pressure vessels, boilers, and containers,
as.well as large-span modern reinforced concrete halls and domes. While the
theory of beams on elastic fou~dation holds rigidly for most of the problems
mentioned above, its application to soil foundations should be regarded only as a
practical approximation. The physical properties of soils are obviously of
.a ,much more complicated nature than that which could be accurately repre-
sented by such a simple mathematical relationship as the one assumed by-
Winkler. There are, however, some important points which can be brought
up in supporting the,application of this theory to soil foundations. Under cer-
tain conditions the elasticity of soil is undeniable; it can propagate. sound waves,
for instance. Also, the second, a~d most. debated, part of Winkler's ~ssumption,
that the foundation deforms only along the portion directly under loading, has,
since A. Foppl's classical experiment, t often been found to be true for a lalge '
variety of soils. ,If we take these things into consideration, there is reason to
believe that the Winkler theory,in ,spite of its simplicity, may often mo'rii ac-
curately represent the factual conditions existing in soil foundations than do
Borne of the more complicateli analyses advanced in recent years and discussed
in the last chapter of this book, where the foundation is regarded as a continuous
isotropic elastic body., Which o~e of tl),ese theories to apply, and how much
continuity in the ,supporting medium to assuine, can be decided, however, in a
given case only by physical testipg of'the 'material of the foundation under
, consideration. '

• Die Lehre von der Ela8tizitat und f'e8tigkeit (Prag, 1867), p. 182.
t Die Berechnung de8 Ei8enbahnoberbau68 (Berlin, 1888; 2d ed., Berlin, 1930).
* A. Filppl, Vorle8ungen ,tlbtt t6chni8c~e M 6chJJnik (9th.ed.; Leipzig, 1922), III, 258.
1
 , '
I

2 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDA'l'IeN ' - '~~ER~SOLUTION OF THE ELASTIC LINE

~3

1. 'l.'he Diflerential Equation of the Elastic Mne .' d' t dx apo.rt on the beam under consideration. Assume that
sectlOns a IS ance . . t db' a
this element was -taken from It portion where. th~ beam was. ac e upon ~
Consider a straight beam Hupported UIO!lg itH entire length by an elastic
medium and subjected to vertical forces acting in the principal plane of the sym~ - distributed loading q lbs:!in .. The force~ exe!ted on ~~ch Il
an element are shown ill Figure 2. 1 he JlP~ard:actmg
-metrical cross section (Fig. 1). Because of this action t.he .beam '~'ill deflect,
shearing force, Q, to the left of the .C1'OSS .lie~tlOn IS coh-
producing c01J.tinuously dist.ributed reaction forces in tIle supporting medium.
sidered positive, as is the correSpOndl?g bendl,ng moment,
Regardip.g these reaction forces we make the fundamental assumption that their
intensity p at any point is proportional to the deflection of the beam y at that M"
which is a Clockwise moment. ~ct~ng from _the lef~ .on
point: P ,:"ky The reaction forces will be ass~lmed to be acting vertically and
the element (the moment of a pOSItive 9)'
These posl~lve
directions for Q and M will be kept m all laterdel'lv~­
opposing the deflection of the beam. Hence where the deflection is directed
tions. Considering the equilibrium of the element. m
downward (positive) there will be a compression in the supporting medium,"
·
F'lgure 2 , we --find that the summation -of the_ vertical .
but, on the other hand, where the deflection happens 'to be negative, tension: will . , FIG.,2
be produced; for the present we suppose the supporting medium to be able to forces gives
take up stich tensile -forces. Q _ (Q + dQ)+ ky dx - -r{d:J; 0,
The assnmptionp = ky implies the \

to"~",':r
A if i
st.atement that the supporting medi-
um is elastic; in other words, that
whence
a 11 c lJ
dQ -
j
Y - "-p-ky _
its material follows Hooke's law.
Its elasticity, therefore, can be
-
dx
= ky - q. ~b)

characterized by the force which,

FlO. 1 distributed -over a unit area, will Maki~g use of the relat.ion Q = dM / dx, we can write.
cause a deflection -equal to unity. 2
dQ
This constant of the supporting medilun, ko Ibs./in.3 , is called the modulus -of the -dx = d~
dx
M
2
= ky - . q. (0)
foundation. \
Assume t.hat the beam under consideration has a uniform cross section ana the known differential ~quation. .• _EI(d y/dxl) =
2
.
Usmgnow, of .
a beam il). betiding,
-that b is its constant width, which is mp;Jorted on the foundation. A unit <>
~M, and differentiating-it twice, we obtam
tleflection of this- beam will cause reacticn bko in the foundation; consequently,
at a point where the deflection is y the int.ensity of distributed reaction (per
unit length of the beam) will be (d)

p lbs.jin. = bkoY. (a)

For the sake of brevity _we shall use Uie symbol k Ibs./in.2 for b in. X ko Ibs./in. 3 - Hence by using (c) we find
in the following derivations, but it is to be remembered that this k includes the . rty·
EI - = -ky q. +- (1)
effect of the width of the beam and will he numerically equal to ko _only if we deal dx" _
with a beam of unit width. - . . , _. - 1
While the loaded beam deflects, it is possible that besides _the verticall'eac- ~hi~ts the differential equation for ihe deflection curve of a beam support:ed .~.
tions there may also be some horizontal (frictional) forces originating along the an ei~tie foundation. Along the uhloaded parts of the beam, where no dlstr) -
Rurface where the' beam is in contact with the foundation. ,The influence of uted load is acting, q = 0, and the equation above wiH take the form -
such horizontal forces on the deflection line wiii be shown in a later chapter;
for the- pres{:nt their (pos~ibly small) effect will not be considered, and the reac- ty -- -(2)
EI - = -kyo
tion forces on the foundation will be assumed to he vertical at every cross section. dx"
Let us take an infinitely small element enclosed between two vertical * cross
It will be suffi~i~nt to consider below only the general solutio~ of (2},Jroin ~hich
* Bythis we assume that the slope is so small compared to unity that cross sections
solutions will- be oQtained also. for ca'ses implied in (1) by addmg to It a partiClrlar
,(normal to the elastic line) can be replaced by vertical sections. Such approximation
cannot be used when investigating the effect of axial forces on the deflection of the beam integral 'corresJlonding to q in (1).
(ChR.oter V I ) . -
 \,--,'

BEAMS 0.1\ ':LAS'l'IC IWUNDA1'ION

GENERAL So.LUT.ION o.F THE ELASTIC LINE 5
Substituting y - em",. (2) I' . .
- III , we 0 )tam the chal'acteristic equation
~ ~ = i"'[C1(cos AX - ~in Xx) + C2(cos Xx + sin Xx)]
- e-x",[Ca(cos Xx +sin Xx) ....: C.(cos Xx - sin Xx)],
which has the roots 1 dy
2
2X2 dx 2 = -i~(CI sin Xx - C2 cos Xx) + e->''''(Casin Xx - O. cos Xx) (31rd)
,4/T .
-m3 = 11 4EI (1 + i) == X(I + ,), 1 d3y
2A3 dx 3 = -i"'[Ol(COS Xx + sin Xx) - 02(COS Xx - sin Xx)]

m2 = -m. = ¥4;I (-1 + i) = X(-1 + i).

Knowing that
-+ e-x"'[03(COS Xx' - sin Xx) + 04(COS Xx + sin Xx)]
..... •

The general solution of (2) takes the form

- EI ~y = Q .
2
dy _ EI d y = JItI, and (g)
dx = tan IJ, dx2 . dx3 '
(e)
where we can obtain the general expressions for the slope IJ* of the deflection line as
well as for the bending moment JItI and the shearing force Q from (3 b-d). The
A _ ,40 intensity of pressure in the foundation will be found from (3a)' to be p = kyo
- 'V 4El (f) In applying these general equations, or corresponding ones inchiding the term
dependent on q, to particular cases the next step is to determine the constant.'l
Using
of integration 0 1 , O2 , 0 3 , and 0 4 • These integration constants depend on the·
jAr . manner in which the beam is subjected to the loading and have constant values
e = COS AX + i sin AX, along each portion of the beam within which the elastic line and all its deriva-
-iA:r:
e = cos AX - i sin AX, tives are continuous. Their values can be obt'l.ined frum the conditiuns existing
at the two ends of such continuous portions. Out of the four quantities (y, 8,
and introducing the new constants CI, C2,. C d C• , where
3, an
M, and Q) characterizing the cundition of an end, two are usually known at
each end, from which sufficient data are furnished fur the determination of the
(AI + A4) = C L , i(AI - A4) = C2 , cunstants C. .
When a beam is subjected to. variuus luads the elastic line must be resolved
(A 2 +A = C 3) 3 , i(A2 - Aa) = C4 , into. continuous portions (for exampl~, A -a, a-b, b-c, and c-B in Fig. 1); then at
the intermediate puints the consideration of the material continuity of the beam
we can write (e) in a more convenient form:
will furnish the data for determining~the integration constants for each of these
portions. .
y = e~"'(CI COR AX + C2 sin AX) + e-XZ(Ca co~ AX + C. sin AX) .. (3a)
Although from the point of view of mathematics' the problem can be com-
Here X ~ncIudes .the flexural rigidity ofthe beam as weH as the elasticit of th pletely solved in this way,t the procedure is laborious and not well fitted to
supportlllg medIUm, and is. an' important factor influencing th h PeY e practical «amputatiun. The' work qan be considerably simplified, however, if
elastic. line: For this reason the factor A is called the charact . t' e Sf tah of the the general solution is written in such a form that the integration constants ob-
and smce ItR d' " I h i ' eNS w o e system tain a physical interpretation in terms of the end cunditiuns. This method of
h :'. . .' ImenslOn IS engt -, the term I/X is frequently referred to as th '
c macteNS!tC length. Consequently, AX will be an absolute numb' e sulution\\rill be discussed in the next section..
E~pressI~n (3~) represents the general solution for the deflec:;~n line of a
straIght. prJsma~1C ~ar supported o.n .an elastic foundation and subject d t • On the basis of the approximate bending forml,lla used above in the derivation (d)
transvelse bendmg forces, but with no 'q loading. An add't' It.. e 0 it is permissible to put tan 8 = 8. .
sary \vh . th . d' 'b IlOna erm IS neces- t This method was used by :K. Hayashi in his book Theorie des Tragers auf elastischer
. ele ere IS a ISt1'l uted load. By differentiation of (3a) We get Unterlage 1tnd ihre An11!endttng aUf den Tiefbau (Berlin, 1921). '
 6 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOU~DA'1T6N I \\~N~Inr-i SOLU;ION OF THE ELASTIC LINE '---") 7

2. Interpretation
Ass m b of the
b' Integration. Constant
. 8 I '. . ."
on the bas~s of (c) is termed the rnethod of initial conditions.; * because tlie simple
and dis~ri~u~ed e~:dsu) J:~!ed to val'lou~ ~oadmg (such as moment M, force P, .. interpretation of the integration constants it has a considerable advantage over
left end of th b
In (3 -<1;earn I Ig.3.
&. )
take the ongm of an x, Y coordinate system at the
'.
the method outlined in the previou~ section.
. A mom generalized form of (c) can oe obtained through the following reason-
.

of a bea: in b~~~il: ex~:es~ion~ were obtaine~ for the y, 8,111, and Q quantities ing:A.ssume that the,,-Yo, 00 , M o , ('Lnd Qo quantities are known; then we can
at the I ft d f gb akmg m t,hese equatIOns x = 0, we get the conditions proceed from the left-end of the beam toward the right along the unloaded
e en 0 our earn as portiQn A-a until we·arrive at the point where the first load is applied to the
beam. Assume that the first loading is a concentrated momentM, as shown in
M_=~=~+~, )
I
D ,,", Figure 3. Evidently this moment M must
,o.e.
Y have an effect to the right (x > UM) of its
dx ] .-0 =
[d ()o = A(C! + C 2 - Ca + C.), . point of application similar to that which
the initial moment Mo h~d on the A-a
. EI d2y ]
[ - dX2 x_3 = Mu = 2X2 EI( -Cz
. )
+ C.), 1 (a)
portion (0 < x < uMYof the. elastic line.
I Seeing froln (c) that tlie factor of Mo was

~~1-0 =
FIG. 3
[ -EI Qu =2X /fI(C! -
3
Cz - C3 - c.). _ (lj}-,?EI)F3(,Xx), we can .conclude that
a 2
the moment M at should have a modifying effect of - (ljX EI)F3[X(x - uM)]M
Expressing the C's as unknowns, we have, from the equations above , on the elastic line to the right of point a, where x > UM. Consequently, we
obtain the deflection curve on the portion a-b by addirtg this last expression to (c).
C -
1 -
ly
2 G
+.14X ()- + 8X3EI
0
1 Qu, In 'a similar way we find that the force P will have an influence
(ljX3EI)F4 [X(x - up)]Pt on the deflection line to the right of point b. Finally,
Cl = .!. ()o - _1_ M _ 1. Q since the distributed loading q can be regarded as consisting of infinitesimal con-
4X 4X2EI o. SX3El 0, centrated forces, we can conclude that 'its effect for the x > c portion must be

C, = !Yo - ..!... (J
4X 0
_ .
8AI EI
1 Q
0,
(b)
(ljX 3EI) f qF4 [X(x - u)] duo For x > d the upper limit of the integral becomes
d. Summing up these results, we find the equation of the deflection line for
- 1
C·~--()u+
4X
1
---111-
4xzEl
1
o. 8xaEI Qa •
J ..such a case as that shown in Figure 3 t to be
1 . l' 1
Substituting these expressions for the C's in (3a) and putting .1.( Ax + -~r) _ '1/., = yoFJ(Xx) + ~ ()OF2(XX) - X2EI MoF3(XX) - X3 EI QOF4(XX)
Cosh" Xx and .21 ( eAx - e-Az) = .S"mh Xx, we find that the general ,equation
e e of th-
c IastlC hne will t.ake the form '.' ,. . e l' '1
- X2iI MF3 [X(x - UM)] + X3EI PF4[X(x· - up)]
,1 1 ' '.: " .
Yz = YO/'l(Xx) + '\
OoF,(Ax) - - - lIf oF,(Xx) __L Q F (\_)
>H£l XJ E I. • (c) 1 lZ" . (4a)
1\ 4.-u; . , .
.+ X3El .qF4 [X(x
c - u)] duo
where
F1(Xx) = Cosh AX cos Ax ' , . \ .. * This mathod wits developed largely: in Russia. See. A. A. Umansky, Analysis of Beams
O'Ii Elastic Foundation, Central Research Ins Lit ute .of Auto-.Transportation (Leningrad,
F2 (Xx) = !(Cosh AX Rin Xx + Siuh ).z cos ~), 1933) i and idem, Special Course in Structural Mechanics, General Redaction of Literature of
Building .(Leningrad-Moscow, 1935), Part L These publications contain alao bibliogra-
F 3 (Xx) = !'Sinh Xx Rin Ax' : :., i ,
(It
t . ;' .': phies Elf earlier Itussian works.
F.(Xx) = HCosh Xx sin Ax - Sinl;'~ oos Ax). t Here the sign of the term taken from (a) had to be changed, sinae the downward-
acting force P represents a negative shear for the portion to the right of point b ..
generall:lolutionw~pu~ I:~&:'{'onn
.Ittis seen' that ill (c) t.he ...: .···I· hi h h
m·w c t e previOUS'. +The expression for the deflection line could be generalized in a still larger sense by
inaluding among the loadings concentrated ahanges in the deflection ordinates and in the
m egrat.lOn const.ants were rcpllLct.'<i by the 71 8 111' and rI' . . "
• t tI I () f l ' D • o. 0, . "" quantities eXIstmg slopes, and also by regarding distributed moments as a loading type. Expressions for Buah
,t, Ie em x = 0 tie helLlll. On accounto(thj~ fea~ro ~e method developed cases are to be found ill Umansky, opert1- cit.
,'f- ',,: • ",.
: ,'.
 " ; ,I
8 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATIO~ G~RAL'LjLUTlON OF THE ELASTIC LINE ,---,J

This equation includes the effect of M, P, and q acting on the beam between the substituting these, in turn, in the general expressions (4 a~), we can proceed
left end (x = 0) and the point under considerati0n ,(x = x). If any of these to calculate the y,., 0,., M,., and Q,. values for any intermediate point on the
loadings are. absent on this port~on of the beam the corresponding term in (4a} beam. The outstanding feature of this method is the simple physical inter-
should be disregarded. By takmg the consecutive gerivatives of the equation pretation of the integration constants and the systematic order in which these
ahove and putting , constants appear in the equations. For practical computation, howevel', the
dF 1 '
I method can be considered only if there are numerical tables of the F functions
dF2 = XF dFa
-
dx = -4XF..,
dx 1, -dx = XF2 ' /IDd dF4 = XF~ available, and even then more complicated loadings involve lengthy and intricate
dx ' I calculations.
we obtain the expressions below for slope, moment, and shearing force:"
1 '1 ' '
3. Metlwd of Superposition
O. = ,00F1(Xx) - XEI MoF2(XX) - X2EI QoFa(Xx) - 4XyoF4(Ax) , In the preceding'sections two different methods have been presented, both
of them aiming to determine the integration constants from the prescribed end,
1 1 , conditions of the elastic line. It ,has been seen that the main difficulty in
- >..EI MF2[>..(x - UM)] + X2EI PFs [X(x - up)]
applying the general solution to particular problems arises in the determination '
1 r qFs [X(x' -
+ >..2EI 1. u)] du, ,
of the integration constants, which involves a considerable amount of work in
both methods discussed. ,
,~
These difficulties can be largely avoided by using the methOd of 8uperposition/
"
M,. = MoF1(XX) + ~ QOF2(XX) +}2 YoFs(XXY+-~3 OoFt(Xx) (4b~) , , The advantage of this method lies in the fact that the determination of the
integration constants for a beam of unlimited length (an infinitely long beam)
11('" is very simple and that, consequently, the equation of the deflection line for
+ MFd>"(x - UM)] -, XPF2rX(x - up)] - X1. qF~(>.._(x -: u)l du; any loading on the infinitely long beamcari be obtained in a concise form. Such
deflection formulas will be derived in Chapter II; in Chapter III it will be shown
Qz = QOF1(XX) + ~ YOF2(Xx) + ~2 00 Fa (Xx) - 4XMoJi'4(Xx)
that by superposing the formulas obtained for the infinitely long beam solutions
can be derived for beams of any length and with any loading and end conditions.
This procedure will prove to be the simplest in the application to p.articular'
- 4XMF4[X(x - UM)] - PF1[X(x -.up)] - "tqF1[~(X '7.", u)] duo problems; it can be used also when, in addition to the lateral loads, aXial forces,
or twisting" moments are acting on the beam.t
It is seen that the initial condition's appear in equati~ns (4 a~): according to a
systematic scheme. In each of thelle equat,ions aIr the four initial conditions • The application of the method of superposition in the solution of beams of finite
are present and the order of their succe~sion is shifted by '6ne place at a time as we length oli an elastic foundation was first proposed by the writer in ~ paper called "Anal~siil­
proceed from (4a) to (4d). The same systematic sh~fting can be observed also, of Bars on Elastic Foundation," Final Repqrt of the Second Internattonal Congre88 for Brtdge ,
in the F functions connected with the loading terms M, P, and q. and SCructural Engineering (Berlin-Munich, 1936). , '
t The scheme in the method of initial, conditions loses its periodical character when '
Putting x = l into (4 a~), we obtain ~he YI , 01 , MI ',and QI quantities for axial forces, in addition tQ the transverse lhading, are acting on the beam. '
the right end of the beam as expressed in terms of the initial conditions and the
loadings. These relations can then be used to detel:mine the unknown, initial
conditions. As we have said, out of the four quantities which define the condi-
tion of one end of a beam, two are usually known at each end in every' case.
Ther~ remain two unknowns at each end; altogether there are four, unknown
quantities which can be determined from (4 a~). "
Consider for instance the beam in Figure 3 ;with both ends free. Here we
have J.lfo = 0, Qo = 0 and MI = 0, QI = O. Substituting these values in (4 a~)
we find that the left-hand 'side of (4c) and (4d) will be zero, while the right-hand
side will contain only two unknown initial conditions, Yo and 00. From the two
simultaneous equations the two unknown quantities can be, determined; then,
 I
.--....' 11
~AMS OF '~NLIMITED LENGTH

Since2kC [ ' e-x:r(cos AX + sin AX) dx 2kC(1/A), from 2kC(1/A) =P we get

. 0
. C= PA/2k, and, substituting this 'in (c) above, we have
CHAP'l'ER II
y = PA-X,,(
- e ' +sIn
""x).,. (d)
BEAMS .OF'UNLIMITED LENGTH 2lc . cos
. I\X ,

. which gives the deflection curve for the right side (x ~ 0) of the beam. This
I. The Infinite Beam deflection curve is a wavy line with decreasing amplitude (Fig. 5a). The dp-
flection under the load is yo = P}./2lcj the zero .points of the line ar('
4. Concentrated Loading
where cos AX +
.sin AX = 0, that is, at 'the consecutive yalues of AX = !7r, t 7r .
Consider a beam of unlimited length in both directions (an infinite beam) ¥7r, e t c . , ' .
subjected to a single concentrated force P at point a (Fig. 4). Because of, the Taking the successive derivatives of y (see [d]) with respect to a:, we obtam
apparent symmetry of the deflection the expressions for 8, M ,and Q on the right side of the beam as
curve we need to consider only the half )
which is to the right of point 0, the dy
- = 8 =
."''''M",",,'''",,'''r,mfllmmml';; origin of the x, y rectangularcoordi- dx .
!I . nate systelli. . d2 y P -A:r ( , . .~ ,) (o-g)
_ EI _. =111 = - e . cos "x - sm "x ,
Fro. 4 In § 1 we found that the general dx? 4A
solution for the deflection curve of a
beam subjected to transverse loading can be written as equation (3a): iy , P -A:r
('os AX;
- E I -3
da·
Q = .. - -2 e J
y = eX:r(CI cos AX + C2 sin AX) + e-b(Ca cos Ax + C. sin Ax). ...• (a)
The curves represented by thE"
In the present problem, dealing witli a beam of unlimited length, it is reasonable p equations above are shown in
__ x
to assume that in an infinite distance from the application of the load the de- Figure 5. They have all the
flection of the beam must approach zero, that is, if x -+ C!O! thcn y -+ O.This features of damped waves." At
condition can be fulfilled only if in the equation above tbetenns connected with. the point of application of the
/:r vanish, which necessitates that in the case under discussion C1 = 0 ~nd C2 = O. load (x = 0) or, to be precise,
Hence the deflection curve for the right part (x > 0) of.thebeam will take the infinitely close to the right of it,
form .,' '1' " ;'i." ':
we have the values 8 = 0, M =
,; .. I:·'
P/4A, and Q = -P/2. In 'the
y := e-b(C:. cos Ax + C. Sin~).tt; .(b) derivation of the general solution
From the condition of symmetry '[V:ykJn"')~' ..':::i'i'i~:i for the elastic line .(see p. 3) the
positive directions were defined
for the shearing force Q (positive"" c!ocK.J7'5C
dz ,-0 ~ Ii ':, 1:':: :·\:r ';1;' H:':~~!;;:'::·"
I ,i: ;: :\" "i(i .:~ I. ,:J~~)~l ',' i •
when acting upward on the left
that is, - (C a - (,'4) = 0, fJ'OIIl which wefind C. -"C.~,.C~';;;Thi.s last constant of .the elemental section) and
of the equation _~ .,.·~i:;;:~:i:i:.i:'I'l"::';):i~~ji·;:.· :. for the bending moment M (the '* uPFr
moment'on t~e left of the ele~~nt compresSion
y = Ce. (cos ).zT~~:~!:,) . :\:;li\\~:!J . '.,. " '. (c) in the directlOn of the posItive
. ' .', '1' . ,...... :.1." ., ••.. , .. ·li~:I .. " ' .
can be obtained from the consideration that the :WM'Oj' the' reaction forces Will 'shearing force) .. As an extension
FIG. 5
keep equilibrium with' the loud P that is': .'.';:': :.....i!!Ii':!::)il.·ii'!~V!(·" I, r of this convention, w@ shallJ:egarcL

21'!~ k :,..

d
:/,.:y;:! ::::::,:;:j;; , ::'!'!::~!l:ii}]n
·,,1 P'",,\,.I.J./:J,.h 1"',
.::i":;i : as positive quantities the downward-~cting loa~ing (P), d.~wnward de~ection
(y), and the angular deflection (8) rotatmg clockWise. EquatIOns (d g) gIve the

· •~:~i!,!:I!!;!!;!:!ilil\ljl~' (" . , • This 'is the reason why the characteristic}. is sometimes ce.l~~fl the damping factor.
'1 I~

''-./ ''-'"
f
I
12 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
',-"
BEAMS OF UNLIMITJ;;D LENGTH
,I
i values of y, 0, M, and Q for the right side (x > 0) of the beam according to this The zero points for A are located at Xx = (! + n)7r, for B at Xx = n7r, for C at
practice. On the left side the y and M curves will keep the same signs (y: = Xx = (1 + n)7r, and for D at Xx = (! + n)7r; similarly, the extreme values (maxi-
y_: and M: = J.L,,) , but 0 and Q will change their signs (IJ: = -0_: and Q" = mum or minimum) of these functions are found (outside of 'the origin) for A at
-Q-,,), as is shown in Figure 5. In calculating the ordinates of these curves AX = n1l", for B at AX = (1 + n)7I", fOl' C at Xx = (! + n)7I", and for D at Xx =
the value x is always taken as positive. (! + n)7I", where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, etc
An important feature of these functions is the rapidly decreasing amplitude.
Introducing into (d-g) , the symbols
As may be seen from the api5ended tables (see pp. 217-239), when Xx > 1.571"
e-~"(cos Xx +
sin Xx) = AA:, e-~% SlnXx= Az,
• B} (h)
the value of any of the four functions is under 0.01. This means that the manner'
e-~"(cos Xx - sin Xx) = CA: , e-~% cos Xx= D A%, in which t~le beam is supported in a distance of x = 1.57r/X (or even x = 7I"/X)
from the application of the load will have only ,a small effect on the formation
we can write of the deflection line, or, in other words, a beam of the length l = 271"/X loaded
PX with a concentrated force P at the middle will exhibit approximatply tIle same
Y = 2k A b , deflection cur~e as the infinitely long beam shown in Figure 5. Since elastically
pX2 supported beams with large Xl values are frequently applied in engineering
0= - TBb, constructions, these considerations will permit us to derive approximate solutions
(5 a-d) for such problems, using the result,", cibtained in this chapter for beams of un-
limited length.
Returning to the discussion of the curves given by (5 a-d), we find that y
as well as 0, M, and Q is proportional to the loading Pj hence it follows that the
principle of superposition and the reciprocity theorem are directly applicable to
J the system. We encounter her( the most general applicability of the reciprocal
The A, B, C, and D functions of Xx above will be frequently used in the'rest theorem, since it holds in this case not only for displacements, but also for angular
of the text when solving different problems connected with the theory of beams deflections, bending moments, and shearing forces. If at point 1 a force PI
on elastic foundation; therefore, in order to facilitate their application, tables and at. point 2 a force P2 are acting, it is apparent ,either from ,the curves of
are attached at the end of this -work, giving the A: , B" , C" , and D" quantities Figure 5 or from (5 a-d) that YI,2 =Y2.1, (h.2 = ±02,1 i * furthermore, ,1111•2 =
as functions of a parameter x.* These functions are essentially all of the same M2,1 and Q1,2 = ±Q2.1.* This states the reciprocity theorem in the most general
type, since by properly shifting the origin we can obtain one from the other. form and' proves that the y, 0, 1.11, and Q curves of Figure 5 are at the same t.ime
Through simple trigonometrical transformation we can find that influence lines for deflection, angular deflection, moment, and shear.
So far we have been dealing with the situation in which a single concentrated
force P is acting on the beam. Fron{ the formulas here obt~tined the deflection
where line can be derived also for the case when a concentrated moment 11110 is applied
at point 0 on the infinitely long beam
XXI = Xx - 7r/4, (Fig. 6a). This concentrated moment
and " can be regarded as a limiting case of the
a = e-,,/4 sin 7r/4, (3 = e-"/2 sin 7r/2, 'Y = e- ar /4 sin 37r/4. ___ x loading shown in Figure 6b, if we as-
".,.,.,."""..,.".,-""'''''''',.,.,..,1~1"';71Tl'!"'n71~7~717Tj"li sume that while a is approaching zero
These four functions form a periodical scheme We find that
(a ~ 0) Pa will simultaneously ap-
FIG. 6
proach the value of 1110 (Pa ~ 1110).
Using (5a), we can write the deflection line for the loading in Figure Gb as
(j)
PX Pa'A AXI=+al - A~z
y = 2k (-A~(:+.l + .th,,) = - 2k a ,for ,x> o.
* Such numerical, tables were first given by H. Zimmermann in his principal book on
this subject, D'ie Berechnung des E-isenbahnoberbaues (Berlin, i88S; 2d ed., Berlin, 1930). • Plus-minus sign according to the convcntion adopted (see p. 11).
 !i(
~:,~
".11'

'::"
14 JlEAM~ ON ELAS'l'IC FOUNDA'rlO~ ',-,,' 13,,-,1s OF UNLIMITED LENGTH

i~ The distributed loading can be regarded- as consisting of infinitely small

i Since
concentrated forces qdx. The deflectionprodiIced at point C by such an element
I can be obtained by substituting qdx for P in (d) on page 11, which gives

I, and at the same time, •

uy ·2k e'-~%( cos AX + sm
= qdxA .)
AX , (a)

I [pala_o = Mo,
we get the deflection line due to the Mo clockwise moment as where X denotes the distance of the qdx element from point c. The total effect
1
of the distributed loading can be ob-
Mo'A2 tained by integrating the expressions
y = -k- B~%. (6a)
above within the a-b limits of the loaded as;y!.',."..,d.wJMW.J.~~f.I.l;J~WJ,"'!""''l')'7
I, Taking the consecutive derivatives of y, we have :part of the beam. Here we shall dis-
tinguish three cases, based on whether
i
ely = () = M o>,} C the point C is (a) within the loaded
d;t . k ~< ,
part, (b) to the left of it,or (c) t.o the
right of it.
\ -E1tf...Y
dx2
= M = Mo])
2 ~< ,
, (6, b- d)

! a. When Point C is under the

Loading (Fig. 8a)
I In Figure 8a the distance a, to the
left can be regarded as negative, and so Flo. 8
The equations above present the the deflection at C, as the integral of (a) above, will be
y, 0, M, and Q curves, accQJ:ding
to the sign convention established,
, for the right side (x > 0) of the
beam. To the left of, the point
of a,pplication of the moment Mo (b)
the sign of y and M must be re-
versed (see Fig. 7). When the
Mo moment is acting counter- Hence we can write
clockwise, opposite to the direc-
tion taken here, naturally the signs (7a)
of all the curves in Figure 7 on
both sides must be reversed. The
arguments of the functions are In a similar way, substituting qdx for P in (5 b-d) and integrating within the
always taken as positive, no matter assigned limits, we get expressions of (), M, and Q at point C as
on which side the point under
consideration IS located.
FIG. 7

5. [/n-ijormly Distributed Loading

Consider a uniform loading distributed over an A -B portion of the infinitely ~ (7 b-d)
long beam and find the effect of this loading at an arbitrary point C, which iSR 'I

distance a from the left end of the loaded portion and a distance b from the
right end.
 I

BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDA'l·IO~'--./ \--..../

~

BEAMS OF UNLIMIT:ED LENGTH 17

II. When Point C is to the Left of the Loading (Fig. 8b)
From (7 ~-d) and (9 a-d), by.substituting b = 0 and a = l,we obtain, in both
In the problem in Figure 8b both a and b distances will be considered positive. ways agam, the same expressiOns for point B:
By the sign convention adopted on page 11 we obtain now by integration
qA
q " Os = -21 (1 - AM),
Yc = 2k (J)~a - D M ),

qA QB = i - 4~ (1 - CAl).
Oc = 2k (A~. - A~b),
(8 a-d)
6. Triangular Loading
We can distinguish' again three.'ll.
"
fJ.~
" "JiJIdX
9;,"
caSes according to the position oC ~7'm77Jiii7m:.t- ~ B I7m7>fnr.
the point C, where the ('ffect of the: a l-~-'----;..j
loading is sought. ~
c. When Point C is 10 the Right of the Loading (INg. Be) :" ~
Formulas for the situation in Figure 8c can be obtained from (8 a-d) by a. When Point C is under the bl ' Tt1lrrm::lIm,,""I'm"",,'9:"~~IJH..w,J.JJ.IJl.II,I.J,_ _
interchanging' there the symbols a and b, and, furthermore, reversing the signs
Loading (Fig. 9a) " m7flm'c;;~~m7M"""
of 0 and Q, as was done in dea,ling with a concentrated loading. Counting x from point C, we: ~ "
In this way we get for the point C * have in the region A-C in Figure 9a r,
q. = (qoll) (a - x), and in the' c'.."".,.".,.,'mtffl[,lfflI#1l~IffiJ~~~~...........
region C-B, q= = (qo/l) (a + x), so 17ffl1771!4~Vmc?mM7
Uc= - 2~c (D~a - DAb),
that the total deflection at C will be a
FIG. 9
==1
qA
Oc =:= 2k (AAa - AAb) ,
(9 a-d) Yc ="
qOA
2kl
{La (a - x )e-~%(cos AX +,
0
.
SIll Ax)dx

j
+ r (a + x) e-A%(cos Ax + sin Ax)dX}. (a)

Carrying out this integration, we have

The correctness of the formulas derived for the three different positions of point C
(lOa)
c!J,n be checked by substituting a = 0 and b = l in (7 a-d) and (8 a-d), and
thus we get terms for point A. from .either side equally:
and in a similar way we obtain
";
'ii YA = .!1. (1 - D.AI ), qo 1
2k (c) Oc = - 2k I (D Aa + DAb + AlAAb-2),

• These formulas differ only in signs from the ones given by (8 a-d) and are reproduced
Mc
qo 1 ·
= - 8A3 l (IlAa -:- AAb - 2AlBAb), (iOb-d)
" .
here merely for convenience.in deciding signs.
'I
I '~/
1 ~''-'''' '"--,,,/

I 18 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION BEAMS OF UNLIMITED LENGTH 19

1
!
i
! In the same way, by int~gratingbetween the limits a and b, with attention Let us assume that positive and nega- . IP"

~"'''''r
to signs, we can obtain expressions for the other positions of point C. Below, ~ive forces are acting on a beam (Fig. 10)
only the results of these integrations are given for the second and third positions. and denote the upward-acting negative
forces oy R. The deflection for any point R, R, R~
b. When Point C is to the Left of the Loading (Fig. Bb) .can now be 'written as FIG. 10
Ye i
= 4~k (C~a - CM - 2~lD~b), . (13)

ee =
qo l1 (DXa - D Xb - XlA xb),
2k :rhe R forces can be looked upon as concentrated reactions, and their values can
(11 a-d;
Me = - :~3 i (Axa - AM - 2XlB~b),
;:; be determined from the conditions assigned to the points where they are applied.
ii: We may require, for instance, .that at any i point where such an R, force is
acting the deflection should be zero (y, = 0), or we may assign such a condition
. n:

:~2 i
fl·
Qe =. - (Bxa - BXb +XlC~b). J I,' that at each of these points the reaction R, should be proportional to the de-
flection Y, occurring at that point, that is, y, = R;/ Ai , where Ai (spring con-
. i stant) denotes the elasticity of the ith support.
e. When Point C is to the Right of the Loading (Fig ..Be) In each of the cases above we can write as many equations of the type of
Ye = 4~k i(C~fJ - C~b + 2XlDxb), 1 (13) as there are R forces acting on the beam, and from that system of simul-
taneous equations the values of the unknown R's can be determined.
Such a system of equations can be solved most easily by a method of suc-
ee = - i~ f (DXfJ - DXb + XlAM),
(12 a-d)
cessiveapproximation.* Since the deflection line due to a single concentrated
force has a rapidly decreasing amplitude (Fig. 5a), at the ith point the Ri force
Me = - 8q~3 i (AxfJ - AM + 2XlBxb),
will have the greatest influence on the Yi deflection, and hence it is permis:'ible,
for the first approximation, to neglect the effect of .the other R unknowns.
Making this first approximation, we shull find the ith equation to be
Qe = :~2 ~ (BxfJ - BXb - XlCM).
(b)
A trapezoidal loading can be obtained by superposing two reversed triangles
of different heights. If the two triangles a~e of the same height we get a uni-
. where Yi = 0 (rigid support) or Yi = R,/Ai (elastic support). In both (Jases the
formly distributed loading over the portion A -B.
equation above for Yi will contain only one unknown, that is, Ri , and in this
way the first approximate values of all R's can be obtained from a cOl"responding
7. Various Loading Conditions on the Infinite Beam number of independent equations. By means of these first approximate values
When the infinitely long beam is subjected to a group of concentrated forces, the process outlined above can be repeated until the required accuracy is ob-
then, according to the previously established law of superposition, the defiectiQn, tained.
slope, M and Q, at any point can be obtained by summing up the effect of the In the same way solutions can bfl derived when the bar is subjected to a
separated forces on the point under consideration. combination of concentrated and distributed loads and when certain conditions
The deflection, for instance, for any point can be obtained by use of (5a), as are assigned to the elastic line simultaneously at a number of points. This
method, based on the principle of' superposition and on the damped-wave
(a) character of the elastic line, is adaptdble to obtaining solutions for ali problems
of the type.
where Xn means the absolute distance of the force P n from the cross section where • See E. T. Whittaker and G. Robinson, The Calculus of Observations (London, 1924),
the deflection is sought. . p. 255.
 I
'_/
'vBEAMS OF: UNLIMITED Lj<j1\GTH
20 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDA'l'lON 21

So far we have been discussing the effect of single concentrated forces and The:,;e curves are shuwn in Figure 12.
moments. From Figures 5 and 7 it may be seen that a concentrated force catises ,"Ve find t.hat aR :r --> 0, ill --> V and
discontinuity in shear and that a, concentrated moment causes discontin.uity in Q --> O.
moment at the point of its application. In order to complete the investigation In a similar WIt)" we can conclude
in this respect let us examine now the type of loading which will' cause dis- t,hat the influence line for Rhearing
continuity in slope, or in deflection, at the section where it is applied.* ' Here we force is a deflection curve calHled by
must have recourse to the curves shown in Figure 5. That these curves represent a double shearing force IV (Fig. 13)
influenee lines for deflection, slope, moment, and shear has already been estah- ' acting at point 0, where the beam if;
lished, and use of this property of the y and () curveI' was made in § 4. Now" assumed to be cut, and produciilg
we shall utilize in the same way the M and Q curves. there between t.he two neighboring
As we know from the theory of structures, if at one point on a beam, between " crUHS section!; a distortion which iH
related t.o t.he Hhearing force. The M-VA,.l.r
two neighboring cross sections, a concentrated angular distortion is produced,
the deflection line originated thereby will, give the influence line of bending defiection CUlTe due to theRe IV',;
moment for the point where this relative distor- will haw t.he Ramp form aH tho Q
tion was produced.t Such distortion can be, elllTp in Figure 5, t.hat is,
caused at point 0 by two moments V, ap'plied y = Ce-~T 'COR X:r. (e)
in the manner- shown in Figure 11, where the'
FIG. 11 beam is assumed to be hinged at 0; so we can Frum the 'con::<idrrat.iol1 of r<!uilib-
rilllll \I'r kno,," that FIG, 12
conclude that this type of loading, which we shall call double moment, will produce
a deflect.ion line similar to the M curve in Figure 5. Sinc~
(f)
y = Ce-~X(cos Xx - sin Xx), (c)

t.he C constant can be determined from t.he condition of statics that from \I'hich (' = 2WA/h:, and 1'0 we have for t.Jw
right Ride of t,hr beum
v = Ck [0 xe-~x (cos Xx .- sin Xx)dx = -Ck 2~2' (d) 21VX
!I = -'.,-- ('
-~,r
cos Xx 2/;:>" J)~%, (15a)
I.:
Hence C - 2'VX2/k, and we get the deflection line for the loading RhO\m in f
and hom t.his,
Figurc 11 as
2IVX2 .
I.~ A~, ,I
2l~2
2V,2 =-
y = - k "-~%(
e . "x
cos Xx - sm ') = - k "c ~x • (I4ar (I

I
l
From the consecutive derivatives we obtain for the right side (x > 0) of the beam IV (1.'i b· d)
.II = -X- lAx, (
3
I
()
T DAx ,
4VX 1 (14 b-d)
Q= -WC~% . )
:I! M The eurycs repl'cRenting the equations above are shuwn in Figure 14.
VAA" ,
The loadings .r Hnd IV are the, ones which produce coneentrated change ill
Q = -2VXB>.-x. ~Iope. and drfiechon, respectively., Their action has the followingsignificallee:
• See the papers by P. Nemenyi: "Eine neue Singularitatenmethode fUr die Elastizi, If ill If; t.he bending moment caused hy any loading at one Hection on the infinite
tiitstheorie," Zeil8chrift fttr a,ngewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, 9 (1929),488-:-490; and lJeam and we apply (~ that point. a double moment V = - 111, as diseuHRed
"Tragwerke auf elastisch nachgiebiger Unterlage," in the same periodical, 11 (1931),450- ~bove, we cancel t.he 111 moment at this section (producing, however, no change
463. ' III shear), and the entire effect of these V forces will be the same as if we had
t This statement can be proved by the reciprocity theorem. The theory, developed inserted a hinge in the bar at the point where we made them act. "Ye may
on similar considerations. is termed the kinetic (kinematic) theory. See the book by D., A.
Molitor, Kinetic Theory of Engineering Structure8 (New York, 1911). therefure call f'llrh It place It hing,c for moment, since it. releaseR moment.R ht;t
 '-./
22 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
wt -x
/
resists shear. On the other haud,
when' w'e apply at one point the
I j"
,
TV = - Q forces of the type'discussed
above we cancel the shearing force
which: because of some loading,
existed at that point before, but
produce no change in the bending
moment. Hence we can, say, by
analogy, that now a hinge j01: shear
has been introduced at the pomt.
M-- lYE:;.>:, We have now discussed all four
types of loadings by which we can
fulfill conditions required for deflec-
tion, slope, moment, Qr shear at an~'
Q--we.,ix
cross section of the infinite beam.
It has been seen that these P, M, V,
and lV loadings correspond to dis-
continuities of the beam in shear,
l'IG. 14 moment, slope, and deflection, re-
By combining tl~ese loadings we can get a large variety of conditiolls.
spectivel,\'.
II. The Semi-infinite Beam
S. The End-Conditioning Forces
, The term scmi-illji.mte . beam WI'11 be use d f 01. a beam.
which 'I"h'
has unlimited
d .
. . I .
extension in only one chrectJOn, lavmg a P~I t 'nt A a filllte end
. " ' r ; 15 IS en rna),
b-d' It
llildel' different conditions, be (a) free, (b) lunged, or (c) fixed. (Flo· I b)'· d
will be shown that under any loading or end cond't' I Ions soI ut.10nd can .e arrive
1 fo'
at for the semi-infi.nite beam by using t.he formulas obtame previOUS y I
the infinite beam.
a. Semi-inJi,nite Beams with
Free End (Fig. lob)
Consider an infinitely long beam
and assume that because of some
loading we have at point A a bending
moment lJ.1 A and a shearing force Q.f :
Thus M A and QA maintain the con-
tinuity of the beam at A. The re-
moval of 111 A and Q.l 'will have the
same significance rOJ: the right side
uf the beam as the removal 9f the
whole purtion to the left. In other
word:,; it will create a semi-infinite
bCf\,m 'with a free end at' point A,.'
lIenee 0111' problem is reduced t.o
FIG. 15 making M.l and Q.4 vaniRh on the
\_/ '-../'
BEAMS OF UNLIMITED LENGTH 23
infinite beam. This can be done by applying at A such a moment lifo and force
Po as will cause a bending moment -lIf.l and a shearing force -QA at that
section. Because of the singularity ill moment and shear (Figs. 5d and 7c) let
us make the distinction that we require Po and 1110 to produce a moment and
shellr - M A and - Q.{ at the section infinitely close to the right of their point
of application; or, in other words, we shall apply Po and lifo infinitely close
to the ll'ft of point A. (Fig. 15a), where we want to cancel the moment and shear.
According to the condit.ion for a free end (M = 0 and Q = 0) we mllst have
at A, using (5 c-d) and (6 c:-d),
MA + 4h
Po -+ lifo =
2
0 and
. (a)
getting thus
Po = 4(AMA + QA), ]
(10)
lifo = -~ (2AMA + QA).
Po and Mo applied .on the infinite beam in the manner shown in Figure 15a will
create at A the conditions of a free end (M =0, Q = 0). Hence, under the ac-
tion of the load, together with Po and lifo , the part of the infinitely long beam
which is to the right of point A will behave in every respect as if there were a free
end at A. Briefly, the situations. shown in Figure 15 a-b are identical, provided
Po and 1110 are determined from' (16).
In a similar manner we can determine Po and JJfo so as to fulfill any othel'
requirements at point A. In every case these forces must be applied at the
place where we want the intinitely long bar to terminate. Since these quantities
Po and Mo create the required end conditions at the assigned point they will be
referred to henceforth as the end-conditioning jOTees.*
b. Semi-infinite Beam with Hinged End (Fig. Joe)
The conditions for A are y = O,and M = 0. Hence ifthe load produces at
this point a moment 111A and a deflection YA , the end-conditioning forces Po
and lifo have to produce here -MA and -YA respectively. Using (5 a, c)
and (6 a, c), we can write these conditions as
Pol. Po Mo
YA + 2k = 0 and lIfA + 41. + 2" = 0, (b)
from Which we get the expressions for the end-conditioning forces;'
. 2k
Po = ->:YA,
(17)
• This will be used as a collective term, in which we shall include the moment Jl 0 as
well as the force Po.
 .'
J:

\...-"
BEAMS ON ~J,ASTIC FOUNDATION
24

GivinJ!; such values to Po and M 0 , we shall obtain for the right side of the beam
y = ___
2M1_
k
A2 C'
x%, 1
(Fig. 15a.) a Rituation identical to that shown in Figure 15c.
4M I AB D I
r,.Semi-infinite Beam with Fixed End (Fig. 15d) 0-
- - k x~, t (20 a-d)
In order to, fulfill the conditions y = 0 and 0 = 0 for point A, if the loading
produced YA and o.{ at this point of the infinite beam the end-conditioning forces ill = MIAb, I
Po and ~Mo would have to produce -YA and -01. at the same plac€'. This condi-
t.ion can he written, by use of (5 a-b) and (6 a-b), as
'Q = ,2MI ABA:.:, I
1£ in the example above a hill ed s ' ' .
Po>" MoA3 ) corresponding end-conditioning f g, ,upport IS, assumed at. point 0, then the
YA +
2k = 0 and 01. -k- = 0, + (c
M ,. =
' 01 c~s are obtamed b
-!IfI into (17) which then 'ld Ip
tt'
Y pu, mg YA = 0 and
" , ,' ,,)'Ie s 0 = () and 111 - 2~1
con,d It,Iornng forces gIve the sol f I 0 - .' I , Thel'lc end-
frum which we obtain the end-conditioning forces'as , ' 1I IOn ( or the case shown in FigUl'c 18:

P II = _~ YA ,I -+
2M A2 1
,>.. I ~
(18) ,Y = B A%,

~
M
o --~
~'fi""''''1Ii7J/7n.
J
Mo = -!-..A OA .J
3
, (21 a-d)
If Po and Mo in Figure l5a have these values, the right 'part 'of the beam will FIG, 18' M = MI D x%,

V'"""'' '
behave in exactly the same manner as the fixed-end beam shown in Figure l5d.
9. Particular Case:; of End Loading • Q = -M1AAb'
u _x
The formulas developed above for , In case of a displacemen t d '
p. II .• "" t t t ttl" infinit,e beam, the deflectl'on aYnodasnt 11 rotatIOn 00 of the end x = 0 of a semi-
the elld-conditioning forces can also be • rellses can be de' d b '
and O,{ = -0 into (18) 'I'h' , ' P nve y puttmg3 YA = -Yo
used for deriving expressions for a , 0 ' IS gIves 0 = (2k/A)Y d 11K (k/
, 1ll turn, when applied to the infinite b ' ,0 an 1: 0 = , A )00, which,
,
semi-infinite beam subjected to vadous shown in Figlll:e 19: earn, fmmsh the solutIOn for the case
FIG.
, 16 types of end conditions.
Let HIl conllider first the situation show~ in Figure It), Here the end condi-
tions for point 0 are 11,1 = 0 and Q = -PI, Putting MA = 0 and QA = PI : ~ py.Ab+~'.B...
_.
9; ~"''''''')i'''''''' • ~ -",y.B.. '+ "e"".
into (16), we obtain the corresponding end-conditioning forces Po = 4]>1 and
111 0 = _ (2/A)P I , If we apply these Po and 1),1 0 on the infinite beam, using (22.-d)
(5 a-d) and (n a-d), we get the solution for x > 0,' '~e result "ill he + OoD
__iltf = 2>..EI(Ayo CAli: A.. ),
2P1 >"
'y = -k-, Dx%,
')
I
FIG, 19
, Q = -2>..2EI(2AYoDb + OOAA..),

l (19.a-d) ,

&.
o
a
~V,);;J');(}}
'
I
d
,In the same manner formulas canbe
den~~d ,al~o for situations in which the'
seml-mfimte beam is loaded' w:ithi'n th e \I
en x = 0, Taking, for instance a I
semi-infinite beam loaded by a c~n-:
V ' centl'ated force P at a distance a from
the free end,
' as shown in Figure 20 ,~e '
In order to reaeh the solution' for "I FIG, 20 c~~ 0,btam the corresponding end-con,
QM, the situation shown in'l!~igure 17 we have :;', ditlOmng forceH by putting on the l>QQ's

~ _. to put lilA = -MI and Q" = 0 into :: of (5c-d), ,,,1

(Hi), which then l4ives Po = -4AMI and
Jl 0 = -1M 1, Applying these end-con-
o ~"'7")'7'~ tlit.ioning forces at point 0 on the infi-
nite' hearn, \\'C htlye for "altlcs of x > 0:
..." ..... 1"!
26 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATIO~ "'n1i:AMS OF UNLIMITED LENG'l'H 27
into (16). T.his gives III. Applications
Po = P(C)... + 2D)...) and lifo = -f (C)... +D)..a), 10. The Railroad Track
The theory of beams on elastic 'foundation found its first application in the
which, when applied to the infinite beam at poi~t 0 ~at a distance a to the left calculation of stresses and deflections of ,railroad tracks.* Actually, in the
of the force P), yields the equation of the deflectIon hne as modern crosstie systems only the ties are continuously supported by the roadbed,
while the rail itself rests on the ties, that is, on closely spaced elastic supports.
Y= ~
2k
[(C)... + 2D)...)A)..x
.
...:. 2(C)... + D)...)H,,% + A)..(._%I]. (23a) Investigations have shown, however, that an equivalent continuous elastic foun-
dation can be substituted with good approximation for such supports, and in
If the notation C)... + 2D)... = a and C)... + D)... = {3 is used, the expressions for , this way the theory can.be applied to the analrsis of the rails themselves.
slope, moment, and shearing force will take the form If two equal forces N, corresponding to the rail pressures, are symmetricallY
, px2
8 = - Tc' (aB).." +
(jC).." ± BAI.-,,\), f
1 applied to a tie, and they cause Yn ~deflection at their point of application, then
the elasticity of the support, which is furnished by one tie to the' rail, c.an be .
characterized by-the . ,
M ~ :,. (aP.. - 2/lD.. + C"~I), (23 b-d)
N
D=,-- Ca)
Y..
Q = -~ (aD).." - {jA"" ±, D"I._"\~' , factor (spring constant). If such elastic supports are sufficiently closely spaced
The last terIJ? in each of the equations above represents ~h? effect of the con- along the rail they can be re}1laced by a' continuously disti'ibuted imaginary
- foundation,t the modulus of which is taken
centrated force P on the infinitely long beam. , The a-x difference should b~
t k lways in absolute value. In the last terms of (23 b and d) the uppel, D
, p~u:~s~n refers to poirits with x > a, while the minus sign should be taken f~~ , ,,k = -"
a (b)
points for which x < a. ' . b' 'th f d where a is the spacing of the ties and D is the spring constant to be determined
F' '11 let us determine the solution for a semi-infimte ,earn WI ree en
sub'eI:~lto distributed loadingq, a~ s~own. in Figur~ 2~. I.f th~ be~m had; experimentally. Introducing this modulus kinto the previously derived
J mfilllte extenslOn III both directlOns, at formulas of the infinitely long beam, we can use those formulas;for the analysis
/q point 0 at the left end of the loaded of rails. .
o~~
.. x ~'i,;j"m" portionl,a~cordingt2o(7c--d),abend~ng Under a single, wheel load P the maximum bending stress will then be, from
(5c), -
momentllf = /4X )B)"I and asheanng
.
!I , force Q = (q/4>.) (1 - C)"I) would be pro·
_ 111m"" _ . P _ P . /4EI
, I<lG. 21 duced~ The end-conditioning forces,' Urnnx - T ;- 4XS - 48 'V k-' (c)
which are to cancel this moment and shear a~ 0, can be ~btai~ed by putti~
M A = (q/4X2)B)"1 and QA = (q/4X) (1 - C)"I) mto (16), which gIVes .then Po - where S denotes the section modulus of the rail. Introducing the cI'oss-sectional
, (q/>.)(l ,+
B)..i- C)"I) and Mo = -(q/2X2)(1 +
2BAr - C"I). A~plymg lifo and area A of thp rail i~to (c), we can write
Qo on eth infinite beam simultaneously with the distributed loadmg q, we have.
.,
the equation of the defiectlOn lme f()r.-a b '
SClssa vaI ues 0 <. x <' l' . (d)
,- ,

~ = .!L [(1 + B~I -CAI)A"" - (1 +

2BAI - CM)B,,% (2 - D)... -; + D)"(I_%)~]' (24') The secoI,ld term on the right side of the equation is constant for geometrically
2k
similar cross !lections, and the third terIn does not depend on the dimensions of
At the same time for x,.> l we have, according to (ga), the rail. Hence we can conclude that the maximum bending strcss .in the mil -
y = ',!L [(1 + B"I - CM)A)..% - (l + 2BA/ - CM)B)... - (D". - D ",%-1) )] • (2-1" ")
*E. Winkler, Die,Lehre t'~n de/' Elastizildt lind Festigkeit (Prng, 1867), pp. 182-18-1; nnd
~ , . Zimmermann, op. cit.
'I f· 8 111 and Q
F m~Mm" . in the problem above can be obtained
. by .successlve
' t This approximation was introduced by S. Timoshcnko in a paper on "Strengt,h of
differentiation of (24') or (24"). ' Hails," Transactions of the Institute of "!alls of Communication (St" Pet.crsburg, HJ15).
. i . "
 ii'
I
d:

FOUNDATI 'Q~N
'~' [I'
28 BKAMS ON ELASTIC
r!l.
I' ~BEAMS 0,1' UNLIMITED LENGTH 29
r!;~
, ,- 'Ir"
Clj,n be kept constant if ,,;ith the increase, of the wheel load P the cross-section/il" :1;:-' In the case ofa i'ailroad track the ball~st and especially the underlying subsoil
area A (i.e. the weight of the rail) is also proportionally increased. * . Ii;! represent /I. certain continuity between the deflection of neighboring points.
It is seen from (c) ,that an error in the determination of the modulu~ k Will lit Such continuity was not considered in the fundamental assumption (equation
not influence substalitially the value of ITmax. Putting, for instance, 2k'mstead 111 . [a], p. 2) on which the present theory is based, but its influence can be taken inte
of k.int,o (c), we find that the 100 per cent difference introduced in k causes only Ii: account if the value of D in (b) above is determined in the following experi-
16.5 per cent" t,hat, is, (1 - l/{I2), deviation in the value of the maximum bend- I'~ mental way. ' ,

.~'
ing stress. ' ' . '. ' " Suppose that the rail is subjected to a
The approximation achievcd by substituting a contmuous elastIC support if: Wheel load P and the deflection ordinates of
for the separate ones is not restricted to the analysis of the railroad track, but , ~', 'the rail are measured at every tie (Fig. 23).
may find application to vario~s engineering structures. As a rule, .sep~rate Ii,:, ; .: I :. I Assuming that the spring constant D is the
~:~!ica~Ul~~;~'~o~~a~f b~:e~~~~~r!Yi:nt::~~:~~e~~~1~n~:~: f~:n~~~tlt~lf7ri~ ~i, ~ same for every tie, from the consideration
) of equilibrium we' get P ,.= ,D L y, and
of the deflect.ion linp. This means that for such cases we must satisfy the Ii;, FlO. 23 hence '
formula' t!!
!\;
(f)
~EJ
'64,a8D < (e) If:
--' 71',
it:
1(' Such ,experiments 'have been done recently by A. Wasiutynski (~p. cit.), who
where a denotes the spacing and D the elasticity of the SUPPOl-tS, and where EI Ii points out that the value of D determined by means of (f) is about half the value
indicates the flexural rigidity of the supported longitudinal beam.'. ',r obtained when only a single separate tie is loaded (equation [aJ, p. 27). The
Figure 22 t Rhows the momElnt diagram oh beam of unl.imited length subJect~d !'I: reason for this difference is that on account of the continuity in the subsoil the
to a single concentrated 'force and analyzed, first, as restmg on Reparated ela~t.lc ;f deflect.ion of the neighboring ties to the right and left of point i facilitates the
. S\lpport.R (po]~Tg.on~l moment. diagram) and, se~onQly, as RllPPOl't:d on an C<lllIYfi. !: deflection of the ith tie, and, in consequence of this, one tie in such an assembly
, will be about twice as flexible (half as large as D) as a separate single tie under.
,P-It the loading. The value of D, determined from (f) corresponds to, the situation '
actually existing in the railroad track. Putting this D into (b ) and introducing'
t
~
the modulus k so obtained into the formu~as for the infinitely long beam, we find
S~
I'
elo4tM suppo,.f6,-.....
- ~

~, ;:; ~
!'>
~
~
~
~
"'I
~
....
Ii:!
~
os, " ?i 'i' '\'

.
to)
~ ~ ...,
~ ~
:I'", ,
.... ,os
~ l::::
'is ~, ..,.~ ,
Continuous eI.o..stIc 8uppo~t'..I'

FIG. 22

lent' elastic fOllndation (eontinuous moment curve)." The ~gi'eeI?ent between.

the deflect.ion lines, calculated by t.he two different assump,tIOns, )S a close one
and the differences are quit.e irisignific~nt.
, -SIJf}
caIcuJoIed T
"See the ,paper by S. Timosheilko and ,B. ~. -Lang~r, ;'Stresses in Railroad !ra~,~: .
, -t.6IJ
8 .-- ..........
...
\./r'\, T A\.
A~

,/1 \ \
,on.
,T \., .f \\ ,'I'
,~

.
!" -~
Tran8action8 of the American Sociew of Mechamcal E,ngmcc/'8, vol. 54 (1932),Apphed e i,..J '1.1/ ";\ :"\\ 1/ \\ IV' '\\ .il'
"fill -~
chanics Section, pp. 277-302., . . . 1(If)
''I'
III If] \II 1
, t Figur~22 was taken from A. Wasi~tynBkl, Recher~he8 exp~n~nelltale8 BUT le~ d~form~. ' 751 ~ "i ~ If
tions ~lastique8 et Ie travail de la superstructure des,chemms defer, In Annale8 de I Academte , 1001
des 8ciences technique8 d Varsovie, Tome IV (1937).
Str.esse8 in en'
'FIG. 24
 \~/.
~ ',--,,'TlEAlIfS OF UNLIMITED LENG'l'H 31
BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
30
The radial displacement. y must be aceom ani d b ' .
pression yI R of the tube whieh in " p .e . y a CIrcumferential com-
the calculated results to be in remarkable agreement with the actual'stress and N (Fig, 25b) h ' ' . turn Will give nse'to compressive hoop forces
deflection measurements. Such' a comparison, taken from the work of WiLsiu~ . . avmga magm~ude of.
tY(lski cited on, page 28, is shown in Figure 24. One can observe that the stress
measurements usually check more closely with the theoretical results than do .N = Ety (a)
R
the deflection measurements. This might be ~xplained by the fact that an
inaccuracy in the determination of Ie has gteater effect on the deflection line than , ~:~su:;\~:n~~~eOf t~~ A -B ~!em:n7 ~ being the mid~le radil:1s and t the thick-
on the moment curve. While a 100 pel' cent difference in the value of Ie would . and be of the v~Iue e resu an 0 t ese forces N will have a radial direction
cause only 16.5 pel' cent deviation im.'-crm.x (as shown ~n p. 28), it would produce, (J= P!>f ~~ A/= Oi= lP,
from equation (5a), a 40 per cent difference, that is, (1' - !-\l2), in the value . 1 ~ .
of the maximum deflection ordinate of the beam under a single concentrated P=Nj=W~ ~
force. It is seen that this force P oppo' th d f l ' .'
The elements of· a normal track have in general the following dimensions: to the'deflection Et/R2' b' " t~ng e e. ectl?n, wIll also be proportional
,. .' Clng e proportJOnahty factor Hence we rna
ties, length 8-9 ft., cross section 8 X 6-9 X 7 in., spacing 24-30 in. on cent,ers;
e~nc1ude that a longitudinal element of a eylindricai tube lo~ded sy t' /
~~:hr::~~~~: :~ ~~ic~~iS can be regarded as a beam. on an elasti~ %~:d~~~o:'
ballast (crushed stone), average depth 14 in. Experiments carried out. on such
tracks (under simultaneous loading of several ties) gave for the elastic coeffi-
cients introduced ltbove the average values , ;
Et
D = 48,000 Ibs./in. - GO,OOO lbs./in. • . k =:= R2' (25)
and d~~e~ds on the cr~ss-s~ctional dimensiOI~s and on the material of the tube "Th
k = 1400 Ibs./in. 2 - 2000 Ibs./in.
2
* .:~i:y, of the longltudmal element in the derivation above was takene~ual t~
From such measurements also the ko modulus of the foundation of the ties ean
he derived. this ko if; found to ha"e a value (when several neighboring ties arc
tha~~en dealin~ W:thhthe~ending of a longitudinal element we must con'sider
. ' n accoun 0 t e aXlal symmetry of the deformation' of th .b
t~e
2
simultaneously loaded) of /;;0 = 110 - HIO Ibs./in. per inch. sldes of each longitudinal element will not be able to rotate in ord e :u e"
the .lateral
• extension
11 l ' or ;
compression
.
of the long't d' I fib' ers but er.
1 U ma
permit
Will0 have to
11. Cylindrical Tube under Axially Symmetrical Lpading
. ~emal~ para e wlth thClr onginal (radial) directions. This re;tra" . fl
Consider a thin-walled cylindrical tube subjected to radial forces uniformly IS eqUlvalent to a bending. moment , m m g m uence
dist.ributed along an !tr!Jitmry cirele on the tube (Fig. 25a).
Because of the symmetry of such loading every seCtion normal to the axis , Me =p.M x.
" ' (c )
will remain cireular, while the radius R will undergo a change, IlR = y, different , in d"the circumferential ring where ," M denotes
' . th e b en d'mg moment m
. the I .
for each cross se~tion. The radial displacement y can be regarded as deflection . tu mal beam and p. is Poisson'.s ratio for the material The stiff '. ff ongl-
for a longitudinal element of the tube, and hence it is seen that the as§.!.!med Me on the , .bending. d eforma
. t"JOn 0 f the longitudinal beams
' . can enmg e ect'ntof
be tak~n
loading, will set up hend- .
ing stresses if! the lOll: ~~~i~u~/t(olY ~nc~e)asmgd
, p. ,an
tthhe momelnt of inertia of each beam
us we, lave
of~nit
width in\h~
,gitudinal elements. On
account of the symmetry, t3
. I = - ---p.2)
. 12(1 -• (d)
we ,have to consider the
deformation of ol)l~' one Vsipg_ the expressions above for k and I we shall obt' th h ..'
for t.he tube as , a m e c aractel'lstlC X
element. Let it be .:i-B,
shown in Figure 25a, and
, . X _ ~'k
i, 4 1
FlO .. 25 as~ume its width equal to '.' - . :4EI = v3(1 .-:-p.2): V7ft . (26)
unity.
, ~f steel (p. = 0.3) is the material of the tube we have
* For further details sce the Progrcss lteports of the Special Committee on Stresses in 1
llailrOltd Track (under the direction of A. N. Talbot), published in the Transactions of the A = 1.285. _ 1 - (e)
A.merican Society of CiL,a Engineers, Vols. 82-83, 86, 88 (1918, l!J20, 1923, 1925); and in the
vRt'
.1merican Railwa!/ Ena;neerina Association Rlllletin, Vol. 31, No. 319 (192g).
 '~
32 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
DEAMS OF UNLIMITED LENGTH . 33
Since any loading which is symmetrical with respect to the axis of the tube
can be regarded as composed of such concentrated elements of loading as that an
d ·n be
WI
I EI dey .
equa to - 1 _ J.l2j dz4' as IS known from the bendi,ng theory of
shown in Figure 25a, from the principle of superposition it follows that the
beams. Hence we have the differential equation for our problem
flame method may be used equally well in the general case when the load varies 4
in an arbitrary manner along the axis of the· cylinder, provided that in each nor- EI d y '. [Et Et ]
.' mal section the radial loading is uniformly distributed along the circumference 1 - J.l2 dx' =. - R2 Y +a R (T - To) (29)
of the cross section, which means that the axial symmetry of. the loading is Comparing this expression with equation (1), on page 3, we find that the second
preserved. In problems of this type the deformation and stress in the longi- ~rm o~ the right side of the equat~o~ ~bove correspo~ds to a distributed loading
tudinal elements can be obtained from the elastically supported beam formulas q actI~g on. a beam of flexurall'lgldlty EI/(l -' J.I) supported on an elastic
as y" , Oz, M z , and Qz, respectiv.ely, by taking k and X as in (25) and (26). At foundatl.on wlt~ th: modulus k = Et/R2. Hence tne distribution of thermal
the same time the stress in the circumferential direction is obtained by adding stresse~ m a cyilndl'lcal tubc due to a variation of temperature (T- To) along
to the normal hoop stress, I1 n , the stress caused by the circumferential bending the.axI.s of the tube can be determined by simply takinga(Et/R)(T - To) as
moment, I1b. Thus we have as extreme fiber stress in the circumferential a distributed load on the tube~* Any of the previously derived formulas for
d,iJ'('rtion beams on elastic foundation will then give the solution fO!' deflections moments
and shears in the longitudinal -elements of the tube, while the 'circ~mferentiaj
E 6 forces N wiIlbe det~rmined by (28).
110 = I1n + I1b = --
R y" ± -t2 J.lMz,
(27)
12. Examples
where the plus and minus signs on the right side give the fiber stresses at the'
inside and at the outside surface of the tube respectively, tensile streRS always 1. Because of the way)' course of the moment influence line on all infinilt'· -.:
being regarded as positive. . ?eam (Fig. 5<.'). it. is possible to place on the beam a number of equal forces P
If we assume a thin-walled cylinder without external load to be subj~cted m such n manner that the- reSUlting maximum bending str.ess will be less than

.r
to a change of temperat.UI'e, cunstant in any uf t.he crORS sectjollR but varying that cau~ecl by a single force Palone. .. . .
arbitrarily along the axis of the cylinder, we hav(! again a problem of axially A single force P 'on" the infihite
~ymmetrical deformnt.!on to which the theory ?f beams on elastic foundation beam will' prod lice a maximum bend-
""""71'" ",,, '" ;y" 77"> '}" '7) 17'1'" .jng moment, f170m (5c), equal to 111 =
applies. 1 1-

Let To denote the initial uniform temperature of t.he tube and'T the tempera- P/4X (Fig. 26a). From the, tofiuenc~
ture .aft.er heating has taken place, assuming the latter to he IIniform in each line for mome.nt shown in Figure 5c we
cross section and to vary only along the axis of the t.ube. Thc radial displace- Rec that another fotce, P, npplied at"u
ment yoI' the clement A-B (Fig. 25a) will be accompanied by a unit strain y/R dif't.anee :r = 11'/2>-.., will rcduce t.\w
in the eirclllnfercnt,ial direction; this strain is due partly to the circumferential ronnel' maxirnummoment to .'
<:ompressive forces .'If and partiy to the temperature change(T ~ To) in the M(1 +C Ar_ r / 2 ) = M(l - 0.2079)
cross Rertion undel· eonsidcration. Denoting by a the coefficient of linear ex-' = 0.792.1 M (Fig. 2Gb).
pllm;ioll for the mat-erin.1 of the tube, We' haye '
If olle more P load.is added to the pr~­
(f) ,"ious t.wo with t.he Rame spacing, x =
.1I'/2X, the bending moment under the
eenter loan will hc
fmm whieh \

J'I(1 + 2C X_ r / 2) =
1 iV = lEt
R Y -\ - a F~l (7' - T)
U·
(28) FIG. 26 J[(l- 0.4158) = 0.5842 ill;
while under the t::ide loads we shall have the ,"alue
Tht' e.orrcHponding radial forces acting' on 01(' element .1-B will he M(l + C~%_;/2 + CXz-r) = jJ[(l - 0.2079 - 0.0432) = 0.7489 jll (Fig. 2(0).
1 Et Et ,.' .
/' = l'{ if = 112 11 + a H (7 - T,,) (g) • See S. Timoshcnko, Strength of Material8 (2d cd.; New York, 1941), Part II, p. 174;
and also J. P. den Hartog, "Temperature Stresses in Flat Rectangular Plates and Thir
Cylindrical Tubes," .Tournal of Ihe Franklin Institute, 222 (1936). 149-181.
 34 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
--/ i
"-.--1
,
DEAM,s OF UXLIMITED LENGTH 35

!,3.' A beam of flexural rigidity EI is supported on the free ends of a series of'
2. Consider an infini~e beam loaded as shown in Figur.e 27. Let us set the
problem of finding for the beam the value of I whieh gives such a pressure dis- cantilevel's, each having bending stiffness Enlo , and loaded with It distributed
load q (Fig. 28). Assume that the spacing e of the cantilevers satisfies the
, tribution in the foundation that the maximum pressure ·at the center of the
condition (e) on page 28 and the longitudinal beam can be regarded as one
loaded portion will equal iq. Using (78), we ,can write this requirement as
supported on a continuOlis elastic foundation, the modulus of which will here be
, , 1 k = Die = 3Eolo/ea3. If the flex-

-
711'hi77'?TilTiW~0h,,"'m
, p..,.-ftj pm.x = q (1 - -M'/!
'"
'
COS'2
Xl) = 14Q,
ural rigidity of one of the cantile-
ver beams is increased, a concen-
trated reaction force R ,,'iIl be
'j' produced at that place, causing'
FIG. 27 bending in the longitudinal girder.
or, putting x = !Xl and e-" cos x = D", we find that the condition mUlt fulfill Let us find the value of R pi'o-
the equation . , FIG" 28 duced if the value of Eolo for one
, of the cantilevers is 'doubled.
D" - 0.75 = O. If all cantilewr beams had the same E'oIo value, the qeflection of the main
Such equations can be solved most easily by Newton's approximation.* girder would be constant, Yo = q/k = q(ca3/3Eol o). If the flexural rigidity of
As a first approximation for x we have from the tables (p. 221} Xl ~O.25, one of the cantilevers is doubled the deflections at that point must satisfy the
.which gives requirement
f(x)) = PZI - 0.75 = 0.7546 - 0.7500 =- 0.0046 Yo = R '(-2k-X+-ke'
1)
and
from which we have
-0.9472. R _ . 2e
·-qXe+2'
Hence the seconq approximation for x will be where A = {lk/4Jn and l~ is as given above. '
X2 =. 0.2500 + 0.0046
0.9472 = 0.25485.
. 4. If a circular tube of unlimited length is subjected to an internal pressure
p, we find, from considerations of statics, that there will be produced in the wall
of the tube a uniform circumferential stress (fc = pRlt, where R denotes the
Since middle radius and t the wall thickness of the tube. Because of this stress the
x = !Xl = 0.25485, tube will ex,pand radially by the amount 0 = pR 2/Et. Suppose that at one place
a so-called reinforcing ring is applied to the tube which prevents the expansion
from X= {lk/4EI = (2/l)0.25485 we have the expression for the required
at its point of application (Fig. 29). The effect of this ring will be the same as
moment of inertia as , R' I P the effect of it concentrated force pro-
kl~
---V-!--}~-- ~uci~g
2
deflection y = pR / Et on an
I = 3.704 E'
t If I
-of
f I I I
~
I
r _------------

I! i t 1 f t t kt f t,
mfimte beam supported on an elastic
foundation having the values of k
• If :1:1 denotes the first approximatiort of the root of equation J(:I:) ... 0; a second im-
- - - - - - - - - :-" t - p -' .-,L - - - and X defined by (25) and (26). The
proved value for the root can be obtained all \ I II I I I I I ~ lit t t~t t t t maximum bending'" moment due to
____________---- ,-------~ r---- this action can be determined from
!p , (5 a and c), and so we get (using
F2!l IJ. = 0.3) for the maximum bending
IG. stress ~
This step can be repeated until the required accuracy in the value of,x is secured. This r ~~=~~
method is e'specially adapted to solving equations involving the A, B, 0, and D'functions, (100 .. " = (il1[,.0" = 1.82 pR •
since 'they are derivatives of one another (see the equations 01'1 p. 12), and consequently r- t 3P lEIS-
.- J(XI) andj'(:l:I) can hA taken out of the same table. (J-"",y "" xt> = 1.8 /68 :t.
 JlEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION ''-'' 'J
BEAMS OF UNLIMITED LENGTH 37
It is seen that this bending stress, which occurs under the reinforcing ring ill Th~ problem is to find the therm~l stresses set up in the tube. The solution
the longitudinal fibers of the tube, is 82 per cent larger than the circumferential . ean be obtained if, accordirw to (29), we subject the tube.to.a triangular loading,
::;tress existing befc;>re the application of the ling.* whose maximum ordinat.e IS equivalent t<1 .
J-ceTIl
_ --------- --0---- 5. Consider a circular tube with one end built . qo = .,.-a ~t (T - To).
into a wa)) made of the same material as the tube
(Fig. 30a) and assume tha~ the temperature of the Suust.itutillg this qo value ill (1Oc) and putting>.. = {/3(1 - JJ.2)(1/VRt) ,'a = l,
tube is raised by T degrees with respect to the tem- II== 0, we have the maximum bending moment occurring at A (the value given
peratme of the wall. By the fixing of the end Aa by [We] is doubled because of the double triangular load):
radial extension 6 = aTR of the tube is prevented,
a denoting the coefficient of thermal expansion of the II - 0.1~0 (T :... T )E- 1 6 AAI - 1.,.
" A. - (1 _ p,2)3/4 a 0 V Rt l '
material and R the radius of the tube. At the same
time, owing to the fixed end, the slope of the 1ie- the m!l,ximum :loI1git.lldi~~1 bendin~ stress will be (if ~. = 0.3)
formation curve at A must also be equal to zero.
Putting Yo = aTR and 80 = 0 into (22c) , we ob- U max "= 0.707a(7' - To)Ev'Rt AAl - 1.
t.ain the maximum bending moment at A (x = 0) as, l
FIG. 30 Mmax = 2aTREIX2. The deflection at point A 'is obtained froffi'(lOa), with k = Et/R2, as
, "

Since for the tube YA = -0.389a(T- Tu)v'R3t CAl + ~Xl - 1j

t3 2 ~ / 1
.I = 12(1 - JJ.2 )" and X = v 3(1 - JJ.2) Rt '.,
and for t.he normal hoop HtresH u" , after substituting in (28) the YA value above,
we Cll.ll, by using I.l = 0.3, write the expression for the maximum bending we hl\ove
moment as
Mmax = 0.303aTEl. . u n-= ~A = a(T _ 7'o)E( 1_0.~89v'Rt CAl + ~Xl - 1).
If Wll tLssume such fixing atAas permits a rotation of the end (Fig. 30b), an" This normal stl'ess is acting in the' middle plane of the wall of the tub~: The
expression for the ilL curve can be obtained by taking Yo = aTR and [lIf]r-O = 0 extreme fiber stress in the circun~ferential direction is obtained (according to
in (22c). This gives 00 = -XYo, and now we get, using the expressions above [27» by adding to. the Un value above the stress produced' b~' bending in the
fol' [ and X, t.he equatiun of the bending-moment. diagram as 1~1 = cil'Cumferential direct.ion: .
-O.303aTEt2e- Ax sin X:l', the maximum value of which, at. a distance x = 7r'/4X
Ub!= 6JJ.lIfA/t2.
from point A, will be

6. Consider a cylindrical tube of

unlimited extension heated along a cir-
cumferential circle t.o a temperature of
T degrees. Assume that from point A
of the heated circle the temperature de-
creases on both sides linearly along a
length l until it reaches the uniform
. initial temperature To of the tube (Fig.
31). Such a condition can occur when
FIG. 31 two tubes are butt-joined by welding,

. ... In spite of their stress-raising effect, reinforcing rings are frequen~ly used for con-
structional reaSons, such as to increase the stiffness of the tube, to 'provlde support, and
80 on.
 ''"-'''' \~/ . . )
BEAMS OF FINITE LENGTH -- 39

length which is under the same loading

and has free ends at A andB (Fig. 33c).
In the beam' in Figure 33a there' are ~~
CHArTER III bending moments and shearing forces . M'~rlI'rrt;11.,m~W#.~"",,,,",,;,;~.
BEAMS OF FINITE LENGTH produced at A and B, but in that in
Figure 33c we have M = 0 and Q= 0 FIG. 32
at those points. Our method will be to make the moments and shears vanish at·
13. General Method of Solution for Beams of Finite Length points A and B on the infinite beam, by applying the end-conditioning forces
For a beam of finit.e length the' correct solution is the one ,.... hich, besides P OA , MOA and P OB , MOB at those "
fulfilling the differential equation of the elastic line, also satisfies the .required points. Accordl'hg to the reasoning . ~. I p . , AI, .
conditions at both ends of the beam. previously presented, the infinitely Il;Ylm1h""~edilm7l~~W)MJij}J{,7':i!~·m»"1";
The previously derived elastic curves of the infinite beam all satisfy the long bar under the action of the . ~ 1-p--l. ~
differential equation of bending. In consequence of the principle of super- given loading and the end-condition- b, .~l!lf? ..M,.
positio~ any 'combination of particular loadings will also satisfy that differential ing . forces (Fig. 33b) will behave ""m'Iii~1h i71mi~ifJJ·wmm' )}»>1m.
equation. Hence it follows that, if we find such a combination of loadings as between points A atld. B. exactly in C; Ip ~1~mflIlW9'
fulfills the conditions prescribed for certain points (end points) of the elastic the same manner as If .It had free A f'JlIhmm 'imiJihi liN!!I'
line; we shall thus obtain the solution for a beam of finite length. . ends at these points (Fig. 33c). FIG. 33
Assume that an infinite beam is subjected to a given loading P and q. as The end-conditioning forces must
shown in Figure 32. Because of this loading certain values of y, 0, M, and Q produce - MA., - QA, - MB and QB at the points A and B. HaviJig
will be produced at points A and B. By superposing on this loaded beam altogether four conditions for the two ends, we can determine the value of the
two pairs of concentrated forces and moments (Mo.~ , POA. and MOB, P OB ) we can four end-conditioning forces.
modify the elastic curve in such a way that at points A and B the required end By use of (5 c4i) and (6 c-d), the conditions above for free ends can be
. conditions will be fulfilled. For each end (A and B) we can prescribe two ' written as .
conditions.
Since the four quantities Po .• , .Mo .• and P OB , MOB create the.required condi- M
A.
+ P4XOA + ]>08 C + MOA + MOB D
4X AI 2 2 AI
= 0
,
tions at A and B, they will be collectively termed, In the discussion which fol-
lows, the. end-conditioning forces. This end-conditioning principle was used in QA - POA. + P2OB b XMoA.
AI-- - + XMoB
2 AA ' -I -0,
the preceding chapter when we derived solutions for the semi-infinite beams .. 2 2
(30)
The present use difIers only in that now we must· consider also the influence'
of these end-conditioning.forces on each other, for Po.~ and Mo.~ will have an M
.B.
+ P4XOA CAl . +' ~D!!.
. 4X
+ MOA
2
D + MOB = 0
AI 2 '
effect on the conditions existing at B; and similarly POB and MOB will have an , ,
influence at point A. Thus the correct value for these end-conditioning forces
must be determined hom four simultaneous equation~. representing the simul-
QB - POA DAI + POB ._ XMOA AAI + XMOB = O.
2 ,2 2' 2
taneous fulfillment of the end conditions at points A and.B. It will be assumed
" that these end-conditioning forces are applied infinitely. close to the outer side By solving such a system of equations we can determine the values of the end-
'of the A -B portion. Iri this way anY,uncertainty which might arise from the " conditioning forces in each-case, But an explicit form for the unknowns in (30)
singular character of the points of application will be eliminated. The assumed' . would lead to complicated expre~ions.
. positive sense for the end-conditioning forces is shown in Figure 32. The proce- In order to simplify the solution of these equations we shall resolve the
dure for .finding their values in any particular case of end conditions will be original loading (as a simple example consider that shown in Fig. 348.) into two
discussed in the following sections. . parts, a symmetrical part (Fig. 34b) and an antisymmetrical one* (Fig. 34c) •
. By resolving in this way any givenloading into symmetrical 'and antisymmetrical
'. ·14. Beams with Free Ends * This metnod is sometimes referred to in the literature as the "Andree-Herzka.
Consider an· infinitely long beam subjected to a given loading, as shown in method." See W. L. Andree, Zur B.erechnung statisch unbestimmter Systeme, Das B-U
Figui'e 33a. Our aim will be to obtain from it a solution for the beam of finite Verfahren (MUnchen-Berlin, 1919). .
38
 ,'I

40 ,,~
'.~' \,-,,' ~I
'BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION BEAMS OF FINITE LENGTH 4l

components we actually resolve the 1/:1 The next step will be to remove ;'
system of four equations 'shown in ~i" moments and shearing forc~s at
(30) into two systems with two un- points A and B by applying at these
knowns in each. Thus in Figure points p~, M~ in' the symmetrical
34b, as well as in Figure 34c, the case and p~, M~ in the antisym-
moments and shears 'at the end metrical case, as shown in Figure 35
c, points A and B are equal in absolute b-c. Both these figures indicate
'm?!i'mi;m'1JT.mm""~""'m!",",,,,,,;m;m1!'l'l!r. value and differ only in signs, as the assumed positive directions for
is shown there. Hence in each of :;'; . the end-conditioning forces. By su-
I
FIG. 3t these situations' the cnd-condition- I, 'perposing the symmetrical and ,~nti-
ing forces will be of equal value too, and their calculation will need, in each FIG. 35
Rymmetrical eomponents we' shall ,
instance, the solution of only two simultaneous e:-[uations. obtain the end-conditioning forceR for the original case (Fig. 35a), in which
Since a considerable simplification in the ,computing work is attainable by
Po., = p~ + P~' , P OB = P~ - p~ ,
this procedure, we shall make extensive use of it in the future. The consecutiyCl , , , , ."
steps in applying the method will be: (a) resolving the original loading int.o a :'i il/o .• ,= Mo + Mo , j}[08 = Mo - ido "
symmetrical and an ant.isymmetrical part, (b) determining the end-c.onditioning , Ii: In order to remove the moments !tnd she!tl's at A and B on the infinite heam we
fOl'ces in each of these parts, and (c) ad'ding them toget.her afterward ,at each I, 'Rhall require that po,. , Mo" , P OB , and MOB should produce a~togethe~ - ill .. ,
end point. By this means we obtairi the total value of the end-('ouditioning I:' _ Q.• af A. anfl - M B, - QB at B, which they will do if: Po and Mo produC'e
forces for the original given loading. , - .11(., - Q~ at, A find M:, + Q~. at B, ' (a)
The sign convention will have considel'able impOl'tanee in thifl pl'Ocedul'C',
and so we shall decide now * that M A , QA and M 8 , Q8 wiII den.ote the moments and if p~ and M~' produ('e
and shears at points 11 and B due to the original loading (Fig. 34a); that M~. , -, M."l " - 'QAat " 11 ,and + M " .• ,Q- "., at B . (h)
Q~ will represent the moment. and shear at A. due to the symmetrical loading
Fr.om conditions (a) and (b) above the "alues for the end-conditioning forces
(1tt, B t,he values are the same: only, the sign of the shear is reverHed, as shown
, c.an he dE'tel'mined s{'pal'lltE'ly 1'01' the RymmetricaJ and the antisymmetrical cases:
in Fig. 3-l:b); and that .1(: , Q~ will indicate the moment and shear at!l due to
t.he antis,\'mmetricalloading (at. B they are of the same value, but the sign of the a. Symmefrical Casc
moment is re\'crsed; see Fig. 34c). Any of these s,ymbo\i:l may denote negative
quantities. Fol' example, if when computing the sheal'ing force at, ,-1 thh,
(5 c-d) and «j
('--II), we ('fin write the conditions in (1\) above ap
P~ , Jl~ ,
happmf> to ('ome out negativp,. then QA will indicate a negative quantity. -'-
.j.}..
(1 + exl ) + '2-- (1 + D AI )
Aeeonling to thiR notation, it. follows. from Figme 34 a-c' that ' (e)

.lEA = .M~ + M~ , M8 = ill: - ,M~, - Q~•.

QA = (J~ + Q~ ; QB =- Q~( + Q~ , , From this ,~'e have

and, th,cJ'C'fol'c, . p~ = 4El[Q~(1 + DXI) + }..M~(1 - Ax,)],
(32"
.11: = HM.t + ivI B), Q: = HQ .• - Qa), }
(31 )
"vt: = H1I1A - M B), Q~ = HQ,t + QB). ,
where
J laving determined the 1lI A , M B , Q., , Q8 values due to the original loading ou
',he infinite beam, we can find from (31) the corresponding M'~ , Q~ and M~.
;.?~ ,'alues for the symmetrical and antisymmetricalloadings respectiveh'. • In another form:
U
1 e~t 1 e
E =- ._-- Jf"
• In addit.ion to the general conventions established on p. 11. 1 :? Sinh ~l + sin ~l' -ll
z::: - - - - - - - - - ...._.
2 Sinh ~l - sin ~l .
42 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDA'£ION ,BEAMS OF FINITE LENGTH 43

b. Antisymmetrical Case larIy, Figlll'e 37 a-b gi'yes an identi-

cal ~itllation on the, .:1-B portion
Using (5 c-d) and (6 c-d), we can put the conditions in (b) in the form for the antis~'mmetrieal case. In
(32') and (32") we can assign any
= -MA'
/I 1 . (d)
yalue t.o the quantities ill A, Q.• ;
conse<!uently, in this way we can
derive the solution for a beam of
= -Q~, J finite lengt.h, subjected to any end FIG. 37
loading.
from which
15. Beams with Hinged Ends
P~' = 4EII [Q~ (1 - D M) + >'M~ (1 + .ih,)] , } For a beam with hinged ends, such as that
2 (32") , show11 in Figure 38, the con~litions for both ends
CXI) + 2>.M A (1 + D xl )] ,
/I /I /I
Aio = -X EIl [QA (1 - arc
y = 0 and M'= O.
where
Extending the sign convention preYiously adopted A" I I l • 'g
(p. 40) for deflections and slopes, we shaH denote
b'l.' Y .. l , (JA, YB, (JB the deflections and slopeR pro- E;;tP/2
~~ - ! .

'A-4 7
m
N:?+n
(! ,
7
duced by the loading at points A and B respec- ;
At the end of this book a table of E functions is given. The E quantities as well tivelv •.
on an infinite beam; by Y~ , (J~ the deflect.ion }'
'IG
38
as the other muitiplicators of the Q's and M's on the right side of (32') and (32") and slope in the symmetrical ,ca.<;e at A (at B the . ..
are functions of >.l only; consequently, these coefficient.'! have to be established
.... " "
nLlucs remain the sallie, but the sign of (J is rcycrsed); and by Y.1 , (J .• the deflec-
only once for each beam and can be used for determining the end-conditioning tion and slope in the antisj'~1Uetrieal casc at A (at B they are of the same vallie,
forces for a,:w type of loading. but the sign of Y is reversed). As .was pointed out beforo, any of thesc symbols
If (32') and (32") give a negative value for an end-conditioning force, it wiII may denot.e a negativc quantity. From the notations above it follows that
mean that the direction of that force should be opposite to the one that was
assumed as positive (Fig. 35 b-c). In any particular problem it is advisable . y.l Y~{ + Y::, M,\ ilf~ + }11~ ,
to show in a sketch the way in which these pnd-conditioning forces are acting,
, "
Y,B YA Yol, 1lf1J
separately in the symmetrical and the anti-symmetrical cases, in order to avoid
any mistake in signs when adding them together at the end points A and B and, thereforc,
respectively. ·Y~. = HY,1 + YIJ), il1~{ =!(.M A+ 111 B), )
Jl1~:~ HilI
(33)
This procedure gives the solution for a beam of finite length subjected to any
lateral loading. It includes also the particular situation when forces are acting
/I l( I )
y,[ = '2 YA - YB , A - J1I,,). J
\Ye shall again 8plit the originail loading into a symmetrical and an antisymme'il'i-
only.' at the ends of thc beam. From, ,
cal one and shall determine the end-conditioning forceR separat.ely for e:wh.
(32') and (32") it follows that Po
aild 11{~ on the ihfinite beam (Fig. a. Symmetrical Case
360.) will create a situation between
points A and B which is identical P~ and M~ must produce - y~ and - M~{ at points A and Bon the infinite
with that in which the beam of finite beam. That is, by (5 a and c) and ,(6 :Land c),
length A-B is ~cted upon at the P~>. M~>.2 . . , )
ends by - M~ , - Q~ and - .i11~ , FIG. 36
211. (1 + AX!) -I- -r- B~I = -Y.{, J
+ Q~ end loads (Fig. 36b). Simi- (a)
* See note on poge 41. p~ (1 + ('XI) + ilI~ (1 + D x/) -M~.
4A 2
i
:j'~:'
 \.....-. ,~)
.~
44 BEAMS ON ELASTIC l'OUNDATION BEAMS OF FINITE J,~;NGTH 45
From this we have ::: ;tnd',t.herefore,
2 I;.
p~ = 4XFI [M:BAI - 2X EIy:(1 + DA;)]' } Ii: ,v~ = !(Y~ + VB), O~ = !COA - OB), }
(34') '1; (35)
M~ = 2FI [-M:(1 + AAI) + 2X2Ely~(1 + CA~J, (
lI~ == !eYA - y~), O~ =:= t(OA + OB).
where
Having determine(i'lm t.he infinitely IOllf,!; beam the Y'.~, YB, '0., , and OB valueR
1"1 = due to the given loading, we can ol)t.ain the y~, , O~ and Y~ , O~: values from (35)
for the symmetrical and antisymmetrical eOIl1p,onents, respect.i\'ely, of the given
b. Antisymrnetrical Case loading., They will be ul'ied in t.he formulas derived helow.

andM"
J>"o .I. 0 must pro d lice - Y.I
"and - M"A at A and .. YA,,"and MA"at
, B. + + a, Symmetl'iral Case
tIsing (5 a, and c) and (6 a and c), we can write the conditions above as
p~ and M~ must produce - lI~ and - 0: at A (at B, conl-lequently,
p'" M~X2
~(1 - AAI) - - - BM = Ii: and O~, will he pl'odu(,pd). Thi~ c;mdit.iol\ I'equi!'es that. '
2k k
'p~' ,M~'
(b)
,I
+ "'2 (1
-Y,'. 'J
4X (1 - CAl) - D A1)
2 3
(a)
from which Ii 1)'Ok
X B AI +"VlO
',.I' 'Xk (J -' C~I')'
I: n = .-VA •
lJ

Ii.
'1
I From, this we httvc

where p~. = 8'X2EIEl[0~BA'- lI:X(1 - CAl)], }

(36')
jvI~ = -4XRIEIIO~i(1 + Ax,) -, y~2XBAd,

where HI is t.he same as hef~)re (see p. 41).

Hi. Beams with Fixed Ends II. A ntisymme.trical Case
+ l!A and
I
" /I.' . II " II
For a beam wit.h fixed ends, sllch as that shown Po and Mo wlll produce.,.... YA and - 0.1 at A. (t,hus Itt. B, OA
in Figure 39, the ('onditions for both ends are will.be produced), This eondit.ion requires that

y = 0 urrd 0 = O. /I 'X 4 ') /I -X2 B

fo 2k (1 - • A.I , - Jlo k AI

Aceonling to our adopted signcollvention (p. 43), I (b)

," 2 3 '
>" X IIX ( )
we shall have in this case for the infinite beam ~}c T~ B~I +.J.lfo k 1 + CAl
1/ .•
. I
= y" -f
,."
!fA , 0.4 = O~ + O~, , From this we get.
I II
liB = 1/A - 1/.1 , OB = -O~ + O~, !i'IG. 39 p~' = -8X2EIEl1[0~BAI + 'Xy~(1 + CAl)], }
(36")
jvI~ = -4XEIEl1[0~(1 - "hi) + y~2ABAll,
• In another forJ;ll:
where the symbol Ell denotes the same expression that was given on page 42.
1 eA1 1 eA1 In an analogous way, the end"conditioning forces can also be determined
PI = -2 Cosh Xl -;-------:-,
+ cos 'Xl' Fit = - '
2 Cosh 'Xl - cos Xl • for other kinds of end conditions than those of free, simply snpported, and fixed " '
See tables of E and F functions on page 241. ends which have been' discussed so~far. ' :,.!
}
 I •
\~' \,--...../
BEAMS ON l~LASTIC FOUNDATION "----"
, BEAMS OF FJNIT}~ LENGTH 47
Froni the four quantities y, 0, M, and Q we can select two and ascribe any
, .The limits established above for, the classification of the, beams" are not
valuc to them, cstablishing in this way thc cohditions fo~' an encl. From these
definite.' 'Theyd~pend on the accuracy required in the computation; Aroll~d
foUl' quantities six diffcrent types of Emd support can be dei'ived, a circumstance
these Iimitsthe suggested approximations will give results differing only by a few
which, if we consider both ends of the beam, permits of twenty-one different types
, per'cent from the' exact ones. If we ,vant greate.r~ccu,racy we should put. the
of beams. Of these, six will be symmetrical, and of those six three haye been
upper'limit of group I at Al = 0.60 and the lower lImit Qf gr~up I!I at X,l = D.OO.
inyestigated above. For the remaining three symmetrical beams the analysis
: But 'beyond these limits use should be made of the apprOXimatIOns, smce then
can be carried out in the same manner, the general solution being resolved int.o
the difference from the exact results will be negligibly small.
two pairs of simultaneous equations. But when we deal with' differcnt end
In the example below the exact analysis required for group II is used for a
conditions at the two ends (a situation ),'hich admits of fifteen types of beams),
bea~ which has a value of Xl iarger than 11'. This is done in order to show how
such simplification is not possible, and, as a rule, all fom equations of the type
the ,aCCUl'ate solution can be anived at, but it should be noted that satisfactory
exprcsfling the foul' end conditions (Ree [30]) will have to be solved simultaneously.
final results for practical pUl'poses can be more 'simply obtained by making use
17, Classification of Beams according to Sti,O'ness of the, approximations.

We have seen that it was the Al quantity which characterized the relative 18. 'Example
stiffness of a beam on' an elastic fotmdation. 'This Xl quantity determines the., Consider a beam with free ends, its
magnitude of the curvature of the elastic line and defines the rate at which the., .' dimensions and loading as shown in
effect of.a loading force dics out in the form of ,a damped wave along the length, , Figure 40. Find the deflections at the
of the beam. According to these Al values we may classif,\' bpams"into'three, ends and the deflection, moment, and
groups: shear at C, in the middle. The modulus'
of elasticity of the material Qf the beaffi;
1. Short beams: Al < 11'/4; '(wood) is E =, 1.5 X lOB Ibs./in.2 and FIG. 40
, II, Beams of medium length: 7r/4 < Xl < '/I'; the modulus of the foundation, ko = 200 .
Ill. Long beams: Al > 11'. 3 2
Ibs./in. 3 We shall hiwe k = bko = .10 in. X 200 Ibsjin. '= 2000 lbs./in. , '
This classification is made from a practical point of view, since it offE'I'S till! I = 10 X 8 /12 = 426.7 in .."
3

possibility of using approximations and of neglecting c,ertain quantities in pal'.

ticular instances. '
,,X = l':0
4ET
4,
~----~~..,~.------
2000Ibs./in.2
'4 X 1.5 X 10& Ibs./in.2 X 426.7 in.'
= 002973 in.-1
. ,
For beams belonging to group I we can neglect, in most practical prC!l>lcms" Al = 0.02973 in.--:-l X 120 in. = 3.568.
the bending deformation of the bu.r, since this deformatIon will be so slllall ~,., 'First we have to calculate the bending moment 'and shearing force values pro-
to be negligible compared with the. deformation' produced in the foundation. '
. Henc~, computing beams of Al < 11'/4, we can assume them t.o beabsolutely rigid;.>"
q
duced by the given P and loadings at points A and 1! on the infinitely long beam.
Force P will produce, according to (5 c-d):
consequently, the position which they take on the foundation, when subjected
to loading, can be determined from' simple considerations of statics., at A, (x = 30 in.): M~ = ....:. 2548.0 in. Ibs., , Q~ = 643.21bs.;
Group II comprises the situations in which accUl'ate computation of the at B (x = 90 in.): M; = -3889.0 in. Ibs., Q; = 153.8 Ibs~
beams is necessary. ,The characteristic of this group ,is that a force acting at
one end of the beam has a finite, and not negligible, effect at the othel' end. Con- The distributed load q will produce
s~quently, when a beam, of such length is derived from the infinitely long one, ' at A (a = ~2 in., b = 100 in.), according to (8c-d):
the countereffect which the end-conditioning forces have ?n each othel' has an M~ = ---5787.0 in. Ibs., Q~ = -129.1 Ibs.;'
important role, and no approximation is advisable.
Beams belonging to grpup III have a Xl value such that the countereffect'" , at B(a 68 in., b ~ 20 in.), according to (9 c-d):
, of the end~conditioning fo;'ces on each,. other is a diminishing, one. When M~=' -5402.4 in. Ibs., Q~ = -272.,91bs.
investigating one end of the beam, we may assume that the other end is infinitely
far away. Forces appiied at one end will have a negligible effect at the other. Altogether th~re will be produced
In other wprds, Al is so large thnt ~ve can take in all the f'ormulaR Ax/, = Bx/ '=., M A = -8335.0in. Ib;S., MB = -9291.0 in . .1bs.,
C Xl = DXl = 0, which greatly simplifies the computation.
QA = 518.1 Ibs., QB = -119.11bs.
 "---" '--'" :'--1 BEAMS OF FINITE LENG'l!H 49
48 lU;.-\,MS ON 1':LASTlC FOUNDATION

h. Pressure in the Fou.ndation, p = kay lbs.jin.2

Putting thrfle vahlCfl into (31),' Wt' obtain for thr e01'l'e.;lponding ::;ymmetrical
and ant.i,,~·mmet.ri('al (:omponent.s: PA = 6.07Ibs.jin.\ pc = 1O.39Ibs./in.\ PB = 1.26Ibs./in. 2
J(~ = -8813.0 ill. IIl:<., M~ = 478.0 in. Ibs., . c. Bending Moment and Shearing Force at C
o~ =. 318.0 Ihfl., Q~ = 199.5 Ib:>. Me in.lbs. Qe lbe.
::;Uh~titlltil1g thrsc yuit\('s in (32') ami (32") and taking the AAI , BAI , ete., vaiue~
On the infinite beam:
from t,hl' table" (p. 235), uHing interpolat.ion, we obt.ain the yalnes
P -2547.9 -.643.2
P;, = 158.3 Ill:;., Jl~ = 15400.0 ill. Ib8., q 13251.3 630.2
P OA -1700.0 18.0
p~' = 854.0 Ibl:'., M~' = 15130.0 ill. Ih". -4.7
MOA -0.5
POB ' 1168.2 12.4
~() Wt' :<hull 1m\'(' the <,nd-eondit.ioninl!; forces
MOB -543.4 58.4
at .t: p"" = p;'+ p~' = .1012.0 Ihs. (downwanl),
On the beam of finite length: 9623.5 75.3
.11"., = Jl~ + M~' = 265.0 in. Il>s. (cloekwisr);
at B: fJ u/< = p~ - P~' = (j95.7Ib~. (upwaI'lJ),
M,,/< = M~ - M~' = 30530.0 in. IhH. (count.erdockwil-le).
The"r fon~es and moments applied ('lose to the left of A and to the right of B
on til(' infinitel~' long beam will produce, aceording to (5 c-d) and (6 c-d),

at A: -M" = 8335.0 in. IbH.,· -'- Q.I·= - 518.l Ills.;

at B: -III II = 9291.0 in. Ibs., -QIl = 119.1lbl-l.

ThUI>, if we apply the end-conditioning forces 011 the infinite beam simul-
tuneouslr with the given loading, the deflection, slope, 111, and Q will be the
flame at an~r point between A and B as in the original problem of Figure 40.
This part of the calculation can be cal'l'ied out conveniently in the following
tabular form ,.
a. Deflections
YA in. Ye in. UB in.
------
On the infinite beam:
P 0.02141 0.02141 -0.00113
q 0.00140 0.02797 0;01286
P OA 0.00752 I 0.00097 -0.00028
MOA 0 0.00002 -0.00000
P OB 0.00019 -0.00066 -0.00517
MOB -0.00016 0.00222 0

On the beam of finite length: 0.03036 0.05193 0.00628

 ,~

,,-,' ,-,,'
CASES OF LOADING ON FINITE BEAMS 51

,aending moment at the middle:

· hAL . Al
2P S m 2 sm '2
Mo=
CHAPTER IV ~ Sinh Al + sin Al .
PARTICULAR CASES OF LOADING ON FINITE BEA:\IS JlI c = 0 when Al = 21f', 411", 611", etc.
Me is negative· when Al < 21f'.
I. Solutiom of the Differential Equation of the Elastic Line Jll c is positive when 21f' < Al < 41f'.
In this chapter we shall give ready formulas for a number of simple cases of
loading on beams of finite length. These expressions were derived' by the
Q =.p S'm h Al ~ s. m , AX'
Al ·(Sinh AX cos - C~sh AX sin AX'
,
previously presented method of superposition, by which solutions for any other
loading or end conditions can also be obtained. In the formulas, wherever the
+ Cosh AX' sin AX - Sinh AX' eos AX). (37d) .
symbol A is used, it denotes V'k/4EI, where k = bko ; ko·lbs./in.3 is the modulus ·b. Equal Concentrated Moments at Both Ends (Fig. 4£)
of the foundation; and b is the constant width of the beam in contact with the
foundation; and EI is the flexural rigidity of the beam. . y= - 2~oA2 Sinh Al ~ sin Al (Sinh AX cos AX' - Cosh Ax.sin AX'
19. Beams with Free Ends
+ Sinh AX' cos AX -: ~osh~' sin AX). (38a)
a. Equal Concentrated Forces at Both Ends (Fig. 41)
2PA Cosh AX cos AX' +. Cosh AX' cos AX (37a)
Y = If: Sinh Al + sin Al
Deflection at the end points:

2PA Cosh Al + cos Al

YA = Yn= If: Sinh Al + sin AZ' . Deflection at the end points:
FIG. 41 2.MoA2 Sinh Al - sin Al
Deflection at the middle: YA = YB = - - k - Sinh Al +
sin Al'
AlXl 3
4PA Cosh 2 cos 2 4Mo.A Cosh AX cos >.:x' - Cosh AX' cos AX
() = --k- Sinh Al sin Al + (38b)
Yo = If: Sinh Ai + sin Al .
Slope at the end points: /.
The deflection Yo = 0 when Al = 1f', 31f', 51f', etc.
(}A = -(}n = "4MoA3 Cosh Al - cos At
~ +
2
() 2PA 1
k Sinh Al + sin A
l (Sinh AX cos AX' +
Cosh AX sin AX' k Sinh Al sin Al .

M = Jlo S' h II . l (Sinh AX cOS Ax'·+ Cosh AX sin AX'

- Sinh AX' cos AX - Cosh AX' sin AX). (37b) m A + smA
Slope at the end points: + Sinh AX' cos AX + Cosh Ax' sin AX). (38c)
2PA 2 Sinh Al - sin Al
(}A = -(}n = -T Sinh Al sin Al' + Bending moment at the. middle:
. xl Al .
M=
P Sinh AX sin AX' + Sinh AX' sin AX (37c)
Smh - cos - + Cosh Al-2 sm. Al-2
--X Sinh Al + sin Al Mo =. 2Mo .2 2
SinhAl + sin Al
50
 BEAMS ON ELAS'):'1C Foukrri·J'ION"-../ ',,-,,',--,6ASES OF LOADING ON FINITE BEAMS 53

Me = 0 when cos ~ = - sin ~ , that is, when Al ,;.. f'll'", i'll'", J.,}'II'", etc., if we: Deflectioris at the end points: - Q AI, . .
assume t.hat. at these Al. values Sinh Al == Cosh Al. '
2
2MoX Sinh2Xl+sin2Al ~.
"
2
YA = - - k - Sinh Xl - sin AX'
2
. ==~.. ~--------JB
Sinh AX sin AX' - Sinh Xx' sin AX.
Q =;: 2MoA Sinh Al + sin At" . 4MoX2 Sinh Al sin)"l '. :J -=====-z-2'A;i'lWtri±t:~
YB = - k - Sinh2 Al - sin2 Al . FIG. 44
c. Concentrated Force at One End (Fig. 43).
. The deflection YB ,,;, 0 when Al= '11'",2'11'",3'11'", etc.
2PA Sinh Al cos AX Cosh AX' - sin Al Cosh Ax cos AX'
Y = T Sinh2 Al sin2. Al
3
4MoA Sinh Xl Cosh AX' cos )..X + sin Al Cosh AX cos Ax'
o= -k- Sinh2 )..1 sin 2 Xl (40b)
Deflect,ions at the end points:
Slopes at the end point.'i: i
2PA Sinh Al Cosh Al- sin Al cos Al
YA = T Sinh2 Al - sin2 Al - 4MoA3 Sinh Al Cosh Al + sin At cos Al
OA = -k- . Sinh2 Xl - sin2 Al
2PA Sinh At cos Al- sin At Cosh Al 3
YB = k Sinh2 Al - sin2 Al 4M0 A Sinh Xl cos Al + sin' Al Cosh Al
OB = -k- Sinh2 Xl - sin2 Xl
The deflection YB = 0 when Al tn-, t'll'", etc., if we aRRllllle' that.' at the~e )"l
values Sinh Al == Cosh Al. The slope OB 0 when Al !'II'", 1-'11'", J'i' II'", etc., if we assume that at thel'lE' AI
2
values' Sinh Al = Cosh Al ..
o= _2PA 1.
k Sinh2 Al - Slll2 Al
[Sinh Al (sin AX Cosh AX"+ cos Ax Sinh Ax')
. . 111 -- 1110 Sinh2 Al 1- sin2 'Al [Sinh Al (Sinh Ax' cos Ax + Cosh AX' sin AX)
+ sin Al (Sinh Ax cos Xx' t Cosh,X-1: si~ Ax')]. (39b)

.t:P:~fl""J.
- sin Al (Sinh AX cos Ax' + Cosh AX sin )..x')]. (40c)
. Slopes at the end points:
'ffl17 P--! --- , B Sinh 'AI Sinh Ax' sin Ax + sin Al Sinh 'Ax sin AX'
2 (40d)
I 2PA Sinh2 Al + sin2 Al Q = -21110A Sinh2 Al ... sip.2 'AI
OA = -T Sinh2 Al - sin2 AI'.
A , l ' .. I e.. Concentrated Force at the Middle (Figs. 45-:46)
2
4PA Sinh Al sin Al
FIG. 43 OR. = - -If: Sinh2 Al - sin2 )..1' ,,' Y = PX 1. [Cosh >..1: cos A(l -' x) + cos Ax Cosh A(l - x)
2k Sinh 'Al + Sill Xl .
The slope OB = 0 when Al = '11'",2'11'",3'11'", ete. , - Sinh' AX sin X(l - x) + sin )..X Sinh A(l- x)
P Sinh Al sin AX Sinh AX' - sin Al Sinh AX sin AX' (3ge) + 2 Cosh Ax cos AX). (41a)
M = .--X Sinh2 Al - sin2 Al
Deflection at the middle::
Q = -P 1 [Sinh Al (cos Xx Sinh Ax' - sin AX Cosh. AX')
Sinh2 Al - sin2 Al . PX Cosh Al + cos Al + 2
Ya = 2k . Sinh Al + sin Xl
- sin Al (Cosh Ax sin AX' - Sinh AX cos AX')]. (39d).
Deflection at. the end points:
d. Concentrated Moment at One End (ng.44)
Al At
. 2PA Cosh 2" cos '2
Y -- 2kMSinh
oX 21. [Sinh Xl (Cosh AX' sin Aa.: - Sinh AX' cos Ax)
2 Xl - Slll2 Xl Y.4 = YB = T Sinh Xl + sin AI'
+ sin Xl (Sinh AX cos AX' -,Cosh Xx sin AX')]. (40a) The deflection YA = YB = 0 when Al = '11'",3'11'", 5'11'", etc.
 '-./ \.. '--/
BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDA'flON-' "--'" CASES OF LOADING ON FINITE BEAMS 55

The deflection at the end points is positive when 'Al < 11"; 'Al = 11" defines the . J)~flection at the point of application of the 10l!-d (x = a):
e.(Jective length of the beam subjected to a concentrated force in the middle. PI. 1 '
2
(Fig. 46). Yo =k Sinh2 Al _ sin2 At, [(Cosh Aa + cos2 Xa)(Sinh Ab Cosh Ab
p p "
,~ ,

- sin Ab cos Ab) + (Cosh2 Ab + cos2 Ab)(Si~h Aa Cosh Aa - sin Aa cos Aa)]. ,
8 _ ~PX2 1 ,
~______ l_'~ ________ - k Sinh 2 Xl _ sin2 Al (Cosh AX cos Xx
I
. [Sinh: Al(sin Aa Cosh Ab, - cos Aa Sinh Ab)
FIG. 45 FIG. 46
+ sin Al(Sinh Xa,cos Ab - C~sh Xa'sin Ab)]
PX2 1 ' , '
8 = --' l {Sinh Xx [cos Xx -I- cos 'A(l - x»)
.
k Sinh Xl + sm 'A, " ',: ;, - (Cosh AX sin AX - Sinh AX :~.qs Xx)
- sin Xx [Cosh Xx + Cosh'A(l - x)]}, (41b) . (Sinh Al cos Au. Cqsh Ab -' sin Ai Cosh Aa cos Ab)}. ' (42b)

''':''i;J' :.
I . .1

Slope at the end points

. 'Al 'Al
2PX2 Smh 2 cos "2 -
. 'Al' 'Al
sm] Cosh] ! ~ ~:/' ---~ y,_~n~c-~~_:,:,~---7-
11
-T Sinh Xl + sin Xl , a , +:=~iPh"~
l " 6,~
:
M = P 1 {Sinh Xx [sin Xx - sin A(l - x») ~... .
4X Sinh Xl +
sin Xl ,'
. ,'" FIG. 47 :,,;',

- Cosh. 'Ax [cos Xx +

cos X(i ,- x»)
, • 'j

. Slope at the point'of a,pplicatAon of th~ Ioa«(~~'

" ..,i I ' if!
= a):
,. ' , , ' '/ I"j
+ sin AX [Sinh AX - Sinh A(l -x)] 2 ~. 2' : 2 ' "", 2
8 = 2PA Cosh Aa cos Ab.:::: ;cos Aa Cosh2 M
+ cos AX [Cosh Xx + Cosh A(l - x)] J. (41c) e
. k Sinh2 ~l' - sin2 Al c"':~

Maximum bendin~ moment at t~e middle: ,P 1 ':

M = 2X Sinh2 Xl _ sin 2 At (2 Sinh Xx sin Xx(Sinh Xl cos Aa Cosh Xb
M _ P Cosh Al - cos Al
, 0 - 4X Sinh Xl sin Xl . + - sin Xl Cosh Xa cos Ab) -t. (Cosh ,AX sin Xx
Q = ~ 1. {Cosh AX [sin Xx - sin X(l - x») " - Sinh Xx cos X3()[Sinh ~~(sin Xa Cosh Ab - cos Xa Sinh Ab)
2 Sinh Xl +
sm A,l .
+
cos AX [Sinh AX - Sinh ACl - x)lJ· (41d) :+ siJ;l ~l(Sinh Aacos Xb - Cosh Aa sin Ab)]}. (42e)

f. Concentrated Force at 'an Arbitrary Point (Fig. 47) Bending moment at the pOInt of-application of the load (x, = a):
The following formulas for the deflection, slope, bending-moment, and ,
P . 1 ' ,,' " "
_ sin2 AZ;[(Cosh Aa - cos Aa)(Sinh 2M ,-::-' si~ 2Ab)
2 2
shearing-force curves are for the A-C portion of the beam, where x < a . . The " Me = 41. Sinh2 Al
same formulas can be used, for the .8-C ,section, where x, < b, by measunng x 2
from end B and replacing a by band b by a,
+
2
(Cosh Ab - cos Ab)(Sinh,2Xa- sin ~Aa)J
, 1 ,'" I

= PX '. 2 1 . 2 {2 Cosh Xx cos Xx(Sinh Arcos Xa Cosh Ab Q = P Sinh2 Al _ sin2Al {(Cosh AX sin AX +8inh ~x,c~ AX)
Y , Ie Smh Xl - sm, Xl ' , .,

_ sin Xl Cosh Ad, cos Ab) + (Cosh Xx sin AX " (Sinh Xl cos Aa Cosh-Xb...,.. sin AlCosh Xaco.s,Ab)
+ Sinh Xx cos Xx)[Sinh Xl(sin Aa Cosh Ab - cos Xa Sinh Ab) + Sin~ Xx sin ,Xx[Sinh Xl(sinAa CoSh Xb ..:.. cos Xa Sinh Ab)
+' sin Xl(Sinh Xu. cos Ab - Cosh Xa sin Xb)ll. (42a) , + sin Al(Sin~ Aa cos Ab - Cosh Xa sin Xb)] t (42d)
]

,j
 .,
',-, ,-.--J CASES OF LOADING ON FINITE' BEAMS 57
BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNbn:-fION \,"-,'

Shearing force directly to the left of point C:

Angular deflection along A-C (x < a):
2PX2, 1 ' \
Qc = !'. 2 1 2 (4 Sinh Xl.Sinh Xa Cosh Xb - 4 sin Xl sin Xa cos Xb ' OA-C = - k S'In h 'I
1\
+.
sm ':IJ(Sinh
1\ '
Xx,,cos Xx- Cosh",Xx sin Xx)
,,,,,,
. . ' .
4 Sinh Xl - sin Xl '
_ Sinh 2Xa sin 2Xb sin 2Xa Sinh 2Xb). + , . [Cosh Xa cos X(l - a) + Cosh A(l- a) cos Xal
+ Cosh Xx cos Xx [Cosh Xa sin X(~ - a) - Sinh Xa cos A(l - a)
g. Two Equal Concentrated Forces Symmetrically Placed (Fig. 48) + Coah 'X~l-a) sin Xa - SinhX{1 -, ,a) cos Xall. (43b')
Deflection line for portion A-C (x < a): For portion C:...D (a <x< I - a) we have'
PX 1 2PX2 • ~.
YA_C =T + sin Xl {2 Cosh Xx cos Xx[Cosh Xa cos X(l - a)
Sinh Xl OC-D = [OA-c]:r:>a - k Smh A(x - a) sm A(x - a). (43b") ,

+ Cosh X(l - a) cos Xa] + (Cosh Xx sin Xx + Sinh Xx cOS Xx) Particular'values 9fO:
\ '~:~,'!, 2PX2 1 '
. [Cosh Xa si~ A(l -a) - Sinh Xa cos A(l - (I)
0.1 = -08 = -k- Sinh Xl +
sin Xl [Cosh Aa sin A(l-:. a)
+ Cosh X(l - a) sin Xa - Sinh X(l - a) cos Xall· (43a') .

i" i,: ..: ~ Sinh Xa cos X(l - a)

.
+
.~"

Cosh A(l - a) siIi~a ~ Sinh X(l - a) cOB xal

, ' / ' '
2 2
:1C PIP 8 = 2
-OD = 2PX Cosh Xa sin 2Xp - cos Xa Sinh 2Xc
+ sin Xl
_ . . 0 -_ _ - - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - -
e k Sinh Xl
The condition for Oe = 0 (a matter very important in railroad ti~s) will be
Cosh Xa _ ~'jSinh 2~c
FiG. 48 cos Xa - 11 sin 2Xc' -

'With the aid of the formula above the deflection line for the portion C-D (a < This condition is approximately satisfied when, a, ~ 0.82c.
x < 1 - a) can be expressed as Bending moment along portion A -C (x, < a):,
P 1 .' • ,",
YC-D = [YA-clz>a + ~X [Cosh X(x - a) sin X(x '- a) ,MA - e ~ 2X Sinh Xl +
sin '}\l {2 Sinh Xx sin Xx[Co8h Xa cos A(l - a)
_ Sinh X(x - a) cos X(x - a)]. (43a")
+ C<:,sh X(l :... a) C,OB Xa] + (Cosh Xx sin Xx
Particular values of deflection ordinates: _ Sinh Xx, cos Xx)[Cosh Xa sin X(l ~ 'a) - Sinh Xa ,cos X(l - a)
2PX Cosh Xa cos A(l - a) + Cosh A(l - a) cos Xa ii, + Cosh X(l - a) sin Xa -;:.Sinh A(l - a) cos Xall. (43c')
YA = Y8 = T Sinh Xl + sin Xl • ,
i·:
:',: "For portion C':"D (a < x < I - a) we have

yc = YD = PX S' h I ~ . X'l [2 Cosh Xa(cos 2Xc + Cosh Xl)

2 ',Me-D= [MA-c1z>~ - ~ [?o~h X(x '- a) sin X(x - a)
, 2k III X SIll

+ 2 cos2 Xa(Cosh 2Xc cos Xl) -+ + Sinh X(x - a) cos A(x - a)]. (43c")
( "". Particular values of 111:
+ Sinh 2Xa(sin 2Xc - Sinh Xl) - sin 2Xa(Sinh 2Xc - sin Xl)],:
. P 1." 2 ' " , ,

PX 1 '
Me ,= Mv = -4 S' h Xl
, X m sm
+ .
xl [2 Cosh Xa(cos 2Xc + 'Cosh >"1)
Yo k Sinh Xl + sin Xl {Cosh Xc[cos X(l - c) + cos Xc] 2
-:- 2cos Xa(Cosh 2Xc + cos Xl)
+cos Xc[Cosh A(l - c) + Cosh XcI - Sinh 2Xa(sin 2Xc + Sinh Xl)
_ Sin~ Xc sin A(l - c) + sin Xc Sinh X(l ...,. c) I. ,I,'"
," . '- sin 2Xa(Sinh 2Xc + sin Xl»).
 ,CASES OF LOADING ON FINITE BEAMS '-...,/' . 59
BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNl-"-n:'i'ION '-""/ ',-:,-,

Deflection at the middle:'

-2 S' I 1 ~ . Al (Sinh Xc[sin Xc + sin X(l.- c)]
P
lifo = X m} A sm
._ I{ [ 1 _ 2 ( Smh 2 + sm
. Aa cos AC Cosh Al "2
. Aa Cosh AC cos Al)]
+ sin Xc[Sinh AC + Sinh A(l - c)]
Yo - k Sinh Al + sin Al
+ Cosh AC cos XCl. - c) - cos Xc Cosh A(l - c) I.
Expressions for slope,' bending
Shearing force along A -C (x < a): moment, and shearing force ,can be
derived by differentiating repeatedly
QA-C = P .. I II . 1 (Sirih Xx cos AX + Cosh Xx sin Xx) \vith respect to x the formula ([44a']
8m} A + sm A
or [44a"J) for the deflection line .
. [Cosh Xa' Cos A(l - II) + Cosh A(l - a) cos Aa] . . This yields the particular valu.es
FIG. 49
+ Sinh Xx sin Ax[Cosh Aa sin A(l - a) - Sinh Aa cos A(l - a) below.
. Siopc at the ends:
+ Cosh A(l - a) sin Aa - Sinh. A(l - a) cos Aa]}. (43d')
2qAsin An Sinh A(l - a) - Sinh Aa sin ACl - a)
For portion C-D (a < x < 1 -: a) we have 0.. = -Oil = T' Sinh xl + sin xl .
QC-D = [QA-C]z>a + P Cosh A(x - a) cos A(x - a). (43d") nen~liIlg moment at the middle: .
Shearing force directly to the left of point C: +
sin AC Sin h Xl
- S·III h "fla .S·m} . Xl
I '"C sm • ,fla
-2 sm
q 2
Qc =~ 1 [Sinh 2Xa(cos 2AC + Cosh Al) Mo = X2 ·---=-rS;oin'I~}~A'l.--;-+-,--;~i'n--;A~l-----
2 Sinh Al + sin Al.
+ sin 2Xa(Cosh 2AC + cos Al) 20. Beams with Hinged Ends
2 2
- 2 Sinh Xa Sinh Al + 2 sin Aa sin All. a. Concentrated Force at the Middle (Fig. 50) .
h. Symmetrically Placed Uniformly Distributed Loading (Fig. 19)
Y = PA [cos AX Sinh A(l - x) - Cosh AX sin XCl - x)
Deflection line for portion A -C (x < a): 2k(Cosh Al + cos Al) , . .
+ sin-X;t; Cosh XCl - ;t;) - Sinh AX cos X(l - x)]. (45a)
YA-C = IJ... 1 . 1 (Cosh AX cos Ax[Cosh Aa sin XCt· - a)
k Smh Al + Sill A . Deflection at the middle:
; - Si~h Aa cos A(l - it) + cosAa Sinh A(l - a) - sin Aa Cosh A(l - a)] PA Sinh Al - sin Al
+ (Oosh Ax sin AX + Sinh AX cos Ax) [sin Aa Sinh XCl - a) ..,... Sinh Xa sin A(l - a)]I. , Y.c = 2k Cosh Al + cos Xl •
. . (Ha') .
o = _~~2 1 iSinhXxsinXCl-x)+sinXxSinhA(l-i)]. (45b)
k Cosh Xl + cos AI.
With the aid of the formula above the deflection line for. the portion C-D
can be expressed as Slope at the end points:
S' I AI:. Xl
YC-D = [y"-~]%>,, + ~ [1 - Cosh XCx - a) cos ~(x- a)]. '(44a") , 2PX 2 III 1 2 sm 2 .
OA = -On = T Cosh Al + cos Ai'
Deflection at the end points:

- Yll = l{ 1 [Cosh Aa sin A(l - a) ...:... Sinh Aa cos A(l - a)

M =!... ___1 ___ . [Cosh AX sin A(l - x) - Sinh AX cos XCl - x)
4X Cosh Al + cos Al . .
Y.{ - k Sinh Al + sin Al
+ cos'xx Sinh XCl - :1') - sin AX Cosh A(l - x)]. (45c)
+ cos Aa Sinh X(l - a) - sin Xa Cosh X(t - a)] . .'
 SES OF LOADING ON FINITE BEAMS ,61
60 "~ BEAMS. ON ELASTIC FOUNDA'~....,..,i< \.""-,,,,/ ',~, ~/

Ii' Hence we obtain an expression for the reactions A = /3. = [Q]-oi '
Bending moment at the middle: I .'';'"
Me = P Sinh Xl + sin Xl A = B' = ..!L Sinh Al + sin Al
4X Cosh Xl + cos Xl • . 2A Cosh Al + cos Al .
P 1 ' ' c. Equal Concentrated MOments at Both Ends ·(Fig. 52) .
Q = - 2 Cosh Xl +- cos Xl [Cosh Xx cos >..(l- x) + cos Xx Cosh >..(l - x)J. (45d)

From this we can obtain an expression for the reactions A = B =

_ 2MoX2 Sinh AX' sin AX +
Sinh AX sin AX'
Y - - - ---,--=-~....-';-,..---,.-:---:="":'-~ (47a)
k " Cosh Al + cos Al
- [Q].,,_1/2 ; if positive values thus denote upward-pointing reaction forces, we
have
Deflection at the middle:
Xl Xl
Cosh - cos- · hAL . Xl
A=B=P 2 2_ . 4MoX2' Sm"2 sm 2"
Cosh Xl + COR Xl' '. Ye =. -k- -=,.......,-"..---=--
Cosh Al + cos Xl •
FIG. 52
A' =' B = 0 when Xl = 11", 311", 511", etc. FIG. 50 8 2MoX3 1 ( ..' .
The first root Xl = 'It corresponds to t.he so-called effective length discussed on = - k - Cosh Xl + 'cos Xl Cosh·Xx sin AX' -, Sinh Ai cos AX'
page 54. .
- Cosh Xx' sin AX + Sinh Xx' cos X~). (47b)
b. Uniformly Distributed Loading over the Whole Span (Fig. 51) Slope at the end points: .
Y = ~ (1 _ Cosh Xx cos Xx' + Cosh Xx' cos Xx) . (46a) 8.1. = 3
-8 = 2MoA Sinh Al + sirl Al
s
k Cos~ Xl+cos Xl . " .' k Cosh Xl + cos Al .
if = Mo Cosp Xx cos Xx' + Cos11 ~x' cos Xx

~~
"
Deflection at the middle: (47c)
, Cosh Xl + cos Xl
. ( .
2 Cosh Xl
- cos Xl\
-
q . . 2 2 Bending moment at the middle:
_
Ye = -k. 1 - Cosh Xl + cos xzJ . AlAl
FIG. 51 Cosh - cos -
. 2 2
M c .=' 2Mo •
9 = ~ Cosh Xl 1+ cos Xl (Sinh Xx cos Xx' +. Cosh Xx sin Xx' Cosh Xl + cos Al
1 :
- Sinh Xx' 'cos Xx - Cosh Xx' sin Xx). ' (46b) Q = M.~~ Cosh Al + cos Al. (Sinh Xx cos Xx~+ Cosh Xx sin AX'
Slope at the end points: !.... sin:Ax Cosh Xx' - cos AX Sinh Xx'). (47d)
8.1. ,,;' -8 = ~ Sinh Xl - sin Xl. . Reaction forces:
8
k Cosh Xl + {lOS Xl
A = B ,;. ....:.M~A Sinh >..l - sinAL
M = .!I.. Sinh Xx sin 1'x' + Sinh Xx' sin Xx (46c) .'" Cosh At + cos Al .
2X2 Cosh Xl + cos Xl .
d. Concentrated Moment at One End (Fig. 53)
Bending moment at the middle:
· h' Xl '. Xl
Sm ~ sm- y- - - . Cosh Al Sinh, AX' sin2 AX - . cos2 Al Sinh Xx sin AX'
_2Mo,A2
(48a)
Me == CJ.. 2· 2 .k' I Cosh Al ..:.. cos At
X2 Cosh Xl + cos Al . 2MoA8 . 1 "
o= .-k- Cosh2 Xl _ cos2 Xl ' [Cosh Al(cos Xx Sinh AX' - sin Xx Cosh Xx')
Q= - ~ Cosh A/+ cos Al (Sinh Xx cos Xx' - Co~h AX sin Xx'
- cos Xl(Cosh ~ sin Xx'. - Si~h AX cos Xx')]. (48b)
+ Cosh Xx' ,sin Xx - Sinh Xx' cos Xx). (46d)
 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUl. ,'ION.
'-.-/
',->-,' CASES OF LOADING ON FINITE BEAMS 63.
Slopes at the end 'points:
2MoX3 Cosh Xl Sinh Xl - cos Xl'sin Xl Particular values of M: .
8A = -k- Cosh2 Xl - cos2 Xl ' · h Xl'. Xl p
3 P SIII ~ Sill 2
2M 0 X Cosh Xl sin Xl - Sinh Xl cos Xl MA = 1118 =
88 = --k- Cosh2 Al ..:.: cos! Xl X Sinh Xl + sin Xl'
M = Mo Cosh2 ~l 1-cos2 ~l (Cosh Xl cos
'. Xx Cosh Xx ' Me = P 90sh Xl - cos Xl
1\ 1\ . , 4X' Sinh Xl + sin Xl . FIG. 54
- cos Xl Cosh Xx cos Xx'). (48c) P 1
- - Jf, o X Cosh2 Xl 1- cos2 X1'[Cosh Xl( cos Xx Sinh Xx'
Q -:. + sin Xx Cosh' AX')" Q=
..
-2" Sinh Xl + sin Xl {Cosh Xx[sin Xx + sin XCl - x)]
+ cosXx[Sinh Xx + Sinh X(l- x)ll. (49d)
+ cos Xl(Sinh Xx cos Xx' + Cosh Xx sin AX')]. (48d) : Hence the expression for the reactions is:
Xl. Xl Xl.Al
w~'
~--- r------~------- Cosh - Sill - + cos - Smh-

J ~f~" \I,V(,h'~.
.
. l------o-l
B
,
A=B=P 22 2
Sinh Al + .sin Xl
b. Uniformly Distributed Loading over the Whole Span (Fig. 55)
2

FIG. 53 , ,Y = ~ T1 - Sinh Xl ~ sin Xl (Sinh Xx cos AX' + sin Xx C?sh Xx'

Hence the expressions for the rcaction forces arc
. '4-Sinh Xx' cos Xx + sin Xx' Cosh Xx) ] . (50u)
Cosh Xl Sinh Xl + cos Xl sin Xl
A -MoX --Cosh2 Xl - cos2 'Xl '
B _ M X Cosh Xl sin Xl + Sinh Xl cos Xl
- 0 Cosh2 Al - COl:j2 Xl "
21, Beams with Fixed Enfh;
FIG. 55
a. Concentrated Force in the Middle .(Fig. 54) Deflection at ~he middle:'
Y = PA
2k Sinh Al
1
+ sin Xl {sin Xx Sinh A(l - x) --Sinh Xx sin ACl ,- x)
. . _ q[ (Sinh 2 ~ cos~.
+ Cosh sin
Ye - - 1 - ---''-----,:;-;--;-.,:..:,--:--=-~-=----=:.L
~ ~)J
. -cos Xx[Cosh Xx - Cosh X(l - x)]
. k Sinh Xl sin Xl + .
- Co!)hXx[cosAx - cos;>,(l- ~)]}. (4!)1l) () = _ ~~ Sinh Xx sin Xx' - sin Xx Sinh A..'C'
. k + sin Xl
Sinh Xl) (50b)

111= - 2~2 Sinh Xl ~ sin Xl (Sinh Xx cos Xx' + cos Xx Sinh Xx'
- sin Xx Cosh Xx' - Cosh, Xx sin Xx'). (50c)
Particular values of M: '
q Sinh Xl - sin Xl
lIIA .·= M8 = - 2X2 Sinh Xl + sin Xl'
. Xl C osh Xl
Slll- --cos-.Xl S·mh-
Xl
life = !l. 2 2 2 2
Ii.'
. X2 Sinh Xl +
sin Xl
Q = qCosh AX cos Xx' - cos Xx Cosh Xx'
- >; Sinh Al + 'sin Al (50d) ,
 '----.' \ '
BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION ~
CAS!!.::; OF LOADING ON FINITE nEA~s
65
Hence the expression for the reactions is: Deflection at the end B:
A =B=g:CoshXl-cos X
, X Sinh Xl sin Xl +
i., y _ q (1 Cosh;'
2Cosh + coscos'AlAl')'.
Xl
8 - k, ' - Xl
22. Cantilever Beams 8 :: :... 2qX Sinh Xx cos >.x' cos Al - sin AX Cosh AX' Cosh Xl
a. Concentrated Force at the End (Fig. 56)
k . Cosh2 Al cos2. Al '+ (52b)
Slope at the end B:
2PX Sinh Xx cos Xx' Cosh Xl - sin Xx Cosh Xx' cos Xl
y -
- T - Cosh2 Xl + cos2 Xl
(51~ 88 = _ 2qA Smh_ >'l cos >'l - Cosh Al sin Xl
k + cos2 Al
Cosh2 >'l
Deflection at the end B: M=!L 1 . ' . '
, 2>.2 Cosh2 Ai + cos2 >.l [Cosh Al(sm Xx Sinh AX' - cos Xx Cosh >.x')
PX Sinh 2Xl - sin 2Xl
Y8 =T Cosh2 Xl + cos2 xl' + cos Xl (Sinh >.x sin AX' + Cosh Xx cos >.x')]. (52c)
8 = 2~X2 Cosh2 Xl 1+ cos2 Xl [Cosh Xl (Cosh Xx cos Xx' + Sinh Xx sin ~.x')

Slopc at the cnd B:

- cos Xl (cos Xx Cosh Xx' - sin Xx Sinh Xi')]. (5Ib)

)i
i
.~:. Fla. 57
2 2 2
8 = 2PX Cosh Xl - cos ~l :! . Bending moment at the end A:
8
k Co~h2 Xl ccs2 X{' + .':~
2
MA = -.!L Cosh' >.l - cos Xl
. 2>.2 Cosh2 >'l + cos 2 Al'

M = P Cosh Xx sin Xx' Cosh Al -I- cos Xx Sinh Xx' cos Xl

(51c) Q =[ Cosh >.x sin ,>.x' cos >.l + cos >.x Sinh >.x' Cosh Xl
- i;, Cosh2-Xl + cos2 >-l
A Cosh2 >.l + cos2 Al (52d) ,
Bending moment at the cnd A: Reaction force at the cnd A:
P Sinh Al cos Xl + Cosh Xl sin Al QA = .!!... Sinh 2Al of- sin 2Al
ltfA = ->; Cosh2 Al.+ cos2 Al ' 2A Cosh' Al + cos2 Xl'
Q =-
P. ' '
~ Cosh2 Xl -I- cos2 Xl '[Cosh Xl(Sinh ,AX sin AX' - Cosh AX (·os Xx')
!: " c. .Triangula,· Distributed; Loading over the Whole Span (Fig. 58)

- - cos Al(sin >..1: Sinh AX' + cos AX Cosh Xx')]. (5Id)

',Y = ~ (1 -I) +'2~~k Cosh Al ~ cos2 Al (Sinh Xxfcos Xx +cos >'(2l -
2 x)]
'-

Reaction force at thc cnd A: , + sin AZlCosh Xx+ Cosh X(2l - x)]
+ 2Alfcos A(l - x)· (Sinh Xx sin Xl -:- Cosh AX cos Al)
QA =P 2 Cosh Al.cos Xl.
I Cosh2 Xl + cos2 Xl • - Cosh X(l -, x)· (Sinh Xl sin Xx -t-Cosh Al cos Xx)JI. (5311.)
, __ ~ +~ 1 '.'
b. Uniformly Distribuiecl Loading ovel~ the Whole Span (Fig. 57) ;1 - kl ,2kl Cosh' Al + cos2 Xl (Cosh>.xfeos AX + cos A(2l - x)]
'I
y = ~ {·1 - Cosh2 Al + ,C082 Ai [Cosh Al(sin AX Sinh AX' + (,!os AX Cosh AX') + cos AxfCosh Xx + Cosh A(2l - x)]
+ Sinh AX sil}. X(2l -x) :- sin AX Sinh A(2l - x)
- cos Al(Sinh AX sin Xx' - Cosh Xx cos AX')]}' .(52a) -j-2Alfsin ~(.posh AX + Cosh >.(2l - x»
- Sinh A~(cos >.x + cos A(2l -' x»]}. (53 b)
 ',-' ',..../

66 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

CASES OF LOADING ON FINITE BEAMS

67
M= ~3 I ! ' {cos Xx[Sinh Xx - Sinh X(2l - x)]
·ll::
- 4X l Cosh2 Xl + cos Xl ;:}:, Here the same notations were uSed as in Chapter II (p. 12):
~
B~~, C~% =
"

, - Cosh Xx[sin Xx - sin >.(2l- x)] , t· Ab = Db +i DAz - B Az ,

~!'where '
+ 2Xl[Sinh X(l -:- x)· (Sinh Xl cos Xx - Cosh Xl sin Xx)
+ sin X(l - x)· (Cosh Xx sin Xl - Sinh Xx cos Xl)]}. (53c) B~% = e-~z sin Xx and DAz = e- Az cos Ax.
At point A we shall now ha,"ethe following values:
Bending moment at the end A: '2 . 2

qo sin 2Xl Sinh 2Xl + 2Xl(Si~~l Xl + sm Xl) iii;

MA = - 4X3l, • Cosh2 Xl + cos H
qo2 1 "2 [COSh Xl[sin Xx Sinh X(l - x) , I'1·
~~
' Qd ,= 2~!l (2Xl - I),
Q= - 2A l Cosh! Xl + cos Xl )] ,(23. Partially Supported Beams
' , cos AX Cosh X(l - x + i:;. '

X~
" a. Concentrated Force at the Middle oj a F"ee Span (Fig. 59)
+ cos Ai[Sinh Ax sin A(l .- x) - Cosh cos ,X(l- x)] . ,] ;';, For point.'3 A and B (see Fig. 59) respectively -the following values can be
+ Xl {Cosh Xx[sin Xx - sin A(2l - x)] + eos Ax[Sinh Ax - Smh X(21 - x)l} . i;,liC'Ii"ed:

, ' , .' (53d) 1'; ~f =M = _.!... X2L2(Sinh2 'Al

- sin2 Xl) - 4(Sinh2 Xl + sin2 Al) ]
Reaction force at the., ednA: . 2 • 2 :,ii,,'
Iii J A 8 1 , Xl - sin 2 Al) + . Sinh 2XZ + sin 2XZ '
8A AL(Sinh2
qo Xl(Sinh 2Xl + sin 2Xl) - (Smh Al +sm Xl) , Iii i Qd = -Q8 =_ p, (a)
QA = 2A2l Cosh2 Al + cos 2 Xl" ;11 \' , 2 ,,'
From the formulas above si~ple ':iPutting these values of Q and ill in place of P and Mo into (39 a-d) and (40 a-d),
approximate expressions can. be derlyed 'J'we can obtain the complete solution for the side portions A -C and B-D respec-
for cases where Al is relatIvely large ;ti.tively, For cases where Xl > 7r the following approximate formulas can be
(Xl> 5). Such large val~es of Al ~re ',;used fOl' the side spans:
. th d sign of cy"lm- ;h PX
most frequent m e e . 'II; y = 4k [4D _ (2 _ XL)C ],
dn· Ictanks
a , .and containers, . .which !Ii"
1" b Az
constitute an important appltcatl?n of iii:,
these formulas. It has been pomted liit o= ±
PX 2
2k [2A Az - (2 - XL)D~,.],
_____~
~~!. I:e:~rposes
~::g~eas4:~::~~r:~e~~lp~c~
x----~+~_-_-_-_- 7 f
!;!"I,',: , (55 a-d) ,
F 58 one of unltmlted
'!G.. tlca pu AI' I ,'I'
. . ut Sinh Xl = Cosh Xl = e and to neg ect, ,ii
length, when it is permlss~ble to p. n with the hyperbolic functions of the :il~ P
the sin Xl and cos Xl terms III c~mpal.rfilsot' 'pressions(53 a-d) will take the" iii' , Q.= ±4 [2Cb - (2 - XL)BbJ,
same argumen t " With these sImp I ca IOns ex ", ',~,'here
I
x is counted from the end of the free span, as shown in Figure 59.
following form:
- .!l!!.., [A(l - x) :.- XlAAz B A,.], +
1 i(For points A and B we have now the following values:
:!: PX '
Y - We
o=
'
-ql-kO (1 - 2XlB Az - CAz) , I
,! ii'

',
YA == Ys = 4k (2

I!::
(54 a-d) :!;,
XL),

()
=-
0' PX3L
= '.-2 -k
+
' C A
jP
71
A 8

111 - -
-
~ CXtCAz - DAz), .
2X l
8 I i"j!,',,:., P
= Ms = 8A (2
illA -'XL),
~'7-''''''';'~IJ-,--,
~ l--_';'-I,b~,
-' l~
f.--~
() =
'.
-~ (2XLDb - AAz)'
2A l 2 J 'i(
t~ .
QA -Qs =
_
~.
2
FlO. 59
 L
68 iEAMS .ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION CASES OF LOADING ON FINITE BEAMS 69
I.

It ie seen that M.4 = 11-/8 = 0 whe~ XL = 2, ane

t M and M·B are positive
1 tha.A If the portions to the left of point A and to the right of point B are also
loaded with a uniformly 'distributed load (let it be p), then we must add a ~Yo=
if )..L < 2 and negative if XL > 2.
p/k value to the expression of y in (56a)" while the values of 8, M, and Q in
.
b, Uniformly 'F
Distributed Loadzng over a, 1'ee Span (Fig • . 60) (56 b-d) will remain unchanged.
For points A and B (see Fig. 60) respectively the following values can be
II. Solutions in, t~e Form of Trigonometric Series,
derived: . 2 • 2 Xl)
qL X2L2(Sinh2 'Xl - sin2 Xl) -:- 6(Smh Xl + ~m ,
1 24. Beams with Free Ends '
MA = M8 = - [U X1(Sinh2 Xl - sin2 Xl) + Sinh 2Xl + sm 2Xl (b) In the literature on bendi~g of beams * frequent use has been made of the
.. fact that any elastic line which passes through the points x = 0, y = 0, and x = I,
QA = - Q8 = q; . J y = 0 can be represented in, the form of a trigonometric series, as
M . I of P and Mo in (39 a-d) and (40
Substituting these values of Q and.. m p ~~e side sans A-C and B-D respec-
'" .• n'iTX
L: an SID -z- .
y = n-l
a-d), we can obtain complete.solutiO~s ~or \ eformuks ca~ be used for the side
tively. ' If Xl > '/I", the followmgapPlOxlma e
This series, with some modifications, can also be applied in the analysis
spans: of beams on elastic foundation.
Taking a beam with free ends, sup- p
ported on an elastic foundation and c
x21 subjected to loading, we find that the
o= ±~k (A~~.- 2cxD~%),
(56 a-d) conditions above, concerning the de- A f---f/2 __+-__
flections at the ends, are generally not A' x
M _ qL (B~~ - cxA~~), fulfilled. Displacements will occur at I---+.----j-------j
2;"
. both ends and the deflection diagram
",ill look like that in Figure 6L In
Q
order to be able to apply the series
method to problems of this type, the
",he!'t' deflection diagram in Figure 61 will be 'e"
6 - X2L2 regarded as having originated in three FIG. 61
ex = 6(2 +" XL) . l"IG: 60 stepsl We may suppose (1) that the
whole beam was displaced, so that it was parallel with itself, by a constant Yo ;
and x is me~ured from the end of the free ~pa~l, as show~ in Figure 60. (2) that it was rotated by an angle a around its center; and (3) that it under-
For points A and B we have now the followmg values, went elastic deformation, as shown by the A" C" B" curve in Figure 61. Since
this elastic line will have zero ordinates at x = 0 and x = Z, it wiII always be
, qXL (1 - a)
yA = YB =k ' possible to express it by a sine series like the one in the equation above.
Adding together the three deflection components, we obtain for any deflec-
qX2L ) tion ordinate the expression
OA = - OB = --ye- (1 - 2a ,

Jf A =llfB
qD
= 2X a, y = Yo + ~.
',:
G- x) + ~l an sin n;x . (57) .

qL .. In order to simplify the solution of this general case we shall split it into two
QA = -Q/J = 2" parts, the symmetrical and the antisymmetrical loading components, as. was
done before.
It is seen that M A =_ M, _ 0 'f XL
8 I,
- . . _r
= VB =
2.45, and that MA and M B nre
_ /' * See S. Timoshenko, Strength of M izterialB (2d ed. ; New York, 1941), Part II, p. 44.
pOSI't'lYe I'f \L
1\
< v' 6 and negatIve If XL. > v 6.
 '--../
CASES OF LOADING ON FINITE BEAMS
70 BEAMB ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION 71

a. Symmetrical Case (Figs. 62-63)

;!, Determining each term in this expression from equatIOns (a)-(d), we can write
~Win~fu~ .
. From the symmetry of the d~flection curve we can conc~de at o~~:tt~~!. W:
(01' this case we shall have in (57) the term a = 0, an:, furt er~~r;~r the de~
r;
f;
. n1TC _ 2) _
2P ( sm- -
(41T4 EI. + lk)
-an n -3-
4lk 1, ~L....
1
-;-ai.
,.,I
~ .
l n'll'..
-
. 2l 2
---
r n (58)
sine selies will contain now only odd terms. Hence t e expreSSl i-I.3.&.... l

fle~tion curve will be Ii With the aid of this formula we can determine as many a terms as are necessary
00 . n1TX : for the required accuracy in the deflection line. In every case we shall have a
Y = yo L·
n-l,3,6,"··
+
an sin -l- :
.
(a)
I: system of linear equations with the an terms as unknowns. Putting. numbers
,'. instead of the symbols nand i into (58), we get the scheme
Denoting the modulus of the founda- 1

+ lk2-) - ~
r (al + ~a3
p p . :1.: • 1TC 2 1T 4 EI 4lk
tion by ko and the width of the beam by b, = 'al2 + -Sa6 + ... ),
I

and putting kob = k, we kno~ that the ;..L'' 2P (sm -l - '-)I I (-.l- 3 ~.
;!:! . ~ 4
I distributed reaction p caused m the sup- i (. 31TC 1T EI
porting medium by a deflection y will be it·
, If.
2P sm -
.
2)
l - 31T
- = a3 ( 4
3. -2l
-3 + 2lk)
- - -4lk .
r Hal + !a3 + !a, + ... ),
p = kyo n.
!~".'.
(. 51TC
2P sm - l - 51T
-
2) = a6 ( :.. ~
1T4
2. + 2-
5.
EI
3
lk)
- -4lk .
r Hal + ia3 + !a, + ... ).
Assuming that tp.e beam is loaded with
two symmetrically placed concentra~ed ,~i From this we can determine the coefficients ai, 'as, a&, and from (b) we can
FlO. 62 forces as shown in Figure 62, accordmg '~, obtain the quantity Yo. Putting the latter into (a) we have the f6~ula for the
to the conditions of equilibrium we must have deflection line:

.
2P = T.~ l' ydx
0
= k 11 (YO + t
0 n_l.3.&.- ..
an sin n~X)dX .
2P- -
Y=
, kl
~
L....
n-I.3.6.... n1T
. n1TX)
an ( -2 - s m -
l' (59)

= k ( Yo l + 2l
-
1T
Lco 1)
- an .
n
,i and this is completely defined by the a terms obtained above. .
n_l.3.5. - - - { . The system of equations in . (58) is such as can readily be solved by the
I; method of successive approximations.
From this lve ha ,'e
Ii, When the beam is loaded a:t the center or at .the ends (c = l/2 or c = 0)
P 2
~ - -1T
= .kl L 00
-1n an . (b) I: good approximation of the deflection line can be obtained by taking only the
y
o
n_I.3.6 ... •
I first term (al) from the series in (58), and thus w~ get:

of the whole system. The stram energy 0 e

.
. (b) by considering the strain energy
We shall determine ~he coeffiCl~nts an m f b nding of the beam will be If
I
2P (.
~T-;
7rC 2) .
,I· al = .

V1 - -
1 11 M 2
dx = -2
11 Y EI III
dx -
._ 1T4
4l
EI f
3 . n_I.3.6 ....
n4 a~ • (c) i, 7r
4

213
EI + ~ _ 4lk
2 r
- 2EI 0 0

The stl'ainenergy of def9rmation in the foundation will be 2

ISubstituting this in (59), we ge,.t

~2 =}k { y2 dx = lkf [2: ~ n - l t.... an (:1T - sin n~x) ] dx. (d) tt'
y ~ if - a, (~ - mn wn (60)

.. ilib . the work done by the external forces • i The slopp of the deflection line can, be obtained in any case by differentia~ing
Since the whole system 1& ~ e~u ln~~, rne must according to the principle, ,the general equation (59) with respect to x. Instead of taking the higher deriva-
by any small change dan III tee as lC 1 d' . ~riation in the strain energy "II ~tives of the elastic-line, .we can 'derive expressions for shearing forces and mo-
of virtual displacements, equal the correspon mg, v . ,
iments in a more accurl1-te way by the following reasoning. The beam can be
of the system; that is, .
lregarded as loaded not only by the external forcfjs, but also by the distributed
. a av1 ·· aV2da i~action p = ky of the foundation, which keeps equilibrium with the external
2P YP daft = - dan + - n'
(e)
aa,. iJa n iJa n
 ''--./ '''--''
BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
(lASES .OF LOADING ON FINITE' BEAMS 73
72

loading. Thus, ·knowing all the force8 acting on the beam, we can obtain theQ, Considering the equilibrium of moments, for the type of 'loading shown in Figure
64, we have the relation .'. .
and M curves by integrating (59). This integration can be carried out nu-
merically or graphically. Application.of trigonomctric series is sometimes
economical in determining deflectioJ;l curves '. (for instance, in dealing with pel - 2c) + k[ YXo.x' = O. (g)
railroad ties), but ,ve must do considerable additional computing whenM and'
'Putting in (g~ the expression for y from (f) and carrying out the integration,
Q curves are required. Therefore, if.a complete analysis is needed, it is usually
I!impler ,to use directly the exa~tanalysis presented' in the preceding sections. i we get
For this reason we will not diScuss at this place other cases 'of loadings besides 12. [P(l- 2£:). - . l2
a -_ "3 -
~ .' n'lrx]
an sm -'-' . (h)
that involving two symmetrically placed equal concentrated forces. FOI' mor.~'i!i l. '.' k 'Ir
L.,
n-2.4.6.... • l
complex loadings the applic~tion of thi&sclles ~ethodis not eQon~mical because:
. Sucstitut.ing this in (f) ~'e have the equation for the deflect,ion curve in Figurc
too many tel'ms have to ,be .compu~ in order ·to define :the elastic curve ac".
64 as . •.
curately.' . . .
. From the solution 'above for cohcen-
trated forces we can derive an approxi-
.!
11.",'

'J,
y
'i=
,,'"
.l2P(l - 2c) (l _.)
. kl3 2-
.
[12(l )
x -:- -l' -2 - x - I .
. . . . . , 11'
i

J' ~
L., .
"-2.4.6.·...
. n'lrl: .
an sm _ ...
l
(62)
mate expression for the case when the
, beam is loaded with concentrated mo- The an'
ter~s can' be determined in p p
ments (Fig. 63). Using only one term t.he same way as in the sYlIlmetrical
of the serias, as in (60), we fil'St take!' case, by equlloting the change in' the
. .FIG. 63 two downward-acting forces P at a dis-' , strain energy of bending. of the bar
tance c' from the ends~, ?'.t then two forces P of the same magnitude acting upward:, a~.d in that of the deformation in the
at a distance e" from the ends. Superposing the two on eac~ other, we have foundation to the external work done
. (. 'lrC'
2P sm- '- - - sm -
2 c 'lrC",2) .
+,-'Ir
. by tb,e loa,ding during' a virtual diS-
placement. In this. ~ay we ob~jn
, l 'Ir' .Z
al = 'lr4 EI lk 4lk for the present problem the general
-2l3 +2"-7" formula FIG. 61
1l'lIking the lin~it when the two forces approach each other (c' ~ c" and c" -. c)
. nnd at the Rame time putting P(c' - c") = M o , we have 2p[ainn;c ~ n:z(l- 2C)J =. an (n4'1r42El:I+ lkl)_12k;,'f
n'lr
~,ai'
t '-2.4.6., ..
(63.)
" 2'1r . 'lrC
, MOT cos T from which, as from (58), 'any number of. an terms can be computed.
a =' , In aomecases, satisfactory approximation is obtained by taking only the
1 1!:,'EI+ ~ _ 4i1,;'
fir~t ,term. (n= 2), from (63)~getting thus ' .
213 2 ' 'lr2

;2P (Sin ~ - ~ (l -
and thus the approximate expression for the deflection curve of the beam. in ,
i,
2C»)
Figure 63, since 2P/kl 0, will be .
2 . 'lrX) 16 'lr4 EI'+ ~Tll _ 3kl
Y = -al ( :;;. - sm T . 2l3. '2' 'lr2

.b ..A~!isyT}t,metrica!-ClUJe (Figs. 64-65) The. shea~g-f.orce an? 'bendi~g-niome~t curves can be obtained most ellsily
by· aucceSSIve mtegrat.Ion of the deflectIOn curve, as has previously been BUg-
The beam will now have a deflection curve of the form shown in Figure~. ~~.' - ..... .
. We can dedu,ce ,t once tha~ here yo .='0, ~ndthat~hel'!er,~es,"':iI1.inc1ude Qnly.·q':~n' By making use of the fir,st term (~) alone an approximate expression can.be.
terms,; Hence we can wnte t.l)P. deflectIOn curve as . '.' derived also for the case when the beam ia. subjected to two· conce~tl'ated
l )'
y = a ( - - X -I-
~ ;', .. n'lrx
,(;,., an , sm -l- . moment~,
.
as shown.in
. !
Figilr,e 65. Taking forces P at distances 0' from the en:ds . :~.

. 2 fI_2,.,6,··~" .' .
 BEAMS ON ELASTIC F(jUND~N~'
CASES OF LOADING ON FINITE BEAMS 75
and for~es -~ at distances e" from the ends, the limiting case of e' ---. e" ---. e
and P(e - e ) ---. Mo leads to the formula . prise a great share of the practical problems for which the use of the series method
is most convenient.
411" 211"e In the cases where only one term is necessary to give the required accuracy,
MOT cos -l-
a2 = the series method also has a: particul~r advantage over the exact analysis, for,
16 11"4 EI+ ':!:. _ 3kl'
213 2 11"2
. as is seen from the corresponding formulas, in the series method the dimensions
of the beam (E, I, and 1) and the modulus of the foundation (ko and k = bko)
which then gives' the approximate deflection curve as appear separately, and are not included in trigonometric and exponential func-
tions through A, as is true of the exact method. This feature of the series method
[6(12 - x ) - sm. -Z-.
Y = -a2 .;Z 211"X] •
(64)
makes it applicable in solving problerr.s when one of the dimensions of the beam
or of the foundation is unknown and must be determined in such a way as to
satisfy some specific requirement fet up rfgarding the elastic line. The proce-
It is seen that the application of trigonometric series, so far as beams with dure to follow in such design problems can be illustrated by the numerical example
free ends are concerned, becomes rather cumbersome and ordinarily does not below.
seem to offer any advantage over the Consider a beam baving E = 2 X 10 6 Ibs.jin. 2, I = 32 in .., and k = bko =

;~_._-_:-'~--ID
previous solutions based on the dif- 100 Ibs./in.2 and being leaded with a concentrated force P in the middle. Let us
ferential equation of the elastic line. set the problem of finding ,,:bat the ler.gth Z of the beam must be at which thc
Sometimes, however, just the first deflection at the middle willi e twice 8S rr.uch as the deflection at the encl, that
term of the series solution will give is: 2yo = Yo+ a\ or Yo = 0\1. Frem (GO) we can write this requirement in the
FlO 65 a good approximation for the de- form
flection curve of the beam and in
su?h ?ases. the use of the method becomes profitable. In ordel' to ~xamine
tIus situatIOn, let us find the necessary length of beam which, when loaded with
It concentrated force' in the middle, will exhibit no deflections at the ends
~ _(~+ 1) a, ~~ _ 2:'~~_-_~)(~1_+.;)) 0, =

(Yo = 0). . 213 +l 2 11'2

From (GO), putting e = 1/2 and x = 0, we have which gives for the unknown length of the beam

Yo = 2P _ ~ 2P ( 1 - ~) l =
7r
.!EIk
11 = 3 14 • /2 X 106 X 32
. . 11 100
= 88 86 .
. Ill.
k1 11" 11"4 EI. let 4let
2[3+2"-11"2 Taking this value for l, we have from (60)' the deflection 'at the end as Yo
0.138 X 1O-3p and the deflection at the middle as y. = 0.276 X 1O- 3P.
Fro,m this expression we obtain the required length as Z = 3.072 ({l4EI/k) The exact formulas fliOm,(41a) give fm' this cas~
m aJ~other form, ~1 = 3.072. The exact answer to this problem (the effective
Yo = YA = 0.140 X 1O-3p and y. = 0.283 X 1O-3p,
01',
length) IS, as was pomted out on palTe 54 Al - 11" - 3142 the d'ff b .
23 ' . ': '. - -: . , I erence emg
. pel cent. Accordmg to th~ reciproCity theorem, this value l = 1I"/A will which are in the ratio 0.283/9.140 = 2.021, differing only about 1 pel' cent from
also be the len~th of a beam wInch, when loaded with equal concentrated forces the required proportion.
at the cnds, will have no deflection at the middle.
. Th~ value At = ~ is close ~o the upper limit for beams of medium length, * 25. Beams with Hinged Ends
1

fOi wluch the de(ieet~on ana~ysis has the greatest importanee. Thus we can say The method of expressing th.e deflection line by trigonometric series is ORpe-
that the first t~rm of the senes alone wiII f' ve good approximate results over the' cially adapted to beams hinged at both ends. A sine Reries of the form
whole range of beams of medium length providing the beam is loaded by con-
: ~ • ll1rX
centrated forces at the ends or in the IHiddle. These loadings, however, com. . y = £.... an Sill -Z-'
,,-1
* Ree §17 on p. 46. will satisfy completely the conditions of a' hinged support (y = 6, y" = 0) at
both ends of the heam. Proceeding in the same way as in the previous section,
 . ',-",,'

BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION CASES OF LOADING ON FINITE BEAMS 77

we can determine the an terms of the series from the consideration of the strain. 0
Th~ series is suitable in' the form above for the computatio~ of ~eflection
energy of the system. . lines; the convergence of th~ solution, however, can be substantIally mcreased
a. One Concentrated Force hy the following reasoning.*, "
The hinged-end beam of Figure 66 can be regarded as acted upon by ~he
A.ssuming the sine series form above for the deflection line we find the strain
energy of bending 'of the beam to be ' concerrtrated force P and b,:y the distributed reaction forces of the foundatIOn
p = ky, where y is t.o be taken from
11 Y d _ '11"4 EI ~~ 4·2
V 1 -- -2
A~C
X~~---.--~-----------
EI ,,2 (65) above. Consequently, the finc.l de-
x - -4l 3 .L.." n an .
o n-l flection of the beam can be resolved into . D
The strain energy of deformation in the foundation will be two parts, the first (yP) being produced "'...----'7"r;',1 ''I'~
I

V:2 = 2- 11
hy the force P, the second (yP), by the ~----------l----------~ 0

Ie kl '" 2 !I
Y dx = 4- L an .
2
distributed p reaction forces, both load-
o n-l
ings acting on a beam simply supported
0

FIG, 66
If a small variation is produced in the an term, the resulting change in the strain at its ends while the elastic foundation
energy will be . be th~ught of as absent, The deflection yl' is obtained in a finite form br
can
the elementary polynomial :formula, and yP can be determme 'db 't f
~ III egra mg
aV aV1 aV2 'II"'EI « kl
aa n dan = aa n dan + aa qa n = 213 n an dan + 2" an dan. foul' times the fundamental equat.ion EI(d y P/dx ) + ky = ,0, u~mg for ~ the
4 4
n
expresslO, n gl'ven b,'
, (65)
., In this
' way
, we' oht.ain the deflect.lOn hne for FIgure
At the same time, because of the change dan, the assumed loading cqnsisting of
a force P at a distance c from the left end (Fig. 66) will do work of the amount 66 in t.he form
. n7rC , n1TX
a . n7rC p 2Pl 3 '" sm T sm -l-
P iJa,. yp dan = P sm T dan. (66a)

Equating this change in potential energy to the change in the strain energy 0
Y=y -'ll"4EI
-L n_l
n
4(1 + n 4 '/r
4
EI ) '
kl4
of the system derived above, we have
The series part of this expression is rapidly convergent, and its convergence
p . n'll"c _ '11"4 EI 4 kl will be good even after successive differentiation, which will yield the corre"
sm T - 2f3 n an + 2" an, sponding expressions fO!' fJ, M, and Q in the forms
from which the formula for any a" term can be obtained aR ,n7T'c n7T'X
2Pl2 sm T cos -l- <>0
. n'll"c
2Pl 3 sm -l- {J = oP - -
'/r3EI
L:
n-1 3(1 + n ~lclEI
0

4
4 )'

'11"4 EI 4 kl4 n 4

n + ~EI , n7rC . n7rX

Consequently, the expression of the deflection eurve for Figure 66 will then , . P 2Pl "', sm -l- sm -Z-,
become . M = M,
o
--
'11"2
L
n_1
n
(1 +. n 4)'
2 EI
kl4
4 'II"
(66 b-d)

. n'll"c . n1rX I
sm T sm -l-
0

2Pl3 '"
y - -
~EI n_l
L ----,..- , kl4 . (65)
. 'P 2P t . n7T'C
sm Z' cos -l-
n7rX
+ n 'll"4EI
If, instead of the symbolic notation for the series in (65), its individual terms
o Q = Q - -;.-
o
n_1
n
(1 + 4 '11"4 EI) .
n kl4
are. written out fully, we have the expression for y in the following form In the expressions above, y'p, {JP; M P, and QP denote the d~flect.ion, slope, an~ so
.= 2Pl
3
[Sin ('II"c/l) sin ('II"x/l) + sin (27rc/l) sin (2'/rx/l) on produced by the concentrated force .p on the beam wIth hinged ends, wIth-
y ~EI 1 + lel 4/7r"*EI 16 + kl4/~EI 0
out the presence of. an elastic foundatl~n.
+ sin (37rc/l) sin (37rX/l) + ... J. See aJso the article by Th. von Karman, "Use of Orthogonal Functions in Structural
+ kl4/~EI
o •

81 Problems," Stephen Timoshe,nko 60th Anniver8ary Volume (New York, 1938). .

 CASES OF LOADING ON FINITE BEAMS 79
78 BgAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
'where yN, 8~v, MM, and QN denote the deflection, slope, bending moment, and
p PZ-e 3
;{'~i' .' sliearing force produced by the },fo loading of Figure 67 on the beam with hinged
If X < e, Y = 6EI -Z- r(2Z ~ e)cx - X ]; ends, without the presence of an elastic foundation. '
I:
~: If
M1
~E~ 1- [(2Z2 + 3( )x + x
2 3
if X > e, yP = 6~I1 [(Z2 2
- ( )(Z - X) - (l - x)aJ.
= - GZe ] j

;!
b. Qne Concentrated Moment if x,.:> e, yM = 6~~ ~ 2
[(Z2 - 3c )(Z - X) - (Z - X)3].

A~'
-~-:-----~-------
:1
From (65) of the previous section
c. Uniformly Distributed Loading

Af5#~~
00--- we can derive an expression for the
- c 7'7fflr;,,' deflection curve produced by a single For uniformly distributed loading
~----------l----------~
!I , concentrated bending moment 1110 we can again derive the deflection
FIG. 67 (Fig. 67). Taking simultaneously curve fmm (65), by putting qdc instead
a downward-acting force P at ,a of P and integrating between the limits Y ,
distance c' and an upward-acting force -P at a distance e" from the left end of Cl and e2 (Fig. 68), which gives FIG. 68
the beam, for the limiting case when c' ~ c and c" ~ C we shall hitve
, f<2 sm. n7rC
q -"- dc
ql (n7rCI
= -. n 7rC2)
cos - - - cos - .
• n7rc' . n7rc" n1r(c' - c")
SIll -l- -. sm = 2 --r 2l
n7rC
cos -l-'
<I l Z I n7r

Substituting this expression instead of P sin n7rcjZ in (65), we have the deflection
Taking at the same time P(c' - c") = !tIo , we obtain the deflection iine due to line for Figure 68 as
the moment loading of Figure 67 as n7rCI n7rC2) • n7rX
_ 2ql( ,00 ( cos -Z- - cos -1- sm -1-
n7rC • 117rX y-- L ) , ,(69)
2MoZ2 00 n cos T sm -Z '~EI ._1 ( 4 kZ4 +
y = --- L ----c- '(67) n n 'lr"EI
7r'EI n_l 4 + ld'
n '7r4/!"1 The convergence of this solution can be increased by the same reasoning
used in the two previous types of loading, which will give now the complete
The convergence of this formula can be increased in the same manner as in
solution for the situation in Figure 68 as
the loading with one concentrated force. This will lead now to the expressions
q 2qZ( ,
00
(n7rCI
7rC
cos -1- - cos n-1-2) Sin
. n7rX -z- 1
Y=Y --:.-L
reI n_l 5 ( 4 7rEI 4) I

n 1 +n kl4

n7rC, n7rC2) n7rX

2qZ3 "" ( cos -l- - cos -Z- cos T
'-EI
'Ir" I, L
n-l
n
4 (1 ( 71" EI
+n kl4
4) ,
(70 a-d)
(68 a-d)' n7l"C2) . n7rX
n7l"CI
n7rC • 117r.1: 2 12 .. ( cos -l- - cos -l- sm -l-
cos -Z- Sll1 --I '
~ L
q
( ,+
00

!vI = J1fM -
2M L _ M = M 471"(EI)
('I + n 7r"'Z4
_0 - n_l 3
4
n 1 n kl4
, 7r II_I '4 EI)',
n
, (n7rCI n7rC2) n7rX
n7re lI7rX 2l 00 cos -1- - cos -l- cos -1-
Q=(t'(-_0I:
2M 00 cos -z- co'! -Z- '
Q = Qq - .!L L 4 '
-n-2 "-I 2 ( 4 71" EI)
Z n_i 47r4EI '
1 +n kZ1
n l+n kl4 J.
 80 ',,-' ,,~ \"-:'
JIl~'\MS ON I!;LAS'flC FOUNDA'flON CASES OF LOADING ON FINITE BEAMS 81
where ~o, 0", 1J,J", !~IlIl Q" de~ote quantities produqed on the beam with hinged c. Symmetrically Distributed Loading (Fig. 71)
ends, wIthout clastIC foundatIOn, by the q loading. With the notations C1 + O,z' =
2a, l - a = b, O,z _. C1 = c, shown in Figure,68, we have" , Y = L t (z -,.,"2 C
+ '- Z . 2nll'C)
n,;sm--l-
(1 21£ll'X)
- cos --Z-
4 + 3
II4 (2l 8~EI (73)
for x < C1, q q bc
.y = 24EI T
'2
- b) - c Jx,
2
- 3
4x ),
"-1. klt .
, ' 1£ 16 ~EI
for C1 <X < C2, yO = _q_ ~ {14(l2 _ b2) _ 2J _ 4 3 +' l(x- Cl)4}
24EI l C x x ' bc , I
for X > C2,
q ac
Y = 24EI T
q I I4 (2l 2\ 2
- a) - c J(l - x) - 4(l - x)
3
!. r-~--~---l-------- __~
26. Beams with Fixed Ends ,1I
FIG. 71
The deflection line can here be assumed as a trigonometric sel'ies of the form
III. Applications
Y =
~ '21 an ( 1 -
6. 21£ll'x)
cos -z-' , '27. Examples
every term of which satisfies the end conditions (y = 0, y' = 0) at both ends "1: In Figure '72 is shown the cross section of ah aqueduct. In the direction
of the beam. " ' perpendicular to the plane of the paper this section is assumed to continu~ in
Since every ,term of this sedes is ,t.hp. same form; thus We C!1n
p p
symmetrical with respect to the' ~onsider the object as a two-
"center line (x = l/2) of the beam, ' 'dimensional problem. The, 8in, Bin
formulas can be developed from it (]uestion is to find the ,pressure -
w4-----------l--------__~~ rliElt,l'ibution in the subsoil and
'!/ only fOi' symmetrical loadings.
FIG,69 If we applY the strain-energy the moment diagram for the
method in, the same manner as was bottom plate. The modulus Bin'
done in the previous types of beams, the assumption above will, lead to the of elasticitv of the structure
deflection formulas below. (concrete) is E = 2.5 X 10 6

Ibs./in. 2 ; the modulus of foun- ~r-r----------r~hr-------+-+o

a. Two Symmetrical Concentrated Forces (Fig. 69) dation, ko = 165Ibs./in.3 The

y - -
_ Pl3
L
.. (1 - cos 2nt)( 1 1 cos 2nti:)
(71)
bottom plate cart be J'(,garded
as a beam on elastic foun- PR.ESSfJRE DISTRIBUTION'
5

{O
4~EI n-1 4 + 3 kl4 . dation, with a uniformly dis-
n 16 ~EI t,l'ibuted loading (the weight of
b. Two Symmetrical Concentrated Moments (Fig. 70)
the bottom plate itself and the .-~-r-;-------r------+---~~o
water pressure along its whole
. 2nll'c ( 2nll'X) length) and subjected in ad- tOOl
Ml2 '" n sm -l- 1 - cos --l-
,
y = -
2rEI
L
"_1 4 + 3 kl4 .' ( 7 2 )
dition at it.s ends to concen-
trated forces (weight of the
2000

n ,16 7r4EI . side walls) and moments (due

30011

to' the hydraulic prpssul'e Oil

the side walls). MOMENT DIAGRAM

Computing these loadingH, i ,FIG. 72

for a section' of unit width, 1 in.; of the stJ'~lctul'e. we have:
1I Weight of the bottom ,plate:
Fla. 70 8 iIi. X 0.0875 IbR./in. 3 ~, 0.70 Ibs./in. 2 ;
 '-'~ "-.-./,\SES OF LOADING ON FINITE BEAMS 8.3
'-.-/
BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
which is beyond the range of ba;'s of m~~' ill I this. example we }lad >..l = 4.20,
82 2.5 per cent the required limit Tho h' .
series method are still accurate enough ~um engtt~cal'the results obtained by the
Weight of the water: . . or prac 1 purposes.
84 in. X 0.0361Ibs./in.
3 2
= 3.04Ibs./in. , q = 3.74Ibs./in.2; 2 C . '
. o~sider a thin-walled cylindrical tube subject d t . .
and supplied at equal intervals l with "d . f . e. 0 mternal pressme p
Weight of the wall: 74. In § 12 (p. 35) we have already :~~Iy::~n ~rcmg rmgs, as shown in Figure
p = 86 in. X 8 in. X 0.0875 lbs./in: 60 lbs./in.; ring was applied to' the tube Th f d he problem when only one rigid
internal pressure p the maximume:e we .ou.n tth at,. while in a plane tube under
. . t ress IS m e Clrcumferenti I d' t' d
Moment of the hydraulic pressure: Itsf value
h is (Ie = pRjl' l denoting
. kn
the wa11 thi cess and R tha Irec.dd] Ion anr
M = t X 843 X 0.0361 = 3570 in. lbs.jin. o t e tube, upon application of the' b d' . e mI e rae IUS
longitudinal fibers
, of the ,beam, andsthi;mtresaa IS
.en(1mmg stress IS produced
1.82 pRlt. in the
The problem
Hence ou'r problem is to find the deflection and moment curve of a beam, 01) \
elastic foundafion, subjected to the loading shown in Figure 73. The distributed. I'
loading will. cause only a uniform com- . _______________ 3~/t

p pression in the foundation, of the value

P = 3.74 Ibs./in.2 The deformations .1,
and moments produced by the P and ,
M end loadings can be computed from . :.,
(37 a and c) and (38 a and c) respec-
FIG. 73 tively. The result of this computation
FIG. 75
is sllown in Figure 72. The maximJ.lm pressure is at the ends: pmax = 11.47
Ibs./in.2, while the maximum va.lue of the bending moment, Mmax = -3830 \' we s.hall investigate now will be the effect of the s · .
in. Ibs./in., occurs at some distance from the ends, as shown in Figure 72. maXImum bending stress in the t b pacmg of the llngs upon the
If u e.
In connection with this problem we shall nOW illustrate the previously a series of rigid rings is applied at e ual 1 .
. mentioned applicability of the series method to design problems. Let us sup- spacing is increased from zerQ to very lar q I mt;rvals to the tube and the
pose that the P"""x soil pressure obtained above is' greater than the pressure Um stresses must increase from zero I ge;a ues 0 l, we find that the (Te and
permissible for the subsoil under consideration and let us. set the problem of respectively in the manner indicated i ; ; : ~5(1· ii:
pRjl and (1m = 1.82 pRjl
finding that value I for the bottom plate which will secure a more uniform pres-2 be a.certain spacing lo where the maximu ~ d" ence we see that there must
.sure distribution under the structure and will lower the value of pmax to 8 Ibs./in. ~ill be just equal. to thecircumferenti: s~:s:;g stres~ produced by the rings
Subtracting from the given 8 Ibs./in. 2 the uniform loading2 of the intensity ;lDternal pI'essure. . This l~ spacing of th .. value m a plane tube under
way.' . e lings can be determined in the following
q = 3.741bs.jin.2 (Fig. 73), we obtain p = yok "",' 4.26 Ibs.jin. as the maximum
permissible pressure due to the concentrated loadings at the ends. A longitudinal element of the tube betwe . , .
Using (60) and (61), we can write the requiremeut above as regarded as a beam fixed at the 'two end b .en /~o remfo~'cmgJings will be
loading; p and supported, at the same ti~~ su lec ~ to ~ umforml}CJlistributc.d..
foundation. The modulus of til' f d alon~ Its entIre length on aD ela.stic
t'
E jR IS oun a IOn WIll be accord'mg t (25)
and the moment of inertia' of the beam 1= t3j12 1 , k =
2
't 2 ,0
the wall thickness and R the middl d' f h ( - f), WIth t denoting
the condition (I,. = (I. for lo can be :r~~t:~sa; t e tube .. 13? means of (50c)
Substituting the given numerical values ill this equation ltild expressing I as Ii '

unknown, we have the answer that the moment of inertia, satisfying our condi-
'liMA = Q..El Sinh Alo - sin >..lo pR
tion, must be I = 140 in." which corresponds to Ii. thickness t = 11.9 in. for the
T t2 2A2 Sinh >.[0 + 8i~ >"lo = T'
bottom plate instead of the 8-in. thickness used in the example. Checking this ,Ivhere, with p. = 0,3,
conclusion by exact formulas derived from ,(37a) and (38a), corresponding to
I = 140 in." we obtain the pressure at the ends due to the end loadings 2 as P =
4.46 Ibs./in.2, and adding to this the uniformly distributed 3.74 Ibs./in. loading;
we get the maximum pressure as pmax = 8.20 Ibs.jin.\ which exceeds by only
 84 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATIO\'~ ) ,
''--"'' C',-"d OF LOADING ON FINITE BEAMS ,-",' 85
Introducing this expression in the equation above we have the ,condition in the
simplified form: PI 7." Pl. For thi.s reason, along the length Xo , where the static eqUilibrium is
overcome, the resistance of the earth will not be considered and tl ) t'
foundation will b t k . t ' ,le e as 1C
Sinh Alo - sin Alo
Sinh Al{J + sin Xlo 11, !1=-i}'
a--3- == 0.5505.
•
p= P2 - PI •
e II; en m 0 account from point A on at which po' t
' ,
h
m we ave

By the trial-and-error procedure we find this equality is satisfied by a vaiu(l of /~he cn;se ~hen the. modulus of .foundation varies proportionally with th
Alo = 1.899, from which we have the required spacing : t , ~~Ch ~s compatible with the Rankine theory of earth pressure will b:
cusse m t e next chapter. At this place only the method of soluti~n whe~
the modulus of foundation ill constant will be'l1 t t d .
lo = ~:~~~ vRt = 1.478 VJrt. 'Th t' A B , I U S ra e .
. ' e porion - of the beam (Fig. 76) with a length l = L - .' I .
the unknown depth . b' d' Xo , mvo vmg
..... b d' Xo , IS su Jecte at end A to a concentrated force P and ~
If the spacing is larger than lo given by this equation, then the application of the" "'1
en mg moment M o =, P(1t + xo). The requirement that at. point A
rings will increase the maximum stress value in the tube. A decrease of stress
will occur only if l < lo. It is seen from the formula above that, compared 'to kYA = 4 sin <p
the ra.dius of the tube, lo will have a rather small value., 1 - sin2 <p 'YXo
3. Though the i'emtionship between sti'esses and deformations in earth foun- can be written from (39a) and (40a) as
dations is, in general, of a very complex nature, not infrequently we find subsoils i;"

2PA . ,
which follow the simple law assumed for our elastic foundation (p. 2) accurately,
Sinhz Al - ,sin2 Al [Sinh Al Cosh Al - sin Al cos Al
enough to permit a mathematical analysis to be developed on this basis. If 'I ).. .

this is the case, stresses and' deflections occurring in sheet pilings and similar
~tructural elements can be readily calculated by the formulasgi¥en in the first + A (h + xo)(Sinh2 Al + sin2 Al)] - 4 sin. <p2 ''YXo.
part of this chapter. ShEet pilings, for instance, may,be regarded as cani:.ilevel·; 1 - sin tp
beams p3rtly surrounded by an Elastic foundation, as shown in Figure 76. Under' From this equation, by a trial-and-error procedure the unknown ' 'b d
term' d H . . '. " Xo can e, {'-
the action of the loading, which is usuall:v applied at the unsupported part of •. ,me. avmg It, we can obtam diagrams of deflect1'on
. f th e A - B port1~n
i or
. by tising (39a-d) and (40 ' mome~t, and Soon
the cantilever, the be!1ID will defor.n elastically and will assume a position in
which the active and passive e!1rth press:.tres' arising from the displacement.'! : a-d). As a numencal example, let us assume the'
, in the subsoil maintain equilibrium with the external loading. : follow.ing values: L = 72 in.' It = 36 iIi . E _
'216b'2 ' '.1-
.. I
According to the Rankine, theory, if there is no cohesion between the ele- ;" X 0 I S./l~. ~ I = 140 in.4; k =, 180Ibs.jin.2;
mentary particles of the soil, an active earth pressure of the amount Pi ='Yx" 'Y=: O}O lbs.jm. ; and <p = 25°. Hence we have
(1 - sin <p)/(1 + sin <p) is present at a depth x under the surface; the resistance of, " ':" V'k/4EI = 0.020 in.- l By trial and error'
the soil against displacement, that is, the passive earth pressure at the same , we.find that Xo = 19.5 and 1 =L - Xo = 52.5
;~
depth, can be expressed as P2 = 'YX'(1 + sin <p)/(l - sin <p), 'Y denoting the . ~tlSfy the :quation above. Havin~ the unknown

l specifi~ weight of the earth under: consideration and <p repre~enting its angle of
friction. The value P2 - PI = 'Yx·4 sin <p/(l - sin '1') defines the maximum'
2

pressure which can be resisted by the soil and determines the limit of its static,
equilibrium. This point should be taken into consideration in the analysis of,
Xo and.
sure
ha;mg. computed the deflection and pres-
d1stnbut10n along the portiop A-B from
i!~a)-(40a), ,we get t.he result shown in Figure

sheet pilings and similar constructions. If the modulus of foundation k is , . ~4. Consider an arrangement in which two
assumed in such cases to increase proportionally with the depth x, the pressure , m.ain longitudinal beams are supported by closely
distribution along the beam will be defined by P = kxy, where y denotes the . laid transverse bars and the whole 'structure is
transverse displacement of the beam. This pressui'e P must s'tay at every , plac?d on an elasti!? foundation (Fig. 78). The
point within the maximum resistance, P2 ,.... PI , of the soil. longItudinal beams' are assumed to be infinitely
The deflection curve of the types of beams under consideration will be such ; long!, and the problem is to' determine the de- FIG. 76
that its maxim~m ordinate will occur right at th~ surface of the earth, where, ,flectIOn surface of this infinite strip under a concentrated load Pat' t .
to a certain depth Xo , the pressure P = kxy will necessarily exceed the resistance , A on one of t.he main longitudinal beams. . ' c mg a pomt .
 llEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUND',-"N "--,/ASES OF .LOADING 01\ FIXI'n; UEAMS Hi
86.-...../
The dimensions of the construction are shown in Figure i8. The transvel'~e
bars are assumed to be 1 in. wide. We shall take for these bars E = 5.0 X JUK
Ibs./in.2, and for the· foundation, ko = 241l f,':'
I'
Ibs./in. 3 The first step will be to determIne th(l ':i
~ 1'-IOfJO/!Js.
I deflection of one transverse bar under symmet- "
rically and anti-symmetrically applied concen-
trated forces P = 1000 lbs. The values of the
deflection ordinates were computed by (37a) and
p (39a), and the results are shown in Figure 77.
Since in our structure the main girders are sup-
ported at the ends of the transverse bars, the end
.D.I
I
I
deflections shown in Figure 77 will define a modu-
I
I
I
lus of foundation for the main girders in symmetri-
I
I
I
cal and antisymmetricalloadings.
Let us first consider the situation when the two
main beams are subjected to equal and down-
ward-acting forces P /2 at points A and B (case I).
In this symmetrical case the modulus k for each
FIG. 77 of the main beams will be, from Figure 77a,

1000 Ibs.=
. per mc. h'= 8130 lbs. /.m.2 ,
k'1
0.123 m.
which, if we take E = 1.25 X 10 6 Ibs./i"n.2 for the modulus of elasti~ity of .th\l
main beams, gives .
<trL -e.g.(26.) ,4-/ 8130 . .
.>.,== ~4€i 11 4 X 1.25 X 1Q6 X H20)3 = 0.019~ m.
-1
AI =
In the corresponding antisymmetrical loading, where there is a dowmvard-
acting .force P /2 at .11 and an upward-acting P /2 at 13 (cas,~ II), the deflection
of each main girder can evidently be computed, frum Figure 77b, with
1 1000 lbs. . 3900 lb /. 2
"II = 0 2 6' per m. = s. m.
. 5 lll.

and
,4/ 3900· 00164' -1
AlI = 'V 4 X 1.25 X 106 X 1(20)3 =. m.
Computing the deflection of each of the main beams, first with the kl , Al and then '";. "
with the kii , All values, and superposing cases I and II, we obtain the deflection
surface in Figure 78 as the answer to the original problem. In each case the·
deflection line of the transvel,'se bars will be similar, proportional to the end
ordinates, and in every instance pointll of zerO deflection will
lie on a straight
line paraIlel with the main girders. Superposing caseS I and II, however, we

\',i'
 ,
'"-,,,,'. ...--1
88'-.../ BEAMS ON NLASTlC FOUND'JtTioN \,,-, CASES OF LOADING, ON FINITE BEAMS 89

obtain a three-dimensional solution. In Figure 78 the dotted linea connecting brane analysis gives a radial displacement d .
points of zero deflection illustrate the three-dimensional character of the problem. part ~nd Yh and (Jh values for the head alon;~~: ci:c~Z~~An (J~or,~h~lc~indrical
at this• place a discontinuitv . d'ISPIacement and
• y,c _ yh m " (Jc - e(J sinaIt en have
5. It has been shown in Chapter II, page 30, that a longitudinal el~ment of a ,
Displacements and rotations of the end A of the r d d h S o~e.
cylindrical shell under axially symmetrical loading can be regarded as a beam .)f QA and M A can be determin d cy m er ue to umt values
on elastic foundation, in which event the modulus of the foundation k and the be denoted by yO (Jo d Me !rom (39. a and b) and (4U a and b) and will
characteristic A are spherical head ;~' i/::d yy~ , (J(J:it respebctlvely . Corresponding values for the
h , h, can e computed from e t' (150
'd~u~ IOn
• "h
Et' 1 In Chapter IX. If we are dealing with a flat plate head th 0.-0),
~:n ~~eth::pp~:~~eni;al~es
,_4/
k. = R2 and A = v 3(1 - p.2) vRt'
where R is the middle radius,t the"thickness of the cylinder, E the modulus of , c.ir:~: a:
bedobtained from a?y book concerned with the theory
ta , we can WrIte the'continuity in deflection and the slopealon~ a~~l
elasticity, and p. Poisson's ratiO for -the ma.terial.
, . On this basis many' stress' problems in con- (y~ + y~)QA + (y:' + y~)MA = Yc - Yh,
nection with cylindrical containers and pressure
vessels can be analyzed. In the general Calle, «(J~ +(J~)QA + «(J:' + e:)M A = (Jc - (Jh,
when a cylindrical body, is joined to a flexible from which the unknown QA and MA quantities can be determined T'
se~ up b;y QAand M A are usually called discontinu' . he stresses
prImary lIDportance in the design and strength of con:~rn:!:e::~, and they have
drumhead (Fig. 79), the calculation can be car- "
ried out in the same manner as' for static!l-lly in-
In the general case when we deal w'th fl 'bl pressure vessels.
determinate structures. The container will first , must be carried out a~cording to the -s:hem eXl e container heads, t~e analysis
be pictured as cut up into its two main struc-
tural parts, the cylindrical body and the head, greatly s~mpl~fied,
however, if the construct~o:b~;~he ~~: c~mput~t~9n
will ~e
deformatIOn, m comparison with'that f t h ' d IS so rIgid that ItS,
and it will be assumed that each of these parts In such a case an axial strip of the l~ d .e clYhnd~r, becomes negligibly small.
can freely deform under the action of the load- . cy m rICa portIOn A -B in Fig 79 b
regard ed as a cantilever beam fixed at th dA ' ure, can e
Q ing, which usually is an inside pressure on the tion and loaded b ' . . e en , supported on an elastic founda-
A
container walls. As a result of these 'deforma- according to 'the :a:u~n~~r:.~o~n~ trlalIlgular (hy?raulic) distributed loading,
tions we obtain along A:"A a d~scontinuity in fl' erna pressure m the container I 'th
, case 0 ' oadmg the solution can be readil obt' d f . n el er
FJG.79 displacements and rotations between the neigh- :i ' for cantilever beams in § 22. ,y ame rom the formulas developed
boring ends of the cylindrical body and the head. In order to maintain the con- , i;", . As an e~am~le, let us consider the cylin-
tinuity' of thc material (continuous displacement and slope) in this region, we ! '" drIcal tan~ m Figure 80, with the. dimensions:
shall have to apply shearing forces QA and bending moments M A , uniformly , R.= 360 m.; t = 14 in.;h = 312 in.; material:
distributed along the circle of juncture A-:A. The values of MA and QA can be
02 concrete E = 4.25" X 10 lbs ./.In. 2.,
6
remforced
determined from the two simultaneous continuity requirements mentioned ~ =.. 5; tank filled with )Va'ter, specific grav-
above.* ' It! 'Y = 0.0361 lbs./in.~ Tpe bottom plate
To be able to d,etermine these unknowns, M A and QA , we must know the wIll be assumed to be, perfectly rigid, and
deformation of the cylindrical body and the head due to the internal pressure thus. an element A-B ca~ ~e regarded as a
as well as that due to the unit values of the M A and QA quantities respectively. i, c~ntllever beam subje~ted to a triangular dis- FIG. 80
Stresses and deformations attributable to internal pressur'l can be determined tributed load with,. a, maximum value at A of q0 -- 'Y.
h Weave
h '
for each part separately by simple considerations of statics, which, since the ' 6
bending resistance of the elements is usually neglected in such cases, furnish the k = Et = 4.25 X 10 >< 14 '. 2

so-caned membrane stresses and deformations. Let us assume that this memo
R2 " (360)2 = 458Ibs./m.
* In addition to the loading MA and QA shown, there will also be a distributed axial force' " and
around circle A-A due to the reaction of the head, but the effect oHhis axial force on the ,
displacements due to MA and QA in the cylinder is quite negligible in most engineeriDI
A = {l3(1 - p.2) v~t -,; ;- Vi3 X 0.9375 V36~ X 14 = 0.0182 in.-1
structures, lIS is shown in Chapter VI, p. 138.
 '-.../' ',,-,i!ASES OF LOADING ON FIN!'!'); BEAMS 91 -
90 IlEA:\IS Ol\' ELASTIC FOUl\'OATION
sllch a cummuta~or construction is I'efel'l'ed to as the arch-bound type, Sirwe
Rinee All = 0.0182 X 312 = 5.68 is suffieientlr large, accurate results can be . the o\'erhanging parts A -B of the bars are portions of a cyIind~ical shl1l1, they
obtained by' the simplilied formulas in (5-1 a-d). Pllttirig'l = II. and qo = I'll, can be computed' as beams on an clastic foundation. . In the calculation it is
we haw for the unknO\\'ll i.lI.1 and Q.~ quantities, to be assumed tnat the commutator is built up of two materials, copper and
mica; consequently, the modulus of foundation k == Et/R 2 used when calculating
11 ,I = -~
• 2A3 (AIL - 1) = 14,000 . in: lbs./in., cyIindrieul tubes will' need some modification in this case,
Denoting by Ee and Em the modulus of elasticity of copper and mica, and
QA = 2~2 (2,-h - 1) = 5O'1Ibs.jin. by be and bm the width of the copper ,bars and mica layers I'especti\'el~', we get

The distribution of hending hloment.s and shearing forces along A -B can he

4,-o.500in. b..-fJ.015iR,
('omputrc\ from (54 c and d) respectively. The circumferent.ial hoop force N

i
j,

Jf 1II16s/in.. ~ 16s./in.. ./VMs./In.

FIG, .82
JfO() tnlbs / tn.
j he UI)it eomprcHsion produced b~' a eircumferentiul pressure p betwc(lll till'
s lilli'S a£>'
~

~L 1_ __
il." - 5(f1.M;ju..
p be
-Ee be--- p b",
+ b..- +. -En, be---
<,

+ b;"
.
Ee
P be + Em bm
= - ,-;--;---
Eo be + bm

Hence the compressibilit~: of the composite tube will be the same as thai ,.1 I
homogeneolls tube with an dlastic modulus:
FIG. Sl
, , ,.
1-,'

i
lhs.iin. ('an he ohtnincd from the defkction formula (54a) as N = -.kyR. The
l'e~ult8 of thelle computations are shm.vn in Figure 81. r-t should be noted that , ,r . i
in I'lll('ulating the maximum streHH in the cireumferent.ial di"eetion we must add,
a('("ording to (2i), to the ril'cllmferen!.ial normal st·I'P.!:'S the effect of. circllm- , :i,: \This is thc value of It which wiII have 1Jtl be used in the formula for the modulus k.
frl'l'lltinl hrnding u,· = .\'/t + oJ1M It . . , \U
Ii 'Taking the dimensions be = 0.500 in. and b = 0.025 in. from Figure 82 andnt

1 ,.~s"uming* EtlEm = 3, we have E = 0.912 Eo. The same effect. is cOllHidel'ed

!

(i.Fi~ul'(~ 82 8h()\rs ~("hrmatir:tll~' the ("onstru('tion of It commutator for an , ':,

rll'd rienl mnehinr, Thr ('Ilppcr ('om mutator bars with mica layer:; bet.ween • The use of the actual, nonlinear, stress-strain relation in mica would have only a
negligible· effect in this, calculation,
thrill til'(' hrld togethcr h~' the radial forc(,H which result as the bolts are tightened
lip on thr F ringR ~ho\\'n ill the figurc. BC('ltuse of this mannrr of 1I""'cmbly J: .
:'. ~t:I~ ~ '
 \,--,' t ___ES OF LOADING ON FINITE BEAMS 93
92 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATltrN

when computing the moment of inertia of the A-B beams, by taking for unit; Taking H =,5000 lbs. per inch Circumference, we have P' = 17,300 lb,s./in.,
width since t = 2 in: and t1 = 5 in., we get a = 2.987. Using these values and
a 2c = 16, X = 0.184, Xa = 1.288, we have from the formulas above
be 1 X t t
I = be + bm 12 = 0.952 12' PX
YB = 0.094-;;- and QB = !P(l - 0.826) = 0.087P = 1500Ib./in.
With these values we have
.4j-k- . /'3 X 0.912 l' 1 The bending moment in sections Q cllon'be calculated from (41c) as M = 4310 in.
X= 11 4EeI = 11 0.952 VRt= 1.300 vRt' Ibs./in., which then gives as th,e maximum bending stress produced by the
assembly forces
Taking R = 25 in., t = 2 in., and a = 7 in., we get r - - - a-7m.,,----I
4310 ' 2
X, == 0.184 in.-1and Xa ='1.288: ITo = --t2 = 6790Ibs./in.
0.952
The middle part B-B of the commutator bar can be assumed to be perfectlr 6
rigid, and thus the overhanging parts A -B can be looked upon as cantilever
beams fixed against rotation at the base B. In the stress calculation two The circumferential pressure p - kyR/t
main types of loading will be considered: t.he. assembly forces and the inertia, is maximum at B (and the same over
forces due to rotation. " the rigid ,center portion), 'where its
Denoting by H the assembly force produced by the holts perl-in. run of the value is
circumference, if friction is not considered at the contact area under the V ring, 2
we see that a unit width of the bars will be subjected to a radial compresSive PB = 0.094PXR/t = 3740Ibs./in.
force P = 2H cot {j (Fig. 82). Let us assume that because of this centrally
': At the end A, since from (41a),
applied (orce P the rigid middle part B-B will undergo a uniform radial displace- YB/YA= 3.530, the circumferential pres-
ment YB' This will correspond t.o a uniformly dist.ribut,ed reaction 2c akllB' , sure reduces to PA = 1060 Ibs./in.2
along the Ie.ngth B-B, ",he.re t.he factor ' ' Stresses due to inertia forces can be'
a = ~ + V3(t1 - 0
2
computed by assuming the portion A-B
t 2ct as a cantilever beam on an elastic founda-
tion, fixed at the end B and loaded with a
takes into account the increafle of area along B-B in comparison with the uniform uniformly distributed loading ,
area alon!!: the bemnR A -lJ. The rest of the reaction,
. ::-
'Yt 2
P - 2cakYB = 2Q», q=-wR
g ,
will be transmitted in the form of a shearing force QB to each of the two flexible
beams A-B. The deflection of these beams at points B must equal the value where 'Y is the specific weight of 'the bars,
YB, which condition can be written from (41a) as , g the gravitational acceleration, and w the
", angular velocity of the commutator. FIG. 83
2QB X Cosh2 Xa' + cos2 Xa ' , Taking the speed of rotation !equal to 450 r.p.m., we have w = 47.12 sec.-1
YB = -k- Sinh2Xa + sin 2Xa' ; t:: The~ putting'Y = 0.3~0 Ibs./in. an~ g = 386 in./sec. , we have q = 92.1Ibs./in.
3 2

Substituting here the expression above for QB , we have t.he deflectiol'l; YB as n , : per mch. The bendl.~g momen,t m section B calculated from (52c) wiIi be
,': j){ = 1310 in. lbs./in., and will produce a bending stress
function of the loading P:
XP 1 1310
YB = -;;- 2caX + Sinh 2Xa + sin 2Xa . (c) (Ie :::: --t! = 2060 Ibs.jin. 2
'0.952
Cosh Xa + cos Xa
2 2
6
 ',~.'

94 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION '-' cx-.ris OF LOADING ON FINITE. BEAMS 95

The circumferential pressure, or pressure relief in this case, produc~d at point curye was mcasUl'ed, from whicl1, by a method of graphical differentiation, the
by the centrifugal forces can be calculated from (52a); t.aking p.( = (kR/l)y~ ,bending stresses were derived. Since in Lehr's publication no attempt was
w(> then get
at an analytical .solution of the problem, such a solution will Qe demon.'
. ,'. strated here by using the dimensions from one of- his' examples. In order 'to be
2
YA = 0.719 ~ and PA = 0.719 qR = 830Ibs./in.
t ,
,: : 'able t.o compare the com?utation with the experimental results, we shall emplo~'
'., the kilogram-meter system. ' . '
Adding up the centrifugal and Rf:f:embly streRRes, we obtain. the maximum bend::, i . The dimensions of the experimental setup shown in Figure 85 are: l =' 15
, L 3 • 2
ing stress at B as ., ,'em.; = 2? em.; ko = 30kg.jcrn.;k :=.blco = 60kg./cm.-;E'= 23,000kg.jcm. ;

l= i cm. Hence we have A = -\lk/4EI .= 0.149 cm.:-\ and Xl = 2.235,

(f = (fa + ( f . ' = 6790 + 2060 = 8850Ibs.jin.
2

The circumferential pr~ssure between the bars will be constant p = 3i40 lbs./in.' :i BEAM' H.lRD IWBBot E-.tJ(J()O ,fp.lc",~
a
FOUNbATION 'SOIiTRUBBER. E - Jo/<,?'/cm.
along the rigid center portion B-B. Along beams A-B the centrifugal loading', /. '1- M y/"","
wiII cause a release in p, and V'ie shall have its minimum value at A as
2
p .• = 1060 - 830 = 230 Ibs.jin.
i
~--------~----~----TO~--------~-T6
Tho distribution of bending stresses (f and arching pressures p along the beams' I (
A -B is shown in Figure 83. These curves have been calculated from (41c),":! l
(1)2e) and (410,), (520,), re13pectively. ' " J
i. Let us aRAume that in coal 4
5·1f!!/c",,".
mining a /l:angway is driven into,
a seam of coal which is HIlPpOl't~ -30

. ing a rcc~ layer of limited thick~ -~o

1J('f:R, aR shown in Figure 84."

By driving the gangway the orig~ .... -10

inally uniform AtresH distribution,: .

iR diHturhrd, for in tho coallaycl: .
III
Fw. 8~
close to the gan'gway an increase:
of pn'HHlll"e is produced, and iIi'" !O

t.he rock layer, which can he rpganled as [1 \)('ttm in this caHe, bending"
JO
. ·stresses are set. up.
As a rule, the modulus of elasticity for coal (E.) an(1 for rock species (E,)
, can be definitelyesta blished in an~' particular Hituation which makes feasible,
the stress calculation in the' ('Iaf:tic ian/l:('. Rincc E" is uHuall.\, mueh larger than;' FIG. 85
E c , we can disregard'ill an approximate analYRis the ('ontinuity in the coal laycr< ':
This assumption then rpducPR t.he prohlem to the Rimpi(' ('aHl' of a beam partially. }.L = 2.980. The distributed loading q = 1 kg.jcm. above the side portions
Hupported on an elaRtic founclation of the p = ky type ancl loaded with a ull,i;",l ,AC and BD will cause only\miforhl compression and displacement. The loading
formly diRtributed loading, thc soluti(Jn of which iH /l:i\'cn ill § 2:3 (p. (8). <,', above the free span, on the other hand, wiII produce a bending of the beam. Us-
The same problem has heen investigated experimentally by E. ],('111'.* In., ing the given dimensions, \\"e have from equation (0) on page 68 .
his experiments the upper ht~'el:' of rocks was r'eplaeml h:v a hard mbber bat·.:
.11.( = ill 8 = -5.60 kg./em. and Q.• = -Q8 = 10.0 kg.
laid on various foundatio~of hard and soft ruhber representing t!'le Aublayel' of::;
coal. The bar was loade(l with a ~\llifo!"lnl~' distributed loading and the deflection::: Putting theRe valueR info (39 a-c) and (40 a-c) we obtain the deflection (pres-
... .' . ,.'

.• "Modellversuchc ~n Blllkcnlluf'elasti'scher Unterillge zur Kliirung ocr

: sure) and hending-moment diagru.m8 whieh are shown in Figure 85, in compari-
t,eilung im Hllngen<ien von Avbau5rten," Forschungsh(\ft. 372, Bcilagc zur with the expedmental resuIts. The high local curvatures in the experi-
dem Gebie/e des Ingcnieur1Ve.~ens, AusgJ;tbe B, Bond 6 (Mny-.Jullll, 1035), pp. 22-33. mentul hl'IHling-moment diagram and the presence of bending ordinate;: at th"
! !
 .",.
Ii

96 ,~'
, BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDAf:r6N

free ends C and D seem to show experimental errors. In view of these errors ::
and of the fact that in this case there was a. definite material continuity in the :1:
foundation which our theory, in tum, did not take into account, there is afi'
remarkable agreement between the analytical and experimental results.:!:!,
If the side spans AC and BD are considered infinitely long, which mor<i, CHAPTER V
closely approximates the actual situation in the' mine, the computation takes aJi~
still simpler form, and thEm (56 a..,d) can be used. ;:,1:,
BEAMS OF VARIABLE FLEXURAL RIGIDITY
Ludwig Prandtl * has suggested the theoretical analysis of all experimental ::1:, AND VARIABLE MODULUS OF FOUNDATION
setu~ of this same arrangement to i?ves~igate the f~ilu~e of brittle. ma.teri~ls in"!l 28. Vari'ation in Steps
tenslOn. If we merely reverse the dIrectlOn of the distributed loadmg m Figure,,!;' , .
85, so that it now represents tensile forces, and imagine the A -B span to be an:.:)! 'A beam w.hose ~exural rigidity varies in steps can be regarded as composed
initial crack in the material, we have a situation similar to what may exist in the h: of s~orter pnsmatlC beams, formul!18 for which have been developed in the
inside of a brittle material in tension. The maximum tensile stress will then 'ii' preVIOUS chapters. Thus the problem can be analyzed by the usual method of
occur 'at the A and B end points of the crack and its intensity will be increase<Li J: computing statically indeterminate structur-es. " ,
as the A -B distance increases. Prandtl, reasoning in this way, explains several "il: Ima,gine that the beam,which is subjected to the given loading, is cut through
phenomena (why longer cracks spread more easily, and so on) observed in;~i:l lit ~he pl~ces when:\ there is an abrupt variation in the cross section (Fig. 86). I
experiments with brittle materials. .' ';!!i This c~ttmg produces separate prismatic barB, the deflections of which we can
~etenrune f~om the formulas previously developed. At every point of separa-.",'
• "Ein Gedankenmodell filr den Zerreissvorgang spi'Oder Korper," Zeitachri/' folr:,iil
angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, Band 13 (1933), Heft 2, pp. 1 2 l H 3 3 . ' I'" tlOn there will be, because of the loadin~, a relative displacement and slope dif- ;
ference bet~een the enels of the neighboring bars. Denote these quantities at '
the kth pomt of separation by
"ii the symbols OOk and 80k . ' On the ~- _________ !L ~______ II
) original beam there is continuity k-I - -------------
ii "at that point, and thus no sharp - k 1r4
..i,li "Change, of deflection or slope be- r.' r." ."
<iii :. tween the neighboring sections "",:-' 1;'., >.Z.'
,::: can occur; instead of these dis- X..., :.\k., ~., .\A..,
'iii :placement quantities, moments FIG. 86
> ~ and shearing forces act to bring' '
j .about and maintain the continuity of the bar.
:1 , De~oting t!:ese'"shearing forces Rnd moments acting at the kth point * by ,

J X" Yk a~d X ~, Yk, ac.cording to whether they act on the left or on the right
ii! fnds meetmg at the pomt k, and denoting the deflection and angular displace-
:::: me~t due to unit val~es of each of *ese forces by Of.~-I , B:'~:"I' and so on, in
::1 which the first subscnpt shows where the force is acting and the second shows
,n where the .deflection is produced, we.can write the equations of continuity for
,:;! •the kth pomt as .
; :: ~ ~ . . '

ii~ i.t~IO:~;.k + Y~IOr.:;.k + Xk(O~~ + o:.~'~ +:c:k(O[,~ ~,o[,::,.' ; }

i::j i + Xk+l0k+1.k + Yk+IOk+I.k + OOk = 0,
1;1X:, x" "Y" x' x;, ' (74)
iii,i : A-18k-I•• + Y i-18k-I,k + X,,(8 k •k + 8k''',' ) + Yk(8I.~ + 8r.~')
:':1 '
I,a i + X k+1 Bk+l,k
' x'
+ Yk+1 Bk+l,k
I y'
+ BOA; = o.
i i! j'. ~ These forces dift'eronly in sign: IX.'I-IX."I- Xund IY.'I-IY."I - Y., as Ihown
li'jll Figure 86. .
~ ~ii '
':"\' 97
::;1 : (,
 ''-...,../' ,,--" '-...,../'
REAMS, ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION ;) .:
~ ~~' BEAMS OF· VAlUA.BLE FLEXURAL RIGIDITY 9U

F'orces acting at the k - '201' k 2 points have no effect on the displaeements"l:i,~l 'i , . Sullfltit.uting 'in the· differcnt.ial equation of bending
+ . . . r':, Ii
occurring at point k. For each point where there IS a step III the ClOSS. sec 191~ HI i ,
we can write two equations of continuity of Yle
8a~e sort as those .111. (74), ~[: :;!
2
d y'
EI"'dx2 = -M, (a)
accordingly there will be two unk~own quantities (X and Y) to de~elllllne ~t ,I ,:
e~ch of these points. These equatlOns are of the sam~ type as the "ell-kn~\\ll,.:: thc relation between t.he bending moment ill and t.he distdbuted reaction forces
thl'ee-nlOment equfl.tions. The Rcheme X" of the equatIon. system so o~ta\l1ed . ! , p of the foundation, .;
f t1. . 0 . - ','
u~ :elmOle, k-t.k_.- 'I
:te'
will have a diagonal symmetry, since ak-I,~ ;= Oi·,k-I;
t' _ aY - aY and so on. All these a and 0 quantities due to X-I. 'I
Ok,:t y _k-;.kC:U ;~k-~btained from (39 a and b) arid (40 a and b). Since the:,:!
(b)
:In - equatio~s of. continuity. at the first:U wc uhtain
step from either end of the beam'i]
contain only four unknowns inst~ad .
(c~
of six, ~he possibility is presented of
solving the system of such equa- which, after thc assigned differeritiation hall been carried out, t.akes t.hp furm:
tions by the method of successive
~}1I% d 1!.3 ..!.. d Iz d y ~ 1 = O.
4 3 2 2
approximation. "The same proce-·,.: dy + + +
FIG. 87 (lure can be followed when, instead, dxt Ix dx dx Ix dx? dx 2 Elx y (d)
oi' the cross section, there is 3, stepwise val"i~tion ~n the modulus of the founda-,; : }fonly the modulus of the foundat.ion mries with x and I is consta.nt, theequa-
tion abm"e rl'duces ~o
tionA . . al instance' of the problem discussed above we can c~nsider the. " .• '
. s. a sPheCi . F' . 87 This figure represent8 column footmgs, where, " (i6')
HltuatlOn s own III IgUle . . . l' "d 'ddl rtion
fl 'bl flanges are attached on both sides of an infil1lte y ngl nll . e pu . .
e~1 e I (41) we find by considerations of statics, that t,he deflectlOll . , ' A differential equation of similar ·type can be established for variable I z
USlllg formu a a , ' . , b k b diff .. (b) . .h
uf the middle port,ion will be ' ' ut constant " y erentmtmg tWiCC Wit respec.t to x and substituting
.the result in equntion (a). Thus we get .
PX 1 (is):
yo = T D' dtM k
d:r'" + EI~ M = O. (i6")
where
By comparing (i(j') and (i6"), it.: is seen t.hat, whenever a solution is found fOl'
_ Sinh 2Xa + sin 22Xa + 2Xc • variable k and constant I, one can always find a corresponding casc of variable I
D - Cosh2 Xa + cos Xa and constant k where the same type of solution will apply.
h . f· at poiu"ts a and b can be obtained as Q. = -Qb= , . Rigorous solutions of differential equation!' of the types (76') and (i6")
The II earmg ;ce. g th's value we can compute the elastic line of the flanges, , can generally be derived in the form of po"'er. series; which are sometimes ex-
HP - 2ckY c)'h d av:n If lengtil 2a loaded bv•
as though we a a ,)eam 0
a concentrated force 2Q. at the
. . .
pressible in tel'ms of Bessel functions. Approximate solutions for problems of
this kind can be obtained most conveniently by either the Ra,\'leigh-Ritz'"
middle. analytical method or t.he Vianello-Stodola t graphical method.
,The Rayleigh-Rit.z method consists in ·assuming a set uf functiol1ll euch
29. Continuous rariation "':
term of which satisfies the boundary conditiuns of the problem. Thc unknown
Let us now comll'd el. the case III
. which
.
the flexural.
rigidity of the beani EI~;Ii
. , bl f
f th f d t' n k are both contmuous differentia e unc-. " • Lord Rayleigh, Theory oj Sound .(2d ed.; London, 1929), I, 111, 287; WalLher ltit7.,
and the modulus 0 e oun a lO % "i':(:: lElIl,res (Paris, 1911), p. 265.
tions of the variable x.* . ::1 ': t Luigi Vianello, "Untersuchungen der Knickfestigkeit gerader Staoe," Z~it8chr;lt d~1
Vereins deutscher lngenieure, 42, pt. 2; (1898), 1436; A. Stodola, Steam and Ga, Turbine,
. g d' . th t only I varies as a function o( r . (New York, 1927);'f, 449. See also A. Foppl, VorleslIngen 1the/' lerhniBche Mechanik (9th
• It will be ass~med in the fo1llowm .1:';~:~1~0 c:nsidered to be a variable of x. , ed.; Leipzig, 1922), III, 264.
The procedure remains the same, . lOwever, 1 ,
 ~
, ,
'---" ,---,,'
100 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
BEAMS OF VARIABLE FLEXURAL RIGInll'Y 101
multipliers of the functions can be determined from the requirement that the:j , '
total potential energy of the system have a minimum value in the equilibrium ',r ;;
i equihb
~he"
differenti,al, '.equation ,of bending of the plate can be obtal'n'ed from the
dt f
Position, The procedure is the same as that applied in the case of constant I,d ~':'an element. IlUm ~?n 1 IOns 0 an mfinitesimal el~ment of the ,plate (Fig. 89). Such'
''Ill be acted upon, pel' unit length of its sl'd;;s by b 'd' ,
and k on page 75, where the elastic line was represented in the form of a trigono- "~f I h . f ' " , en mg moments
metric series. J. r. am f!l earIng orces Qr in the radial and bending moments M in the .
cu~ferential dir~cti.on, while unit areas of its upper and lower surfaces will c~;
It is seen from (76') and (76") that the problem of bending Qf a beam on,an subJected ~o.a dlstnbuted loading q and a distributed reaction of the foundation'
elastic foundation can be looked upon as that of finding the deflection curve, , p, respectIvely. Other force components vanish on account of th d'
which is proportional to the distribution of the loading of the beaIJl, the pro- ,symmetry of the loading. ' e assume
portionality factor being in general a, functiop. of x. The Vianello-Stodola. ' A eonl'liCIerat.ion of the equilibrium of the moments in the radl'al plane g' l'ves
method obtains' tbis 'equilibrium position by successive approximations, as" ('
suming first the distribution of the loading and then determining graphically;: dMr + Mr _ M., _ Q = 0
the deflection curve due to it. The deflection line leads to a corrected form of ' ' dr r r r ,
(a)
the corresponding loading, and the procedure, when l'epeated, will converge while the equilibrium of the for~es in the vertical direction requires that
to the true solution, where the deflection curve, multiplied by the proportionality dQ' Q
"i factor k~ in (b), will coincide with the loa-:ling distribution curve on the beam. , + -; +
dr
r
q - p = O. (b)
.; .'
Both of these approximate methods can be used advantageo:Isly in practical" Ii,
rl'
~ 'applications. In the following sections, however, only those problems wlll be ", Denoting by w the downward positive deflection, we can express the chan s
of curv~ture of the element due to bending in the radial and tangent'al d' t' ge
I

,:;- !I
discussed in which a rigorous solution of the differential equation of the elastic
reaper-bvely as I lrec IOns
line has been obtained, and approximate formulas will be mentioned only if they'
constitute special forms of a rigorous solution.
.
'
'Ii
i, and K=
1 dw
30. Linearly Varying Moment of Inertia: the Circular Plate r dr' " (0)
while the corresponding
The most frequently occUl'ring example of a beam with linearly varying bending moments per unit
moment of inertia is a wedge the width of which is a linear function of x (Fig.' length will be '
88). Here, however, on account of the
P, variable width of the beam, we shall have! ill. = - D(K" + P.K.,) and
to deal also with a linearly varying value :: M., = -D(K., + P.K r ), (d)
of k. Thus we shall have
where D = Eh3/12(l .,.... p.2) ,
I = leX and k = kebo:r, ,
is the flexural rigidity of the
\~
zV- ,!------I'----=--~I./#JH_

where boand 10 are the width and the; ! • plate, h is its ,thickness and
1"10. 88 moment of inertia of the beam at unit'! . p is Poisson's ratio for the
i"lG. 89
di.;tance from the origin 0, respectively, and whe~'e ko is the constant modulus: •. plate mat.erial. By means of (c) tile bending moments canbe expressed I}s
of the foundation .. A rigorous treatment of the bending of such a wedge-shaped'; ;.
lleam will require the application of a system of polar coordinates. Thus the .11
problein becomes analogous to that of 8; circular plate supported on an elastic .:1
Mr = ~D(~:~ +~~~), )
dw + d~W)
(e)
foundation and subjected to a loading distributed symmetrically with respec~i M., = '-D(!
to the C611ter 0., Under, such conditions, the circular plate can be regarded as:/.' , r dr p. dr2 •
consisting of wedge-shaped elements, each of which is deformed in the same' " Substituting these formulas in (a), we have for'the shearing force
manner. The only difference between the beam and the plate problems'is that:; i'.,
in the latter the deformation of the cross section is restrained on account of the,l i::. Qr = _ D (ifw +
. diJ
! d2~ _ .!. dW) ,
r, dr2 r2 dr • (f)
. continuity of the material in the circumferential direction; thus opposing m!>:} )"i.
ments would act on the sides of each wedge element. From this point of view'!: i ': The substitution of this expression in (b) gives
d w + ~ d w _ .!. d2w
4 3
the beam problem can be considered as a limiting case of that 'of a bent circular), i;, 1 dw _ q _ P
plate; this will be the approach used In the following discussion.
I • .
;a1 'I:'
,:"l~ ~;'t
drt r diJ -n
r2 dr 2 + 13 dr -
'1'_ :r:
 .~
~. ~BEAMS OF VARI.,\BLE FLEXURAL RIGIDITY' '-'" 103
102 BEAMS ON ~;LASTlC FOUNDATION'
For cal('ulation it is more convenient if the solution is expressed in real functions
where according to OUl' fundamental assumption, p= kow. The distributed of the a.rgument v1', instead of in the form above. This .can be achieved by
loadin~ q can be eliminated from t.his equation by a ?hange iI~ the dep~ndent introducing the following functions: *
: \'adable, and thus the problem of the axially symmetl'lcal bendlllg ~f a C1rcu.lar
plate on an elastic foundation reduces to the sohltion of the differential equatIOn +~ [Jo(vry +i) + JO(Jlry -m, 1
a~w + V'1I) = 0, (7i)
.where a,. denotes the different,ial operator
-~ [Jo(Jlry +i) - Jo(vTV' -i)},
I
2
ar = d i
+!r dr and v = Za(vr) = Zl(vr) +~ [No (vry +i) - No(vry -i)],
dr2

+~
.,/ -lp, we can transform (77) into
'By putting .vl'
Z,(vr) = Z2(Vr) [No (vry +i) + No(vry -i)], J
~ a;w - w = 0,
",he'll the Holution of (77) will take the final form
whibh in turn can be resolved into either of the two following forllls:
(78)
The Z functions have the character of exponential waves; Zl and Z2 increase
or
mpidly ,,'ith increasing argument, while Za and Z, decrease as the argument
ap(aptv - tv) + (apw - w) = O. incrra.,rf' .. If we denote the argument by x, these functions can be written in
Hence it is seen that the solution of (77) can be obtained as the sum of thc the' fOl'm of power series as follows:
solutions for the two following differential equations:
and apw - w. = o. (x)'
1_2 +2_~+
(X)8 (X)12
2!2 4!2 6!2
The fiJ'!lt of these equations is the same as the .known Bessel equation with zero
parameter value; the second can be tr~nsformed into th~ same form by changill~
the v!triable p to if. The solution of the Bessel equatIOn
d2w 1 dw (79)
~w+w=---
dp2 +---+tv=O
is knowll to he- p

w = ihJo(p)
p dp

+A 2 N o(p),

where Jo(p) and No(p) nre Bessel functions of the first kind and se~ond kind (Neu-
munn funetion) respecti\'ely, both of the zero order.
" These Z functions were first introduced by F. Schleicher and tabulated in his book,
In a similar \,'a,)' we luwe the solution of K"eisplatlen aUf elastischel' Untel'lage (Berlin, 1926). A table of these functions is also given
d2w 1 dw at the end of the present work.
aw-w=--+---tv=O
p dp2 p dp The Z functions can likewise be expressed as the real and imaginary parts of Bessel func-
tions of the first kind, J .(xvi), and third kind (Hunkel function), H!l) (xvi), in the
in the forlU following mn·nner:
tv . = AaJo(ip) + A,No(ip). ZI(X) = He J.(x,li); Z.(x) = Re H~I)(xVi);
Thus we obtain the complete solution of. the original equation (77) as the HUJIl Z2(X) = Imi.(xVi'); Z.(x) = ImH!Il(xVi).
of the two solutions above in terms of the original variable r: The functions in these formSi together with their first derivatives are tabulated in E.
10 = A1JO(±v1'Y+i) + A 2N o(±Jlry+i) Jahnke :lnd F. Emde, Tables of F~tnctions (3d ed.; Leipzig, 1938), pp. 246-257.
+ AaJo(±vI'Y-i) + A 4 Nq(±vry:,t).
104~ BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
'-'" \-..-/ .'-'" '-..-/ :
BEAMS OF VARIABLE FLEXURAL RIGIDITY 105
where
lim Z'(x) lim Z'(x)
,,"'0 .,.....
3
dZ1(x) x a
(IX -16 + '\1'2 (cos IT - sin IT)

. dZ2(x) x a
(IX '2 - '\1'2 (cos IT + sin IT)
(81)
111 1 ----
!pen) = 1 + - + - + - +
2 3 4
+-n , aZ,(x) . x' "(x
dX' +;.Iog, 2 + :2 (cos T - sin T)
and log. "( = 0.577216. Between the Z functions and .their derivatives there -
exist the following relations: dZ,(x)
~
+.!
1I"X .+ :2 (cos T+ sin T)
_d2~~X) = Zt(x) _ ~d~x) , , '.

2
d Z,(x) = -Zl(X) 1 dZ2(x)
dz2 - --a;x- x ,
(80) .
2
d Z.(x) = Z.(x) _ ~ .dZ.(x) ,
dzz x dz
2
d Z.(x)
The Z functions have· been tabulated up to the value 6 of the argument x. . For
dX2 x >. 6 the asymptotic formulas for x - 00 can be used in the computation and
.. will give an accuracy of five 01' more decimal places· in the value of the functions.
In what follows we shall use, for derivatives of the Z(x) functions with re- This general solution fora circu-
spect to the variable x, the simplified notations: Z~(x) =;: dZ1(x)/dx, Z~'(x) = plate on an elastic foundation.
rfZ1(x)/dz2, and so on. . be applied now to a few prac-
In limiting cases when x - 0 or x - 00, the Z functions and their derivath'es tical problems. Let us first consider
will approach the following asymptotic values: the case when a plate of infinioo·ex-
tension is subjected to a single con-
lim Z(x) lim Z(x) centrated force * Po acting at the origin 0 (Fig. 90). The four constants of
·s,;"o S,",:"oo
integration in the general solution in (78) can be found from the boundary con-
.•
Zl(X) . +1 +a cos IT· , .ditions of the problem. The consideration that at an infinite distance from the
•. application of the load both wand dw/dr must vanish leads to 0 1 = 0 and O2 = o.
2
The condition that at the origin·~~/dr = 0 can be satisfied only if O. = O. The
t.(x) - ....x -a sin IT
.laSt of the constants 0. can be obtained from the requirement that
'4'
-------- . (81):.
lim '(2rrQ,)
, ... 0
+ Po = O.
Z.(x) +! +pein T'
.2
• The solution for this case is due to H. Hertz, who was the first to analyze plates on
elastic foundation in his paper "Uber das Gleichgewicht schwimmender elastischer Plat-
2 "(x
ten," Wiedemanm Annale.n der Physik und ehemie, v. 22 (1884), 449. Further references
Z.(x) +-log.- -:P cos T
'II' 2· , • and discU88ion of a variety of problems 'Connected with plates .on elasti~foundation can be
~
found in S. Timoshenko'a book, Theory 01 Plates and Shella(New York, 1940).
 ,
, I
lOG "~'
DEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDAWN \.....J '>L/
UEAMS OF VARJAULI'; FI,EXURAI, lUGIDITY 107
Subs/it uting herc frolll equation (f) (p.101) the expression for Q,. allu taking
illt(; lLetOllnt that lim [vrZ~(vr)l = 2/7r, we. have' . !:.(If.the same circular platc of radius
JIJ'-Q I, a is loaded by uniformly distributed
Po . ,: . moments 1110 per unit length aldng
C3 = 4';D' the circumference (Fig. 92), since
t,hc conditions at r =:= 0 will be the
and thl\'; the elastic CLllTe for an infinite plate under a single concentrateu furce f;ame as in the previous case the ex- .
Po tan bp exprE'Rsed lIR pression for w will al~o take the I"ame FIG. 92
form:
. Po
w = 4v2 D Za(vr), ,
(84) ,."
Eh /12(1 ~ /).
3
wherc, l\i'; stated above, v = vko/Dand]) = The deflection but now the two integration constants will be determined so as to satisl\' the
IInder the load \yill be requiremcnts JJ1 = kIo and Q = 0 for l' = a. This will gi\'{', then, . I.1
"

Po
Wo = 8v2 D' ,.
- Z '(
1 va
)Z()
2 va. + --,
I-J.L'2
va
[Zl (va) + Z2'2 (va)J
Substituting this solution for w in equations (e) and (I') (p. 101), we can cal-
culate the values of M,., !vI", and Q,., and hence the stress distribution over the ~2 = ilIo l Z~(va) ____ _
)1' 1 ~ J.L'2
entire plate.
2 va + - - [Zl (va) + Z2-(Va.)J
ko Z(
1 va
)Z'()
2 va -
Z'(
1 va
)Z( r""
Another problclll of interest arises . . va
when a circular platc of radius a is sl,Ib-
jected to uniformly distributed loading . From the three loadings discussed aboye (Figs. 90-92) one ean, by meanR
Po pel' uuit !'Un along the circumfer- of superposition,. derive solutions for any plate of finite diameter.Ioaded with 11
ence (Fig. 91). Here the condition~ concentrated force at the middl~ and subjccted to given boundary conditionR
that at'l" = 0, dw/dl" = 0, and Qr := 0 alon~ the circumference. The pj'ineiple t.o be applied here is the Rame as that
FIG.!ll necessitate that, C3 = C4 = 0 in the' used in deriving finite beams fr()m a beam of infinite length, and in the cal-
general solution stated in (78). Thus· culation the edge loadings Po arid lifo are to be regarded as end-eonditioning
the eqllatiun of thc deflection Cl\l'YC of the plate bccomes forces.
After this treatment of the eircular plate, let us now return to the discul"sion
(83) of the bending of the wedgc-slmped be~m shown in FigUl'e 88. Putting lz = loX
a~d k% =: kol)o.T int.o the differenti:~l equation of flcxurc, equatioll (d) on pag!' 99,
The t \yo remaining integration constants can be determined from the conditions' )1 gh·es '
that at r = a, 111,. = 0, and Q,. = ~ Po b~' using the corre~ponding expre~/;iolls:;l .
from cqllationR (e) and (f) (p. 101). Thlls we get. ::" d ,y +~ d y
4 3
+ bOh:° 1
dx4x dy 3 Elo Y = O.
1 ~ J.t '
Puv
Zl(va) + - - Z2(lIa)
va
~
'11
J
The third derivative of y in this equation can he eliminated by the followilll!;
. k1l ~(va)Z~(va) ~ Z;(va)Z2(va) ~ J.t [Z;2(va.) + Z~2(va)1'
+ 1 va !:! .
.',('
change in the dependent. variable:

Z = yc·lj<2/rldr =y v
• /-
x,
, "which, if the ensuing lower dcrivativcs of y are n~glected, leadr-: to the avproxi-
C'2 :'; i:\ mate different.ial mjllation of the dcfiect.ion line below:

(t z + b!. 1.:0 = 0
d:r.4· EI
!o 0
Z ,
 '-' ',-../
~
108 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
Bl'~AMS OF VARIABLE FLEXURAL RIGIDITY 109
the solution of which (expressed as the original variable y) may be written as
(a)
y = ~x [i%(C I cos AX + C2 sin AX) + e->'%(C3 cos Xx +C4 sin Ax)],

where
(b)
," = I boko
4Efo '
,I}· ::. ity ,ity (d~)4 it y ( e)4
The same expression for the deflection line can be derived if in the general~]i ; dxt =d~4 dx = d~4 ~ ,
solution of the plate problem (see [78]) the asymptotic expressions of the Z fune- ':i and thus (a) takes the form
tions for large values of the argument are substituted from (81). This proves ::!i
that the approximate solution above will be very accurate for large (Xl: > 6) ,j (86)
values; incidentally, such cases are most frequent among the applica,tions of this
theory to foundation plates and similar structures. where
In calculating circular foundation plates for tanks 01' containers the dis- :! k~
placements along the edge of the plate are 'of primary importance. If we take}
a = clEf'
bo = 1 and To = h3/12(1 - /l2), the asymptotic formulas furnish the following" In seeking .the solution of this differential equation let. us first Rubstitute in it
simple expressions for these so-called infiuencefactors due to uniformly distributed y = ~m. This leads to the expression
edge loadings Po and Mo pel' unit length of the circumference of the plate of m(1t/- - l)(m - 2)(m - 3n m - 4
+ a~m+1 = 0,
radius a:
from which we can conclude that there will be four series of the type
Deflection of the edge due to Po Ibs./in.:
y = lliJ~m + alr"H + ... + ak~m+5k + ... , (c)
PoX2Xa-l in which m = 0; 1,2, and 3, respectively, that will satisfy (86); consequently,
wpo = To Xa - f j
the general solution of that differential equation will consist of the sum of t.hese
Rotation of the edge due to Po Ibs./in.: .four series, each one mult.iplie(l by a different integration constant.
By putting the generalfol'm of these series, equation (c), into (86) we get
o __ 2POX2~. the relation bet.ween any t.wo consecutive coefficients ak and ak+! 3.'!
Po - ko Aa - 1 '
a
Deflection of the edge due to Mo in. Ibs./in.: (m + 5k + 5)(m + 5k + 4)(m + 5k + 3)(m + 5k + 2) ak •
; :'
2MoX2 Aa . :' . By means of this recursion formula the four series YI, Y2, Y3, and Y4 which
WMo = - k;- Aa ..., 1 ' comprise the general solution '
Rotation of the edge due to Mo in. Ibs./in.: y = Clill + C2Y2 + CaY3 + (:41/4 (87a)
can be written as . o
~
3
o _ 4M oX 2
Mo - ko Aa - 1 . . a 6 6a 10 " 6·11·a3 lij 6·1l·16·a4 20
YI = 1- 51 ~ + 101 ~ ,- 15! ~ + 201 ~-
31. Linearly Varying Modulus of F o u n d a t i o n ' .
." 2
2a,Jl 2·7·a 11 ·2·7·12·a3 16 2·7·12·17·a 4 .21
Com;ider a beam of constant eros::; section supported on an elastic foundation,' ,;: Y2 =~- 6! I; + lIr ~ - 16! ~ + 21! ~-
the modulm; of which varies according to a linear law k% = kA - ex, where j.
kA Ibs./in. 2 and c Ibs./in. 3 are const~nts and x denotes the distance along' the ~
.t 3a; 3·g·a2 12 3·8·13·a 3 17- 3·g·13·1g·a4 22
Va = 21 - 7f ~ + 12f- J - 171 J + 22! ~
beam from the fixed point A. ;l, '
Using the expression above for k% in the differential equation of bending, we .,;, t
Y4 = 3i -
4a
Sf ~
8 4·9·a 2
+ l3I ~ - .....
13 4·9·14·a4 18
1.81 ~ +
4·9·14·19·a4 23
23! ~.-
have . .~
.::i ~,

i Ii
 I ,
'-J-" ' III
1Ir;.\1\IS OF'VARIADI,E FLl<;XURAL H1GIDITY
110 In;A~ls ON ELASTIC FOUXDA'I'ION

Frolll the pxprp>;:;ion above fot' thc deflection line Olle eun obtain succes~ive, oy The solution of t,hel.'e four simultane- p p
different.ial ion the ungulaI' drflretion 0, brnding moment, JI, and shearing fo!'ce ' ous equationR for thC' C's gi\'C's
o at an~' point of tilr I;ram tl>; followl<: '
Cl = +0.0345 :1 (~~y
(870-d)
C2 -0.0609 :1 (~J '
(k )3 .
J

P i
C = - 0.1 G19 jn .-;; ,
3

lIence it iH :;cen that the integral ion ('onstunt>; in thc gcncral solution r()prcsent + 1.2113 .~ (~)a
EI c .O(S
DEl"LECTfON LJNE
the end e(Jndition~ Un, On, ill 0, and 011 of thr bram :it the point where ~ = 0, 11-0 .EI(-cj
..E./.l£tfJ .Q20

that i!-', Henec for the detlect.ion line of the v

,O/!$
'I bl'am we ha\'e the t'xprrf:gion I

-dY] = C, = ~~, 0",

U= :1 (~y (0.0345 - 0.0609 ~ -
[ d~ H . c 0.0810 ~2 + 0.2019 ~a - 0.2:148 ~. 2

(88 a-d) + 0.1264 ~6 + 0.0720 ~7 - 0.0898~8

[d2~],
d~- !=o
= Ca = _(~)2 ill" ,
c. EI
. + 0.0319 ~lO _ 0.0119 ~11
_ 0.0045 ~'2 + 0.0039 ~J3 _ 0:0007 ~J5
PRE:MVRE D{S17U.lJI/7'EON

P
-k ,]':,p ;:&{f
", EIP:7 5
_ 0.002 ~J6 + ... ).
[c!.J!.] '. = C. = (~:.!):I ~CI k,;f
d~a ,..u,
•
C /<'1
The deflection line calculated by this FIG. !l3
As It numerical l'xamplc of the solution dcveloped above let us consider the formula is shown in Figure 93, together
problem shown in Figure 93, where the constant.s of the beam ure assumed to with the corresponding pressure distribution in the foundation, p = k,y.
3
be: I = 144 in.'; E = 2.5 X 10 6 Ibs./in. 2 ; k.< = 700 Ibs./in.2; c = 5Ibs./in. ; It has be'en shown in § 29, by way of eomparing (76') and (76"), that when-
l = 120 in.; ex = k~/c4BI = 74fi.98. 'rhe four integration' com;tants will be ever a general solution of a problt'1ll involving constant I and variable k, is known,
defined br thc end conditions it will also give the solution ,of a cOl'l'esponding case or' constant k and variable
l:. , which I z , howeycr, will be iIl\'ersely proportional to the Kz of the first case.
[Mlz-o = 0, [JiJr-1 = 0, Hence we know that the solut.ion discussed above for constant I and lineady
varying kz can be ust'c\ where k is constant and Iz = (l/x)Io varies inversely
[Q]z-o = -P, (hyperbolically) with :1'.
These pnd condition>; Cl):JI be written '0,\' means of (88 u··d) a~ follows: The differential equation for t.he bending moment M will now have the same
forni, according to (76"), as: had the differential equation of the deflection ~ine
-45.88 Ct - 41.52 C2 - 14.08 C3 - 2.H6 C4 = 0, , in the previous problem; it will·be
= 0, d'M k
, -124.49 Cl ....:8.89 C2 + 342.02 C3 + 48.98 (:4
, d~ + Elo xilf = 0, ' (d)

+234.02 C, - 66.18 C2 - 57.95 C3 - 18.60 C4 = ~ EI P(kf )3 and its solution can be written readily in the form found rOt· ri in (87a).
In foundation wor~s beams are frequently haunched at points of concen-

-7.023 C, - 0.723 C2 - 0.039 C3 + 0.998 C. P(k . )3

+-
EI -c
trated loadings, in which ev~nt the distribution of the flexural rigidity along the
beam can be dosely approximated by the assumption of a hyperbolic variation
112
'~~

BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

',---, ·'-.iJ~AMS OF': VARIABLE FLEXURAL RIGIDITY 113

in I. In considering such a finite of the beam the deflection and, conse- ,

beam with a concentrated force at· ' quently, the pressure in the foundation
the middle (Fig'. 94) the calculation vanish. This end condition of y = 0 at
will be made more convenient if we x = 0, in addition to the [Ml-o and
introduce a new variable, [Ql ..-u requirements of a free end, is sat-
isfied only b~: that series, equation (a),
I: = 2x of the general solution which belongs to
~ l'
the root m = +1. '
FIG. 95
94
taking at the same time I .. =
FIG.
, Hence the solution of the problem,
(l/~)Iu, where 10 denotes the moment of inertia of the beam at,the place ~ = I, after a convenient change in the independent variable x = ~l, will be given
that is, at the ends. In tm'ms of this new variable, equatiou (d) will become by the series '
d4 11f y = ~ + ai'r + a,,~3 + '" + ak~k+l + ... ,
d~4 + IX~l\11 = 0, (89)
which, when substituted in the differential equation leads to the recursion
where formula'
" IX
kl'
IX = 16E/~' ak+1 = -:- (k + l)(k + 2)2 (k + 3) a", , (b)
, where
The solution of this differential equation can be writt,en at once, using the lOame kl
scheme as in (87a). Expressions for Q, y, and (J Cli.n be obtained by successive a = Elo '
differentiation of the general solution for M. The series will rapidly converge
in every case, since the new variable is always less than, or equal to, unity. By means of this formula the solution can be written as
' 2
y=au~_,a /:2+ a 3
32. Beam of Linearly Varying Depth ( .(1.2~.3) ~(1.22.3)(2. 32 .4) ~
If the depth of the beam is a linear function of x, its flexural rigidity will
vary proportionally to the third power of x, I" = IQX3, and thus the differential .
_ ~ 4)
+ ....
(1.2 2 .3)(2.32 .4)(3.42 .5) ~ (c)
equation of the deflection line, according to epuation (d) on page 99, will
be, if the modulus of foundation is constant, ' This .s?luti~n will ha;e to sati~fy, by a proper choice of IX and au ; two more end
condItIOns Illvolved III the problem, namely, the conditions that at the center
2 d3 y
4 2
ad y 'd y k of the beam the angular deflection (J = 0 and the shearing force Q == - P /2.
x dzt + 6x dx3 + 6x dx2 + Elo y = O. (90)
Th e cond't'
1 IOn
tha t at ~ = 1, 0 = dx
dy = ld~
dy = 0 requires that
A substitution of y = xm in this equation gives
2 l
m2 (m2 1)xm - 1 + ~o xm, = 0, o 1 IX a a
_ = .- 6,+ 12·24 - 12.72.60 + ... , ,
Which suggests that the differential equation can be satisfied with power series which gives the value of a =', kl/Elo = 7 or 10 = kl/7E. Since according to
of the form ou~ assumption, !o .= bhl /12ZS! where h is the height of the beam' at the center
(FIg. 95) and b IS Its constant width, the effective length of the beam will be
(a)
reac~ed only if the height h is chosen in such a manner as to satisfy the follov.ing
where m is any of the four roots of the equation m2(m - 1) = O.
2 , relatIOn: •
The discussion below applies not to the general solution, but to the solution :h = l :/f2k( (d)
of the particular problem illustrated in Figure 95, where the beam can be re.- 'V 7Eb'
garded as an idealized form of a column footing. The major problem in such a * This condition was .established by Adolf Francke "Einiges Uber ~undamente.'!
structure is to find its effective length, that is, the limiting case when at the enQ.A· . .schtoeizeriBche Bauzeitung,.35 (1900). 145. '
 '-..../' '---'" \,--", "-'--BEAMS OF V AllIABLE FLEXURAL RIGIDITY 115
114 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

Putting = 7 into (c), we can determine the last constant ao from the condition t.he origin of the x coordinates as, shown in Figure o
0: I
!)7, we can express the linear law of variation of t.he
d 3y ' d2y] P I wall thickness as t = ax, 0: being a numerical fac-
[Qh-l = Elo [ d~3 + 3 de ~_l = -"2' l tOI'. Accordingly, the effective moment of inertia of
a longitudinal element of unit width will be I =
which gives
1.6P
a3x3 /[12(1 - Jl2)J. The modulus of foundation for'
~uch a, longitudinal element is, from (25), k = Eax/ R2,
......
TI
- .M
8
, (e)
ao =kr' and the hydraulic loading per unit length of this i
clement is q = - 'Y(x - xo), where 'Y is the specific i
By substituting these an and a values in (c) we have the final form of the deflec- Ii I

tion line weight of the liquid in the eontainer. ii

Putting these exprc~Rior)R into the differential
1.6 P ( 7 2 7
2
, 3 7
3
4 equation for bending,' i
Y = kl ~ - 12 ~ + 12·72 ~ - 12·72·240 ~ ~:<,.."';{ - !'I-"
f---2R.---- ~
+ 7
4
~6 _ ) (90) FIG. 97
12·72·240·600 "',
we have, by $uitable arrangements of the terms,
in which case the maximum pressure at the center C will be
d2 ( 3 d 2y ) 12(1 - Jl2) 12(1 - j.L~)
0.75 P (f)
dx 2 X dx 2 + o:2R2 xy =- Ea3, 'Y (x - xo). (a)
pmn" = kyo = - l - '
I t is seen that a particular integral of this differential equation will be
,{,hese formulas can be applied also
whell the central part of the beam is R2'Y x - Xo
Yl = - Eo: - x - · (b)
rigid and not deformable (Fig. 96). De-
noting by Ql that part of the P loading ThiH particular integral represents the deformation which takes place when the
which is transmitted in the form of a eylindrical walJ is not restraiD-ed at the baBe and is free to expand because of the
shearing force to one of the side portions ltet,ion of the internal hydraulic loading. The deformation will result at the end
Aa or bB, we can write from (f) that 11, where x = Xo + h, ill a radial displacement
, 0.75·2Q, R2'Y h
= l . (c)
FIG. 96 pmnx
- Eo: (xo + it)
Since equilibrium requires that 2Q, + pmnx' C = P, we have und in, Itn angulal' deflection

2Q, = -_P_- (d)

C
1 + 0.75 [,
As a reBult of this deformation the end conditions at the base (YA 0 and
Knowing Ql , we can calculate the deflection line by using the solution obtained OA = 0, for instance, if the base is rigidly fixed) are not fulfilled. In order. to
..above in (90). ~ati!:'fy the end conditions '\'e must apply around the base circle distributed
forces and moments. This part of the solution, implying bending defOl:mations,
33. Cylindrical Tank with Linearly r arying Wall Thickness can he o~)tained from the h01n0geneous form of (a), that is, from

~~~2(X3~~) + 12(!2_R/
2
Let us assume a cylindrical container with linearly increasing wall thickness
toward the base and subjr.cted ,t.o an internal hydraulic pressure:* Choosing
) Y = o. (e)

• This problem was first investigat.ed by H. Reissner, "Ober die Spa.llnullgsverteilung It- ("an he shown by differentiation t.hat
in zylindrischen Behliltcrwiinden,""8eton und Eisen, 7 (1908),150. '
See ,.)so W. Fliiggc, SIa.lik lIni:L ()ynalttik dcl' Schalcn (Berlin, 1934), and S. Timoshenko,
op. cit. (see p. 105).
. ~ :;2 (X3 ~J) = ~ ~~ {X2 :'r [~~~r (X2 ~~)]},
 i~
V B~MS OF VARIABLE FLF.XURAL RIGIDITY 117
i,
which makes it possible to resolve (e) into two conjugate equations of the second ,general solution of (91) can be written in the final form
1":
order:
I 1 , , , .,
y", = Vx {C1Z1W + C2 Z 2W + C3 Z 3W + C4Z4(~)1, (92a)
j 1 d ( 2 dY):.!: ),2 _ 0 (91)
I xdxXdx ~Y-,
I where the prime denotes differ~ntiation with respect to the argument ~.
i
I where By successive differentiations one can derive from the equation above the
I i expressions for the angular deflection (Jr, bending moment M z , and shearing
i force Qz :

Taking the first equation in (91), the one with the plus sign, and carrying out
8. = ~~ = 2X~X {Clr~Z2W - 2Z~Wl - C2[~ZlW + 2Z~W)
the assigned differentiation, we have + C3[~Z4W - 2Z~WJ - C4[~Z3W + 2Z~WJ}, (92b)
d2 y dy 2 2
d y Eci, .:. .
X dx 2 + 2 dx + ~A y = o. , Mz = EI dX2 = 48(1 _ p.2)
2'
V X {Cl[~ Z2W - 4~Z2 W + 8Z Wl
,
1
I

Now putting y = 'I//Vx and ~ = 2XVx and using the notation ~vi = W.J we - C2[~2 Z~W - 4~ZlW - 8Z;Wl,
find that the equation above becomes + C [f z~W
3 - 4~Z4W + 8Z~W],
2
2 d '1/
W dw 2 + d'l/
W dw + (2
w - 1
)
'17 = 0, - C4[~2 z~W - 4~Z3W - 8Z~Wl}, (92c)
:: d y 3
EO/X2 _ ,
which is a Bessel equation with a parameter value of unity; its solution is known , Qz = EI d 3
X = -- 2,1(1 _ p.2) VX I Cl[~ZlW + 2Z2(~)1
~~ .
+ C2r~Z2W - 2z~ml + C3[~Z3W + 2z~Wl
ij + C4[~Z4W - 2Z~WJ}. (92d)
where J l and Nl are Bessel functions of the first and second kind respectively, ],' The hoop forces N arc also kno~m from the radial deflection y, since, according
both of the first order. to equation (a) on page 31,
The second equation in (91), the one with the minus sign, can be transformed ;1
in the same manner, yielding the solution EO/x
i\
N=/TY' (92e)

'., while the bendii1g moment in the circumferential direction is obtained from
Consequently, the general solution of (91), as the sum of these two solutionR' . equation (c) on page 31 as
can be written as (921')
Equations (92 a-f) represent the complete solution for the problem of the
axially symmetrical bending o~' a cylindrical tube with linearly varying wall
il thickness. The four integration constants occurring in these equations can be
By the use of the known relations / determined from the four end conditions, which, two at each end, are knmvn in
and N1(w) = dNo(w)
-a;;;-
J' advance in every problem.
Applying (92 a-f) to the problem in Figure 97 we find that here the condi-
:, tions for a fixed base at A and °a free end at B require that, for
this solution can be expressed by means of Bessel functions of the zero order.
reducing thus to a form similar to that encountered in the circular plate problem B at x = Xu, and Qx = o.
in § 30. By the same method employed there, that is, by introducing Schlei- and for
cher's Z functions (equation [g), p. 103) of the real argument ~ = 2XVx, the A at x =. :1."0 + h, Yx = -YA and 8x = -(J,4 ,
 BEAMS .ON ELASTIC FOU~!'IOJ:Ii\-./ ',--, \--.,/
m;AMS OF VARIABU; FLEXURAL lUGIDITY lin
where Y.4 and {J.{ denote the expressions given by equations (c) and (d) on page ~i

115. ;k where
Since the functions Zl , Z2 , and their derivatives increase with increasing
"allies of the argument, while Zu , Z4 , and their derivatives decrease at the same'
t
l\t c =
R2"{
Ea
. h t'
-\IXo +- 'i~ [e- ~V2
- _1
v 2~Jt-2~V..o+ij.
time, the constants C1 and C2 will be determined mainly by the conditions exist- ' 1[:
ing at the lower end of the cylinder, while Ca and C4 will be determined largely
\',: SubHtituting thesc yahle8 of the int('grat.ion constants in (92 c-d) and put.t.inp;
by those at the upper end. The tables at the end of the present work give the ;!: numerical ya.llles in for the dimensions, we .get the bending moment M A and UI('
values of the Z functions and their first derivatives up to the value of the argu- i shearing force Q,\ acling pCI' IInit. length of t.he circumference at the hasp. of thr.
ment ~ = G. If ~ > G, then the asymptotic formulas of the Z functions (see ::' tank: . ' .
pp. 104-105) can be used in the calculation.
Consider, for example, a cylindrical tank with these dimensions: R =f' 360 in.; M.4 = 13,8(jO in. Ibs./in. and QA = 527 Ibs./in.
II = 312in.;t.{ = 14 in. (wall thickness at the base); tB = 3!in. (wall thickness
at. the top). The material is reinforced concrete E = 4.25 X 10 Ibs./in.2.
6 . If we compaTe t.hese resul.t.s with t.ho8e obt.ained for the same container hut with
/J. = 0.25, and the tank is filled with water, specific gravity"{ = 0:0361 Ibs./in.
3
constant.t = 14 in. wall thickness (M A = 14,000 in.lbs./in. and QA = 564Ibs./in.,
I L iH seen that the dimensions of the tank are the same as those in the example .p. 90), it is seen that t.he tapering of t.he wall had no appreciable effect on the
011 page· S9, except that, whereas there the wall thickness was constant, t = . magnitude of the maximum stresses around the base of the tank;. thus the 1I1;e
14 ill., here t.he wall tapers off from that value at the hase to 3! ill. at the. upper of this structural feat.llre pro yes to be t.l'lIly ecqnomical. .
end. .
'I'll(' dimensioll!; assumed above give 34. Conical Shell .
Problems involving axiall~' H~'mmetrical deformation of conical sheIlI': can
Xo = -~ =. lO4 in., a= !'! = 0.0336, also be reduced, in a way andlogouH t.o that used for c~'linclrical shellR, to our
t .• - til xo
. fundamental problem of bending of a bf'am on an el:ultie foundation. The 'mIl .
and of the conical shell will be regarded as consisting of a large numher of longi-
tudinal t.apered beams support.ed on t.ransverse e1ast.ic rings ,whose diamet.er
A= increases in proportion to the distance from t.he apex of the cone. This pictll1'e,
though represent.ing cloRely the actual conditioriR in the /:Ihell, omits one of the
Since even for the upper end ~o = 2;\'y'xo = lO.72 > 6, it is permissible to take $t.ress components, namely, that due t.o the circumferential bending of the
Z. = Z4 = 0 and use for the rest of the calculation the asymptot.ic expressions hoop rings. On account of the lateral cont.raction of t.he longitudinal elements,
for Z, Itlld Z2. ThllR t.he conditions t.o be R!ttislied at the base of the t.nnk can bending moment.s will he set up in t.he t.nmH\'('I'Re rinp;R, and sHch moment.l<, '
be wl'it.tell ItS because of t.he t.apering, will have components in the principal plane of t.he .
longitudinal beams. These components, howeyer, which are taken into ac-
COllnt in the rigorous t.heo)'y for thin' shells, * have significance onlv in extremeh'
flat shells, which eould be "'ell calculated as circular plates. \Vit.h such e~­
cept.ions t.he rest. of the shells can h(' conn'nif'nt.I~· anaJ~'z('rl hy t.he pl'esf'nt
approximate method. The degree of aCCUl'acy and the range of applicability
of this met.hod will be discussfd lat.pr on in this section.
. i(x'01 + ,-;-)'3 {~t~v2'~~ [. C1 (
2v ' v .. "
-~ sin (_ ~2- - ~) -
V
2 cos (_ ~2
V
+ i)) .' : Let liS ~onsider a eon (cal shell with ('onst.ant wn.1l thickness 0 ~mall in PI'O-
portion to the ot.her dimensions of the shell (Fig. 9S). The modulus of t.he
'
. , .~ ))]} R' 2 .\ :: foundation furnished by the h60p rings, per unit Icngth of circumfererice of thc
~ 11") . ("
C2 ( ~ cos ( -:/~ - 8 - 2 sin _ 12 +1
'8 1 " " {
= Ea (x +
Xo
_0 z-
. ·1.. d' , 2'
h)!·J :i;·~mgs, IS,. accor mg to (~5), ~o = E~/R ,.",here R = x sm a ~.nd where t = o/eos a
•

V 2 v t -~v o+h 0 ..;1 .\ I:~ t,he thIckness of the nngs In the dIrectIOn norma.l to the aXIs of the cone. Hence
"'II f .
Solving these equations for C1 and C2 , we have ::I I.'
:i! l' * The most comprehensive study of the exact solution for conical snells has
been pub-
C1 = -·0.862C and C2 = -0.95SC, 111 !Iished ~y F. Dub?is, Ober die Festigk~it del' Kegelschale (Dissertation, ZUrich, 1(17). SeC'
::1 i, also Flugge, op. CI·t. (see p. nfl, and Tlmoshenko, op. cit. (see p. 105).
!I~ ~
j:, I,
;~ 1;
 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDX'rION \~ \----- '"'-"
.J
DF;AMS OF VAlUABLE FLEXURAL RIGIDl'!" J2J
the modulus per unit length of the longitudinal beams will be k ~ bko , where
gi\'ill~
b = boX is the width of the beams increasing linearly with the dIstance from
the apex. Thus we have
or
boE8
k=boxko = . 2 .
x sm a cos a Hence we have F = ±(i/Vp)y, which, WhCll substituted in (b) .rields
At the same time, the flexural rigid-' 2
d32'y :±
x (IX ',2
y = 0,
ity of one beam will be tr. (e)
,:~!l
11
EI = b xE 3 ,
o 0 . where
12 cos3 a .
':1 . . ,4/12
the effect of Poisson l s ratio of the. ,: A= 1102 tan2 a'
material being omitted on account l!li"Thus, as a result of the transformations above, the original differential equation
of the n~ture of the approximation ,ii;' of the fourth order (a) is resoh'ed in.totwo·simultaneous conjugate equations
mentioned above., . :'; of the second oreler, By putting 5' = ~vi, where ~ = 2AVx, as suggested b~'
Putting these values of Ii, and '. E. l\1eissner,* we can again change these resulting equations to a form
EI into the differential equation
FIG. 98
of bending
(d)
2y
:f
dx
(EI d ) + ky = 0,
2 dx 2 the solution of which is known to be expressible in terms of Bessel funMions.t
, , Equation (d) with the last term posith'ehas the solution
\\,p ('un write the result in the 'form

x 2
0
• 2 d ( X d
sm a - 2 - - - -2
2 2
y) __'y
- . (a)
~ 12 dx cos a dx where J 1(5') and N 1(r) denote Bessel functions of the fil'st and second kind
Putting respectiYely, both being of the first order. Equation (d) with the last term
'negatiYe yields the solution
(b)

we have .Consequently, the general solution of the original differential equation can he
2 obtained as the sum of these two equations. Since .
x d F
- - p -2
cos a dx
= -v,
and dNo(r)
- df--
where
II . 2
the solution can also be expressed in terms of Bessel functions of the zero ordcr.
p = 12sm a. This makes it possible to introduce the Z functions of Schleicher (see equation,
[gJ on p. ]03), which will then give the result in terms of the real Yal'iahte ~ =
Assuming now that F = wy, we find that these equations become 2AVX as
x d2 y
= wy
cos a dx 2
* "Beanspruchung und Formiinderung zylindrischer Gefiisse mit linear veriinderlicher
and Wandsliirke," Vierteljahl'sschrift de/' naiUlfol'schendc Gesellschaft in Zurich, 62 (1917), 153.
X d2 y r:r "See also F. l{ann,"Kegeifiirmige Behiiltcrboden," Forscherarbeiten auf dem Gebiete de"
- - pw - . =
cos a dx-
-v, "j , Eisenb~lons, Heft 29 (Berlin, 1921) ...
iii.
•1
1 E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables qf Fllllctions (3d od.; Leipzig, 1938), p.146 .
·,1
"j!1
 \~' ''-L../
lIl<;AMS O~' VARIABl,b: FLEXURAl, RIGIDI'l'\" 12a
BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDA'l'ION
122
displaeements and rotations along the ed es 0 ' "
Here y. is the displacement normal to the generator of the conej x is the distance not. complY with the boundary requ' gt' f the shell"which, 111 general, will
from the apex; and the derivatives of the functionsZ are to be understood as ' • Iremen s Imposed by the t f 1
em, In order to satisfy the boundar i
Imoments ' , • na ure 0 t Ie prob-
being with respect to the argument~, Successive derivatives of the elastic and f, 'II h ,} conditIOns, umformlv distributed
'0 olCes WI ave to be applied at th b d' • '
line y. with respect to x give general formulas for the angular deflection 8., an axialh' symmetrical bending def t' .. e oun anes, thus producinl1,'
bending moment M., , and shearing force Q. , the last two being referred to a :' orma IOn of the shell Th' d
tl Ie soI utlOn, that is, the bending analysis is I ,. IS secon part of
unit length of the respective hoop circles, Differentiation of the Z functions to haw the compI t . t' " . t Ie one chscussed abo\'e, In ordel'
., e epIC ure, expl'es~
can be carried out according to the correlations stated in (80). Thus we have
810ns \\'lll now be derived for the mem-'
brane forces caused by' distributed
sUl'face loadings on the shell.
1 ; Let us denote by N", the circilm-
ferentiaJ membrane forces and b,' l' -
(93 b-d) th~ radial membrane forces actin~ p:;',
umt length of the respeetive elements
of the shell, and assume that the SUI'-'
face of the 1;hell is loaded with normal
'i fOl:ces Z and tangential forces )( pel'
The hoop force N wiII be proportional to the deflection y., , and, according to '
% umt area, distributed uniformly with
equation (a), page 31, its value per unit length of the generator will be "I I
,i
resp('ct.
99), to the axis of the cone . (Fig. FiG. 99
Eo (93e)': . 'Gnder such conditions the' static
N., = - t - - y•.
x an ex equilibrium will require that along an,'.' hoop cI'I'cle at n dil'itance x fi'om ·111'.
apex we IJ:1\:e •
In addition to this there will be another normal force, T. , acting in thedirectioll ,:
of the genel'l1,tor, which can' be ohtained as a component of the shearing force Q%: .' d .
(93f)
dx ('I'm X cos ex) -;J:(X cos ex +
Z sin ex),
1'. = Qx tan ex,
which gi \'('8
Equations (H3 a-f) !!:ive the complete solution for the stress system produced:
in a thin-walled conical Rhell by equilibrating forcc::; or moments uniformly
distributed arollllfl an~' hoop circle of the shell. 'On account of the approxima- . J
'1'", = - x-c-k-~ (X cos ex +
Z sin ex)x dx. (94)
tiOlls involved in the derivation t.hese formulas yield accurate results only if the The hoop force N", can be derived from the e uilib" ,....
argument ~ = 2>-'vx > G, Thus the Z functions in the equo.tions can be re- perpendicu.1ar to the surface, which gives di~ectlyllUm conditIOn III a dll'ectIOI1
placed hy their asymptotic expressions from pages 104-105, The four constants •.
of inteF;l'!l.tioll in t.he !!:eneml Rolution are to be determined from the conditions N m = -Z:l' tan ex,
" .' (95)
existing at the edges of the COile, t.wo conditions at iJ:1ch edge always being defined
\\Ith i\ m and '1'," known over til f, I II
ill any partieular problem, When the cone is closed at the vertex we have : ; is completely defined, e eHue S 16 , the membraue stress condition
C = C = 0, and the two remo.ining constants can be found from the conditions
a 4 A~ an example, let \IS consider a
prcfwribed o.lollg the base cirele. .' conical Rhell of uniform wall thicknes~
.H the conical shell is subjected to symmetrically distributed surface loading,
o = 2 in" bo.se-cirrle radius Ro = 30
the complete solution can be resolved into a membrane and a bending analysis
. in., .und full.ungle of opening 20: = 120 0
in the manner exemplified by cylindrical shells. First we assume that the shell ,
; subjected to a normal pressul'e p = 1
acts as a membrane, without any bending resistance, 'in which case the stresses:
·lb./in.2 unifol'ml~' distl'ibuted ovel' its 2R-filJin
due to distribut.ed surface forces can be calculated purely from considerations:'
,surface (Fig. 100). The shell is all- FlO. 100
of static cquilibrium. As a result of this membrane analysis we shall have:i
 "J!!
\',j
,-,/ \ _ _/ ' li( ..--.../
124 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION ";~ "--"
BEAMS, OF VARIABLE FLEXURAL RIGIDITY 125
, ~
sumed to IlIlye supports which pl'e\'ent horizontal displacements along the hase }i' where
circle, but which introduce no rest.raint in rot.atio,n around t.he edge. The':, 810 ' 1 , _
material of the shell is reinforced concrete, for which \\'e assume a Poisson's ratio ;i':,r; I'. C _~
= -E'cos aV Xo
e-h/ ";2 •
Y211'1:~o,
value of IJ. = t. , , j '
The shell will be considered first as a membrane, when the forces T m and N .. :'" "Substituting these vallles toget.1~er 'with C8 = C4 = 0 in (93 a-f) ,. h . th fi '1
results f th b d" , "e a,e e na
due to normal loading Z = p Ibs.jin. 2 can be obtained from (94) and (95): )1 'ment ;; e, en mg analysIs. This gives, for instance, for the bending mo-
and hoop force N%, the follo'Ying expressions:
% ,
Tn! = -!p.t: tan a; N m = -p.t: tan a.·'li
The maximum values of thes~
membrane forces occur at x Xo = 34.64 in., j M% = 81Oc5~>.2
12Xocosa'JI \~)
• 1F~)ii e- Ch- n/ v'2 '[07'64' .
/T[;\
. , ' . sm
(-L 11')
Y2+§
when', beMuse p = 1 Ib.jin. 2 " we have .Ii
+ 0.645 cos (J2 + ~)J,
',f>
:r
T .. = -30.00Ibs./in. and N n. = - 60.00 lbs./in. ,:::

1/(~O)3 ( ~
:;~
=
• 0.764 cos v2 +~
N% 81015 -(Eo-')/.,;2' [ )
This force system will be accompanied by the following horizontal displacement!!' - Xo sin a ~ e '
1/" along the base of t.he shell: 'd.
810.
- Em. :} " . - 0.64.5 sin ( J2' + i)J.
:l: SUh?Shtltutmg numerical values in these formulas, we obtain the following values
Since the supports of the shell do not permit horizontal displacements along the" ,w IC are also plotted in Figure 101 for Mz and N%: ' ,
base circle, the bending forces will have to produce a horizontal displacemeni,;:
x in.: . 34.64 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00
(yz cos a]z_zo = 810/E, Yz denoting the normal deflection of the shell due to 500'
bending, from (93a). ' In addition to this we shall have another condition,
namel~'"that lilfzjz-zo = 0, which expresses the fact that the rotation of the
';%l~·lbs./in.:
z s./in.:
0 10.72 10.79
54.00 27.73 6.00
5.79
-4.59
0.97
-5.64
-1.09
-2.14
-0:71;
0.63.
edge of the shell is not restrained.
Br means of (93 a and c) these two boundary conditions can be written as <
~
II
,'J

.~
:.)

\
II

, \
If
and

'\
~
+
I.
where ,
0
12 ........ - ~;
I-
~o = 2>.Y;; and X = 02 tan2 ex·
Z

J f.G-I in.. J(J .tS Zfj

Substituting her,e the asymptotic expressions of Z; and Z; for large values of .l!
IS
x
16 5 6

the argument from page 105, we ha'.'e

60
------ I,:
"

50 .... , .... . I'

C1 cos

.
(
~p
V2 + 11')
,
§, -
.
C2 8m
(~o
y2 + 11')
8
810 1
_/
E cos av Xo
. / - -!o/v'i
V 27r~oe ,
;'0 \ '-
........... ~ ...
Aj..f-)
'"

Cl sm (~o
y2 + 11')
8 + C2 cos (~o
y2 + 811') = O.
,20

16 +
K "
'"
"" "
, The f;ohl'tion of these simultaneolls equations gives
Ct = -O.764C and C2 = -0.645C,·
'! 6 \..
~
- " ''1. .
:

FIG. 101
12<l BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDA'rION

TI fi· 1 value of the hoop force N will be obtained as the algebraic ~um 0r;he
Ie ~a . above and the previously derived membrane orce "' .
It is seen N%
quantity thatgiven 1 base CIlC
along tie '. Ie the
. hoop force almost
. "anishes, except for a

small· value due to the later~l contracti~n o\th=b~~:~:~' also been analyzed by CHAPTER VI
For the sake of compallson, the exa~p e . I shells * The result of this STRAIGHT ,BARS UNDER 'SIMULTANEOUS
ns of the existing exact theory fOJ' t lin c.omca . ,
ea cu Ia t'IOn gave for M and N. the followmg values:
mela % , AXIAL AND'· TRANSVERSE LOADING
. 34.G4 30.00 25 .00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00;
x m.: I /. 0 10.86 10.84 5.79 1.01, -0.98 -0.63; ,35. Bars under Axial.Tension
'f.in.l)s.m.:
l ' 51520' 040
" • Ibs./in.:
N% 54.00 27.95 6.. 52 -3.94 - . - . "1: ••
, A bar on an elastic foundation will now be assumed to be subjected not only
d h imate values is so small that. . to the vertical loading, but also to a pair of equilibrating hol'izontal tensile forces
The difference between the exact an t.. e appro?, F' 101 At the apex of . N acting in the center of gravity of ' .
. th ale of the tiJagrams m 19ure .
it cannot be shown III esc . '. : 'I f M and N on account "t,he end cross sections of the bar. IJ !II:
t h e cone (x -- 0) both methods give mfimte vaI ues . or % •

of the' asymptotic formulas used in the ealcu ahon. If we cut out of this bar an in-
. finitely small' unloaded element
.,See the references given on page 119. bounded by two verticals a distance N
dx apart (Fig. 102a), the equilibrium ~-j-I."II
. of moments leads to the equation
(M + dM) -11'[ + N dy -
, Q.dx = 0 !I
FIG. 102
or

dl1'[ + N dy _ Q. = o.
(a)
dx dx
",i' Here by Q. we denote the vertical shearing force, as shown in the figure. The
'!i' normal shear Qnacting in the plane of the section normal to the deflection line
;::,';i can b~ obtained. (see Fig.' 102b) as,

Q" = Q. cos 0 - N sin 0,

:,i
Ii
r
and from this, making t.he llsual assumption that since 0 is generally small,
:,l! CUI; 0' = 1 and sin O· = tan 0 = dy/dx, we get
'l , "

:'11
dy dM
:':1 ' Qn = Q, - N - = - . (b)
:{ ,, dx dx
I,
In the following del:ivations we shall use mostly Q. , but, if need be, we can ret.ul'll
",[I . I'
;\I-fl:;m t.his t·o Q" h? using (b), where we can also take dy/dx = 6. (
. :ii
2 2
Putting M = -EI(d y/dx ) into (a), then differentiating with respect to !
::i 1, and making the substitution dQ./dx = ky, "'e obtain thE' differential equation
,::1 of the dastic line fO!' O\ll' pl'Ohlem as

(96)
 ,,_/ ~
'-"
128 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION RARS UNDER AXIA~ AND 'l'RANSVERSE LOADING
129
Sub:::tituting y = emZ, we have the characteristic equation y
P "A,2 -az(
= 2k a{3 e ' {3 cos {3x
+ .)
a SID {3x ,
EIm4 - Nm 2
+k = 0,
. (J PI_ax.

the full\' ro()b~ of which .can be written in the following condensed form:
= - 4EI a{3 e sm /3x,
(98 a-d)
M = P 1 -a;( .)
7/ll.2.3.4 ~ ± 12~I ± i V;1. - (2~IY. (c)
::1 a{3 e f3 cos {3x - a sm (3x ,

1 -art
Thus thr grneral solution of '(96) is obtained as
/)
~,. = -
P
J cxf3 e 2a{3 COS {3x +
( 2 2.
a - (j ) Sl~ {3XJ. J
(d) Under the actiOJ~ of a clockwise moment lifo at 0 (Fig. 104) the deflection line
and its deri\'llti\"es for x > 0 will be
In order to take further steps in the solution we must know whether the ex-
pre8sion under the smaller square root in (c) is p~sitiv~, zero,. or nega,tive. Ac- 11Io 1 -ar. .
rordinp; to this \\"e shall distinguish three cases, WhICh wlll be dlsc1l3sedseparately Y = 4El a{3 C S1n {3x,
helo\\".
Mo
(J =;= - 1 -arc .)
CASE I. N < 2v'kEI. 4EI a{3 e f3 cos {3x . -
- - a sm (.Ix
f.J ,

(99 a-d)
In most. of the practica.1 problems the force N has a value in the region coven'd M = .Jlo 1 -ax[2 .'( 2 • 2 •

In- this case. .

T a/3 ea{3 COS {3x - a - (3 ) sm{jxj,
• The expression nnder the smaller square root in (c) will now be positi:ve.
amI the four In roots will form two pairs of conjugate complex numbers,' whIch Q .
.• =
Mo "A,2 (f3
-"2 a{3 coS {3J.:
+ .)
a sm {3x .
can he put as mJ .2.3.4 = ± (a ± i(3), where
FJ'Om these expressions formulas can be derivedby integration for any distrib-

a = 1R4~I +4~I ='/V A2

+ 4~i' 1. utCdloading on an infinitely 'long beam.
It is seen from (98 a-d) arid (99 a-d) that,' although an axial force N h

p -/ v.iI -~ ~ V" - 4~r 1 present, t.he deflection line and its derh'atiYes remain proportional. to the tmns
,'crl:l(J loading P and Mo. The
, principle' of superposit.ion will
. thus be applicable with regard
With thiH notation the general solution·, equation (d), will take the form
: to t.ransyerse loading; conse-
y = (Clc ax + C2c- ax ) cos {3:c + (C3ear + C c- ax ) sin {3x.
4 (e) 'quently, by superposing end-' FIG. 10..1
conditioning forces on ,the in-
Applying t.he equation above first to infinitely lon~ bars, we can again con- finitely long beam; solutions for finite lengths can be del'ived in the same
e1udl', from the trivial assumption that if. x ~ 00, then y ~ 0, and 111 -+ O. manner as was ,done when no axial force was present (see Chapters II-III).
that C l and C3 must equal zero. : The only difference now will be that in the present case two types of shcar-
p The two remaining constants can . ing forces are distinguished, Qn and Q., and this distinction will have to be
N be determined' in any partif'ular carried through when we are making stat.ements concerning end conditions
case of loading from the conditions ! involving shear.
of eq~iIibrjum and from the The conditions for free ends, for instance, will now be
FIG. i03 symmetry of the elastic line. In
this way we obtain for an infinitely M = 0 Ilnd Q. = dM
dx
+ N dx
dy = o.
.
long bar loaded at 0 with a concentrated force P (Fig. 103) the following ex·
pJ'('s8ions for the dght side of the beam (x > 0):

"
I,
 ...•';,

'-.,./ ''----'''---../'
BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDA'l'ION
BAI1S- UNDEIt AXIAL AND 'l'RANSVI';nS}; LOADING 131
130
, By t.he method of s,uperpcr-;ition explicit formulas can be derived also for
ThUl; a free end will be produced at any point of an infinite beam l,>y~pplying
beams of finite lengths. Thir-; has heen eal'l'ied out for a few element.ary loadings .
such end-conditioning forces as will cancel at that point the bending mtiment M ' and the'res.ults are given below. -. ,
find the vertical shear Q•. ' It is to be noted' that, though Q. will vanish,
normal shear of the value Q" =",:
p -N(dy/da:) = -N·8 will re- ~l.: Free-end Beam with Equal Concentrated End Loads (Fig. 107)
main at the' free ends.
Applying in this manner the
FIG. 105
principle of superposition, we
obtain' for a semi-infinite bar
f'ubjected to a concentrated end force P (Fig. 105) t.he following expressions:

y= _P 2X2 e-a%[2ot{3 cos {3x + (a 2

- '"(.j2)' (.j 1
em I"X , J) 1 '
13k 3012 - (32 ,
Y = 2X2BI DJ [2a.B(Cosh aX cos {3x' + cos (3x Cosh ~x')
P 1 1- e-ar(R' . "'x
R + a sm
. ",x
R) ,
1
8 = '--
EI 3012 - {32 {3
'" cos
, I + (012 - (l2) (Sinh ax sin (lx.' + sin (3x Sinh ax'»), (102)

P 2x2 -ar' t (100 a-e) where,D l (3(3a2 - (l2) Sinh Oil + a(3{32 _ 2) sin Pl.
0(
I
M = {3 3012_-: {32 e sm {3x, .\ i
:1
(3~ -
'b . .Free-End. Beam with Equal Concentrated End Moments (Fig. 108)
_!?
"

Q. = e [(3012 _ '(i){3 COB {3x -

2
0( )01 sin 13xl' ii
{3 3012 - {32 ' I
Qn = Q. - N ·8. J
::f'"
In ..a similar way, when a COil' i'\I
centrated clockwise moment Mo !:i
:x: N FlO. 108
is acting at'the end of the beam 'f
o (Fig("'106) we shall have '. ,:,~
----~----

FIG. 106
,.._/' "I

j t~
y = E;
M 1
Dl [a(Qosh ax ..sin {3x' + Cosh a;t:' sin '(Jx)
e- ar ,
/
.1 - (l(Sinh aX cos {3i + Sinh' ax' cos (3x»), (103)
y = _Mo 1 , •
_ _ _ _ - - ({3 cos {3x - a sm (3x),
EI 3012 - {32 {3

8 = 11-10 1 ! e-ar [2ot{3 cos f;Jx - (01\- (32) sin {3x], : c~' Free-E.ld Beam with Concentrated Load at One End (Fig. 10.9)
EI 3012 - {32 {3

,
M = Mo

Q..
.

= Mo
3012
1

1
-
! e-aZ [(3a2 - (32){3 coS' {3x - (01
3012 - {32 {3

! e-ar [_4(a
{32 {3
2
- (32)a{3 cos {3;t
2
- 3(32)a sin {3x], l
r
II ~
"----:--_,~-AA¥,~:
N
A x ..- - - x -..--~
-----../
J" N

+ (34) sin (3x), I

'"

+ (014 _ 6a2{32 FlO. 109

Q. = Q" + N·8. J
where F, Dl and D2 ate as shown on ,next· page. (104)
132\- BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUND.\"r:r6N ,--,' t~ ~~ UNDE~ .AXIAL AND' TRANSVERSE 'LOADING -......./. 133
P = {,8(3,,? - ,82) Sinh al[2a,8 cos {Jx Cosh ax' + (a 2 - ,82)' sin ,8x Sinh ax! I g',lHingcd-End Beam under Uniformly Distributed Loading (Fig. 113)
- a(3,8~ - (
2
) sin ,8l[2a,8 Cosh ax cos ,8x' + (a 2
..:.. ,a2) Sinh ax sin ,8x'] J,
N~U~
·b~~8.
Dl is as before and D2 = ,8(3(l - ,82) Sinh al - a(3{i - ( 2) sin ,8l.

d. Free-End Beam with Concentrated Moment at One End (Fig. 110)

FIG. 113

N
y = ! {I . 2af3(Cosh !Z +cos fjl) [2a{j(Cosh ax cos ,8x' + coS fjx Cosh ax')
+ (a2 - ,82)(Sinh aX sin ,8x' + sin fjx Sinh aXI)1}. (108)
FIG. no
h"i. Fixed-End Beam under Uniformly Distributed Loading (Fig. 114) .
,

Y = ~; D~D2 [,8(3a - ,82) Sinh al (a' Cosh ax' sin f3x

2
- ,8 Sinh ax' cos ,8x)

+ a(3,8t - ( 2) sin {3l(,8 Sinh aX cos fjx' - a Cosh aX sin ,8x')1, (105)
where Dl and D2 are as above.
FIG. 114
e. Hinged-End Beam u:ith Equal Concentrated End Moments (Fig. 111)
y =~[1- fj Sinh al ~ a sin fjZ (a Cosh ax sin fjx' + fj Sinh ax cos fjx'

~
- ~ml.v-m--.-_~_--~.-·N + a sin.Sx Cosh ?X' .+ f3 cos f3x Sinh ax') J (109)
A xMF::t!,MVWP/WC_ B
~--------l--------~ i t The notations in all the formulas above are the same as those introduced'
FIG. 111 !i preyiously, namely,

Mo 1 Sinh ax' sin f3x + Sinh aX sin ,8x' = 1/-1....,.,4=~=-I+-.-4~,.-,I" ./,/ k N .YT
y = EI 2af3 Cosh al + cos' f3l (lOG) . a
,8 = 11 11
4EI - 4EI' A = 11 4EI

J. Hinged-End Beam with Concentrated Moment at One End (Fig. 112) where k = bko , ko being the r6.odulus of the foundation and b the width 01 the
.beam; EI is the flexural rigidity of the beam, and N is the axial tensile force .
. In each of the loading cases above expressions for slope, bending moment, or
shearing force can be obtained by differentiating the equation of the deflectio.n.
line with respect to the variable x.

i~ . CASE II. N = 2ykEI

FIG.112. ;\f' Thus far the discussion has been limited to Case I, where it was assumed
"t . that N < 2VkEi. The solutions obtained there can also be appiied, after
lifo 1 rCosh al Sinh ax' sin fix - cos f3l Sinh ax sin {jx'·
(107) .. ~ ; r some transformations which will be discussed below, in the two other cases,. that
~. = EI 2a~ J Cosh2 al - cos2 pl i~ is, when N is equal t.o or larger than 2v.kEI.
"I
:;[1
:!~
 i.; ;.~' .'

DEA~S ON ELASTIC FOUNDA~N ,-,' \ - / BA __ ,UNDER AXIAL. AND TRANSVERSE LOADING 135
: :(1
Case II can be represented as a limit of Case I by putting N = 2y'kEj into 36. Bars under Axial Compression
:;1:' the expressions for a and fJ in (97), by which we get . . The differential equation of bending for the problem when the axial fOI'ce
i

a -t V2~I = a and fJ -t. 0,

is compression can be obtained simply by changing the sign of the axial force N
in' (96), by which we thus get
d4 \ d2
By substitution of these values for a and fJ in any of the formulas previously EI J + N ~2 + ky = O. (115)
derived they can be directly transformed for use in the present case. By such dx4 dx "

a substitution the equation of the deflection line of an infinitely long bar loaded The general solution of this equation can be written in the same form as, in
by a concentrat.ed force P, for instance, can be obtained from (98a) as equation (d) on page 128, but we must distinguish agai~ t?ree cas~s accordmg
to the three different types of roots of the charactenstlC equatlOn. These
y = .::c ae-a'"(l + ax), (110)
cu.>;:cs will be discussed separately below.
and, similarly, if the same bar is subjected to a concentrated clockwise moment . CASE 1. N < 2ykEI
Mo , the equation of the elastic line for x' > 0 can be obtained from (99a) as
'Vith the same expressions for a and fJ as those introduced in (97) and used
, (111) . in all the formulas in § 35, t~at is,

It is seen that because of the stretching effect of the axial tensile force N these. ,,' . a=vv~+~=1},,2+~,
elastic lines exhibit no more negative ordinates.' '

CASE III. N > 2YkEI

From equation (c), on page 128, it follows that in this case we shall Jut\'(, . 'Ii'
fJ ='V 'V/k
•/ •
4ID -
N -
4EI
•
1'''
/'2 - ~
4EI'
the general s~lutio~ of the differential equation (115) for the present case can
real m roots of the charaqteristic equation. It C!l,n be shown that any fOl'lllulu; "I .

derived in Case I can be directly transformed into .Case III by putting instead of.·, he written as
fJ the term ifJ, il;l which y = (C1e.8 % +
02e-Ii%) cos aX +(C~%+c-Ii%)'
36 4e sm ax. (a)

- .V'4EI
{3 = N flr /N-
4EI
= -
4EI
_},,2
.
(112) It is seen that this solution for axial compressive force differs from the one for
axial t.ension, equation (e) on page 128, only in that the f~ctors a an~ (3 have
This subst.itution will lead to the' transformations changed places. By this rule we can obtain formulas for aXial co~presslon from )"1
those derived in the previous section for axial tension.
cos ifJ;t = Cosh fJl:, Cosh ifJx cos fJx Thus we have for an infinitely long bar loaded with a concentrated force P
and at 0 and subjected to an axial compressive force N the expression for the de-
flection line:
sin HJx = i Sinh fJx, Sinh ifJx = i sin fJx.
P _~%
The term a 'will remain as given by (97). In this manner we get from (98a) .
y = -
},,2
-'-
2k a:{3
e (a Cos.aX + {3 sm aX
' . ) .
, (116)
Cor an infinitely long bar loaded at point 0 with a concentrated force P the dc~
flection linc (x > 0): . and when a positive moment Mo is applied at 0, the deflection line will take
P },,2 -az(- _ ._ the form
y = 2k afJ e {3 Cosh (3x + a Smh fJx), (113) Mo e-~% . .
(117)
y = 4EI ~ S111 aX.
and for the case when a concentrated clockwise moment Mo is acting at 0 we
get, from (99a), for x > 0 the expression In the same manner, all the formulas given by equations. (lO,Oa)-(109) can
be applied to cases of 'axial compression by simply interchangmg 111 thoHe equa-
Mo 1 -a,"S' h-
y = 4EI afJ e m fJx. (114) tions the symbols a and fJ. (
 l3C ~.../
)
.-..../
',-,,' ll,h-/UNDER AXIAL AND TRANSVERSE LOAD1N'G 137'
CASE II. N = 2y'kEI
of the har and adding this work to thc potential energy of the whole syste:n
If we take an infinitely long' bar subjected to a transverse force P and an (equations [c] and [d] on p. 70). When the loaded bar assumes its deflected
axial compressive force N belonging to Case II because of its magnitude, the, pm:;ition the distance between: the erids .1 and B will change h~' t.he amount
equation of the deflection line can be obtained by interchanging first a and (3'
in ,(98a), which will give (116), and then putting 1 rl, •
fll = 2 10 y"dx, (a)

a ~ ,a = 12~I and fJ -) 0 and consequenUy the forces N applied at thc ends will gain a pot.ential energy
of the value
This transformation gives
y = C cos ax, (b)
where C is fouLd to be an undetermined coefficient ofinfinite magnitude.' From Once the loaded ham has found its state of cquilibrhllu, a small change, da",
this result and from the fact that the deflection line is represented now by' a from this state will leave unaltered the total energy of t.he s~'st.em, which con.
periodic curve, we can conclude that the limit ,sists of the sum of the potential energy of the loads and t.he strain energ~' of
N = 2 ,VkEI deformation. This property has been used in the derivations in § 24, but now,
, ,
in addition to the previous terms (equation [e] on p. 70), "'e must consider alRo
represents that critical value of N under which elastic buckling of the infinitely, ' the change (aV3/Ban) dan in t~e potential energy of the axial loading N. "
long bar may occur. Hence at this point we arrived at problems involving .On the basis of an axial tensile 'force N this addit.ional term has been com- '
elastic stability, which subject is reserved for the next chapter, where it will be ' puted for the main types of loadings discussed in the preceding paragraphs;
discussed in detail. the final formulas are given below.
CASE III. N > 2y'kBI "A. BAR. WITH FRF~E ENDS SUlJJECl'ED '1'0 A PAIR OF SY~IME'l'nrCALLY
Deflection line 'formulas for values of the axial compl~essive force N belonging ,I'LACED P FORCES
to this case can be obtained from (102)-(109) first by interchanging there a and
fJ, getting thus Case I for compression, and then transforming C~e I into Case The ,~elll'mi equation for any a term is not repi'esented now by (58), but
III by putting instead of {3 the term ifJ, in which, as in (112), takes the fOrllt
. n1l'c
2P ( Sill -:-l - -
j) =
( 4 ,lEI
an n - - + ",' N lk) - --:;
n -- + -
2 1I'
2
-ilk I " '
- L -,1~ ai .
fJ = 'V .!!.-
• / 4EI - >.,2
. \ non: 2P. 2Z 2 n 11", (-1.3.5 ....

"
Having obtained in this manner deflection line formulas for bars of finite length
we find that for each bar there is a limiting value of the axial compressive force:
,

J By this formula any number c;>f a terms can be computed; substituting them (118)

upon the application of which a deflection of the bar can occur without the !) ,(59), we obtain an expre::s:on for the deflection line.
action of any transverse loading. Such critical values of N for bars of finite
, length will be determined in Chapter VII, which' deals with prpblems of ela::;tic II.' BAR WITH HINGED ENDS
stability. a. Concentrated P Load at Distance c from Lrjl Support
37. Expressions in Terms of Trigonometric Series . n1l'c . nlT:c
3"' Sill -Z--z- Sill
It has been shown in Chapter IV (§§ 24-26) that the deflection line of beams
~nder transverse loading can I:e readily obtained in the form of tdgonometl'ic
y = 2PZ n-fu.... n411'4EI + n211'2l2N + kl4 • (119)

series in a 'large variety of loadings and end conditions.' The same method can b. Uniformly Distributed q Loading o~cr the Whole A~an
also be applied in the present case when, in addition to transverse loadinll;, the
. n1l'x
bar is subjected to an axial force N. The effect of this axial force can be taken, - , 4 '" I SIn-:-l (120)
into account by calculating the work done by this force under the deformation 5~EI
L .. · n..
y = 4ql "-1.3.5: 3~l"N
+n · + TIlT kl• 4 '
 '~ "-- ~"--" \.1 . J '
:trn"RS UNDER AXIAL AND TRANSVERSE LOADING
,-,.,)

·138 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNl)ATION 13,9

C. BAR WI'l;H FIXED ENDS .where q denotes the internal pre,ssure Ibs./in. 2 and R is the radius of the cylinder.
Substituting this value of N in (97) and putting there >..2 = .y3(1 - ,.,.2)(1/Rt),
a. T7VO Symmetrically Placed Concentrated P Lo~s at Distances c from Left and according to (26), we get for the analysis of the cylindrical part
Right Supports RespectweZy .
= ,yV3(1 - + 3Rq
00 (1 - cos ~C)(l - cos 2nt) . ex
. Rt
,.,.2)
: 2Et3'
n-l~....
3
y = 4PZ n41611"4 EI + 4n211"2Z2N + 3kZ4 With these ex and (3 values we can proceed to compute the deformation of the
cylindrical"part,due to end forces X'and moments Y, using the formulas previ-
b. Uniformly Distributed q Loading over the lVhliZe Span' ously derived in this section. When substituting numerical values for q, R, and
t of such magnitude a~ is at present applied in engineering practice, we find that '
00 (1 ~ cos ~) the second term on the right side of the expressions for ex and f3 is very small in
y = 2qZ4 n-l~•.•• n416~ EI +4n211" l2N + 3kZ4 .
2 comparison with the first one, which makes the effect, of the .axial force.N.on
hending stres,ses negligible ... With increaBing Rand q and decreasing t; how~
In formulas (118)-(122), N has been assumed to.be a tensile force; if it is, ,ever, the second term gains importance. Thus it seems likely that in the future
. we must reverse its sign in
compressive . . these expreSSiOns. ". . these dimensions may obtain. such values that the analysis here outlined~vill be
necessary, especially since the tendency of this axial tensile force N is to stiffen
38. Examples . the. adjoining parts against deformation and thus increase the disco~tinuity
1 : When computing stresses in a pressure vessel the first step l~tO sepa~~~ '~tresses.

the head and the cylindrical part and consider each part a m~~ rane W .IC ~.
expands on account of the internal pressure,. but ?las11anVoereaSI~;:~:n:g:~~~e
. . . Tb mbrane expansiOn WI. l , l'nt:>tion. Taking these restraining distributed moments at every point propol'-
~:;~~~~ ~;f~~::t~:~ts, a~~ :~sequently a disconti~uity in diSpltaCem~ntst ~~ll
. mble the head and the cylmdel' we mus app y a e "1 .or an infinitesimal element of the bar, we have
result. In order to reasXse d ts Y which will cancel the difference in
d' oinin edges forces an momen ,
ad' J i g ts (and slopes) but will produce at the same time, by ben mg, . e
d' th
ISP ace men , so-called discontinuity stresses (diS-
cussed in § 27, page 88), Since a
meridional strip of the cylinder (see
N
§ 11, p. 30), as well all of the head
N
(see § 49, p. 163), can be reg~rded as
a bar on an elasti,c foundatIOn, the
problem can be analyz~d on t~is basis.
Inspecting the situatIOn (Fig. 115)
more closely, hov.·ever, ·we find that'for
both parts a constant axial force
the axial reslIltantof the pressure on
FIG. 115 . the surface of the head, is present.
On the basiB of the pre:viously derived formulas the effect of this axial force can
be ~::nai~:~;~~~~::i element <;If unit width of the cylinder the value of the
axial force will be
2. Consider a· bar supported by an elastic foundation against vertieai dis-
placements and, in addition, having its cross sections elasti,cally restrained against
. tIl(' slope of the deflection line at that point, Me= C(dy/dx), from the
dM
dx
+
cdy - Q. = 0,
dx
i\~'hich gives for the differential equation of the elastic line
, d 4y d 2y
EI dx 4 - C dx 2 ky = O. +
,Comparing this equation with (96) we find that the problem above results in the
same deflection curve as wHen the bar is subjected to an axial tensile force
N = C, which has ~he dimep.sion of ·the distr~buted moment Me (in. lbs./in. =
Ibs.). ..:
Problems of this type are found in building or ship construction when a
longitudinal girder supported on closely spaced transverse beams may be
computed as a bar on elastic foundation. Since there is usually a connection
between the longitudinal girder and the transverse beams, the torsional re-
: sistance of the transverse beams will oppose the rotation of the corresponding
; cross section in the longitudinal girder exactly in the manner assumed in the
; present discussion.* .
* The frictional resist.ance o~ the foundation can be considered in a similar manner.
Such an attempt has been made by A. Francke, "Beitrag zur Berechnung des Eisenbahn-
Oberbaucs," Zeitschrift des Architekten- und IngeniclIr-Verein %u Hannover (1894), p. 467.
See also HaYlIllhi, op. cit; (sec p.'5), p. 31.
 ~
140 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

3. The differential equation of vibration of a r~i1 regai'ded as a baron an·

elastic foundation can be obtained by adding to the statical equation the inertia
forces, which will be of the magnitude (qjg)(d2 y/dt2 ), the term q denoting the
weight of the rail per uriit length and 9 representing the acceleration of
gravity.'" Thus we have
CHAPTER VII
(a) ,
ELASTIC STABI~ITY OF STRAIGHT BARS
We can also write
General Considerations
(b)' ,
If a straight bar is subjected to purely ,axial compressive forces of increasing
If we consider a concentrated load P moving with a constant velocity v along" .' magnitude, at a certain critical value of the compression a sudden lateral de-
the rail, we have " ',flection (buckling) of the bar will take place. The purpose of the present
chapter is to ,discuss the conditions of buckling for straight bars supported on an
-dx
dt
= v COll.'3t.
'
and (c)' elastic fOl,1ndation and subjected to various types of restraints at the ends. It
"will be assumed thati'the elastic foundation surrounds the bar completely, so
Putting these values in (b) and then substit.uting the result in (a), we obtain that whenever the bar deflects laterally a correspohdingdeformation in the foun~
• 2 d2 .... dation will necessarily be produced,
+
EI dd."C"
-.J!. q~ +
-.J!. Iicy = 0 ,
9 dx2 (d) . '~I The. critical :value, of the axial compressive force can be obtained directly
, , from the deflectIOn formulas presented in the previous chapter, where the bar
which is the differential equation of the deflection line of a rail under the assumed wa~ assumed to be acted upon by simultaneous axial and transverse forces.
P force, moving with a constant velocity v. Comparing (d) with (115), we find . The numerator of those deflection formulas was always found to be proportional
that the dynamical effect of the moving P force is equivalent to an axial com- to the transverse loading on the bar (P, Mo or q), whereas the denominator con-
pressive force sisted of terms which were functions of the axial force N only. It is evident that
qv2 the deflection of the bar may also have a finite vaiue if, while the numerator '
N=-. (e) approaches zero (that is, approaches the condition when no transverse load is
9 ,
acting), the denominator approaches zero too., By setting the den~minator
Investigations show, howeveF, that with 't.he v values used at present this dynam- thus equal to zero it ~ ields an equation which defines that critical value of the
ical effect on the deflection of t.he rail is very small.t compressive force Ncr, under whose sole action, without any transverse loading
lateral deflection or buckling of the bar may occur. This method 'Will be used iI~'
* The mass of the vibrating foundation is here neglected. , the follQwingsections to determine the buckling load of bars with various end
t This problem has been investigated by S. Timoshenko, "Method of Analysia of Stat- . conditions and axial load alone. Its application will be shown first for beams,of
ical and Dynamical Stresses in Rail," Proceedmgs of the Second International Congress fO,r, infinite length.
Applied Mechanics (:aiirich, 1926), pp. 407-418. . . "
The case when the rail is under the action of a P force having eonstant velocity, but a The equation of the deflection line of an infinitely long bar subjected to an
harmonically varying magnitude (due to the counterweight on the driving wheel), has ' ,axiaicompressive force Nand atransverse torce P was obtained in (116) as
been discussed by B. Kelsey Hovey, Beitrag zur nynamik ,';s geraden E.isenbahngleises . 2 -'
.
(Dissertation, Gottingen, 1933). See also J. Dorr, "Der lillelldliche, federnd gebettete
Balken unter dem EinflusB einer gleichformig bewegten Last,h Ingenieur·A.rchiv, 14,
Y = 2kP a{3
A ';'(J%(
e a cos ax + (3 BIll ax),
•

(1943), 167-192.

a=.I.IT+N
11 11 4EI ,4EI'
According to the method described above, the buckling load Ncr will be defined
here by the condition that a{3 = 0, which, after the values above for a and B
141
 ~' ',,--,' .~ ~
B~~AMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDA1'IO;l; ELASTIC STABILITY OF STRAIGHT BARS

Illl\'e ueel! substituted, gives out in the same direction (Fig. 116a), whereas D2 will give the criterion for
antisymmetrical buckling (Fig. 116b). 1'he two criteria Dl = 0 and D2 = 0
11. / 4EI
k -
(N~~-):i
4El = O. will yield two values for Ncr in every case, that is, for each given ratio of the
modulus of the foundation ind the flexural rigidity and length of the bal'. It
Hence It bar of unlimited length loaded axially will have the b~ckling load is evident t4at of these two:values the smaller one will actually be the critieal
load, and this will determine, also, the nature of the corresponding buckling
N<I' = 2VkEi. (123)
deformation (symmetrical or antisymmetrical), as well as the number of waves
The deflection line of a semi-infinite Lar subjected to an axial ten>!ile force N in the buckling formation.
and a concentrated force P at its cnd \Va>! outained in (100a). This equation Putting D 1 ,2 = 0 in (a), we have
can be transformed into one in which thc axial force i~ compresHion simply hy 2
intcrehanging thc termH a and {1, getting
sin (Xl. = =F a (3{l - a ) (b)
Sinh {3l {3 (3a 2 - fJ2) •
2
2>..
y = -P ...-.•-------" e-P"12a{1 cos ax + ({1 2 - a 2 )sm
' aX J. Substituting here. the expressions for a and {3 and introducing the new variables
ak 3{1- - a-,
Tlw critical \'uluc of the axial thrust will tllll!; he defined by the condition and • /kl 4 (c)
_Y = 11 El'
2
31i - a = O.
in which N. denotes the Euler load fOl; a hinged-end bar of length l and flexural
Substituting here thc expressions for a and {1, we obtain the buckling road for rigidity EI, we can write the buckling conditions of (b) in the form
thc I'cmi-infinitc bar as
sin !V2y + x)V2y +
2
1r2X = =F(Y - 1r
2
1r X
(125)
(124)
Sinh tV2y - 1r2 X (y + 1r
2
x)V2y - 1r2 X'

which is exactly half of thc value of N CI' obtained aboyc for the infinite bar.' where the minus sign stands for symmetrical and the plus sign for antisymmetri-
cal buckling. Equation (1~5) can be used for calculating critical loads. For
40. BaTS with Free Ends any value of y the corresponding value of x, which is to satisfy the equation, can
As was pointed out previously, any deflection-line formula derived in the
preceding chapter under the assumption of an axial tensile force can be applied .,
to a corresponding case where the axial force is compresl:1ion simply by inter- ,~
'I
changing the terms a and (3 throughout. Carrying out this transformation on
~

~
the free-end-bar formula:;;, equations (102)-(105), we obtain in the denominator .~ . 100
A
6- "

~
the two types of functions Dl and D2 , that is, \i . 6';:'
, '
/'
4(J
D ,2 = a(3(32 - a2) Sinh (3{ ± (3(3a 2 - (l) sin al,
1
(a) , .:~ . . #!-
",
".
(vd/sgmmdrlcoJ
:! 1f(J
where thc plus sign on thc right side gives and the minus sign gives D 2 ,
41:: __
l
Dl
The function Dl alone OCClll'S in .:~ 10 71 -
N those deflection formulas, equations ..~ 4r:;.<
.. "'...... l'-.s!lmmeft.icaL
(102)-(103),where th~ elastic line is
symmetrical with respect to the cen-
r 20
~- tan.}' -h' I
t~r of the bar, indicating that D2 will _ o I fl:1156789 t (J 1/ 12

correspond to an antisymmetrical de- FIG. 117

flection curve. According to these
two types of deformation, DJ will
furnish the condition for the symmet-
rical buckling deformation, that is,
whcn the two endi-1 of the bar move
be determined by a trial-and-error procedure, A graph of the relation between
x and y has been calculated from {125) and is shown in Figure 117.* Of the
• Figure 117 and also Figures 118 and 119 were taken from J. Ratzersdorfer, Die Knick-
featigkeit von Stdben und Stabwerken (Wien, 1936). .,
 '-~ '-,../'
''"-'' .,.J
144 IlEAMS ON l';LASTIC FOUNDA1lON ELASTIC STABILITY OF STRAIGHT BARS 145
two curve;; in the figure one conesponds to the symmetrical, the other to the Doing this, we get Cosh i,8l = cos fIl, and the conditions for buckling in (a) will
antisymmetrical, buckling form, accOl'ding to the minus and plus signs, respec- accordingly take the form
tively, in (125). The curves were drawn alternately with full and dashed lines,;:f
cos ,8l ± cos al 0, (b)
the full lines sho\ving in each section the (smaller) critical values of N t:r for the ';j
corresponding values of y. It is seen that for large valu~s of x and y the ratio .:. which is satisfied by
1//x approaches 7r\ or, in other words, the critical load approaches the value ,:ij (a - l1)l = n7r (c)
N" = v'lcE!, which is the buckling load for a semi-infinite beam with a free ':11
end. The points where the two curves intersect the line y = 7r X can be de-II •. if 'n- = 1, 3, 5, ... is taken for the plus sign and n = 2, 4, 6, .,. is taken for the
2
2
termined from (125). Substituting y = 7r X, we find that the equality can be ' minus sign in (b), according to symmetrical and antisymmetrical deformations
satisfied only if sin 1v'2y + 2
7r X = 0, or 1Y2y + 7r X = n7r (n = 1,2, 3, ... ),
2 respectively.
which /l;i\'es for the successive points on the y = 7r2X line the following coordinates: Substituting in (e) the expressions for a and ,8, we obtain the following
formula for the critical load:
and " !! 2
Y = 'lfn 7r, where n = 1, 2, 3, ....
2
.
N _ 2 7r EI
2

cr -;- n -l2-
1 kl +
2
(126)
ThuH \\'e find that for values of 1/ < 47r /3 (n = 1) antisymmetrieal buckling 22'
n 7r
,yith one nodal point will give the smallest value for N a • For values 47r /3 < 2

y < 167r2/3 the buckling will be of the first symmetrical mode (n = 2), and for In every case (for given values of Ic, l, and EI) !L should be determined in such
2
still higher values of y, up to Y = 127r , the antisymmetrical form of l,mckling a way as to make this expression for Ncr a minimum. The condition dN crldn = 0
will again be critical, but in this case with three nodal points, as shown in Figure gives
117.
(d)
41. Bars with Hinged Ends
The conditionR for buckling of a bar of finite length with hinged ends can be '~..
Talring for n an integer number which is the nearest to the value determined
obtained from the deflection formula in (107). Interchanging a and {3, we can J
, i' from th~ equation above and substituting that number in (126), we get the
,;~

transform that formula from tension, Case I, into compression, Case I, getting value of the critical load. . In each instance n determines the number of waves in
thus the deflected form of the bar after buckling.
2
.,
SubstItutmg x = Ncrl
EI = N
-N.rr and y = ; k-l4 m
•
(126) we have
Mo 1 Cosh {3l Sinh {3.isin aX - cos al Sinh {3x sin ax' 7r2 i .EI'
y = ---
EI 2a{3 (Cosh {3l + cos al)(Cosh (3l - cos al)
1
Here the plus and the minus signs in the denominator correspond to 8ymmetrical
4 2
n - n x + ~y 2
= 0. (127)
;:tnd antisymmetrical deformations respectively. '
When no end moment is applied, the l)ar may have finite deflection only if the For successive values of n thi,s equation gives a family of curves, shown in Figure
denominator of the expression above vanishes. This can occur if afl = 0, 118, representing the relation between y and x, that is, between the dimensions
which giveR N c' = 2YlcEI, obtained previously as the critical load for an of the bar and the modulus of the foundation on the one' hand and the buckling
infinite beam. Since this condition does not take into account the finite length load values on the other hand. The curves intersect the x axis at points where
of the bar it iH not the complete Rolution; therefore other possibilities of buckling x = n2 and have a common tangent y' = (7r2/2)x, the coordinates of the points
must be considered. From the same denominator another condition is obtained: of tangency being x = 2n2 and 'y = 7r2n 2• T'he coordinates of the points of
intersection between two consecutive curves (n and n +1) are obtained from"
Cosh {3l ± cos al = O.. (a) (127) as x = 2n(n + +1) 1 and y = 7r n(n
2
+1). Thus we find that for values
Since C()~h {3l > 1 ,and cos al < 1 this equation cannot .be satisfied by real of y < 27r2 buckling will occur in a single wave en = 1); for27r 2 < y < 67r2 the
yaluc~ of a ami (3. H(~lleC it is Heell that buckling of· a hinged-end beam cannot, smallest critical load will riorrespond to an antisymmetrical deflection form
occur in CaHe I when N < 2yfA'I, and the true value of the critical load is (n = 2), and its value will be from five to thirteen times larger than the Euler
t.o he Rought. in th(· rallge defined b~' Case Ill, t,hat is, when 'N > 2YkEi. A~ load for the same bal'. For G7? < y < 127r2 the corresponding values of x will
Will' pointed out, pr(,Ylousl)', an)' formula can be transformed from Case I into
be 13 < x < 25, and buckling will again take place in a symmetrical form
CURdJI hy put tillg, illiitea(l of {3, the term i,8, where,8 = v' (N 14E!) - v'k/4EI, with three waves, as shown 'in Figure 118. It is seen that in any situation th~
 ~.
146 '~ BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
'~
ELASTIC STABILITY OJ" STRAIGHT BARS 147
critical load will differ only slightly from the value Ncr = 2VkEI, which is the . in~ly, (b) will 'take the form
buckling load for an infinitely long bar.
(c)

f~~----4-----~-----+-~---~----~~----±
a= • / N' •/ k and
'V4EI + IV 4El
.
In terms of the. new variables
NOTe NCT d • /kf'
x = rEI = N. an y = 'V El'
wqere N. is the Euler ioad for a hinged-end bar of length l and flexural rigidity
El, t.he conditions of buckling in (c) can be written as '

(J I 5 16
sin tVi2 x + 2y = q: V 11"2 X + 2y, (128)
sin tvrx - 2y V1l",2 X - 2y
FlO. 118
where the minus sign on the right side corresponds to symmetrical and the
The criterion of buckling for bars with hinged ends can also be readily ob- I plus sign to antisymmetrical buckling deformations. Assuming various values
tained from the trigonometric deflection formulas, equations (119)-(120), for , for y in (128) the corresponding values of x can be calculated by a trial-and-
beams subject to simultaneous axiai tension and transverse loading. Chang- . error procedure. In this way we have the pair of curves shown in Figure 119.
ing the sign of N in these formulas and putting the denominator equal to zero, These two curves have the same points of intersection with the line y =
we have (1I"2j2)(x - 4). The coordinates of these points can be calculated by putting
'. !:lintv rx + 2y = 0, which, after the value above for y has been substituted,
gives
x = 2(n + 1)
2
which gives the same expression for Ncr as that obtained above in (126). and
,Thus we find that for values of y < 311"2 the critical load will be from four to ten
42. Bars with Fixetl, Ends I.imes larger than the Euler load for the same bar with hinged ends, and buckling
The condition for symmetrical buckling of a fixed-end bar of finite length will occur in a single wave, as shown in Figure llQ. For values 311"2 < y < 8,..2
can be obtained from (109) after transforming that formula for axial tensile·
force to one of compression by interchanging the terms a and {3. Equating to lfii!
zero the denominator of the expression so obtained, we have
yEt,
I~~----+-----~~---+-----+-

a Sinh {3l + {3 sin al = O. (a~

By way of comparison with previous cases it is found that the condition for
I(JO+------~.---+-~
antisymmetrical buckling can be obtained by changing the plus sign in the
equation above into a minus sign. :rhe resulting equations

sin al = q:~ (b) 50'..----\-

Sinh f3l {3

cannot, however, be satisfied iJy real values of {3 and a, which means that buckling
of fixed-end bars will nl'lt take place in the region covered by Case I, when N <
2VkEI. This criterion of buckling can be transformed from Case I into Case
III (N > 2VkEl) by putting {3 = i{j, which gives Sinh 1'{jl = i sin {jl;, accord- FiG, 119
 ',~' ~'
14~ BEAMS ON' ELASTIC FOUNDATION Xii '--" ELASTIC STABILITY OF STRAIGHT BARB 149
en'tl
we get 10 < x < 20, corresponding to an antisymmetrical buckling form with,tl of the elastically supported part (from A to the left) and that of the free canti-
a nodal point in the middle of the barj for 8?t < y < 15?t we have 20 < x < 34, ':",I~
2 2
lever must have the same value at point A.
with a three-wave symmetrical deflection forni, and so on. It is seen in Figure ~l We have for point A a shearing force Q = Pand, from (c), a bending moment
119 that the curves always stay close to the straight line y = (7r2 j2)(x - 4)i '~~ M = AN sin cl. Putting these values into ,(lOOb) and (101b), we get, after
thus the buckling load for 8,ny fixed-end bar with finite length can be taken with 'I> interchanging the tenDS a and fI, the slope at the end A of the semi-infinite bar as
good approximation as \1

7r2 EI _1 _
'I'
'I

":i~ H", = ~I 3(p ~ a 2 (P + AN2{3 sin cl), (d)

Ncr = 412 + 2vkEI. " 1
which must have the same value as the slope at A, obtained from (b) as
43. Partially Supported Bars "P
H", = Ac cos cl -,.. Jij' (e)
A. CANTILEVER BARS ':1
Consider a semi-infinite bar on an elastic foundation with a free unsupported i,;,',1
Equating expressions (d) and (e), we can determine the value of the integration
cantilever end, which is loaded at the end point 0 by an axial force N and a constant, having thus
'transverse force P, as shown in Fig- "ii,
ure 120. Since the bending moment i ' p [~~
N'
(3(l - ci) + 1J
"
Ii (f)
at a distance x < l from point 0 is Ii A = EI(3{32 - a 2)c cos cl - N2{3 sin cl'
p M", = Px +
Ny, the differential equa- ,I
tion for the elastic line of the canti- Substituting this expression for A in equation (a), we find that the cantilever
lever will be iI bar may have finite deflection without any transverse loading if, while P -+ 0,
the denominator of. A approaches zero also. Thus the, condition for buckling is
obtained as
EI(3{32 - a2)c cos cl - N2{3 sin cl = 0,
FIG. 120

and its general solution: which can also be written as

y", = A sin ex + B cos ex -~ x, 3{32 - a 2
2{3 = c tan el, (g)
where where a and {3 denote the same quantities as in the previous sections. Sub-
c=~. stituting
f, 2
,
_ l\T 4l _. Ncr • / kl4
From the condition that y = 0 at x = 0 we have B '? 0; thus the expression for X - cr 7r2 EI - N. and Y = 11 EI
y", above will take the form in (g), denoting this time by N. the Eulflr buckling load for a cantilever bar of
y",
' ex
= A sm P
- N x. (n)
length l and flexural rigidity EI, we have
7r 2 X
Y =- , (129)
The consecutive derivatives of this equation give 4 1 - sin ~ vi;
H", = Ac cos ex P
- -
2
. .
N from which for any assumed value of x the corresponding value of y can be
and readily computed.*

Mz = AN sin ex. (c) itl * This formula can be usedJor calculating buckling loads for piles. Investigations of
l1 this nature,' analytical and experimental, have been made by Hjalmar GrIl.ndholm, On the
, The integration constant A can be determined from the condition that the "l!!! Elastic Stability of Piles Surrounded by a Supporting Medium, Ingeniors Vetenskaps Aka-
elastic line must be continuous at point A, or, in other words, that the slopci demien, Handlingar No. 89, (Stockholm, 1929).
'~.,

~i
 "-/ ',-./ ,--./
150 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION.

B. RARS WITH FREE MIDDLE SPAN

Consider an infinitely long bar with a free unsupported span A-B loaded
in the middle with a concentrated force P, while the bar is subjected also to an
axial compressive force N (Fig. 120. The elastic line of this bar can be de- CHAPTER VIII
termined by assuming frictionless hinges at points A and B and thereby resolving
the original system into three parts, a simple hinged~end beam in the middle TORSION OF BARS
joining two elastically supported semi-infinite beams, whose deformations can be
calculated independently from formulas (IQO a-b) and (101 a-b). The resulting 44. Bars of unlimited Length
p Assume a prismatic bar supported on an elastic foundation and subjected
N N to a concentrated torque To at section O. The problem is to establishexpression1<
---o.;~~k------------=---L--=----::':::---:;;:;;---~~"- for the variation of the t\visting moment T I;tnd angle of twist rp along the length
-",-:: A - lJ
~------l----~~ of the bal'. It will be assumed that the foundation can resist tensile and com-
pressive forces equally well and that at. any point where the cross section of the
FIG. 121 bar is twisted through an
angle rp a corresponding de- '
deflection line will show discontinuities in slope at ,4 and B, and it can be dem-

~
formation is produced in ~ ).;,~p
onstrated b~' the wmal method of computing indeterminate structures that the -/z
the foundation. ,T
continuity of the elastic line can be reestablished by applying at.4 and H bending c
Ascribing the positive' I
moments of the following value:
sign to the torque whose

P
'1
3{32 - 0/2
(l)21-COSU
2u cos U
vector points in the + x k. , t
(h) direction (Fig. 122) and as-
2 2{3 l suming that, the direction of
2
3{3
,-0/
2 + -2U tan U the positive angle of twist
coincides with that. of the
- J-7;/2
where 0/ and {3 denote the quantities given previously and
positive torque, we can FIG. 122
write the fundamental
formula of torsion as
Latel'lLI buckling uf the hal' will uccur under the sole action of the axial com-
pressive force N if the latter takes ~uch a value that the denominator * in (h) l' = -GJ drp (a)
dx'
vanishes, that is, when .
where GJ is the torsional rigidity of the bar, G being t.he modulus .of rigidity
2{3 l
3{32 _ 0/2 + 2u tan u = O. (i) for its material and J a function of its cross-sectional ciimE'usionR.* Since the

Putting * When the cross sectien is rbctangular (width c and depth h) we have from Grashof's
approximate formula
and J =
3
ch
3

3.6(c 2 + h') .
we can write the condition for buckling in equation (i) as
For any shipe of cross section SaihL Venant's formula can be used with good appr~ximation.
7r2 X This gives
Y = (130)
1 + cos 7r2 v_ rx J=-
A'
40Ip'
For any given value of y the corresponding value of x, which is to determine the where A is the cross-sectional area of the bar and Ip the polar moment of inertia of the CroS8
huckling load, can be ohtained from (130) b~- Ruccessive approximation. section. '
151
• Expressions for M and y have the same denominator.
 ,-/ \,--,!
TORSION OF DARS 153
152 BEA"MS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
in that section by the given loading. If, instead of a free end, a built-in end is
change in twisting mO!l1ent will be due to the'elastic resistance of the foundation required, the end-conditioning torque has to be determined in such a way as
we have .. to cancel the angle of twisttp produced by the loading in that s~ction of the
infinitely long bar. In this manner, by the application of one end-conditioning
(b) torque, a semi-infinite bar can be obtained; in order to produce a bar of finite
length, however, two end-conditioning torques are necessary, and in that case
where leo is the modulus of the foundation in Ibs./in. 3 and c is the width of the bar the counteraction of these torques on.
Eliminating T from (a) and (b), we h a v e ' . each other also has to be taken into T",
leo 3 consideration.
d2
GJ .-!!
dx2
- ~ 12
'P = °' (131) As an example of this latter case let
us derive by the method of superposi-
the general solution of which is tion the solution for a finite bar of
length lwith two free ends 'subjected /J ':4
(132)
to a concentrated torque To. Witq
where the end points A and B at distances a FIG. 123
and b respectively from the point of
• / koc 3 loading (Fig. 123), the end-conditioning torques Toa and TOb which are to pro-
a = 'V 12JG'
duce free ends at A and B have to satisfy the following simultaneous equations:
For an infinitely long bar, from the condition that if x ~ 00 then tp ~ 0, we have Toe- aa T abe-a/
A = 0, whereas B can be determined from the equilibrium condition
Toa + 0,
.- - Toe- ab ~
Oa e-al + TOb 0.
To = 2~
k
12
31" 'Pdx
o· , (0)
The solution of these equations gives
which gives for the integration constant B the value Cosh ab Cosh aa
Toa = To Sinh al and TOb = To Sinh al .

.
B = k~c3 1'0. (d) Applying ,these end-conditioning torques to the right and left of points A
o .;
Th.us, for an infinitely lon~ bar subjected to a torque To at x
tWist '" for x > 0 values IS obtained as .
= °the angle of ;'.\ and B respectively on the infinitely long bar loaded by To , we obtain the case
of a bar of finite length with free ends at A and B. The twisting moment at a
positive distance x from the 'point of loading (Fig. 123) will then be

'P =
Tn
.LO
6a -a",
k c3 e . (133)
T", = tToe- ar + t'1'obe- a{b+r) - tToae-a{a-r).
o
Substi~uting here the vallJcs obtained above for '1'oa and TOb , we have
Substituting this expression for tp in (a), we get the formula for the hvisting
moment T at any point where x > as ° T _ ~ Cosh ab Sinh a(a - x)
'" -: 0 Sinh al .
(135')
(134)
By interchanging a and b in this formula, we obtain an expression for the twisting
It is seen from the cquations above t.hat in an infinitely long bar loaded with a
moment in the O-B region of the bar, at a distance x' from the point of applica-
concentrated torque at x = 0 the values of '" and T decrease asymptotically
as x ~ 00 and do not change signs anywhere in the region < x < 00'. ° .
tion of the loading 'torque, .as
T ,'= _TCos h aa Sinha(b - x') (135")
45. Bars oj Finite Length '" 0 Sinh al .
Solution!'; for bars of finite length can be derived from (133) and (134) by
The equations above are now differentiated with respect to the variables x and
means of superposition. It is easily seen that the condition of a free end (T = 0)
can be produced in any section of the infinitely long bar by the application
x', according to equation (b) on page 152, and the following expressions are
of an end-condit7:oning torque which will cancel the twisting moment produced
 'J'ORSION OF BARS 155
BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDA\-='N "'-..-/

Substituting here the value obtained above for hi, we have for the torque T2
obtained for the angles of twist tpz, and tpz' in the respective portions, O-A and
O-H, of the bar: resulting from bending

~ 12a Cosh ab Cosh a(a - x)

(l36')
'/'2 = QI
,!
= Eh2 1112 aatp
II + 12 dxa . (d)
o koc1 ' Sinh al '
According to the requirement that the components TI and T2 keep equilibrium
~ 12a Cosh' aa Cosh a(b '- x')
o koc3 Sinh al .
( 13G") with the loading torque Tn, we have the rpsulting differential equation of the
problem:
46. Torsion of Rails 'T + Dh2 aadX'tp '
The torsion problem of a rail with free ends, subjected only to two equal
To = 1 + '1' 2, =
'_(". dtp
dx (137)

and opposite twisting moments, offers no particular difficulty and can be solved
by the general torsional theory. If the ends of the rail are fixed, however, w,hile
D _ b'I j I 2
fl. concentrated loading torque 2To is applied at the middle of the rail, the problem
-,It+ 12 '
is somewhat more complicated and involves, in addition to the twisting of the
cross section, a bending of the head and the base sections of the rail.* Thus the The ~olution of thi!:l differential equation for a rail of unlimited length is
torque To transmitted to one half of the rail will be taken up partly hy simple
torsion TI and partly by bending action T 2 • The first of these torque com- dtp _ '1'0 (1 _ e-'Y Z ) , (138)
dx C
ponents, T 1 , will simply be proportional to the rate of change of the angle of
twist tp: ' . wh(')'c

'T
1 =- C dtp
'dx' (a) 7=~'
where C = GJ represents the t.orsional rigidity of the rail and J can be cal- This solution shows that with an increase of the distance x from the point of
culated b~' the approximate formula of Saint Venant, given in the note on page application of the loading torque, the second term in the parenthesis will lose
151. its signifirance and thc equation will then approach the form obtained for simple
The second torque component, '1'2, will he equivalent torsion (equation [aJ on p. 151). The bpnding of the head and of the base has
to a moment Qh, where Q is the shearing force due to bending thus onl~' a localizeu effect on the torsion of the rail.
1/ of the head and base of the rail and h is the distance he tween Let us as~ume now that the rail, while subjected to twisting tinder the con-
-.-++4--+.,-'10:-
t,he centroids of the head and base sections (Fig. 124). Neg- ditions describeq above, is also supported along its entire length by a continuous
lecting bending of the web, we can determine the position elastic foundation. The elastic resistance of this foundation, causing the
of the center of twist C, around which the cross section will change in torque along the r~il, will be proportional at every cross section to
rotate, by t.he distances the a,ngle of twist of the mii at that s~tion. Thus, denoting this proportionalit.y
faetor hy "1, we can "Tite -
FIG. 124 and (b)
dT d 2 cp 2 t tp
dx =, -kl tp = -C dr1 + Dh dx" (e)
where II and {2 denote the moments of inertia of the hep,d and the base sections
respectively with I'Cgard to t.he axis of symmetry of the cross section. the right side of ,yhich waR obtained by differentiating (137); lienee we have
An expressipn for the shearing forre Q can be determined from th~ equation the diffprrntial pqlUition of torsion of a rail supported on an elastic foundation:
of bending for the head section of the rail as follows: .tcp d2 cp
3
-Dh- - -- - C - 2
dx' dx
+ k1tp = O. (139)
d y aatp
Q = Ell dx1 = Ell hi da;3 . (c)
This equation is of, the same t.\~e as that derived in (96) for beams subjected
* The solution of this problem is due to S. Timoshenko, op. cit. (dee p: 140). See also to simultaneous hiteral bcn~lin/!: and axial tem;;ile forces, the solutibn of which was
the paper by Timoshcnko and Langer, op. cit. (see p. 28). discusi"ed in d(·tail in § 35~
 :-?
CIRCULAR ARCHES 157
'---/

g == dN (b)
r dx'
which give, after elimination' of Nand Q,
CHAPTER IX
CIRCULAR ARCHES
k dy _
• dx
dM ==
r2 ·dx
!. aa M
a.xa'
(c)

At this point we make use of the known differential equation' of bending ofa
47. General Solut'ion of the, Elastic Line circuhir arch of radius of curvature r and flexural rig,idity EI, Wl1l1Ch, by neglecting
Let us assume that a prismatic beam whose neutral axis in the un deflected the axial deformation due to the normal force Nl , we can writll in the form
fltate forms an arc of a circle of radius r is subjected to bendmg forces acting 2y
in the plane of curvature of the beam (Fig. 125a). We shall assume that the EI (ddx2 + 1L)
,.2 = -M. (d)
reaction forces in the foundation will be normal to the axis of the beam and
proportional at every point to the radial deflection y of the beam at that point, Differentiating this equation t.hree tiines with respect to the variable x and
equating the results to the left-hand side of (c), we have
that is, 1

p = koby = hiJ, d y
dX'
5
+~r aay
dx3 2
+(~+ !.) dy = 0
EI r4 dx ' ,
(e)
where p denotes the reaction of the foundation per 'unit length of the beam, b
3
t.he "ddth of the beam, and ko the modulus of the foundation in Ibs./in. , which is the fundamental differential equation of bending of circular arches
supported on an elastic foundation.
In terms of the variable cp = xlr this equation can also be written in the
form

(140)

where

FIG. 125
Equation (140) can be solved by the substit.ution of em~ for y, which gives the
An infi.nitesimal element of this beam will be acted upon by shearing force characteristic equation
Q, normal force H, bending moment 111, and reaction of. t.he foundation pdx,
whose positive directions are shown in Figure 125a. From the conditions of
. m: + 2m + r/m 3
= 0,
eq\ljlibrium of the f~)rces on this element we shall h::we in the radial direction, the five distinct roots of which are
,dV> CA. d") " dJ'l,"\_(Q-I·d.:'V)=,O
,p<.'(_"I·S/lI-.~'--
( "./ "1,,)1/1';::' V p'dx - Hdtp = dQ; and ±(a ± (ji),
in the tangential direction, dtP_ o where
'1.·,;rI.~t:L 'k5Jir~:~ _(;:;Ji,d{\))·s,i1i!f!!_(ty J-d,))CtJ<I'iQ
l
- -d' - dAr.
'-"" ~? ~""",~ ~ .. ~ t.p - 1\,
and (141)
while the nlOnlrnt. pquilibrium condition will require that
, .J r "fJJ ") ""))r d(j) ;1
, t t ctM ) .' /'vI - {>(.
/II."
' . "." ~ { I\'~ .:.{(\
. 7 : ' ..z --- =::
' (J d,b'[ = Qr d <p. . With these notations the general solution of (140) is thus obtained as
= = = Co + (C l +C
I,'
Plltting p ky and r dt{! dx int.o t.he equations above, we ha\'c il .Y Cosh atp 2 Sinh 'acp) cos {jcp
',1
d~ M
ky -
H
r
dQ
='dx = dx 2
(a) IiI;: : + (C s Cosh acp + C, Sinh acp) sin {jcp. (142a)
11'
156
 CIRCULAR ARCHES 159
Substituting in (a)-(d) the respective derivatives of the foregoing equation of
the elastic line, we have the following expressions for the bending moment and if the axis of symmetry is assumed to be vertical and the variable angle I(J is
the shearing and normal forces in the beam: measured from this axis, we shall have for the center section (I(J = 0) of the arch

11{ = _E; (Co - 2a,6[(CISiIi~a~ + C2C08ha~) sin,sl'" dY ] '~O

[ dl(J and [Q],,_o = o.
r ' .,..a ,

- 1C3 Sinh a<P + C4 Cosh 0'1") cos ,s<pl} , These conditions, when substituted in (142 a-c), give

Q = 2a,s EI [(aCI + ,sC Cosh a<P si~{J1"

aC2 + (jCa = 0 and fJC2 - aCa = 0,
4)
, r3
equations which are satisfied 'simultaneously only if C2 = C:i = O. The con-
(142 b-d)
-+ (,sCI - aC4) Sinh a<P cos (jrp + (aC +< flC 2 3) Sinh,a'P sin ,s'P clusion is, therefore, that for any symmetrical type of deformation the integra-
tion constants C2 and C3 ;will vanish.
+ «(jC2 - aCa) Cosh all' cos (j~], Further simplifications can be obtained in symmetrical cases from knowing
Lhat at tp = 0 we shall then have 80 = 0 and Uo = O. Thus, carrying out the
N = rkCo + 2afJ ~ [(Cj Sinh all' + C Cosh ~<P) ,sin ,s<P.
2
integrations assigned in equations (f) and (g), we obtain for the angular defIec-
, tion D and the hOl'izontal displacement componentu the following general ex-
- (Ca Sinh a<P + C Cosh' 0'1") cos ,s'P). 4 pressions:
The angular ·deflection 8 due to bending can' beobtain.ed as the integral of the
elementarv rotations M / EI along the 3trch, starting from a suitably chosen ori-
'0
gin (x = or I" =0), where the Yll,luc of 8 = .80 is known:
+ aC
8 =
l
x
ill,' r
~ dx + 0(, = EI
1" " Md'P +8 (f) 2afJ
- «(jOl 4) Sinh al(J cos 111"], (143)

o EI 0
0 •
u = Co (sin ip - I" cos 1") - 0'2 + fJ2 [(aC 1 - fJC4)II - (fJC 1 + ]
aC4)I2 , (144)
By the aid of the expression for 8 so obtained the h.orizontal and vertical displace-
ment components, 1l and v respectively, can also be determined at any point, where
of the arch. If the angle I" is measured from a vertical wheI:e I" = 0, the dis-
placements 11 and v can be obtained aR
II = i" Cosha!p sin (j<p sin !pdl{'

1l = U,I - i" 81' sin ~ d'P (g) = 4~{Sinh atp [fJ ,~ 1 cos «(j - 1)1" - {3 ~'1 cos «(j + l)I(JJ
and
+ Cosh a<P[sin «(j. - + 1)1(J]} •
'" 81"cOS ' 1)1" - sin (fJ
1! = 1.'0 -
1o I" ([I", (h)
l2 = 1"
o
Sinh al(J cos fJ<P sin !p ~'P
'
where Uo and Vo denote the vBIueR of these diBplaccmcnts nt the origin I" = O.
It can easilv be shown that the comp0nents 'II and t.' are connected with the = ~ {COSh 0'1" [fJ ~ 1 sin (fJ + 1)1" - fJ : 1 sin (fJ - 1)1"]
radial deflcctiony in thl:) following mannpr:
11 :;:in 10 + II cos <p = y. (i) . - Sinh a<P[cos (fJ + 1)'P .:.. cos (fJ - l)<Pl}'.
The integration constants whiC;h occur in the gencral expressionR abovc can be
determined in each feparate problem from thc prescribed end conditions of the 48. Circular Ring
arch. Some of these iQ.tegration constants are often defined in advance by the As an application of the geIlel'al formulas derived above let us now investigate
known character of thc deflection line. Taking, for instancp, t.he most frequent, the case when the curved beam forms a complete ring and is· subjected to It
case-a symm('tiical arch RubjcC'ted to a Rymml't,J'icall~· distributed loading- concentrated force p, at its vertex (Fig. 126). This problem is the same as that
 ~n
:it
I~
BEAMS' ON .ELASTIC FOU~TION ~ ;Itl .'-..../

a CIRCULAR ARCHES
161
of a pipe line surrounded by an'elastic foundation and loaded at the top with a 'ii,
line loading of constant intensity along "the length of the pipe. *
. • As in previous problems, the foundation .
r 3. f3C2 - aCa = 0;

will be assumed to resist tensile and compressive

4. C1(a Cosh all' sin f311' + f3. Sinh .all' cos f311')
p
forces equally well. The radial deflection y will
.- C.(a Sinh all' cos f311' - f3 Cosh all' sin f311')
be considered positive when producing coni-\,
pression in the foundation,. and the positive ,~
From conditions 1 and 3 we have
directions for the forces Q, N, and bendingt
moment M will be those shown in Figure. 126. :1
-:t- (a)
The radius of the center line of the ring will be'
denoted by r, the thickness by t (the width will i whereas the simultaneous sollition of conditions 2 and 4 gives the following'
be assumed equal to unity), and the bending ,(1 expressions for t~e copstants C1 and C. :
rigidity by EI = EN12; the variable tp -in 'I,
radians will be measured from the base of the C1 = - ~ !!... a Cosh all' sin f311' + f3 Sinh all' cos f311'
17(Sinh2 all' + sin2 f311')
J
I
symmetry line having for the vertex tp = 11'. 4EI af3 ,
From a consideration of the symmetry of (b)
FIG. 126 C. = _p_ ~ alSinh all' cos {:J1I' - (:J Cosh all' sin f311'
the problem we find that the deformation and 4EI af3 17(Sinh2 all' + sin2 f311')
the stress distribution in the ring will have to satisfy the following condi-
tlOns: The last of the constants Co can be determined fro~ condition 5 h' h b r
1 means of (142b), can be written in the form ' w IC, J

1. (
1. ~~ =. 0 at <p = 0; 2. dy = 0 at
d<p
<p = 11';
:i,' 1 .
.
'j o Co 2af3 - C1 Sinh atp sin f3<p + C. Cosh atp cos f3<p) d<p = O.
P "1
3. Q = 0 at tp" = 0; 4. Q = - '2 at tp = 11'; I
,.:1' Substituting here the expressions obtained above"{or C and C and .

~. r
EI 1"
0 M dtp =
11" (d-
- r- 0
2y
dtp2
+ y) d<p = O. . :I,
"
"
out' the assigned integration, we get 1 .• carrymg

The last of these equations expresses the condition that there can be no relative (c)
rotation between the base and top sections of the ring.
It is seen that the five conditions above will completely define the values of i:
'.'
Allb'the five integration constants having been thus determined they'
d . , can e
b
the five integration constants C when substituted in the general solution in , BU stltute m the general solution expressed by (142 a-d) and wl'll g' th
(142 a-d). Making this substitution, we shall obtain thc first four of these the fi na I formu Ias f~r the deflection and force components
' Ive, en,
along the circum-
conditions in the following form: ference of the elastICally supported ring in Figure 126.
Introducing the notations' .
1. uC2 + {3Ca = 0;
2. C 1(q Sinh all' cos f311'. - f3 Cosh all' sin (311')
A = a Cosh all' sin f311' + fJ Sinh all' cos {:J1I'
17(Sinh2 all' + sin2 (:J1I')
+ C.(a Cosh all' sin f311' + f3 Sinh all' cos f311') = 0;
B =a Sinh all' cos {:J1I' - f3 Cosh .all' sin {:J1I'
• This problem has been investigated by A. VoeJlmy, "Erddruck auf elastisch einge. ~(Sinh2 all' + sin2 (:J1I')
bettete Rohre," International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering, Publica-
tions,4 (ZUrich, 1936),591-611. "
If the circular ring is regarded as a cross section of a pipe line, its bending rigidity EI
should be increased in a ratio 1 : (1 - /J), Poisson's ratio for the material of the pipe heing
denoted by /J. and a= {:J=,117~1,
 I}
i~
1G2 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION '~
:i' CIRCULAR ARCHES 163
wc can write the final expressions as II p,.
;! In these wheels the external ioading is
balanced by the resultant of the spoke
+ B S'mb ex<p sm. /~)
S Ii
Y =~Pr (2ex- fJ -
4exfJEI 7r'lj2
A Cosh cx<p cos fJ<p I-'<P ,
. ;:' forces, which is transmitted' through ~ P, ~
;\. the axle. The stress analysis of this
M = - Pr (2. +
2 7r'l/2
A Sinh ex<p sin fJ<p + B Cosh ex<p cos fJ<p) , '~;:
. problem is but a direct application of ,
the formulas obtained above' in (145
. 'n
r
.

(145 a-d) '~ a-d). . AI b) p

Q = - ~2 [(aA - fJB). Cosh f)I.<p sin fJ<p . Ii- l's
'i 49. Spherical Shell r
+ (fJA + aB) Sinh a<p cos fJ<pj, . .•~' .. ," '!G. 127
P ( 2_ 1 ., ') I~ h~ been d~mo~trate<i)n ~revious chapters that axially symmetrical
'ji
N :;= - '1/_- - A Smh a<p sm fJ<p - B Cosh a<p cos fJ<p • J1i defOImatJOn of cylIndrIoal and comeal shells can be analyzed b" the th
. f
2 7r'l/2
. . ,J ~n mg 0fSt 'ralg
b d' '.
.l b ' J ! eOIY 0
1t eams on an elastic foundation. In It" similar manner it
For the point of application of the load (<p = :11") the formulas above give the ::,~ wIll be shown now that the bending analysis of spherical shells can be reduced to
following maximum values for deflection and bending moment::~ the problem of flexure of elastically supported curved beams. - The curved beam
,;!ti
_ Pr
[Y]OP_7 - 4exfJEI
3
(2a7r'l/2fJ _ + asin fJ7r cos fJ7r) 1
(3 Sinh a7r Cosh a7r
'I/(Sinh ex7r + sin2 fJ7r)
2
".~.
'(146 a-b) .:i~
. _ _ Pr (2. ex Sinh ex7r Cosh ex7r - fJ sin fJ7r cos fJ 7r) . t ';.'1: ,J~.df{
[M].,..7 - 2. 7r'Yj2 + 'Yj(Sinh2 ex7r + sin2 fJ7r) J:~ r.ar..
:1 ;;-:--~J--l~--;----'----
It is easily seen that by putting P = 1 the equations in (145 a-d) also give !~
the equations of the influence lines of y, M, Q, and N for any cross section of the i~ 1
ring. The force P = 1 acting at <p = <po will prod~ce, for instance, the same ir~ r' 1
1
amount of bending moment in the section at <p = 7r. as the force P = 1 acting .1
1

at <p = 7r produces in the section at <p = <Po. On the basis of this relationship 1
\ 1
we can d.etermine the force and displacement components at any point on the 1

elastically supported ring due to any combinatio~ of radial loading. . FIG. 128 FIG. 129
In addition to its use in the pl'Oblem of pipe lines, the elastically supported
ring has structural applications also. The assumptions made in our analysis in this case wiII be a meridion~1 element of the shell, of variable width since it
regarding the nature of the elastic foundation are truly realized, ~or instance, .in ~pers do~n to ze~~ at the vertex.; t~e mod':llus of the elastic foundation, repre-
a ring which is reinforced by a large number of closely spaced radl.al spokes (~Ig, lCIlted bj the resllIenc~ of th~. hoop elements in the shell, wiII also vary' on
127a). If initial tension is put into the spokes they are able to resist compressive &Ccount of th~ decreasmg rad\l of the hoop circles toward the vertex.
'18 well as tensile forces, and the force produced in the spokes by the external Th~ shell wiII be assumed to . be under the action of an edge loading consisting
10ading on the ring will be· proportionai to f Ie radial deflection of the ring at 0: hOl'lzontal forces .Po and mome~ts' Mo uniformly distributed along the' base
every point. This sort of structure· is useci. for bulkheads in rigid ~irships;· ~lI'cle of the. shell (Fig. 128). T,hedeformation produced by such a loading wiII
It more everyday example occurs in certain types of vehicle wheelst (Fig. 127b). be symm~tl1cal with respect to'tlie axis of the shell and can be defined in terms of
only one I?depe~dent coordinate, for which purpose the angle 'P will be chosen,
* See L. H. Donnell, H. B. Gibbons, and E. L. Shaw, "Analysis of Spoked 1Rings," easured In radxans from the axis of the shell. -
Journal of Applied M echanic8, Tran8actio.ns of the American So.ciety o.f Mechanical Engineera,
In order to describe the bending .deformation Of the shell, let us assume on
Vol. 63 (1941), Paper Ac68. . . . '
t See A. J. S. Pippard and W. E. Francis, "On iI. Theoretical and Expe~lmental Inv~stl. e, undeformed meridional circle two points, A and B, which in terms of the
gation of the Stresses in a Radially Spoked Wire Wheel under Loads Applied to the Rim, nable <p are sp~ced an angle; d<p = 1 apart (Fig. 129)..These two points
I

Philosophical Magazine, Seventh Series, 11 (1931), 233-285. . ter the deformatIon of the shell, wil)' be i~ the positions A' and R' , l'Elspectiveb':
 CIRCULAR ARCHES 165
BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION '[
164 ·'i
The dimension of N in the formula above' Ib' .
but the diBtll.!lcb Letween them, dB = rd"" will remain unchanged if only the:} per unit length of the meridional '. I ; . s./m. and WIll be assumed 'to act
the elastic foundation against ho~~~netal d: I force re~r~sen~s the reaction of
bending deformation is taken into account and the change of the arc length due ,ii s
to normal forces is disregarded. oil count for the change in shearing f Q f Phaceme~t.' It wIll, therefore, RC-
If we denote the horizontal displacement of point A by u, taking it as positive:t , orce 0 t e merIdIOnal beam:

when accompanied by an increase of the radius of the hoop circle, the horizontal 'I N = dQ
displacement for point B will be u + du/dtp. By means of these horizontal I ,~.~ W
displacement components it is possible to express the change of slope of the ,., The shearing force Q can also be expressed m . terms of th 'd' I
meridional circle 0 due to bending. Assuming that 0 is small, so that we may:! moment M I by a consideration of Tb . . e men lOna bending
put tan 0 = sin 0 =0 and cos 0 = 1, we see from Figure 129 that :'1 the meridional beam (Fig. i28);q~. I n~m of the moments in the plane of
mto
beam is proportional to sin '" at e' v a m~ t account that the width of the
ery pom , we have
T .
0= _1_ du (a)
, ~sintpdrp'
d'
drp (Ml sin tp) ~Qr sin tp. (f)
its sign being positive if, like the displacement u, it is accompanied by an ex- The l~st of the unknowns iri the shell
tension of the corresponding hoop circle. analYSIS, the ineridional normal force
By means of 0 we can obtain the meridional bending moment Ml as ~ lbs./in. (Fig. 130), can be obtained
SImply as a component of the shearing
(b) force Q:
T = -Q cot rp. (g)
denoti.ng by EI the flexural rigidity of the meridional beams. Since the sym-
metry of deformation prevents any lateral (cross-sectional) deform3,tion of these In the seven equations (a-g) :we have
3
beams, in place of EI we can put in this formula Et /[12(1 - l)], where t is the all t~e data necessary to derive ex-
~1'~sslOns for the seven unknown quan- . '
thickness of the shell and JJ. is poisson's ratio for its material. As a result of this titles (forc~s Q, N, T, moments Ml , FlO, 130
lateral restraint, M 1 will always be accompanied by a bending moment acting
M2 , and dIsplacement components 0, u) which d ' ,
normally to the meridional beam, that is, in the direction of the hoop circle, deformation of a spherical shell B ' efine the aXIally symmetrical
and the value of this hoop bending moment will be t"' f ' y successIve elimination f th 1m
quan ItJes rom these seven equations th bl 0 e un own
(c) of one differential equation conta' , e pro em can be reduced to the solution
,h h mmg one unknown quant't· I d
accomp IIS t is let us first s4bstitute in (b) the ' 1 y: n or er to
The bending moments Ml and M2 in the equations above ~il(be assumed to, ing out t.he assigned differentiation we ca
, . '
't exPhresslOn for 0 III (a), Carry-
n wn e t e result as
act on unit lengths of the respective hoop and meridional circles. Accordingly'
their dimension will be in. lbs./in. and will be considered positive when producing"
Et3 f( _d 2u cos tp dU)
12(1 - p.2)r2, dtp2 + sin tp dtp = Ml sin tp. (h)
compression in the outer fibers of the shell. •
So far we have expressed both 0 and M in terms of the h,orizontal displac~, Differentiating the'left side of ~his eq at' .
lth
ment component u, The next step will be to find a relationship between u' result., according to (f) will be IU I?nw Q . respect to tp, we find that the
't ' ,equa t 0 - r sm tp Subst't t' h
and some of the force components in the shell. Since horizontal displacement:i I S expression in (d) where accordm' t () N ' 1 U mg t en for u
d' ,
can take place only if accompanied by a stretching of the corresponding hoop'
"
em'a~lves of u can be g 0 e
expressed in terms' of th
= -dQ/d fi d h
tp, we n t at all
circle we find, in a hoop circle of radius r sin tp, the displacement u as a function; operatIOn we obtain one different' I t' ose of Q.. .As a final result of this
force Q: ' la equa IOn contammg only the shearing
of the hoop normal force N: '

u = r sin rp (N - liT). . (d), tQ4

d + 2 cos tp ~Q 1 + sin 2
tp d2Q + sin
cos tp dQ
Et .. tp
' -
sm tp dtp3
- -
sin2 tp:
'
dtp2 tp dtp + 12(1 - p.2) i2r2 Q = O. (147)
 CIRCULAR ARCHES' 167,
106 BEAMS, ON l<~LAS'rIC FOUNDATION

the solution of (148) for the original unknown, the shearing force ,Q, in' tiiil.;,'
A general solution of this equation would give us the ;ariation of Q ~lo~g the following form:
meridional circle. In deriving an approximate so~utiOn, ~oweve~, It IS ~ot
necessary to take into account l'!-ll derivatives ~f Q l~ the differentIal equat~on
-:v.sme-(cpo-w)sin (Xw + if;),
X"

above. It has been observed in experiments WIth th~n shells that the bendmg Q == ,C (14911.)
action of edge forces is concentrated mainly in the regiOn around the edge of the
h 11 Because of this character of the deformation the amplitude of all force where C and if; are the constants of integration. This approximatfl formula for
:n~ 'displacement components 'will decrease rapidly toward the vertex the 0: Q is the same as the one obtained in the theory of thin shells by al~ asymptotic
integration of the differential equation of bending.*
shell and their higher derivatives will be of nllmerically much greater ma~rutude
than the lower ones which can even be disregarded, without much affectl~g t~e . .. The exact form of the differential equation for Q, dedved first bill, Reissrier ("Span-
accuracy of the re;ults. Such an approxim.atio~ will be made usc of III t (l nungen In Kugelschalen," Mull.er-Breslau Festschrift [Leipzig, 1912], p.1S1) fI:1Mll. the flexural
present case. It can be shown that by puttmg III (147) theory of thin shells, is .

. -+ cos ",(3 + 2 sin' "') -dQ

1 - d'Q 2 COd ip d'Q ' 3 - sin t '" d'Q
Q= -:-/ . Q, ---,+ ----
'V sm 'P d",' sin", d'fl' ai,n' '" d",' sin' '" d",

the terms contahling the third derivative of Q will cancel.out, and ~hen only ~be
lower derivatiycs will have to be neglected in order to brmg (147) mto the sIm-
+ [<I ~ /-I') (1 + 12.~)
t'
- ~-J Q = 0
sm' '" '
plified form .It has been shown by E. Meissner ("Das Elastizitiitsproblem fUr diinne Schalen,'
Physik, 14 [1913],'343,; also ·'tJber ElastizitiLt und Festigkeit dUnner &!halen," Vierteljahrs-
(148) schrift der naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zurich, 60 [1915], 23) that a rigorous solution of
this equation can be obtained in the form of hypergeometric series; In this solution, how-
cver, the thickness of the shell appears under negative exponents, thus r-t.:ndering the series
where slowly convergent for small :values of t, which are of particular intcrest in engifi'l3ering prac-
2

X4 =,3(1 - /J
r
2) "j2' tice. In order to obtain a more generally applicable solution O. Blumenthal ("Dber die
asymptotische Integration, " .,," Zeitschrift fur Mathematik und Physik, 62 [1914J,
343:-358) was the first to use tlie method of asymptotic integration. His first approxima.-
It 'IS s e
that the expreRsion thus obtained is the same as the differential equation
en,· d'· d'u I t'on therefore
tion, by canceling out the third derivR tive of Q and then neglecting the lower derivatives,
of bending of straight beams on an elastic foun atlOn, an I s so U 1 " , leads to the same formula for Q as the one obtained in (1400.). This identity (Jf results is
can be written directly as naturally due to the fact that the coefficient of the fourth and third derivatives in the exact
diffcrential equation for Q is thc samc as those derived hcrc from the fIcxlll'ltl thcory of
Q = CX"(C 1 cos A'P + C2 sin A'P) + c-x"'(Ca cos A'P + C4 sin Acp). elasticnJJy supported curved beams, equation (147), Using this solution for Q in dcriving
, expre~sions for the other unknown quantities, however, we shall find that the shell theqry
As · w. that weare dealing with a spherical shell which is closed at the will give somewhat different, and more accurate, results than those obtaine~ in (140'b-g)
summghno . F' . 128 we see that Qand its second derivative will have by the beam theory,since the latter disregards the effect of some of the 'stress componcnts
top * as sown m Igme , , , . '11 . tl t'
,
to approach . th e legiOn
zero m . ' of the vertex of the shell , winch WI reqUire 1a' present in a thin shell. A complete solution of this problem, by means of asymptotic for-
mulas derived from the shell, tlieory, has been given by the writer in an earlier publication
we put in the equation nboye ("Spherical Shells Subjected to Axial Symmetrical Bending," International Assooiationfor
BI'idge and Structural Engineering, Publications, 5 [ZUrich, 1938], 173-185).
C''\ = - C3 and C2 = C4 •
There is still another approximate solution for the problem, introduced by J. W.. Geck-
In ,determining the two remaining integration con~tants from the condit~o~~ at eler ("tJber die Festigkeit achsen-symmetrischer Schalen," Forschungsal'lJtJiten auf, dem
Gebiete des Ingenieurwesells [Heft 276], who nas shown that for extrClnely thin shells ~vith
th buse of the shell it is convenient to introduce m place of 'P a new v~l'la e w
e1 tI t = ' - ~ where 'Po is the half angle of opening of the shell ~Flg. 12~).
large angle of opening it is. permissible to neglect all but the highest derivatives in the
differential equation of bendin&~ This approximation is equivalent to replacing the spher-
;~~'\n~a d~ne ~:lis" ';'e can, after some trigonometrical transformatiOn, wnte
"j!:
,:" jcal shell with a cylindrical one of the same radius and wall thickness. Geckeler's fonnulas
. . I . t the top the four integration constants will all
j: are somewhat less accurate than those derived above from the curved-beam theory and can
• If the shell has a clrcu ar opemng a h t t' r be obtained from (149 a-g) by simply putting sin ("'. - w) = 1. The expr.essions for the
, ' I nd will have to be determined in suc a way as 0 so. IS y :'il ~:~!~cement and rotation of thc edge, equations' (150 a-c), arc, however, the same in both
have, liS a rule, dlffercnd~ ~a ues, a 'b d by the nature of the problem for the uppcr and thc
simultaneously the con thons prescrl e
lowcr edgcs of thc shcll. i!P
"';jl'
 CIRCULAR ARCHES 169
163 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
as shown in the second part ,of the analysis, to the edge of the shell, thus produc-
Substituting this expression for Q in (a-g), we have the formulas for all the ing bending which can then be calculated by the formulas developed above. So
other unknown quantities in·· the shell problem: we .see that for a complete analysis we still need to have the ·solution for the
membrane problem, which will be developed briefly in the following paragraphs.
Ml = 2T, C V . e~)." ) [cos (hW + 1/1) + sin(hw + 1/1)], Let us assume that the surface of the shell is loaded with normal and meridional
" sIn tpo - W
. forces, Z and X, per unit area of the surface, which, being distributed sym-
:M2 = p.M1 , metrically with respect to the axis of the shell, will be functions of the angle tp
h(:--~" only. The membrane forces produced by this loading in the directions of the
N = C v.sm (tpo-W) [cos (hW + 1/1) - sin (hW + 1/1)), hoop and meridional circles will be denoted by N m and T m respectively and
(149 b-g) will be assumed to act per, unit arc length of the corresponding circles. Thc
T = - Q cot (tpo - w), positive directions for these compo-
_ T sin (tpo - w) N nents are shown in Figure 131.
U - Et ' Considering the equilibrium of the
shell in the vertical direction, parallel
2"h2 e-)." .
8 = Et C vsmtpo-W
_ /. ( ) cos ("hw + 1/1). to the axis, we find that along a hoop
I circle of the circumference 21TT sin tp the
. From the equations given the following formulas can be derived for the hori- vertical components of the meridional
zontal displacement Uo and the angular deflection 80 of the edge of the shell (w forces T m sin tp will have to balance the
= 0) due to unit values of edge loadings Po and Mo , respectively: sum of the vertical components of all
surface forces between the hoop circle
2
P 2hT sin tpo and the vertex of the shell. This re-
Uo = EIt ' quires that FIG. 131

8P
0
M
= 1l o =
2"h2 sin tpo
Et '
(150 a-c) 21TT sin tpTm sin tp = - t' (X sin tp + Z eos tp)21TT sin tp Tdtp,
whic~ gives

Thus far we have discussed the problem of bending produced by forces and
Tm = - sm tp '10'"
-'-2-
T (X sin tp + Z cos tp) sin tp dtp.
.
(15J a)
moments uniformly distributed along the base circle of the shell. This bending
analysis forms, however, only part of the complete solution 'of the general Once an expression is obtained for T m , the other membrane force can be dci'ived
proble~ of axially symmetrical deformation, when the shell may be loaded with from the condition of equilibrium in a direction perpendicular to the surface
distributed surface forces and subjected at the same time to certain boundary of the shell, ~hich can be stated as .
conditions required by the character of support at the edge of the shell. In 1
such a general case the stress calculation will have to be resolved into two parts, -(Nm + Tm) = -Z. (151 b)
T·
the first of which is the membrane analysis and the second the bending analysis,
in the maimer described in previous chapters for cylindrical and conical shells. The displacements and rotations produced by this system of membrane forceH
In the first part of the analysis the shell is assumed to be a thin membrane, can be calculated by the standard methods of the elastic theory.
without any flexural resistance, exerting only normal forces, which are in equilib- Let us consider, for example, It spherical shell of radius T = 90 in., wall
, rium with the external. loading distributed over the surface of the shell. Be- thickness t = 3 in., and angle of opening 2tpo ::; 70° subjected to a uniformly
cause of this membrane stress system, however, displacements and rotation distributed radial pressurc p = 1 Ib./in. 2 while the edge of the shell is rigidly
take place at the edge of the shell' whiqh, in general, may not be compatible' fixed against any displacement or rotation (Fig. 132). For the material of the
with the edge conditions required by the nature of the supports. In order to shell we shall assume reinforced concrete with a Poisson's ratio J.I.= i.
satisfy the boundary requirements forces and moments will have to be applied, If the shell is first regarded as a thin membrane free of any edge restraints,
 I
,-' . "-.../
BEAMS ON. ELASTIC FOUNDATION
CIRCULAR ARCHES 171
its edge will, because of the constant mem-
Meissner's exact solution* for this problem, by means of hypergeometricseries.
brane forces Non = Ton = pr/2 = -45
The results of this calculation are as follows:
Ibs./in., move inward horizontally, without
rotation, by the amount
II 0
.5 10 15 20 I 25 30 35
'- rsin cpo'(N T) 645.0.
uo-~ ",-J.l", -E ill .
MI in. lbs./in. - 37 .68 --5.76 -;;~~I~~----;;
'N Ibs./in. 38.92 31.90 17 .. 26 5.95 -0.02 -2.17 -2.50 -2.46
FIG. 132 Since the rigid support of the shell does not 11
permit. any displacement of the edge, we ,
shall have to superpose on the membrane stress system such edge loadings as will . 'b t' f th M and N valuesalong the meridiana.) circle, as obtained
produce an outwardly directed horizontal displacement of the value Uo , without The dlhstn u Itonno th: aplproximate solu tio~s, is shown in Figure 133.
causing, however, rotation at the edge of the shell. from t e exac a d .
, ' The amount of numerical calculatIOn 10
The condition that [0]",_0 = 0 defines the value of one of the integration
constants, namely, the value of .p in (149g), where we shall have'" = 7r/2. The ~eeded for the exact solution was about MERIDION'!/' BENDINa MOMENTS
tweIlty times more than that for the J(J
other integration constant, C, can be determined from the condition that in
(149f) approximate solution. I~, is·to be noted 20
that the spherical shell m oUl' ~~amplc, 10
with a ratio of I'/t = 30, exemplifies ~ne , ~3"
_rsincpoC A 645.0
of the thickest types used in modern .rem- o!~O'-~,<--!f--!.F--4:""':::t;;:;;"""'''';-<
l?t ~sin CPo Jr f~rr.ed concrete st.ructures. Fo\' t hmnet: -___ _ ___ _
shells 01' for shells with a Iarger an~ Ie 0 f .f0 .-'- ""t:iiEim"iUNEHooP iVm£N,. -15"'5/'"
which gives, after putting A Vi3(1 ,~. 1i?2Jr.2/t2 = 7.16, opening the accuracy of the approxllnate JO
645.0t solution is increased. HOOP FORCES
C = - \_/ . = -3.97 Ibs./irr. to DUE TO BENDINa Nibs/VI
1'",V sin <Po . 50. Approximate Solution for Flat
10
Arches
'By substituting these valueH fO!' C and", in (149 a-g) the forces, moments and o 0
displacements set up by the bending of the shell can readily be calculated. For Frequently we find problems with
the lllC'ridional bending mOIllC'nt, ilf] und ,t.he hoop 1I00'nut! force N \\'e thus have the arch a~d the fonndat.ion of such FlG. 133
the following values: · tile ex.·jlrcssion
proportions tl,lat III

- )'
1} =
0
.
WO
5 10 15 20 25 30 35

ill J in. lbs,/in, -32.92

--- ---
-4.28 6.96 8.20
---
5.64
--- ---
2.68 0.50
--0>
the first term on the right side is large compared t 0 um. t y . In such rases it i:,:
N Ibs./in. 37.49 30.00 15.84 4.89 -0.92 -2.04 -3.15 0>
permiRsible to put in (141)
-----

The final stre;;H system in the shell will be obtained by a superposition of the
a ,;, {j = vI;; = AI' = p, (a)

bending and the ~embra~e analysis.' As is shown in the table above, the equa- where >- den~tes the Han~e qnantity used previously.in solnt,ions for bendin~., ()f
tions in (149 a-g) give infinite values for the unknown quantities at the vertex'
of the shell. This singularity is due to the asymptotic character of the ap- straight b e a m s . , . 2 < 600 we find that a
D r 'th flat arches where the angle of openmg l' ,
proximat.ion used, has influence only in the immediate neighborhood of the vertex, 'ftirth:; ~:p;:ximation is ~osRible, namely, t.hat. we may also omit the term
and can be disregarded in practical stress analysis.
For the sake of comparison the values of 1111 .and N wei'e calculated also by .' • '0' p. CIt.
• (Bee p.'16-)' see. also TimoshcnKo, op. cit'. (see p. lO5).
I,
 ~ ,--i
BEAMS ON ELAS'l'IC FOUNDATION CIRCULAR ARCHES 173
2 2 2
y/r in comparison with d y/dx in the expression for M (equation [dJ on p. 157). a. Equal Vertical Forces at the Two Ends. (Fig, 134)
Thus we shall have
The end conditions! for rp = 'Yare
Q cOS'Y + N sin 'Y = P,
Q sin 'Y -.N cos 'Y = 0,
(b) and
JlI = 0,
. , f !If Q and N from (152 b-d) we
Substituting here the· general expreSSiOn or , , '
have for the integration constants
On the basis of these simplifying assumptions we obtain from (142 a-d) and (143) .
the following general solutions for symmetrically loaded (C2 = C3 = 0) flat C _ p sin 'Y
arches: o- rk'

Y = Co + C1 Cosh p<p cos p<p + C4 Sinh p<p sin p<p, 4p cos 'Y Cosh P'Y cos P'Y
CI =P rk Sinh 2p-y + sin 2p-y ,
2
111 = 2X EI(CI Sinh PIP sin p<p - C4 Cosh p<p cos p<p),
4p cos 'Y Sinh P'Y sin P'Y
Q = 3
2X EI[C1(Cosh p<p sin p<p + Sinh p<p cos p<p) C4 = P --;;r- Sinh 2p-y + sin 2p-y •
- C4 (Sinh p<peos p<p - Cosh p<p sin p<p)], (152a-c) Hence the equation for the radial deflection FIG. 134
of the arch will be
N = rkCo ,
o _ ~{sin 'Y +, 2p cos ~ 2 [Cosh p('Y + "') cos p('Y - "')
= C1X(Sinh p", cos p", - Cosh p<p sin p<p) y - rk, Smh 2p-y + 8m p-y l
+ C X(Cosh p<p sin p<p + Sinh p<p cos p<p),
4 + Coshp('Y - rp) cosp('Y + "')]f' (153)

For the horizontal displacement u we shall now have, in place of (144), the follow-
ing formula: the radial deflection at the ends will he
2p-y + cos 2 'Y)
acp ( sin 'Y + 2p cos 'Y Cosh
P
(152f) YA = YII = -SInh 2p--:Y + siii 2P'Y '
where
and t.he deflection at !the middle,
II = .-11 (Sinh p", [~1
'p p-
cos (p - 1)", - - p - cos (p
p+1
+ l)",J Ya = rk
p ( ,
sm 'Y
Cosh P'Y cos P'Y
+ 4p cos I' Sinh 2P'Y + sin 2p-y
) •

+ Cosh p", [Sin (p - I}", - sin (p + 1)",J), The deflection at the middle will vanish if

12 = i (cosh p", L~ 1 sin (p + J

1)", - p !:..- 1 sin (p - '1)", tan 'Y =
Cosh P'Y cos P'Y
-4p Sinh 2P'Y +
sin 2P'Y'

That value 0 f PI' ,\'h'·h t' Ii s t.he equation above will determine the f so-called
t,,\

- Sinh p", [cos (p + l)rp - cos (p - l)rp J). ' I

effec t lve eng
th of
lC sa IS e
the bar
.'
It is seen
l'"
that we must
d' b
have a value 0 2P'Y > 11",
'II b larger than that
'h' h means that the effective length lOr curve eams WI e . .
A few applications of this approximate method will be shown below, by . ;:/~traight beams under the same loading conditions (see pp, 50, 54). If the
deriving formulas for flat arches subjected to sy~metrical end loadings. . r an d teal
radtus h .c Ieng th s -- 2r'Y of the arch and the . modulus of the found a-
 ,~/'

CIRCULAR ARCHES 175

IH;AMS OX ~;LAS'l'IC FOUNDATION

tioll k(1 (k bk" , from equation [aJ on p. 2) are given, the eondition 2fYY Thus we
.
have for the radial
!
deflect.ion of the arch the equation
= 11'
eun be fulfilled hy ('howling the height of til(' ur('h It in such n way that.
+ tp) cos p(I'
It = -SV2~S
-rr
- - = 0.31s
-rrE'
;.~s _ .
. E (154)
Y
p{
= rk cos I'
_
Sinh 2P1'
2p sin 1'.

.
+ sm 2pI'
[Cosh p(I'

+ Cosh pCI' - I{J)

-' '1')

cos p(I' +' I{J)]

}
. (\56) ,
This yalue for It is proposed in the uetlign of foundation urches.* With it, the
deflection at. the middle of the al'('h will he Hence t.he radial deflection at the. ends will be

y(.'
) sin I'
= J --;
Y.. ,.; YB =
P(
Tk I' -
.
2p sm r
Cosh 2P'Y
Sinh 2h
+ sin
+ cos 2P1')
2n . ,
I'k ef'l'l

while the defleetion at the ends will h'

and t.he deflection at the middle,
P ( Sill
!I.• = YB = ~ . I' + .:y-rr ('os I' '1'anJ-rr)
1 2 .
. P( . Cosh pi cos PI' ) •
Uc = Tk cos 'Y - 4p sm I' Sinh 2pI' sin 2P'Y +
At tJw same time t.he bending moment at the middle of the arch will have the
following value: At. t.he same time the bending moment at the middle of t.hp. al'eh will hp.

llI c = ]>s cos I' ]>s cos I' . 21' sin I' . Sinh PI' sin p-:y (15i)
-rr Cosh ~
. 7.88 Me = P - - P - Sinh 2n +
Rin 2P1' •

c. Equal Concentrated Moments at the Two

In the general case, for any value of It the bending moment at the middle of the
arch can be obtained as Ends (Fig. 136)
The end conditions at I{J = 1', nmnelr'
U = - p 2r cos I' Sinh PI' sin PI' (155)
1 C P Sinh 2P1' +sin 2n . N = 0, Q = 0, and M =
lifo, ~ive in ~his
case the following values for the mtegrat.IOn :
b. E'qllalllol'izontal Forces at the 1'wo l!:nds (Ft·g. 135)
eonst,an ts :
The cnd (!ondit.iolls for 'I' = I' are c = 0,
ll
FIG. 136

N sin I' + Q cos I' = 0, . 4/ Sinh PI' cos PI' - Cosh P'Y sin P'Y ,
C1 = -~o r2k Sinh 2P1' + sin 2P'Y'
PI cos I' - (J sin I' = P,
4p2 'Sinh PI' cos PI' + Cosh fYY sin fYY
and C4 = -Mo r2k Sinh 2P'Y + sin 2P'Y
ilI = O. Hence the equation for the defiect.ion of the arch in the radial direction will be
The cOlldition~ are satisfied bX the following values of the integration constants: 4p2 1

c -' p cos I'

Y = -Mo 1'2 k Sinh 2p'Y + sin 2pl'
0-T' . [(Sinh Pl'COS P'Y - Cosh PI' sin P'Y) .Cosh PI{J cos pl{J
_]> 4p sin 1'. Cosh PI' cos PI' ,
rk SInh 2n sin 2pI' + + (Sinh PI' cos P'Y'+ Cosh P'Y sin fi'Y) Sinh PI{J sin Pl{Jj· (158)

c. = _ p '!P sin I' Sinh PI' sin PI' The radial defler.tion ~t the ends will be
rk' Sinh.2n + sin 2n
2M Sinh ~PI' - 0/ sin 2P'Y
• See Adolf Fra.ncke,."EinigeB tiber Grundbogen," Schweizerische Bauzeit'U1Ig, 36 (1900), YA. = YB = - ~ Sinh 2P'Y + sin 2P'Y '
71.
;,11
 '\--_/
DEAMS ON ]~LAS'l'IC
\-..-/
FOUNDA'l'ION
CIRCULAR ARCHES
-", 177
[vj.-v =0 or [y - u sin Io'J.-v = 0,
and the deflection at the middle,
0 / Sinh P'Y cos P'Y - Cosh P,} sin fYY
[Mj,...,. = o· and [N co's 10' -Q sin 1o'1"..'Y = P.
Yo __ - 4M
-- . _,-----;---,.,---='-'_---'c.;
r2 k Smh 2P'Y + sm 2P"/ . Subs~i~utin? her~ the general expressions frolIl (152 a-f), we can write the end
.The bending' moment· at the middle of the arch is obtained as ,conditIOns m the following form:

llf = 2M Sinh rrI cos fYY + Cosh P'Y sin fYY (159)
Co + Cl Cosh fYY cos P'Y + C Sinh P'Y sin P'Y
t

o 0 'Sinh 2p'Y + sin 2P"/ ,+ p sin 'Y[(Cl - Ct)I l - (CI + Ct )I 1 = 0,

2

51. Corrugated Tubes CI Sinh P'Y sin n ~ C4 Cosh P'Y cos P'Y = 0, (160)
It has been shown in § 11 that a longitudinal elemGnt of a cylindrical tube
under axially symmetrical loading can always be regarded as a straight beam
rkCo cos "I - ;>., sin 'Y[Cl(Cosh P'Y sin fYY + Sinh fYY cos P'Y)
2
on an elastic foundation qy taking the modulus of foundation k = EtjR , t
being the thickness, R the radius of the tube, and E the modulus of elasticity of
- C4 (Sinh fYY cos P'Y - Cosh P'Y sin P'Y)] = P.
its material. On the basis of this analogy one may anticipate that circum- A simultaneous solution of these three equations will determine the integration
Jerentially corrugated tubes, in which a longitudinal element is composed of a constants Co, Ql, and C 4 • Substituting, then', these C values in the general
series of arches, can be analyzed by the flexural theory for curved beams on an
elastic foundation. In the curved-beam theory developed in this' chapter
the foundation was assumed, however, to resist radial 9isplacements of the
circular arches, while in corrugated tubes the resistance of the foundation wiII
be proportional to the displacement normal to the axis of the tube. The dif-
ference between these two types of foundation wiII be small only in flat arches,
that is, for shallow corrugat.ions of the tube, and therefore the investigation wiII
be limited to such cases in the following discussion. In order ·to obtain suffi-
ciently accurate results by this approximation it will be required that the angle
of opening for each corrugation be such that 2"1 < 60°, and, furthermore, that
the thickness of the tube t be small with respect to the radius of the corrugation FIG. 137 FIG. 138
r and that this quantity again be small compared to the radius of the tube R.
One of the main reasons for the technical application of corrugated tubes is solutinn, equatiC!ns (152 a-f), we have the final formulas, from which all force
that their flexibility and compressibility in the axial direction are many times and displacement components can. be readily calculated.
larger than those of plain tubes. It will be shown below how this increased ~h.e applicatio~ of the m~thod. ,":i~l be illustrated now by a numerical example
flexibility of corrugated tubes can be calculated by means of the general solution
for elastically supported flat arches in (152 a-f).
r~qum~g calculatIOn 0:
the' fleXibilIty of a corrugated tube of the followjng
dimensIOns: t = 0.065 m., R = 5.330 in., 1 = 0.670 in., and h = 0.235 in. 'A
Let us assume that the corrugation of the tube consists of a series of alternat- tube with these dimensions was tested for flexibility by L. H. Donnell* and is
ing concave and convex circular arches, as shown in Figure 137, Subjecting used here in order to provide a direct comparison between experimental and
this tube to an axial compression P lbs.jin. per unit length of the circumference t1l(wretical results. ..
of the tube, we find that because of the symmetry oCthe corrugation the end
points o£ the arches, A and B, will not deflect normally to the axis of the tube;
* "T~e Flexibility of. Corrug~t~d Pjpes under Longitudinal Forces and 'Bending,"
furthermore, that the bending moment will vanish at these end points and that' Transactwns of the Amencan Soctety of Mechanical Engineers Vol. 54 (1932)· "AppJi d
the axial component of the normal force in the arches will balance the external M ec h a~IC.s.
. S ectlOn~ e
. " pp. 69-75. In .this paper Donnell developed formulas for calculating
'
loading P. The problem is thus reduced to the analysis of a circular arch (Fig. the fleXibility of triangular and semICircular corrugations by means of the minimum strain
2
138) supported on an elastic foundation, the modulus of which is.k = EtjR , ener~y me~I;\Od, expressing the deBection line of the corrugations in the form of trigono-
metric series.
while at the ends of the arch the following conditions prevail:
 I •
'~' '-../
BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
178
In the calculation we need the following constants,. which are d~termined by
the dimensions given for the tube: r = 1.072 m.; p = \/r4kI4EI :::
I
\/3(1 _ J.L2)r4IR2tl = 2.34; A = plr = 2.18 in.- ; 'Y = 38°40' = 0.675 radians,
P'Y = 1.580. With these data we have from ~152f) II = 0.3810 and.I2 = 0.0865, CHAPTER X
and hence can write up the end conditions in (160) in a numencal form, as
follows:
CONTINUITY IN THE FOUNDATION
Co + OA08C +
I L641C, = 0,
2.324CI + 0.023C, = 0, 52. Partial Continuity: Foundation Layers
p In treating the various problem!:' related to beams on elastic foundatio:D. ~
Co - O.428C1 - OA36C, = 522.0 E'
have thus far alwavs assumed that the pressure in the foundation is prQPortional
at every point to the deflection of the beam at that point and independent of the
The solution of these equations gives
.p wessure .or deflec~ion ~ccurring in other parts of the foundatjon This assump-
p and C, = -252.2 E' tIon, whIch was first mtroduced by E. Winkler,* is mathematically by far the
Co = 413.0 E' simp!est that one can make regarding the nature 9f a supporting elastic ~edium.
Substituting these values in (152f), we have f?r the axial displacement c~m­ It assume!; a complete lack of continuity in the material of the foundation as if it
ponent [ujl'-r = -277.5 P IE, ~hich means that.the total span of one corrugatIOn, '" consis~d of a series of independent springs which deflect when directly loaded.._
2l, will shorten, because of the axial c.ompresslOn on .the tube, by t~e amount
, ~ ..hut WIth no movement of the adjacent material (Fig. 140a). We have seen tha.t
555.0 PIE. Since in a similar tube WIthout corrugatIon the shortenm.g of a 21 , there are cases, like that of the cylindrical tube subjected to axially symmetrical
distance would be (2llt)(P IE), or 20.6 P /E, we find that the corrugatIOns pro. loading, "'hen this simple assumption provides at the same time the mathe-
duced a 555.0/20.6, or 26.95-fold, increase in the flexibility of the t~~e. This , matically rigorous formulation of the problem; in many other technical prob-
, , lems t~e :;;olution developed on this basis, though not exact, is still the only
increased flexibility can also be interpreted as if the mod~lus o~ e~astIClty of the
~ theoretICal approach for a stress analysis. This theory ha's proved adequate
steel tube were reduced from a value of E = 30 X 10 lbs./m. ·for a smooth
tube to a value of E' = E/26.95 = 1.12 X 10 Ibs./in.2 for th*e con·~gated on:.
6 , for calculating stresses' and deflections in railroad tracks, but no particular
i claim ,has been made that the deformation or pressure distribution in actual
For this "reduced modulus of elasticity" of the tube Donnell obtam~d experi-
mentally E' = 1.51 X 10 6 Ibs./in.2 in axial compression, and in ben?I~g of the ;, earth foundations could be predicted by this method. The mechanical behavior
6 " ; of subsoils appears to be much more complex than that of any elastic material,
tube he found about the same value, getting E' = 1.45 X 10 lbs./m: These
values of E' are seen to be in fair agreement with the one obtained above from , and as yet it has bpen found impossible to establish any mathematical law
ywhich would conform with the observations made on these materials. t In
the theoretical solution. , some instances, as in the experiments of A. Foppl,t we may find subsoils of such
The same method can be used for
calculating the flexibility of other types ~. character that t.he deformatJon in the foundation is localized mainly in the
of corrugations composed of flat cir- " , loaded region. In such cases, naturally, we may expect good agreeme~t with a
cular arches; only the end conditions • calculation based on Winkler's assumption. For the other limiting case, where
of the arches will then be of different ; the mat.erial of the foundation is completely continuous, we also have certain
P character. Taking for instance the f methods of f:;olut.ion available, which wiII be discussed in t,he latter part of this
..:;;,.,..;.::;;or;.::~:.=.;::.o~"1"=.:-'I"'=r=l- corrugation shown in Figure_ 139, we _chapter.
find that at the end of each arch th.3 ~ But there is still a need to bridge the gap between these two extreme cases
angular deflection and the component and to find a means of calculating foundations where the deformation 'is partlv
lP'---.l.~lc,.,k:~~d:-:"k::~~=-"-~P of the normal forces perpendicular to localized and part.ly continuous In the present section a method will b-e
the axis of the tube will vanish, while presented for treating problems of t.his nature. The partial cont.inuity of the
FIG. 139
the component of the normal forcc
* Die Lehre von der ElastiziUit und Festigkeit (Prag, 1867), p, 182.
parallel to the axis of the tube will equal the external loading P. t See O. K. Frohlich, Druckverteilung im Baugrunde (Vienna, 1934).
t Vorlesllngen uber technische M echanik (9th ed.; Leipzig, 1922), III, 258.
* As cited on p. 177. 179
 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION ',,-,'
180 IS"(
·
found a t Ion w·'111 be realized by assuming a continuous beam imbedded in the , .The pressures in these .cases' are considered positive when accompanied by
"t Wh
material of the foundation, which is itself without any contmUl ~. e~ such positive (downward) deflections. From (a) we have
a foundation is loaded by a distributed load q over a short sectlOn dx ~e find 4
that the deflection under the load wlll con- Ell d YI
sist of a discontinuous part YI and also of a
Y2 = - -
kl dx4
+ YI (c)

continuous deflection curve Y2 , as shown

in Figure 140b. It is seen that by proper
selection of the foundation moduli kl , ~ (d)
and the bending rigidity. of the beam with- ~!

in the foundation El2 any ratio between If we substitute these expressions in (b), Y2 will cancel out, and we shall have the
YI and Y2 can be reproduced by such a differential equation of the elastic line of the upper beam:
mechanical model, while the total compres-
sibility of the foundation l/kl +
11k'!. may dSYI
dx s
+ A I:tdxYI + B YI
4 =
0
, (161)
still be kept constant. The bending anal-
ysis of beams supported o~ such a com-
posite foundation will be discussed below. A kl(ll + 1 + kdl
2)

Let us assume that the upper and the E1112

lower layers of the foundation have the re- The general solution of the equation above can be obtained by putting YI
spective moduli kl and ~, that the beam . r. The result of this substitution is a characteristic equation of the eighth
. bedded between these two .layers has a order, the roots of which ?-re . . ,~.. .. .
FIG. 140 1m h' .
bending rigidity E12 , and that t ~s. entire
foundation is resting on a 1'l~ld base
and supports a beam of bending ri-
ml.2.3.4 (±1 ± i) Va! {3 a~d mo.S.7.S = (:£:1 ± i) Va ~ (3,

gidity Ell subjected to a number of where

concentrated loads (Fig. 141). De-
noting the deflection ordinates of
the upper and lower beams b~' YI Thus, by int.roducing the notation
and Y2 respectively, we find that
the distributed pressure in the
.j'aTI .
FIG. 141
11 ~-4- = AI and
.* k ( - y) and under the lower
foundation under the upper beam IS PI = I YI t' 2 the lower beam is the general solution of (161) can be written in the following form:
_ ~ while the resultant pressure ac mg on .
beam, P2:: k Y2, . ~)Y2 _ kIYI.· Since, according to our assumption, these .t= eAI%(CI cos AIX + C2 sin AIX) + e- AI %(C cos AIX + C sin AIX)
~~e:Su:els fur~ ~h~
3 4
only distributed loading on the two beams, we have from thc + eA.r(Cs cos A2X + Cs sin A2X) + e- A2 %(C7 cos A2X + Cs sin A2X). (162)
flexural theory
Substituting this expression in (c), we have t.he general solution for the deflection
line of the beam within the foundation:
l d4YI (a)
E I dx4
V; = [1 - (a + (3) ~~IJ [eAI%(CI COSAI x + C2 sin AIX)
(b) .. +e-AI%CC3 COSAIX + C sinAlx)]
4

~ + [1 - (a - (3) E~lJ [i'%(c. cos A2X + Cs sin'A2 x)

* The dimensions of kI and k2 are in Ibs. per in.! and those of PI and p. in Ibs. per in. + e- '%CC cos A2X + Cs sin A2X)].
A
7 (163)
 ----
-i:·
BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION-"
I
,~,

"-" --' ,._>'

.ft-, CONTINUITY IN THE FOUNDA •
182 ,if . ,TIOh 183
The general solution obtained :ahearmg
: ' . force Q along th e b earns Th, . F'
a~ove will now be applied to a par. .~~olutlOn fort.he problem in the fOliowingU~o~~: Igure 142 we have the complet.e
tICular case, when both beams are eex
Yo-
of unlimited length and the upPe
one is subjected to a concentrat~
Upper beam:
},

force P at x = 0 (Fig. 142). Here ~~. A,z

P [ e-
the condition that at X= ct:l th
deflections and all their derivativ~
.~YI=16Ell/3
-If'
D, Al (COSAlx+sinAlX) 1
FIG. 142

that we put in (162) and (163)

in both beams must vanish requires
, "- D, '~" (0"" A,. +,;n >,z) J'
C, = C2 = CD = Cs = O. , '01
. ~,.
= ~
8El , /3
(-D e-~Iz •
1:f sm AlX + D2
1
e-
A2Z
)
A~ sin A2X ,
The foUl' remaining integration constants are determined by the .conditions at £c P.[ e-~I:r
- - (164 a-d)
,fl = 8/3 Dl 1;; (cos AlX -
•

;" = 0, where we have

(daxY2 ) =-.'
,
sin AlX)
.
1- (dYI ) = O·
dx '
2. O· -

3Y
3. { El, (la
y,) P
dX3 = 2' ; 4. ( El2 ddxa 2) = O.

The first two of these conditions, when expressed in terms of the derivatives of
(162), require that Lower beam:

and

which give

(16.'i n-d)

and

Substituting these C values in (162) and (163), we have tbe~ final expressions fo he distribution of pressure under th
the elastic line of both beams. The successive derivatikes of these deflectio vely, can be calculated as P, = k ( e ~per)
and lower beams, Pl and P2 respec~
lines will define also the angular deflection 8, the bendi~g
/ moment
. M, and th e formulas above have the fIll 0 oWI~g and P2 = l0.Y2. The notations in
YI. Y2values:
,I
 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
'.....-' '\'-"'C:O~.....,4UITY IN THE FOUNDATION
184

VI
kl
= Ell - (a - (3), D2 = ;~l - (a + (3);
, by X. , we can write the conditions of continuity for displacement and :slope at
" point A in the follo~ing form:

. /A2
f3=V4'-B;
2Po (~ka + kb~b) - 2Mo (~!ka _~)
kb
= E
kb '

Po (X! - ~) _ 2M
ka kb
0 (x!ka +- ~~)
kb
= O.
,

and
- 'Determining the values of Po and Mo
, from the equations 'above and calculating
1 a - (3.
4 the change of pressure distribution in
the foundation due to the action of Po
The formulas in (Hi,!; a-d) and (165 a-d) give the values of ~he ~nknown quan- and Mo, we find that the pressure un-
.. I
tltIes a ong e th beam to' the right of the point of the applIcatIOn. dof the. load:; der the corner of the' rigid punch is con-
(x > 0). The sign convention adopted here is the same as that use p:evIOusly ; siderably increased as a result of the
. I beanl (~ee p 11) The curves for y and M are even functIOns of x, . . continuity produced in the material of
for t h e SImp e '"", . ' F' I
'h'l e d Q nre odd functions J'ust as they were for the SImple beam m Igure 5. the foundatIOn by the imbedded beam.
\V 1 e an . ,. , . d" 'bl t d' b ."
F 10m. th' I tl' on above for a single concentrated loa It IS POSSI eo el'lve, Y Taking for a numerical example kl =
e't'so u .
an'" combination of concentrated or d'IStl'l'b utedid' oa mgs on t h e ",. 30 Ibs./in. 2, ~ = 1 Ib./in.,' 2
EI= 100
superposl IOn,." . ' fi' I h 2
.illfi mte
. Iy Iong up per beam .' Similarly solutIOn for beams of mte engt can ',' Ips. in. , an9 q =:=.1 Ib./in., we have Po =
. ,. . d ( 3)' h
b eo,bt.ame' d by determining the integratIOn constants m (162) an 16 III suc ' 2.670 lbs. and Mo = -3.450 in.lbs. and
. h bl .
a manner as is required by the nature of t e pro em.. .., ' find that for such proportions in the foun- -I :J 2 / O. I
In order to show b~' an example the effect of the partIal contI~Ult~ dls~ussed : dation the pressure at the corner of the
f }fl 1 1 I=t:
abo\'e Iet us consl.der the case when the upper laver " of the
f foundatIOn IS subJected
A - rigid punch will be 5.58 times larger
to the' action of an infinitely rigid punch loaded by, a U~1 ormd~resst~re q. s- r than the average loading q (Fig. 144). FIG. 144
. h ho '(T'd 'nch h'.l.s an unlimited extensIOn m one lre~ lOn, we can
~mmIllg t at t ~ 1'1",1 pu calculate the pressure distribution f 53. Interconnected 'Girders
undei' the corner of the punch in a t
Let us consider a construction consisting of two parallel main girders sup-
illllllllW 1111 !lll!l! 1111 particularly simple manner. Let US!
ported on a series of cantile:vercross beams, as shown in Figure 145, and lissume
'\,f '%
first suppose that the beam within f that under loading the main girders will deflect only in the vertical principai
the foundation is cut through in the t plane of their cross section; thus resisting any twisting action which may be due
vertical plane at the corner of the f to their rigid connection with the cross beams. Under such conditions each
punch (Fig. 143). The result of this 'span (d l and ~) of the crossbeams will act separately as a beam restrained
will be that the part of the beam 'against rotations at both ends, whereas the ends are displaced vertically with
under. the punch will displace verti- Y respect to each other by an amount corresponding to the difference in the de-
FIG, 143 cally by amount t;.y = q/k2 , while' , flection between the two main girders or the second girder and the built~in ends
an
the other part of the beam will re- ~" of the crossbeams respectively. The flexibility of each crossbeam can be char-
main at rest. Since the natme of the problem necessitates the conti~uit\' in 'acterized by the amount of load necessary to produce a unit relative deflection
the foundation beam. \\'e shall have to apply at ~he point of separa~lOn. co~- : between the two ends of the beam. This load under the given conditions, for
centrated forces Po and moments Mn in order to reestablish the contmUltv III a beam of length d and flexural rigidity Elo, will be equivalent to 12Elo/d3•
deflection and slope at this point of the beam. The problem is thus reduced .. If the crossbeams are sufficiently closely spaced, their resistance can be replaced
to the calculation of semi-infinite beams under end loadings, which can be f by distributed reaction forces acting along the main girders. The intenRit~·
carl'iedout, bv means of (19 a-d) and (~O a-d). The part of the beam under, of tl).is distributed reaction p will be proportional at every point to the relative
the punch wiil have a modulus of foundation ka = kl + k~, while the othe~ ; dispiacement of the ends of the crossbeams t;.y at that point, p =:= kAy, the
will have the modulus k. = k2 • Denoting':; (k l + k 2 )/4EI by Aa , and -\lkd4EI
 "'-0.,
.1
; ,

\,••,_~,1_' \., ./
186 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION CONTINtrrTY IN THE FOUNDATION

proportionality factor per unit length of the main girder being 1c= 12Ela/cd3 '~wiJl be assumed to be rigidly connected with the main girders. Denoting the
where c is the spacing 'of the crossbeams. ' ,deflection of the four girders by Yl , Y2 , Ya and Y4 and assuming that the two outer
, Denoting by YI the d~flection of. the oute.r m~in girder of flex~ral rigidity "girders and the two inner ones.are in pairs of the same flexural rigidity, Ell and
Ell and by Y2 the deflectIOn of the mner mam gIrder of flexural ngidity EI: J312 , respectively, we have, according to the theory developed above, the follow-
we find that the distributed elastic resistance of the crossbeams on each of th .. , ~ing expressions for the distributed reaction of the crossbeams along each of the
girders will be PI = kl(YI - Y2) and P2 = k2Y2 , respectively, where kl = 12EI leeds; i'main girders: '
a ·
an ~ = 12Elo/cd 2 • On the assumptIOn that the external loading on th
d
0,

girders consists of concentrated forces, the only distributed loading will be th~
1
~
it Yl

=
(
Ell dx4 = k Y2 - YI),

~P2 EI2 itY2 = k(YI - 2Y2 + Ya).

It
dx4 f
4
d ys
ps = El2 d;4 = k(Y2 - 2ys + Y4),

FIr.. 14.5

pressures PI and P2 derived above, and hrnce we can write, according to the flex-
ural theory of beams,
4
Ell d Y.4
dx4

of the crossbeams.
= k(Ya - Y4),

a
FIG. 146

. where k = 12Elo/cd , d being'the span, c the spacing and Elo the flexural rigidity
I
I:

and

It is seen that thes.} equations are identical with equations (a) and (b) of the
previous section (p. 180), from which it follows t.hat (164 a-d) and (165 a-d)
FIG. 147
will be the solution also for the st.ructural l'roblem shown in Figure 145, in
which the inner beam does not have any concentrated loud.
The solut.ion of these foUl" simultaneous equations can be considerably sim-
The analogy between interconnected girders and layers of h('ams and founda-
. plified by resolving the load Po into symmetrical and antisymmetrical com-
tions is a quite general one and can be extended to a variety of prohlemR, in-
. ponents in the manner shown in Figures 147 a and b, respectively.
cluding the system of beams in the hulls of ships * and the structme of longitudinal
It is seen that in the symmetrical loading we have
and cross girders applied in bridge cOllstructions.t .\H an illustration of the
application of the method we will discuss n'ow. the solution of a pl'Ohlrll1 of the and
latter type.
Let us consider a bridge cOBstruction, consisting of fom main gi!'(kr~ and a
large number of closely spaced rTossbeams, loaded by a concentrated foree Po
while III the antisymmetrical case I,
j

on one of the inner girders, 3.<; shown in Figure 1-16. The ends of the ('roi',,\Jrams
• Application' of this method to ship constructions \\'us first mude by .J. G. Boobnov,
Theory oj Structure oj Ships (St. Petersburg, 1913) (in Rus~ian). See also W. Schilling,
,t:;tatik del" Bodenkonst1"llktion del" SeMITe (Berlin, 1!J25).
t See A. J. S. Pippard and J. P. A. De Wuele; "The Loading of Interconnected Bridgc-
Y. = -Y4 and
, ,
which means that the solution for each of the loading components will involve
only two simultaneous differential equations. The solutions for these symmetri-
cal and antisymmetrical loading components will be discussed separately below.
By superposing these two cases the Holution for the general case of Figure 146

I
Girders," Jou.rnal oj the Institution oj Civil Eng/:ncers (London, Hl38), pp. 97-114, The
example in § 53 is taken from this publication.
may be ohtained.

f
 ..'-..../
'0...-/ '-"
188 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION CONTINUITY IN THE FOUNDATION 189

a. Symmetrical Case B=
Poab(l + b)
From the eq,uations
12lE(I1 +1 2) ,

Cosh Al sin Al(Sinh Ab cos Ab - Cosh Ab sin Ab)

G .;, Po - Sinh Xl cos Al(Sinh Ab cos Ab +
Cosh Ab sin Ab)
2 4A8E(I1 +
12 ) (Cosh2 Al - cos2 Al)
and
Sinh Al cos Al(Sinh Ab'cos Ab - Cosh Ab sin Ab)
iI = ~ + Cosh Al sin Al(Sinh Ab cos Ab +
Cosh Ab sin Ab)
2 +
4>..3E(I1 12) (Cosh2 Al - cos2 Al)
we have, after elimination of Y2 , . ~
With these values for the integration constants the expressions for the deflection
: y, bending moment M, shearing force Q, and distribut.ed reaction palong the
(166) - !~ outer and the inner girders (i and 2 respectively) will be, for values of X < a,
" as follows:
By using the notation P obX[X2 - a(l + b)] . .
"" Y1 = 12lE(I1 + 1 ) + G Cosh AX sm AX + H Smh AX cos AX,
2

~, Jl1 = P;~X (11 ~.[)t 2A2 EI1(G. Sinh.Ax c~.s_Ax . ( ---', 1:

we can write the general solution of (166) in the following form:
- H Cosh AX sin AX), (169 a-d)
Yl = A + Bx + CX2 + DX 3 + E Cosh AX CQS AX + F Sinh AX sin Ax
+ G Cosh AX sin AX + H Sinh Ax cos AX, (167)
:: Q1 = ~lb (11 ~ I) + 2X EI1[G(Cosh ~x cos AX -
3
Sinh AX sin AX)
-.1 :
i.
i - H(Cosh AX cos AX + Sinh AX sin AX)],
while at the same time for the inner beams we have
P1 = -4>..' EI1(G Cosh AX sin AX + H Sinh AX cos AX);
.~-

P ObX[X2 - a(l + b)] 11 .'

""(':: ~

- ~ (E Cosh AX cos AX + F Sinh AX sin AX + G Cosh AX sin AX , Y2 = 12lE[I1 + 12) .- 12 (G Cosh AX sm AX

-+ H Sinh AX cos Xx). (168)

+ H Sinh A:x cos AX),
The eight integration constants occurring in these equations can be determined M2 := Pobx
2f ( 11 + 12 -'2A Ell (S'
12) 2
G mh AX cos AX 'I
" !
i
from the conditions of the system. Since the qefiection and bending moment (170 a-d) ! .~.
above the hinged end supports of the main girders must vanish we have -" H Cosh AX sin AX),

A = C = E = F = O. ·Q2 = ~t (11 ~ I) 3
- 2A EIdG(CoshAxcosAx - Sinh AX sin AX)

The other four constants are determined by the requirements that deflections, - H(Cosh Ax cos AX + Sinh AX sin AX)],
slopes, and bending moments be cOlltinuous through the loaded section (x = a)
of the girders, while at the same time in the shearing force of the inner beams
. P2 = -P1 = 4A' EI1(G Cosh AX sin AX + H Sinh Xx cos Xx).
there be a step of P o/2 at the points of application of the loads. The integration The solution above can be used also for values of X > a, if a and b are inter-
. constants satisfying these conditions have the following values: changed and X is replaced by x' = l - x.
 .'J,

,\~
i
,\ft!' ,-,,/ ' ,
: .~

't. CONTnrtrITY IN THE FOUNDATION l1ii

~-
190 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
i The final solution forthe outer and inner main girders (1 and 2 respectively)
b. Antisymmetrical Case ;:of the antisymmetricallyloaded structure in Figure 147b will thus be for values
From the equations ;ofx < a

;:
-
ljl =N Cosh f3x sin f3x + P Sinh f3x cos f3x + 8 Cosh 'YX sin /'x
and
d' .
~. + T Sinh '¥x .cos '¥x,
EI2 ;"2 = k(Yl - 3Y2),
~

.~. Ml
:
= 2El1[B2(NSinh f3x cos f3x - P Cosh,8x sin f3x)
after eliminating Y2 , we get for Yl + 1'2(8 Sinh '¥x cos 'YX- T Cosh '¥x sin '¥x)] ,
dSYI
dx 8
+ E~ (![1 + 12~)d'YI
dx'
~ Yl
+ E21tl2 = o. (171) 5 Ql = 2El1{,83[N(Cosh f3x cos f3x - Sinh f3x sin f3x)
(174 a-d)
- P(Cosh,8x cos,8x + Sinh f3x sin ,8X)]
The general solution of this equation by means of the notations
+ 'Y3[8(Cosh 1'X cos 'YX - Sinh 'YX sin 'Yx)
• '/ k
P = 11 (1 + 3a + V9a 2
- 2a + 1) 8Ell ' - T(Cosh 'Yx pos '¥X + Sinh.'¥x sin '¥x)]},
and = + P Sinh,8x cos ,8x)
'¥ = V(l + 3a - v'9a2 - 2a + 1) 8;11
PI -4EItffl4(N Cosh,8x sin,8x
+ '¥'(S Cosh '¥x sin '¥x + T Sinh '¥x cos '¥x)];
can be written In the following form:
YI = L Cosh f3x cos px + M Sinh px sin f3x + N Cosh f3x sin /3x Y2 = (1 - 4E~1 (3) (N Cosh ,8x sin (Jx + P Sinh f3x cos ,8x)
+ P Sinh /3x cos /3x + Q Cosh '¥x cos /'X + R Sinh '¥X sin '¥x .-
"'.::.

+ 8 Cosh /'x sin /'x + T Sinh 'YX cos 'YX; (172) + (1 - 4E~'¥') (8 Cosh '¥x sin '¥X + T Sinh '¥x cos 'Yx),
while for Y2 we have from above :..~.

y, = (1 - + M Sinh f3x sin f3;c

4f3':11) (L Cosh f3:r co·s {Jx
M2 = 2El{~(I- 4Ei1(3) (NSinh,8xcos{Jx - PCosh,8xsinf3x) . "

+ N Cosh f3x sin {3x + P Shih f3x cos (3x) 1: +l (1 -' 4Erl'¥) (S Sinh '¥x cos '¥X - T Cosh ,'¥x sin 'Yx) ] ,
t
f.
I. ~
<
~

~~
, :.;1:.'

+ (1 - 4'¥':11) (Q Cosh 'YX cos '¥X + R Sinh /'x sin /'x L Q2 = 2EI{,83 (] _ 4E~I{J) [N(Cosh f3x c~s f3x - Sinh f3x sin f3x)
!

;. ;
(175 a-d)
+ oS Cosh /'x sin /'x + T Sinh /,X cos /'x). (173) - P(Cosh f3x cos f3:r + Sinh f3x sin f3x)]
The conditions for the determination of the integration constant'! will be the
same now as in the symmetrical case, an? thus we get
+ ,¥3 (1 - 4E~1 '¥) [8(Cosh '¥X cos '¥X - Sinh 1'X sin 'Yx)
,.i,.··.. ,1.·.
I,

L = 1If = Q = R = 0, . - T(Cosh 'YX cos '¥X + Sinh 'YX sin !,x)lJ, it

N P kX3 II 12 + [
(G)~ = (H)~ = 2f33(f34 - ,¥4) EIJ;'
P2 = -4EI2 [,8' (1 - 4Ei1,8) (N Cosh f3x sin f3x
8 T kX
3
II 12 +
(Gh = (H)., = - 2/,3(fJ' - 1'4) Eltl2 ' +P Sinh f3x cos f3x)

where the symbols. (G)~, (H)~, (G) 1· , and (H).,. denote the same expressions, G
and H, as in the symmetrical case above, except that Xa, Xb, Xl are now replaced +" (I - 4E!' ,') (8 C",h "" ,in '" + T Sinh ,zoos y.<) J J.
by f3a, f3b, f3l or /,a, rb, rl, according to the Rubscript.
 ',-,I.

192 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

CONTINUITY. IN THE FOUNDATION
193
By superposition we can obtain fro~ th~ symmetric~l a~d anti symmetrical " Assuming that this deflection line is produced

~
cases above the solution for the deflectIOn lme of the. mam gIrders 1, 2,3, and 4 by a distributed loading p (Fig. 148), which
in t.he general case of Figure 146 as follows: ,', can also be represented as
YI (YI).ym. + (YI)nnti.~·!".
. P =
~
00

L...
•
Pn sm -
n1rX
l
, . (b)
A~
Y2 (Y2).ym. + (Y2) an tisym. n_1
FIG. 148
Ya (Y2).ym. (Y2)anlisym. we find, since P ;", EI(cty/dx4), that in the equations above
Y4 - (YI).ym. (Y2)antiayrn.
and
The superposition of bending moments, shearing forces, and crossbeam reactions
can. be carried out in the same manner.
For the 'case when the load Po is on the outer girder, girder number 1, at a Substituting these expressions in (a) and (b) respectively, we have
distance a from the left support, the solution will be of the same form as above,
equations (169 a-d) and (170 a-d) for the symmetri~al and (17~ a-d) ~nd ~ 41 pn. sm
y =. 1r4l4EI n_1
L... . n1rX
-l- , J
n
(175 a-d) for the antisymmetrical case, only the expreSSIOns for. the ~tegratlOn 4
1r EI ~
•
(178 a-b)
constants will have to be modified in those equations. The re~atIOnship bet."'een P = -l4 n_1
4 • n1rX
L...n ansm-- .
these new constants (marked by a prime) and the onesobtamed above Will he l
as follows: .
These' two equations represent a. general' interrelation between loading and
a. Symmetrical Case deflection in any hinged-end beam and can be conveniently used for the analysis
. of grillage beams, as will be shown below.*
B' = B, J)' = D, H' :-H 1.:
II ·
(176) ~ Let us consider first' a simple grillage, consisting of two main girders freely
.
~ supported on a larger number of crossbeams, the ends of which have hinged
, supports along the line 0-0, as shown in Figure 149.
~ '. It will b& assumed that the spacing of tJw crossbeams, c, is sufficiently close
.'. for the concenu'ated reactions of the crossbeams .to be replaced by continuoush' ., '~

.14. Grilla.ge Beams
As a counterpart to the subject of the previous section,. wher~ we have dis·
cussed rigidly interconnected girders and crogsbeams, let us Investigate the prob·
lem of a grillage of beams, where the longitudinal girders ar~ freely supporte~ on
crossbeams and no bending or twisting moment is transmItted at these p~m~s
, from one beam to the other. In the analysis of this type of problem ltJ§.
convenient to express the deflection liiles of the. girders in t~e !orm. of ~rig~no- .
metric series, on the basis of the minimum stram-energv prmcIPle, app'hcatlOns
of which have already been shown in previous chapters. . ..
The deflection line of a simply supported beam under any loadmg condItIOn
is known to be expressibl~ in the form
(a)
~ dic;tributedloading-s along the main girders. The intensity of the reaction forc;s
., produced at the hin~edends of the crossbeams as the grillage is subjected to
. exter.nalloading will be denoted by p. This p as ~ function of x will be regarded .
as the statically unknown quantity in t~e present problem, and its determina.tion
. , will be carried out in the game manner as that. generally tlged in solving staticalI~'
indeterminate structures.
c ' First we shall :l.RSume that. the hinged Rupports are removed from the ends
of the crossbeams, and thus the main girders can freely deflect without any
restraint on the part of the crossbeams (staticallv determinate fundament~l
~ystem). If t.he outer girder, number 1, in this s~~stem is loaded with' a con-
centrated force P, the crossbeams will remain straight, and their farther end
will describe in the 0-0 vertical plane a aeflection eld'times the inverted deflec-
tion line of girder 1. We thus get y: = - (eld)y; , where the upper index
• This approach has been used by the writer in a paper entitled "A Method of Calcu-
lating Grillage Beams," Stephen Timoshenko 60th Anniversary Volume (New York, 1938).
A solution for the case when a grillageoi beams is supported on all its four sides was de~ .
veloped by Timoshenko, "tiber die Biegung von Tragerrosten," Zeitschrift fur angewandte
Mathematik und Mechanik, 13 (1933),153-159.
 ic
~
1Ii<'

·1
sm
,,-"
'",
'0..-/'

CON'l'INUITY. IN THE FOUNDATION 195

194 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION ifEquating from (c) and (d) y~ = Y6, we have the solution for the unknown
denotes the cause of deflection and the lower index ~:.Ows the place where the , reaction p as
deflection is produced. .
Using the known formula expressing in sine series the deflection of a simply
::'"

'"
1) 2de 1 . n"ITa • n"ITx
T [ sm -l- sm - l
supported beam under a load P at a distance a from the support, we have p= -2: ,,-1 2 1 2
1
1 4"IT4 C 2 2 • •
(179)
II + + e) +n
'i,!:'

p . e 2Pl3 ~ 1 : n"ITa • 1t"ITX

~
x:.:· , e (d [2 14 3Io d e (a +e) ,
(c) '!/
yo = - - - - L- - 4 sm -l- sm -l- .
. d -nA Ell ,,-1 n .
'1;:
;;. It is ~een that. the negative sign in the formula above denotes an upward-acting
~. reactlOn p. As these p forces along'the 0-0 line are known, the problem be-
this would be the deflection line in the 0-0 plane if the ends of the crossbeams
were free to move. But in the structure under consideration (Fig. 149) the ends r comes a st~tically determinate one. The components Qf p on the main girders
of the crossbeams are hinged; therefore deflection at these points will not Occur, ,land 2 wl~l be.Pl = pee/d) and P2 = -:-p(l +
e/d) respectively. Shearing
~. ,force, bendmg momen.t, slope and deflectlOn curves due. to the loading p can
but distributed reaction forces p will be originated instead. These p forces
. ure to cancel the y~ deflection curve along the 0-0 line, and their value can be t. be obtained by successive integration of (179). By integration the convergence
determined from this condition, that Y~ = Y6 , where Y6 denotes the deflection ,f of the series increases, and in most cases the fir~t few terms will give an ~ccuracv
of the free ends of the crossbeams in the fundamentaJ system under t.he action ~ 's,:!fficient in technical applications. ..
¥: The solution for the reaction forces p can also J?e obtaJned, in this sarrIe
of the unknown p forces.
~" manner, when the concentrated load P is on girder 2 at a'distance a from the
I
! left support. Here we have -
! pt/d ~ ~ ~ P 2d(d + e) 1 : n"ITa • n"ITx
p -:=1 D l' ~2sm -l- sm -z- , (180)

i where D stands for the same denominator as that in (179). The loading p
l' will now point downward' (positive direction) along the 0-0 line of supports.
. The components of p on girders 1
t and 2 are PI = p(e/d) and P2 = _po
FIG. 149 FlO. 150 (1 + e/d).
.~ Thus Jar we have investigated
: The Y6 deflection consists of two parts, one caused by the defierJ,ioLl of the ~; the cases when it was required that
main girders 1 and 2, the other due to the elastic deformation of the crossbeams ~ the deflection of the crossbeams
if along the 0-0 line be zero. In a'
loaded by p, as is shown in Figure 150: .
f similar manner let us now consider
Y6 = YOl + Y02 , the problem when the ends of the 11
crossbeams are subjected to such
where restraints along the 0-0 line as FIG. 151
will keep the slope at the ends hori-
zontal (0 = 0). Such an end condition can be satisfied by applying along the 0-0
line at the ends of the crossbeams distributed moments m = 2: m" sin n"ITx/l,
and which will cancel the slopes originating at those ends in the fundamental system,
where the crossbeams are free to displace under the action of the concentrated
Y02 = p 3;10 e (d
2
+ e). load P (Fig. 151). T,he condition from which the unknown moments m can be
determined will now be
Putting P LPn sin n"ITx/l, we can, by means of (178a), write the total Y;
deflection in the form . .

t {~~.[~ ~ + (1 + ~d)2;] +'3;I e2(d +. e)}PTI sin n;.t.

where O~ and O'/: denote the angular deflection of the ends of the crossbeams in t.he
Y6 = (d) statically fundamental system under the action of P and m respectively.
TI~l n E J.2 I1
"IT 2 0
 i
, ~

;zt:-
, ~:
, f~ CONTINUITY. IN THE FOUNDATION 197
BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION " .:-,.
196 ~

Assuming that P acts on girder 1, we have

t deflectio~ and the berid~g moment in the crossbeams will be zero a.Iong 0-0,.
· 1 whereas.m the symmetncal case the slope ,and the shearing force will vanish at
pIp 1 2PZ3 ~ 1 . n'll"a.. n'll"x · kt~ese pomts. .These two cases are evidently identical with the two whose solu-
- Yl = - d- -'EI £.." -'4 sm -Z- sm -Z- .
110 = - d (e)
W' 1 .. _ln . t w:ms we obtamed in (179-180) and (181-182). By superposition therefore
The expression for 8;;' will contain terms representing the effect of the relative
£we can now derive the distributed reaction forces of the crossbeam;p p p'
"d~
I hfth"d 1,2,3,
an P4 a ong eac 0 .e malO gIl' ers 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively for any arbitrarily
deflection between the girders 1 and 2 and the flexibility of the crossbeams.
Using the notations in Figure 152, We ·i placed transverse loading on the symmetrical four-girder grillage. Thus we get
lm/d :.'~I shall have a
· ~"" for the case when the load P is on girder 1 at a distance from the left support
~__~~~~:-2---~m
£70 •

"' =
.80
!d (YI;,. + ym) + m c(d3El
2 .
+ 3e)
o
~
j
PI = t!.II (-{DI - -'!")Sin
fZ "-I Dz
~sI'nn'll"x
l l '
Putting now m = :L
m" sin n'll"x/Z and · _ P ~ 1
P2 - - LJ-
[e. (d + e) + -1] SID-sm-
. n'll"a . n'll"x
expressing y~ and y'2 by means of (178a), l ..-I II DI D2 t l'
(1838.-d) .
FIG. 152 we have
P3 = f i= ~ [ e(d + e) + -.!..] sin ~ sin n'll"x
II;;' = £.
... _1
[!. L .(!. + !.).!. +
d2 wAE II 12 n4
c(d +
3Elo
3e)]
x
m" sin n'll"t ,
.
(f)
l
_ P ~ (e
2
Dl ..-I II
1
n'll"a . n7rX 1).
D2 .l Z'

p~;- I 6 £ DI - D2 sm -l-··SIIl. T'

Equating from (e) and (f)lI~ II;;' , we have for the unknownm the solution., jl..
j \vhere
P 2d 1 . n7ra • n7rX
_~ T II sm sm -z-· -z- 1 + (d 2 1
m= LJ 4 •
(181) DI = e2 1- . +
4 1('4 C
e) T + n - - d e (d + e)
2 2'
. 1:
"_I!.II +!:..12 + n4!.~
Z4 310
d (d + 3e)
2 ;' I .t2 Z4 310 .
· Fand
In this formul~, m iii considered positive if causing tension in the lower fibers of
1 +1 471'4 C 2
the crossbeams. The distributed reactions due to these m moments on girders D 2 = II 1;+ n l4 310 d.(d + 3e).
1 and 2 will be PI = (l/d)m and P2 = - (l/d)m, respectively, the downward-
directed force always being taken as positive. ~'Yith the same notations as above we have for the case when the load P is on
For the case when the force P is on girder 2 at a distance a from the left end gIrder 2 the following expressions:
. the restraining moments m, distributed along the 0-0 line arf! obtained as

m =
~
LJ -
1 2d 1 . n7ra . n?rX
P - 1- sm -l- sm -Z- , (182) PI
_
-
P 1reed + + IJ .
~
T 6 1. DI
e) n7ra . 1t'.,rx
D2 sm -l- sm -Z- ,
.. -I D Z
where D denotes the same denominator as that" in (181).
2

P2
= ~ ~
l f:j 12
!. [_ Cd +
DI
e)2 _ 1] . n7ra . nirx
D2 sm -.Z- sm -Z- ,
The two problems investigated above and shown in Figures 149 and 151
. can be regarded as parts of the solution for. the general case, where a four-beam
symmetrical grillage is loaded by .P3
~ ~ [Cd + e)2 _
=!:z!::f 12 DI
1] .
D2 sm
n7ra • n7rX
-Z- sm -Z- ,
(184a-d)

an arbitrarily placed concen-

trated force P (Fig. 153). Re- P4~=!:l f:j
~ ~ [_e(d +e) +' -.!..] . n7ra . n7rX
12 DI D2 SID -Z- sm -Z-·
solving the load P into two
components, a symmetrical and 55. Complete Continuity: Elastic Solid Foundation
an antisymmetrical one with re-
The nature of a supporting elastic medium of any type can best be described
spect to the axis· of symmetry
by the deflection line of its surface under a unit concentrated load. In the
0-0 of the grillage, we find that
major part of the present work we have ~ssumed the Winkler type of foundstion,
for the antisymmetrical case the
FIG. 153
 198 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION CONTINUITY. IN THE FOUNDATION
199
in which a unit load causes a completely discontinuous deflection line (Fig. 154a) ...corresponding to Wieghardt's assumption is not identical with a homogeneous
In the last three sections a. modification of this theory was discussed in which . ~ and isotropic elastic solid, since in the latter we have *
the deflection line of the foundation under 3, unit load consisted of a continuou.
and a discontinuous part (Fig. 154b). We have now to consider the caSe iI~ ..
".:hich there is a complete continuity in the . ;ancl ~'ith this expression for K the solution of the integrodifferential equation
material of th . ~ foundation, the deflection line ',mentIOned above has not as yet been obtained.
ur-O (Fig. 154c) being a continuuus function K of 1: Problems, of the bending of beams supported on an elastic solid wer~ first,
the absolute difference of the coordinates :,solved by W.'Prager,t and his method of solution, based on applying functions
of the point' of application of the load ~ :' of a complex variable, will be discussed in more detail below.
and the place x, where thf> deflection is 7: Assume that an elastic beam of height h and of unlimited length is supported
produced: on ~m elastic solid foundation and loaded along its upper edge by a distributed
. periodic load '
w = K(I X - ~ I). Ild f..., n7rX
CJ
q()
x = -2 + n_I
LJ an cos -Z- . (185)
If a foundation, characterized by this func-
t==:2:::;;::::=t:---- tion, is subjected to any distributed pres- The coordinate a~es for the bean: an? the foundation will be denoted by x, Y
sure p(~) along the length Z of a beam, the .and Xl, YI respectnrely, as shown m FIgure 155, and it will be assumed that the
deflection line of the surface of the founda_ -extension of the beam, the
foundation, and also of the " '~-2[ ~,z/-,
FIG. 154 tion is obtained as
• ',,' zty!., '
load, is unlimited in the z
w = f p(~)K(1 x - J)~ d~. . direction, so that the problem
is that of plane strain. In the
derivation we shall consider ' 0 y:>C h
, .Assuming that the deflection of the beam under consideration is the same along -a unit "'idth of the beam and ~iW4.:J!1;~~;
the length l as that of the foundation, if the loading on the beam is denoted by foundation in the z direct.ion. tJ? i;

q(x) we have from the flexural theory of beams Denoting by U z and U II the nor- FIG. 155
"mal st.resses, by u and v the
d1w 'displacement components in the x .and y directions respectively, and by T"lI
- , = Clq(x) - p(x)].
tx4 t.he shearing stress in this coordinate system. we shall assume that
at y = 0, T"lI = 0 and U II = -q,
By combining the last two equations we may have the problem stated in the,
form of an integrodifferential equation. This approach has been employed at y = h, and YI = 0, TZU/l = 0,
by K. Wieghardt,* the first to investigate the problem of a continuous elastic
and
foundation, and he has shown that, in the speciaJcase when while for
YI = 00

stresses and deformations must remain finite.

the method yields solution for beams of finite length under certain definite
conditions of loading. It is to be noted, however, that the type of foundation The equilibrium equations in a two-dimensional stress system in the direc-
tions x and y require that
• "Uber den Balken auf nachgiebiger Unterlage," Zeitschriftfur angewandte Mathema-
#k und Mechanik, 2 (1922),16&-184., This method of solution has also been discussed in the
OU~
ox
+
OTzy =
oy
°
and OUII +
OT zy = 0
(a)
following publications: P. Nemenyi, "Tragwerke auf elastischer Unterlage," Zeitschrift _ _ _ _ _ _ _
oy ox .
fur angewandte.Mathemat~k u~d Me~hanik! 11 ,~1931), 45?-4 63 ; E. R~is~ner, "On the Theor! • See S. Timoshenko, Theory of Elasticity (New York, 1934), p. 87.
of Beams Restmg on a Yleldmg FoundatIon, Proceedtngs of the 1'1 attOnal Academy of Sct- t "Zur Theorie elastisch gelagerter Konstruktionen," Zeit.schriftfUr angeW[1"'r'~c " '!!he-
ences,23 (1937),328-333. ,matik und Mechanik, 7 (1927),354-360. '

I
200 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION CONTINUITY IN THE FOUNDATION 201

These equations are. satisfied if the stress components are expressed as deriva- we have
tives of a stress function F in the following manner:
• o..! = o1J; = U = (1 - ,u)AF,
ox oy
TzU = (b)
OI{J N -V,
oy - ax ~
Denoting by e the volume change and by w the rotation, we have
and thus.
.
.tl=-
of+ cp-8
)I
ox .
w = !(?!!ox _ou)
2 oy' v = _oF
iJy
+ 1J; _ t
,
t
J
(f)

anJ
where 8 and t are also conjugateliarmonic functions.
Applying the differential operator A to (c), we find that the stress function
E F is biharmonic:
CT", + CTv = AF = (1 + ,u)(1 _ 2,u) e, (c)
AAF = o. (g)
where A = ;l/ ax2+ a2/ ay2 and E and ,u are the modulus of elasticity and Pois- Having obtained the gen~ral equations of elasticity above, let us return now to
son's ratio respectively. The equilibrium equations above can aiso be ex-
(185), where it was assumed that the loading q on the beam is periodical, with
pressed, by e and w, in terms of derivatives of the displacements u and v; we thus
a period of 2Z. In such a case we find that, along the verticals, x = 0, x = ± 2Z,
get:
x = ± 4l, etc., the horizontal displacement u and its first derivative au/ax must'
vanish. A stress function F which sat.isfies these requirements can be assumed
in the following form:

1 -,u oe + ow _ 0 F(x, y) =L'"

"_1
fn(y) cos -Z .
n7rZ
(186)
1- 2,u oy ox - .
Substituting this expression for F in (g), we have an ordinary differential equation
Hence we see that e and ware conjugate harmonic functions; consequently, for fn(Y):
they can be regarded as real and imaginar.y parts, U and V, of a function of a
complex variable z = x + iy: d(fn(Y) -2 n
2
7r
2 2
d fn(Y) +n 4
7r
4
·( ) =·0
dy' . l2 dif f Y
Z4" ,
.!
1 - ,u
-- e
1 - 2,u
+ zw. = U + iV. (d) the solution of which is

Assuming that

J (U + iV) dz = I{J + iif;, (e) Since the function F in this form can satisfy the boundary requirements regarding
streRses and deformations, these conditions will have t.o he satisfied inde-
.202 BEAMS ON "ELASTIC FOUNDATION CONTINUITY IN THE FOUNDATION

pendently al~o by the harmonic functions 8 and t in (f). Thus we have for the
stress and dIsplacement components in the beam 2
an k Sinh "In h Cosh 'Yn h + Sinh 'Yn h.
fJ'" = t. 'Y~ cos 'Y .. x [ An Cosh 'Yn Y + Bn Sinh 'Yn Y
Dr. =
;y: k(Sinh "In h Cosh 'Y.. h + 'Yn h) + Sinh2 'Yn h - 'Y~ h '

where k = [E'(l - IL2 )l/[E(1 - IL,2)J,the symbols E, IL and E', IL' denoting the
2

+ Cn (Y Cosh 'Y .. Y + ~ Sinh 'YnY) modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio for the beam and the foundation
respectively.
The general solution in (188 a-e) can also be employed for calculating the
+ Dn(Y Sinh 'YnY + ~ COSh'YnY)J. stress distribution in the foundation by using for the integration constants the
modified values A~, B~ , C~, and D~. We find that the pressure distributi6'n
00
on the surface of the foundation (YI '7 0) will not be influenced by the last three
fJ'u := - ~l 'Y~ cos 'Yn x(A .. Cosh 'Yn Y + Bn Sinh 'Yn Y
of these constants, while for A ~ we have ,.:
+ CnY Cosh 'Yn Y + DnY Sinh 'YnY), A' _ an . .. k(Sinh'Ynh+'YnhCosh'Ynhj
2
'Y~ k(Sinh "In h Cosh 'Yn h + 'Yn h) +Sinh 'Yn h - 'Y~ h •
2

r." = ~ 'Y~ sin 'YnX [An Sin~ 'YnY + Bn Cosh 'Y" Y

n -

By introducing the notation

+ Cn(V Sinh 'Y"V + ~ Cosh 'YnY) k(Sinh 'Yn h + 'Yn h Cosh 'Yn h) .,
en = -k-(S-in-h-"I-n~
hC~o::'sh:'::':"'-'Y!.:.n:":'h;"'+..!.-"I.!..n::"h'::")-=+:'::::':S::'in...!.h':;;2~')~.n-h--_--c'Y·2;;-"nIl
(188a-e) ; .:

+ Dn (V Cosh 'Yn Y+ 'Yn,

.!.. Sinh 'Yn V)], . ~

we have from (188 a-c) the following solution for the pressure distribution p(x),
~ = -r1+,u~ .
6 'Yn sm [
'Yn x An Cosh 'Yn Y + Bn Sinh 'Yn Y shearing force Q(x), and bending moment M·(x) along the beam:

+ C(Y Cosh 'Yn Y+ 2(1.'Y~ ,u) Sinh 'Yn Y)

n
1J (X) = _(~o + t l anC n eos 'YnX),

+ Dn (Y Sinh 'Yn Y+ 2(1 'Y~,u) Cosh 'Yn Y) J, Q(x) = -1' Tz" dy = f

n_l
~ (1 - en) sin "In x,
'Yn
(189 a-c)

h 00 an
l :E
v = - T+
1
~ 'Yn COS'Yn X An Sinh 'Yn Y + Bn Cosh 'Y"Y
00 [
M(x) = 0 fJ'zy dy =
• _1
2" (1 - en) cos 'l'n X •
'Y n

For the axial force in the beam we have at the same time
-+ Cn(Y Sinh 'Yn Y l~n 2,u Cosh "In Y)
-
l\'(x) = f dy = o.
J. j
fJ'"

+ D~ (Y Cosh 'Yn Y - 1 ~n 2,u Sinh 'Yn Y)

Though the solution above is only for an infinitely long beam under distributed
here 'Yn = n7r/l. periodic loading, it has been shown by Prager* that from this case one can
. in these eq~ations the integl:ation constants satisfying the boundary condi- also obtain, under specified loading conditions, solut.ions for beams of finite
tIOns assumed m the problem will be length. For this purpose use is made of the particular properties of periodic
load components which, when in series, are capable of reprodlleing a large variet.y
of loading conditions.
2
Bn = _ ~~ k Sinh 'Y .. h + Sinh 'Yn h Cosh 'Yn h + 'Yn h
* Op. cit. ·(see p. 199).
'Yn2 k(Sinh 'Ynh Cosh 'Ynh + 'Ynh) +
Sinh2 'Ynh - ')·~h2'
 '---.

204 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

The periodic load shown in Figure 156, for instance, can be developed in
the form
q(x) = 2aqo L.. '4qo
+ 71-1 -n'lr sm• n'll"a cos n'll"{3 cos n'll"x
-l- .
On account of the periodic symmetry of this loading the shearing force in the
beam .at x = ± l, ± 3l, ± 5l, etc., will always be zero. By a suitable choice
of the a and (3 ratios, however, one can also cancel the bending moments at those
points, which will be equivalent to having beams with free ends.
CONTINUITY IN THE FOUNDATION 205
e.:.
edge to a distributed periodic loading. By superimposing periodic loading
i components one can also obtain a load equivalent to a concentrated force and
thus derive the solution for the case when the infinite beam is under the action
(190) : of a single concentrated load. This approach has been used by M. A. Biot, *
-whose results will be discussed below.
. " Consider a beam of width 2b supported on a foundation of the same width
"and subjected to a simple wave loading of the intensity
g = qo cos 1IX.
The front and back faces of beam and foundation will be assumed to be free
of surface tractions
. , and thus the problem under consideration will be that of
plane stress. If the height of the beam is small compared to. the wave lengt~
- of the applied load, the flexural theory of beams can be used WIth good apprmQ-
. mation, in which case we have for the deflection of the beam

qo cos 1IX
(192a)
FIG. 156
-.. :
W=
vE ( 1 + EI
E'b 11
3)'
Substituting an = (4qo/n'll") sin n'll"a cos n'll"{3 f-rom (190) into (189c), we have
for the bending moment at x = Z
where EI is the flexural rigidity of the beam and E' is the elastic modulus of the
Mz = 4qr.Z
~
2
t
71-1
(-1)"
n3
(1 - en) sin n'll"a cos n'll"{3.
foundation. At the same time the pressure distribution under the beam will be

p = 1IE'bw. = qo cos 1IX .

This equation can be used for the purpose of finding for any assumed value of a E ( EI 3) (192b)
]
the corresponding {3 value which will makeM z vanish. Taking these values of
E'b 1 +
E'b 11 :1
'a and {3, we can write the distribution of foundation pressure and bending
moment along each free-end beam of length 2Z as
, Thus we find that in this particular roading there is a proportionality between
- pressure arid deflection at every point along the beam, though the proportion-
I
p ()
x = 2aqo..+ -4qo~en. . cos n'll"X]
L..J - sm n'll"a cos n'll"{3 -Z- ,
ality factor k =. 1IE'b is now not a constant but a function of the wave length ,I
'Ir 71_1 n of the loading. The bending moment in the beam due to the load q = qo cos 1IX . :1
(191 a-b) is obtai~ed as
4qrl ~ (1 - en) • n'll"x
M (x) = --::x
r
L..J
71_1 n3 sm n'll"a cos n'll"{3 cos -.Z- •, gov cos 1IX
M = 3 'E'b' (192c)
It should be noted that we got here the solution, not of the problem of a 11 +
EI
single beam of finite length supported on an elastic solid foundation, but of the
problem in which the surface of the foundation is covered with an infinite 'By superposing an infinite number of simple harmonic load components,
row of individual beams, 'each of w~ich has free ends and is loaded in the same like that considered above, any arbitrary p(x) can be represented in the form
manner. of a Fourier integral:

56. The Infinite Beam Supported on an Elastic Solid and Loaded by a

Concentrated Force
p(x) = - Ii'" L+"
'Il" 0
d1l
...
p(~) COS'1I(X - ~) d~.

In the previous section we had the solution of the problem of an infinitely

long beam supported on ll.n p.last.ic solid foundation and subjected along its upper • "Bending of an Infinite Beam on an Elastic Foundation," Journa~ of Applied Mechan-
ics, Transactions oj the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 59 (March, 1937), A 1-7.
206 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
C.ONTINUITY IN THE FOUNDATION 20i

Each element in this loading · The bending moment in this case is proportional to the one-third power of the
1 flexural rigidity of the beam and not to the one-fourth power found in (5c) for
;;. dll d~ p(~) cos II(X - ~)
, : the Winkler type of foundation, where no continuity of the matedal was assumed.
produces a bending moment which , according to (163c) , '. . Ieut to · Equation (5c) gives for the maximum bending moment in the beam the same
lli eqUiva
, "alue as (194) if we take for the modulus of foundation Ii, t.he "allie ,
l
_ dM(x) = ~ dll d~ ~'pm cos ~)
EI )! .
,(E'b II
II(X - 4

11" 3 E'b k = o.nOE (195)

II + El
and .com;equentl~ the total bending moment M(x) due to the loading (x .
The 'bending-moment curve calculated from (5c) with this "alue for k is shown , 1!
obt.amed as an mtegral of these elementary bending moments: P ) 18 , by the dotted line in' Figure 157.
The deflection lines corresponding to the bending moment curvei'; above
,/
.l[(x) = 1+'" p(~) d~ 1"° ~ cos II(X - ~) can be obtained in each case by integrating twice the formula
,i
"f

+ E'b
II
-00 11"
p3 Ei d2 w
EI dx2 = M (x). .1
I f the loading is concentrated at x = 0 within a narrow region x = ±E, we have Ii
The lines obtained in this manner for the elastic solid foundation on the one ,
1:' p(~)' d~,
!

hand and for the Winkler foundation with the modulusk from (195) on the other
P = hand are shown in Figure 158 by full and p
dotted lines respectively.' Since in the
and the bending moment due to this concentrated load is ~btained as () I
elastic solid foundation the absolut.e value J

M(x) = ~
11"
1'°" II
y'l
eos
+ E'b
IIX d'
II.
(193)
of the deflection is infinite everywhere, in
order to compare the shape of these two
El • t.ypes of deflection lines the ordinates at the
Introducing the symbol . point of application of the load were taken
, as the same.
= (E'b)'
El'
,. The method above has also been applied
'1/ ,. 'by Biot * to the problem when t.he infinitely
long beam 6f width 2b is support.ed on the FIG. 158
we can also express the bending moment above as a function of 'l/X:
surface of a three-dimensional elastic solid.
Al(x) = P~ "'('l/x) In this case he found for the maximum bending moment in the beam undet· a
'1/ ' concentr.ated load P the following value:
where EI O.277 J (HJ6)
",(T/X) = ~
11"
1'°" a cos (aT/x) d
of 1 + a.
M max = O.332Pb [ G(l - J1.'2) E'b4 .

The value of the constant G in this equation depends on the character of distri-
p This latter formula has been used by Biot bution of pressure across the width 2b under the beam. For uniform distribu-
in evaluating nilmericaIIy the bending- tion of pressure C = 1 j whereas if the displacement in the foundation is con-
moment distiibution along the beam. stant acrOS13 the width, G = 1.13. In either event the value of Mmex from (196)
He obt:1incd the function \0 (T/x) , shown will be very close to that obtained by t.he Winkler theory in two dimensiow'
by the solid I:nc in FigurE' 157, where which, by the simple substitution of k = E' in (5c), gives ,I
the value of the n~aximum bending mo- EI)0.2DO r
.1 ment at t.he point of application of the M rna" = 0.353P ( FJ' .. J!
7jM/P
load is
P
.Mmax = 0.385 _. (194) • Op. cit. (see p. 205). J
Fill. 157 '1/ i
!
 '\...-J '"--,,
208 BEAMS ON ELAS'l'IC FOUNDATION
CONTINUITY IN THE FOUNDATION 209
t .

Thus we have the interesting conclusion that the simple ::issumption of f ; E denoting the modulus of elasticity and Jl representing Poisson's ratio for the
·
t lOn WI'th ou t matena . I contmUlty
.. .
gives a closer approximation for th a ounda-
b material.
supported on a three-dimensional elastic solid, equation (196) than teh eam ~- Between F and W we have the relation
· t d' .
respondmg wo- ImenSlOnal case, equation (194). ' . e COr
-
In the derivation of these results the foundation Was ;eg'arded as a' "I' . while f1W = o.
t · h'l h d n e astle
con muum; w 1 e t e eformatio~ of the beam was calculated on the basis of the

I
elementar~. flexural theory. ThiS method of approach has the advantage t hat , c The notations above will be used for the beam; when these symbols refer to
I I the foundation they will be marked with a prime.
"t Ie resu tmg formulas can .be used for beams of any . , I-b earns for , ~
cross section
The first step in approaching the problem will be to establish the relationship
l~s:da.ntceE'Ismced thhe b~adms m this theory are defined merely by their flexural
g
l'l l l y . al1' ~ e WI th of .the base of their cross section 2b. In consequence
; between pressure and deflection at the surface of the foundation. This part
o f th l f
ese simp 1. ymg aSSU!11ptlOns, however, the stress distribution in the beams , of the investigation will involve only constants of the foundation and will not t

has to .be consldere~ from a theoretical point of view as only approximate. : make any assumptioIls regarding the dimensions of the' beam.
A ngorous solutlOn for the two-dimensional problem of beams of rectanguu I ; Assume for the foundation a stress function of the form
.
cross se~ t lOn supported on an elastic solid foundation was obtained by Geoffrey , .. y"
~osson, :vho u~ed stress and displacement functions for both beam and founda- F = L X,.-,
1'-0 n!
tIOn and mvestlgated also the case when the depth of the elastic foundatio' .
·
fi mte. H' h d
IS met 0 of solution will be discussed in detail below. n IS : where X,. is a function of x only. Since the stressfuIlCtion has to satisfy the
A rectangular coordinate system will be chosen where the x axis coincl'd . equation f1f1F' = 0, we find upon substitution of the expreSSlOn above for F'
, h th . es , that the result can, be.expressedin terms' of four arbitrary functions of ·x, in the
WIt e mterface between the beam and the foundation and the positive '
.. d y . following symbolic form:*
aXIs pomts towar the beam, so that the Upper
+!I and lower edges of the beam will be at y = h
7'0:"",""'~""""~~~",,,,,~ and y = 0 respectively, while the rigid base of the F' (cos yD + ~ YD sin yD ) Xo +(2~ sin yD - ~
y cos YD) Xl
elastic foundation will be at y = - j, as shown
in Figure 159. The front and back faces of the
beam and the foundation at z = ± c will be
+ L.sin
2D
yD,X2 +! (sin yD -.J!... cos YD) Xa
2 DB D2 '
(197a)
considered free of normal and shearing stresses,
, where
the problem being thus one of plane stress. It
FIG. 159 will be assumed that the loading along y = his
'D =.!..
purely normal and that there is no shearing stress - ax'
along the planes y = 0 and y = - j . ,
In addition to the stress function F, which is biharmonic, The corresponding displacement functicn will be
f1f1F = 0,
and the second derivatives of which give the normal and shearing stresses
, W' = sin yDXa ....: icos yDX + iJ2
1 sin yDX2 - iJ3 cos yDX3 . (197b)

{iF o2F 'o2F By substituti~g the expressions above in (a) and (b) and denoting the modulus
(fz = oy2 ' (fu = ox2' Tzu = ~ ox ay " (a) of elasticity of the material of the foundation by E', we find that
there will be introduced a displacement function W of such a nature that the
displacementS u and v 'in the x and y directions are defined as E'[v]u-o = - ~2 X3 '.
Eu = 'oW
oy
- (1 + Jl) of
ox'
l' while [Tzu]~-O = -DXl = 0 on account of the assumed boundary condition.
Since along the rigid base of the foundation we have [TZM]u--1 ~'O and ,
J~
(b)
Ev "" oW - (1
oX
+ Jl) of
oy' • Further information regarding stress functions of this type can be found in the paper
by W. M. Shepherd, "On Generalized Plane Stress in a Thin Plane Plate," Journal of the
• "The Flexure, of an Infinite Elastic Strip on an Elastic Foundation" Philosophical London Mathematical S.ocie'ty, 4, Pt. 3 (1929), 213-219.,
Magazine, Seventh Series, '2:l (1939~, 37-50. '
210 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
CONTINUITY IN THE FOUNDATION 211
[vlu--J = 0, by introducing F' and W' into th~se. conditi~n~ we obtain (wo
simult.aneous equations from. which X2 can be ehmmated, glvmg
E is the elastic modulus of the material of the beam and E' that of the founda-
tron,
-2D·sin2fD·Xo = (~2 sin fD·cos fD +b) X
Substit\iting here the expressions
3 •
;~
. N w = (mila - !' f3 ) Sinh mh Sinh my - a(Sinh mh + mh Cosh mh) Cosh my,
1
Xo = D2 [crvlu_o and
., 1)0 = ; ' f3(Sinh mh Cosh mh + mh) + a(Sinh2 mh - m 2 h2),

which were obtained above, we have the fundamental relationship between . and
pressure and deflection at the surface of the foundation: a = 2 Sinh2 mf, f3 = Sinh 2mf + 2mf.
2 sin 2 fD· [crvlv-o = (~sinfD.cosfD .ff)D2E'[vlu_o. (198) For the case when the loading on the beam is an odd function of x, QI(X), the
· ·stress function will be assumed in the form FI = F(y) sin mx, F(y) denoting the
On the assumption that during deformation the beam remains in bontact along same expression as that in parentheses on the right side of (c). In a manner
its entire length with the foundation, the stress function for the beam will al~o similar to that used above, the stress function FI and the displacement function
have to satisfy the relationship obtained above in (198). WI are obtained now as
In the analysis of the beam we shall distinguish between two cases, according
to whether the loading on the beam is an even or an odd function of x ..
For the case when the loading is an even function of x the stress function
FI = ~ 1'" m
~ 0
mx dm 1'" QI(I;) sin ml; dl;,
~DF sino o
1
will be assumed in the following form: .
WI = --
41'" N2D
w . dm
cos mx 1'" .
QI(I;) sin ml; dl;, J
(200 a-b)

Fo = (A Cosh my + By Sinh my + C Sinh my - Cmy Cosh my) cos mx, (c) ~ 0 moo

with the ~orresponding displacement function where Nl', N w , and Do denote the same expressions as in (199 a-b).
· If the depth of the foundation is large, the expressions (199 a-b) and (200 a-b)
Wo = ~ (B Sinh my - Cm Cosh my) sin mx. (d) , can be simplified by putting a/f3 = 1. /
m .
· By the combination of these two cases of even and odd distributed loadings
The stress function in this form satisfies the boundary condition of zero · solutions can be derived for any arbitrary load Q(x) on the beam. Since
shear at y = 0. The values of the three constants in the expressions above for
Fo and Wo can be determined from the other conditions, namely, that the shear and Q( -x) = Qo(x) - QI(X),
be zero at y = h and that Fo and Wo give a pressure crll and a vertical displace-
°
ment v along the interface y = which will satisfy the relationship in (198).
Carrying out these operations and assuming that the load along the upper e~ge
· the even and odd components of Q(x) are obtained as
Qo(x) = HQ(x) + Q( -x)] and QI(X) = ![Q(x) - Q( -x)l.
Qo(x) is an even function of x, we have Qo(x) = - [crulll -h , and the correspondmg
stress and displacement functions are, obtained. as The st.ress and displacement functions corresponding. to these components
can be obtained from (199 a-b) and (200 a-b) respectively, and thus we have
Fo = ~ 1'" mND,
~ 0 2 0
cos mx dr~ 1'" QoW cos ml; dl;,
0
} for the general type of loading Q(x)
(199 a-b)
Wo = ~~ 1'0 " mNDw
2
0
sin mx dm 1'" QoW cos mI; dl;,
0 and ::;
, ~

where

N, = (Sinh mh + mh Cosh mh) [(~' f3 - amy) Cosh my + a Sinh my] Let us consider now the particular problem when the beam is under the
action of a concentrated force P at x = 0, y = h, while the depth of the founda-
+ ( mha - ~' (3) my Sinh mh Sinh my, tion is large (a = (3) and the beam and the foundation are of the same material
(E = E').
 ',,-i ----"
212 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION'-' CONTINUITY IN .THE FOUNDATION 213

Since the loading in this case is . t tained the following values of pressure and deflection along the beam in terms
. QoW cos mt dt = 2"P . ; of the x/h ratios:
1o x
Ii 0 ±0.5 ±1.0 ±2.0 ±3.0
the corresponding .stress and displacement functions are obtained as
P r0',,],,_0
'/I'h
Po Pl" m2D'
=; -
'/I' 0
N cos
' mx dm,
0
1 i 'If'E r-J
-2.1709 -1.4095 -0.5548 -0.0248 0.0244

(201 a-b) '; 4P v ,,_0

= -2P 1" m
0 0.3376 0.9330 1.7947
Wo N
~D
w
• mx d m,
SID J
'/I' 0 : A graphic representation of these curves is shown in Figures 160 a and b. It
8

is seen that the pressure on the interface is zero at x/h = 2.25 and become!'!
where N" N w , and Do denote the same expressions as in (199 a-b) except that ':' negative (tension) for larger values of x/h. The area of the pressure diagram
they are now simplified by having II( = fJ and E = E'. For the stress compo-· ~ within the region x/h = ± 2.25 is equivalent to -1.01P, that is, only 1 per
nents in the beam we have now the following formulas: . cent larger than necessary to balance the load. This shows that .the solu.tion

Us = !: ..!..
'/I' 0 Do
1"
{(Sinh mh + mh Cosh mh)[(1 + my) Cosh my - Sinh my]
above would be quite accurate even for the case when no tension cQuld be
transmitted through the interface between beam and foundation.
+ (mh - I} Sinh mh(2 Cosh my + my Sinh my)} cos m:t dm, (202a)
0'" = -~ 1'" ..!..
Do
{(Sinh mh + mh Cosh mh)[(l - my) Cosh my + Sinh my]
'/I' 0 .
+ (mh - l)my.Sinh mh Sinh my) cos mx dm, (202b)

1'.",= ~
'/I'
1" ..!..
0, Do
[(Sinh mh + mh Cosh mh)(l - my) Sinh my
+ (mh - 1) Sinh mh(Sinh my + my Cosh my)] sin mx dm. (202c)
The pressure distribution and deflection along the interface between beam and
foundation are obtained as
- x/h

[0',,],,-<1 = -;
P 1"
0
(Sinh mh + inh Cosh mh) cos mx dm
Sinh mh Cosh mh + Sinh2 mh + mh - m2 h2 '
1 FIG. 160

(203 a-b) From the numerical values in the accom- 0 2.0

2P1C> (Sinh mh + mh Cosh mh) cos mx dm J panying table one can also calculate the ffE;;-J"
E[v],,-<I = ----;- 0 m(Sinh mh Cosh mh + Sinh2 mh + mh - m 2 h2) • ratio between pressure and deflection at 4P '11".'1_ 0
various points along the interface. The re-
Bosson * has evaluated the integrals above numerically, partly by means of lationship, shown in Figure 161, turns out -to
Filon's quadrature formulas t and partly by asymptotic expansion. The expres- not to be linear, proving that it would be
sion in (203b) is a divergent integral, which can, however, be replaced by a con- incorrect to assume a proportionality be-
vergent one by assuming zero deflection for the point of application of the load tween pressure and deflection at every point
and referring the rest of the deflection ordinates to this point as origin. Denot- along the beam in such a case when the
ing the vertical displacement components so interpreted by ii, B?sson has ob- foundation of the beam 'is an ela«tic solid ~h!tJj,}g.o
of unlimited depth. FIG. 161
• Op. cit. (see p. 2(8). From the analysis above interesting
t L. N. G. Filon, "On a Quadrature Formula for Trigonometric Integrals," Proceed· conclusions can be drawn also for the probl.em when the depth of the founda-
ings of the Royal Society oj Edinburgh, 49 (1929), 38-47.
tion f is small compared. to the height of the beam h. Expanding the operatorR
 ~/
BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
214

in (198) according to ascending powers of f and retaining only the first term.'l
we have in this case '
2
fD2[O"ulu_o = D E ' [vl u_o .
Introducing here, as in the flexural theory, the notation y for the deflection of
the beam, we obtain the following differential equation for the deflection line:

f ~)
+ eE' 2
D4 D = . 0
( EI Y .
By taking for the modulus of the foundation k = eE' If, where e is the width
f is the depth, and E' is the modulus of elasticity of the foundation, we find tha~
the solution of the equation above is, except for a linear term, the same as that
obtained in (3), where no continuity in the material of the foundation was
assumed. Hence it is seen that, if the foundation under the beam is of a con-
tinuous elastic material but of small depth, a correct solution can be obtained
TABLES
on the basis of the simple assumption that the pressure in the foundation is
proportional at every point to the deflection of the beam at that point.

t'T
 J
216 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION TABLES 217

,
FORMULAS TABLE I t:

Hyperbolic Functions
Trigonometric Functions
eb - e-i~ eZ _ e-Z
. ~. sin x, cos x, Sinh x, Cosh x, e%, e-", t
F
sin x = - - - Sinh x == - - -
2
A" = e-"(cos x + sin x), B" = e-" sin x,
2£
~ +,,$ C" = e-"(cos.x - sin x), D" = e-" cos x.
cos x = Cosh x = ---
2 2
J 1- S

~[7
i I
cos x ± i sin x == e±i$ Cosh x ± Sinh x = e±' -x
cos2 X + sin" x = 1 Cosh" x - Sinh" x· = 1 .4",
cos2 X - sin' x = cos 2x Cosh" x + Sinh' x = Cosh 2x
2 sin x cos x = sin 2x 2 Sinh x Cosh x = Sinh 2x

Sinh2 ~ = ~ (Cosh
If}
. 2 x- = -1 (1 - cos x)
sm x-I)
1-
2 2 2 2 !J I 2 ;, 1-
I.
S
I

f}~~~
-x
x I ' ·x 1
cos' - = - (1 + cos x) Cosh' - = - (Cosh x + 1)
2 2 2 2 f}{
_x
sin{x ::!:: y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y ..
Sinh (x ± y) = Sinh x Cosh y ± Cosh x Sinh y
'
Cosh {x ± y) = Cosh x Cosh y ± Sinhx Sinh y
I 2 ;, 1- 6
r
cos{x ± y) = cos x cos Y =F sin x sin y
C"
.
sm x
+.sm y =
2.x+y X7Y
sm -2-.- cos -2-
. h x + S'm h y = 2 S·Inh x-2-
Sm + Y C osh x'-
-2-y
,
'. .
SIII x - sm y =
2 x+y.x-y
cos - - sm - -
.
Smhx - S'm h y +y
= 2 C osh:Z:-2- S'm h x-'-2-
- y 10
2 2 2 S 4- S

x+y x-y x+y x-y _:IC

cos x + cos y = 2 cos - - cos - - Coshx+ Coshy = 2 Cosh -2- Cosh -2- fJ.2
2 2 .0"
.x+y.x-y . x+y. x-y
cos x - cos y = -2 sm - - Sin - - Cosh x - Cosh y = 2 Smh -2- Smh -.-2-
2 2
1 radian = 57°17'44.806" 10

1° = 0.01745329 rad., I' = 0.OOO2908!} rad .• I" = 0.00000485 rad. FIG. 162
 --,
"~

JI;
j~. _/
,-,' ,,-,,/
:f:
\.,.../
'-'"
218 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

TABLE I
i, ' 'rABLEs 219

Cosh x TABLE I
sin x cos :r Sinh .t e" ~;'
x ";;.-: ;t' c·-· .-1. B• C. ])~
0 0 1 0 1 1 ~:

0,001 0.0010 1.0000 0.0010 1.0000 1.0010 , 0 1 1 0 1 1

0.002 0.0020 1.0000 0.0020 1.0000 1.0020 0,001 0.9990 1.0000 0,0010 0,9980 0.9990
0.003 0.0030 1.0000 0.0030 1.0000 1.0030 0.002 0.9980 1.0000 0.0020 0.9960 0.9980
0.004 0.0040 1.0000 0.0040 1.0000 1.0040 0.003 0.9970 1.0000 0.0030 0.9940 0.9970
O.OO~ 0.9960 1.0000 0.0040 0.9920 0.9960
0.005 0.0050 1.0000 0.0050 1.0000 1.0050
0.006 0.0060 1.0000 0.0060 1.0000 1.0060 0.005 0.9950 1.0000 0.0050 0.9900 0.9950
..
0,007 0.0070 1.0000 0.0070 1.0000 ·1.0070 .. 0.006 0.9940 1.0000 0,0060 0.9880 0.9940
0.008 0.0080 1.0000 0.0080 1.0000 1.0080 0.007 0.9930 0.9999 0.0070 0.9861 0.993\}
0.009 0.0090 1 :0000 0.0090 1.0000 1.0090 0.008 0.9920 0.9999 0.0080 0.9841 0.9920
0.009 0.9910 0.9999 0.0087 0.9821 0.9910
0.010 0.0100 '1.0000 0.0100 1.0000 1. 0100
0.0110 0:9999 0.0110 1.0001 1.0111 0.010 O.9HOO 0.9909 0.0099 0.9801 0.9900
0.011 1.0001 1.0121 0.9781 0.9890
0.012 0.0120 0.9999 0.0120 0.011 0.9891 0.9999 0.0109
0.013 0.0130 0.9999 0.0130 1.0001 1.0131 0.012 0.9881 0.!l999 0.0119 0.9761 0.9880
0.0140 0.9999 0.0140 1.0001 1.0141 0.013 0.9871 0.9998 0.0129 0.9742 0.9870
0.014 0.9722 0.9860
0.014 0.!l861 0.9998 0.0138
0.0150 0.9999 0.0150 1.0001 1.0151
0.015 1.0001 1.0161 0.0148 0.9702 0.9850
0.016 0.0160 0.9999 0.0160 0.015 0.9851 0.9998
0.0170 . 0.9999 0.0170 1.0001 1.0172 0.016 0.9841 0.9997 0.0158 0.9683 0.9840
0.017 1.0002 1.0182 0.9663 0.9830
0,018 0.0180 0.9998 0.0180 0.017 0.9831 0.9997 0.0167
0.0190 0.9998 .0.0190 1.0002 1.0192 0.018 0.9822 0.9997 0.0177 0.9643 0.9820
0.019 0.0187 0.9624 0.9810
0.019 0.9812 0.9996
0.0200 0.9998 0.0200 1.0002 1.0202
0.02 1.0004 1.0304 0.0196 0.9604 0.9800
0.03 0.0300 0.9996 0.0300 0.02 0.9802 0.9996
0.0400 0.9992 0.0400 1.0008 1.0408 0.03 0.9704 0.9991 0.0291 0.9409 0.9700
0.04 1.0012 1.0513 0.0384 0.9216 0.9600
0.05 0.0500 0.99SH 0.0500 0.04 0.9608 0.9984
0.05 0.9512 0.9976 0.0476 0.9025 0.9501
0.9982 0.0600 1.0018 1.061S
0.06 0.0600
0.0699 0.9976 0.0701 1.0024 1.0725 0.06 0.9418 0.9966 0.0565 0.8836 0.9401
0.07 1.0032 1.0833 0.9954 0.0653 0.8649 0.9302
0.08 0.0799 0.9968 0.0801 0.07 0.9324
0.0899 0.9960 0.0901 1.0040 1.0942 0.08 0.9231 0.9940 0.0738 0.8464 0.9202
0.09 0.9924 0.0822 0.8281 0.9103
0.09 0.9139
0.0998 0.9950 0.1002 1.0050 1.1052
0.10 1.0061 1.1163 0.9906 0.0903 0.8100 0.9003
0.11 0.1098 0.9940 0.1102 0.10 0.9048
0.1197 0.9928 0.1203 1.0072 1.1275 0.11 0.8958 0.9887 0.0983 0.7921 0.8904
0.12 1.0085 1.1388 0.8869 0.9867 0.1062 0.7744 0.8806
0.13 0.1296 0.9916 0.1304 0.12
1.0098 1.1503 0.9844 0.1138 0.7568 0.8707
0.14 0.1395 0.9902 0.1405
0.1506 1.0113 1.16111
0.13
0.14
0.8781
0.8694 0.9821 0.1213 0.7395 0.8608 .' tL
0.15 O. i494 0.9888 , f'
0.9872 0.1607 1.0128 1.1735 (l.15 0.8607 0.9796 0.1286 0.7224 0.8510
0.16 .
0.17
0.18
0.1593
0.1692
0.1790
0.9856
0.9838
0.1708
0.1810
0.1912
1.0145
1.0162
1.0181
1.1853
1.1972
1.2092
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.8521
0.8437
0.8353
0.9770
0.9742
0.9713
0.1358
0.1427
0.1495
0.7055
0.6888
0.6722
0.8413
0.8315
0.8218
d
'f
0.19 0.1889 0.9820·

0.20 0.1987 0.980L

0.9780
0.2013
0.2116
1.0201
1.0221
1.2214
1.2337
0.19
0.20
0.8270
0.818t
0.9683
0.9651
a.1562
0.1627
0.6550
0.6398
0.8121
0.8024
Jr
i
0.21 0.2085 • 1.2461 0.9618 :>.1690 0.6238 0.7928
0.2182 0.9759 0.2218 1.0243 0.21 0.8106
0·22 0.2320 1.0266 1.2586 0.22 0.8025 0.9583 (,.1752 0.6080 0.7832
0.23 0.2280 0.9737
0.24 0.2377 0.9713 0.2423 1.0289 1.2712 0.23 0.7945
0.7866
0.9547
0.9511
0.1812
0.1870
0.5924
0.5771
0.7736
0.7641
:f.
'
0.24
t·
[,

f
f
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,~
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.¥, 1
:if"
i

220 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

.'-.-/ V .~
f.
i~i
,~

'- TABLES
~

221
~.
TABLE I ~: TABLE I
x sin x cos x. Sinh x Cosh x e
Z
. 4· x e- Z A", B", Cz D,.
0.25 0.2474 0.9689 0.2526 1.0314 1.2840 0.25. 0.7788 0.9472 0.1927 0.5619
y
0.26 0.7546
0.26 0.2571 0.9664 0.2629 1.0340 1.2969 0.7710 0.9433 0.1982 0.5469 0.7451
. f-
0.27 0.2667 0.9638 0.2733 1.0367 1.3100 0.27 0.7634 0.9393 0.2036 0.5321 0.7.3JJ7
0.28 0.2764 0.9611 0.2837 1.0395 1.3231 0.28 0.7558 0.9353 0.2089 0.5175 0.7264
0.29 0.2860 0.9582 0.2941 1.0424 1.3364 0.29 0.7483 0.9310 0.2140 0.5030
.\:t"
0.7171
0.30 0.2951i 0.9553 0.3045 1.0453 1.3500 .~~ 0.30 0.7408 0.9267 0.2189 0.4888 0.7Q78
0.31
0.3:~
0.3051
0.3146 . 0.9523
0.9492
0.3150
0.3251i
1.0484
1.0516
1.3634
1.3771
0.31
0.32
0.7334
0.7262
0.9222
0.9177
0.2237
0.2284
0.4748 0.6985
0.3:3
0.34
0.3240
0.3335
0.9460
0.9428
0.3360 .
0.3466
1.0550
1.0584
1.3910
1.4050 .f
.~..
0.33
0.34
0.7189
0.7118
0.9130
0.9084
0.2330
0.2374
0.4609
0.4472
0.4337
0.6893
0.680l.
0.6710
0.35 0.3429 . 0.9394 0.3572 1.0619 1.4191 0.35 0.7047 0.9036 0.2416 0.4204 0.6620
0.36 0.3523 0.9359 0.3678 1.0655 1.4333 0.36 0.6977 0.8986 0.2457 0.4072 0.6530
0.37 0.3616 0.9323 0.3785 1.0692 1.4477 0.37 0.6907 0.8938 0.2497 0.3943 0.6440
0.38 0.3709 0.9287 0.3892 1.0731 1.4623 0.38 0.6839 0.8887 0.2536 0.3815 0.6351
0.39 0 ..3802 0.9249 0.4000 1.0770 1.4770 0.39 0.6771 0.8836 0.2574 0.3688 0.6262
-
0.40 0.3894 0.9211 0.4108. 1.0811 1.4918 0.40 0.6703 0.8784 0.. 2610 0.3564. 0.6174.
0.41 0.3986 0.9171 0.4216 1.0852 1.5068 .. 0.41 0.6636 0.8732 0.2646 0.34.41 0.6087 ..
0.42 0.4078 0.9131 0.4325 1.0895 1.5220 0.42 0.6570 0.8679 0.2680 0.3320 0.6000 ,. t:
0.43 0.4169 0.9090 0.4434. 1.0939 1.5373 . OA3· 0.6505 0.86Z5 '.;;"
0.2712· 0.3201
0.44 0.5913
0.44 0.4259 0.9048 0.4543 1.0984 1.5527 0.6440 0.8570 0.2743 0.3084 0.5827
0.45 0.4350 . 0.9004 0.4653 1.1030 1.5683 0.45 0.6376 0.8515 0.2774 0.2968
0.46 0.5742
0.46 0.4440 0.8960 0.4764 1.1077 1.5841 0.6313 0.8459 0.2803 0.2853 0.5657 - .'.

0.47 0.6250 .
0.47 0.4529 0.8916 0.4875 1.1125 1.6000 0.8403 0.2832 0.2742 0.5573
"':

0.48 0.4618 0.8870 0.4986 1.1174 1.6161 0.48 0.6188 0.8346 0.2857 0.2632 0.5489
0.49 0.4706 0.8823 0.5098 1.1225 1.6323 0.49 0.6126 0.8289 0.2883 0.2522 0.5406
0.50 0.4794 0.8776 0.52.11 1.1276 1.6487 0.50 0.6065 0.8231 0.2908 0.2414 0.5323
0.51 0.4882 0.8727 0.5324 1.1329 1.6653 0.51 0.6005 0.8173 0.2932 0.2307 0.5241
0 ..12 0.4969 0.867f· 0.5438 1.1383 1.6820 0.52 0.5945 0.8113 0.2954 0.2204 0.5159
0.53 0.5055 0.8628 0.551i2 1.1438 1.6989 0.53 0.5886 0.8054 0.2976 0.2103 0.5079 .
0 ...54 0.5141 0.8577· 0.5666 1.1494 1. 7160 0 ..54 0.5828 0.7994 0.2996 0.2002 0.4998
' ~. :.
0.55 0,,5227 0.8525 0.5782 1.1551 1. 7332 0.55 0.5770 0.793-1 0.3016 0.1902
0.56 0.4918
0.56 0.5312 0.8473 0.5897 1.1609 1. 7507 0.5712 0.7873 0.3035 0.1805 0.4839
0.57 0.5396 0.8419 O.60H . 1.1669 1.7683 0.57 0.5655 0.7813 0.3052 0.1709
0.58 0.4.761
0.58 0.5480 0.8365 0.6131. 1.1730 1. 7860 0.5599 0.7752 0.3068 0.1615 0.4683
0.59 0.5564 0.8309 0.6248 . 1.1792 1.8040 o 59 0.5543 0.7690 0.3084 0.1522 0.4606
0.60
0.61
0.5646
0.5729
0.8253
. 0.8196
0.6866
0.6485
1.i855
1.1919
1.8221
1.8404
0.60
0.61
0.541l8
0.5434
0.7628
0.7566
0.3099
0.3113
0.1430 0.4529 't
0.1340 0.4453 I
0.62 0.5810 0.8139 0.6605 1.1984 1.8589 0.62 0.5379 0.7503 0.3126 0.1252 0.4378 I

0.63
0.64
0.5891
0.5972
0.8080
0.8021
0.6725
0.6846 .'
1.2051
1.2119
1.8776
1.8965
0.63
0.64
0.5326
0.5273
0.7H2
0.7379
0.3138 0.1166 0.4301 'i I
0.3150 0.1080 0.4230 'r
'!
0.65 0.6052 0.7961 0.6968. 1.2188 1. 9155 0.65 0.5220 0.7315 0.3160 0.0996 0.4156 j
0.66 0.6131 0.7900 0.7090 1.2258 1.9348 0.66 0.5168 0.7252 0.3169 0.0914 0.4083
0.67
0.68
0.6210'
0.6288
0.7838
0.7716
0.7213
0.7336
1.2330
1.2402
1.9542
1.9739
0.67
0.68
'0.5117
0.5066
0.7189
0.7126
0:3178
0.3186
0.0833
0.0754
0.4011 f
(

0.69 0.3940 r
0:69 0.6365 0.7712 0.7461 .1.2476 1.9937 0.5016 0.7062 0.3193 0.0676 0.3869 ~.

~.

r
~
 ~
~
",.
,
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i" '~ '''-"
TABLES
---.J

223
222 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUN'DATION J
~,;.
< ~"

W.
TABLE I
TABLE I
~, x e-" A", BIZ
~os.i Sinh J: Cosh x cr c" D"
:t sin r 0.70 0.4966 0.6997 0.3199 0.0599 0.3798
'0.70 0.6442 0.7648 0.7586 . i.2M2 :2.0138 f;. 0.71 0.4916 0.6933 0.3205 0.0524 0.3729
0.6518 0.7584 0.7712 1.2628 2.0340 ~. 0.72 0.4868 0.6869 0.3210 . 0.0449 .0.3659
0.71 1.2706 2.0544 0.73 0.4819 0.6805
0.72· 0.6594 0.7518 0.7838 +-. 0.3214 0.0377 0~3591
0.6669 0.7452 0.7966 1.2785 2.0751- '" 0.74 0.4771 0.6741 0.3217 0.0307 0.3524
0.73 1.2865 2.0959 W·
0.74 0.6743 0.73R5 0.8094 s:
.it 0.75 0.4724 0.6676 0.3220 0.0237 0.3456
0.7317 0.8223 1.2947 2.1170 f.. 0.76 0.4677 0.6611. 0.3221 0.0168 0.3389
0.75 0.6816 ~
0.76 0.6889 0.7248 0.8353 1.3030. 2.1383
2.1598
,
So . 0.77 0.4630 0.6547 0.3223 0.0101 0.3324
0.77 0.6961 0:7179 0.8484 1.3114 ,~:- 0.78 0.4584 0.6483 0.3224 0.0035 0.3259
0.7033 0.7109 0.8615 1.3199 2.1815 ~'
tll' 0.4559 0.6448 0.3224 0 0.3224
0.78 1.3246 2.1933 . ;'f 0.79
0.7071 0"7071 0.8687 0.4538 0.6418 0.3224 -0.0030 0.3195
t". 0.8748 1.3286 2.2034 f1,-
0.79 0.7104 0.7038
:;y 0.80 0.4493 0.6353 0.3223 -0.0093 0.3131
0.7174 0.6967 0.8881 1.3374 2.2255 0.81 0.4449 0.6289 0.3222 -0.0155 0.3067
0.80 1.3464 2.24711 0.82
0.81 0.7243 . 0.6895 0.9015 0.4404 0.6225 0.3221 -0.0217 0.3004
0.7312 0.6822 0.9150 1.3555 2.2705 0.83 0.4360 0.6160 0.3219 -0.0276 0.2943
0.82 1.3647 2.2933 0.84
0.83 0.7379 0.6749 0.9286 - to 0.4317 0.6096 0.3215 -0.0334 0.2881
0.7446 0.6675 0.9423 1.3740 2.3164 "
0.84 0.85
~r.
., 0.4274 0.6032 0.3212 -0.0391 0.2821
0.7513 0.6600 0.9561 1.3835 2.3396 0.86 0.4232 0.5968 0.3207 -0.0446 0.2761.
0.85 1.3932 2.3632
I) ;,:

0.7578 0.6524 0.9700 '.~' .'< 0:87 0.4190 ' 0.5904' 0.3202 -0.0500 0.2702
0.~6. 1.40211 2.3869 0.88
0.87 . 0.7643 0.6448 "." 0.9840 0.4148 0.5840 0.3197 .-0.0554 0.2643
0.7707 0.6372 0.9981 1.4128 2.410[) 0.89 0.4107 0.5776 0.3191 -0.0606 0.2585
0.88 1.4220 2,4351
0.811 O.77il .0.62114 1.0122
;;
0.90 0.4066 0.5712 0.3185 -0.0658 0.2527
0.7833 0.6216 1.0265 1.433\ 2.4596 0.91 0.4025 0.5648 0.3178 -0.0708 0.2470
0.90 1.4434 2.4843 is
0.91 0.7895 0.6138 1.0400 0.92 0.3985 0.5584 0.3171 -0.0757 0.2414
2.509a i
0.92 0.7956 0.6058 1.0554 1.4530 0.93 0.3946 0.5521 0.3169 -0.0805 0.2359
1.0700 1.4645 2.5345 0.94 0.3906 0.5459 0.3155 -0.0851
0.03 0.8016 0.5978
1.0847 1.4753 2.5600 r- 0.2304
0.94 0.8076 0.5898
0.95 0.3867 0.5396 0.3146 -0.0896 0.2250
0.8134 0.58li 1.0!}II5 1.4862' 2.5M7 0.96 0.3829 0.5333 0.3137 -0.0941 0.2196
0.95 1.4973 2.6117 0.97 0 ..3791
0.96 0.8H12 0.5735 1:1144 0.5270 0.3127 -0.0984 0.2143
0.5653 1.12114 1.5085 2. 63;!! 0.98 0.3753 . 0.5207 0.3117 -0.1027 0.2090
0.97 0.8249 2.6645
0.98 0.8305 0.5570 1.1446 1.5200 0.99 0.3716 0.5145 0.3107 -0.1069 0.2038 i a
0.54R7 1.15!l8 1.5314 2.6912 11 :
0.1l!l 0.8360 .:f
1.00 0.3679 0.5083 0.3096 -0.1109 0.1987 !
2. ng"
·1.00 0.8415 0.5403
0.5310
1.1752
1.1907
1.5431
1.55411 2.7456
1.01
1.02
0.3642
0.3606
0.5021
0.4960
0.3085
0.3073
-0.1147
-0.11!?5
0.19&1
0.1888 ..-:;
d
i'r
1.01 0.8468 2.7732
0.8521 0.5234 1.2063 1.5669 1.03 0.3570 0.4899 0.3061 -0.1223 0.1839
1.02 1.5790 2.8011 1.04 0.3534 0.4839 i"L
1.03 0.8573 0.5HR 1.2220 0.3049 -0.1259 0.1790
0.5062 1.237(1 1.51113 2.1'202 1:.[
1.04 0.8624 E, ~
1.05 0.3499 0.4778 0.3036 -0.1294 0.1742
1.603~ 2.8576
1.05 0.8674
0.8724
0.4976
0.481<11
1.2539
1.2700 1.6164' 2.81<64
1.06
L07
0.3465
0.S430
0.4716
0.4656
0.3023
0.3009
-0.1328
-0.1362
0.1694
0.1647
::!
: .~
1.06 1.6292 2.9154 1.08 0.3396 0.4596 . ;,':(
1.07 . 0.8772 0.4801 1.2862 0.2995. -0.1394 0.1601
0.4713 1.3025 1.6421 2.94H 1.tl9 0.3362 0.4536 0.2981 -0.1426 0.1555
1.08 0.8820 2,Hj·l:1
·0.M66 0.4625 1.311)0 1.6552
l.09
0;8912 0.4536 1.3356 1.6685 3.00~2
1.10
1.11
0.3329
0.3296
0.4476
0.4416
0.2967
0.2952
-0.1458
-0.1488
0.1509
0.1464
'['if
1.10 1.6820 3.0344 1.12
1.11 0.8957 0.4447 1.3524 0.3263 0.4356 0.2936 -0.1516 0.1420 f,
0.435; 1. 369a 1.6956 a.0648 1.13 0.3230 0.4298 0.2921 -0.1543 0.1378
1.12 O.!lOOl 3.0957
. f;
0.9044 0.426; 1.3863 1. 7093 1.14 0.3198 0.4240 0.2906 -0.1570 . 0.1335 .~
1.13 3.126S
1.14 0.9086 0.4176 1. 4035 I. 7233 f
!
r
"" f
 ~< -. 7&
..~
~:.
'''-.-./ ~' \-.,.../ ,--,' ~

224 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

, 1"
TABLES 225
TABLE I TABLE I
:r sin x cos x Sinh x Cosh x e
Z x e-Z Az B" D:
<
C"
1.15 0.9128 0.4085 1.4208 1. 7374 3.1582 1.15 0.3166 0.4183 0.2890 -0.1597 0.1293
1.16 0.916.8 0.3993 1.4382 1. 7517 3.1899 1.16 0.3135 0.4126 0.2874 -0.1622 0.1252
1.17 0.9208 0.3902 1.4558 1. 7662 3.2220 1.17 0.3104 0.4069 0.2858 -0.1647 0.1241
1.18 0.9246 0.3809 1.4736 1. 7808 3.2544 1.18 0.3073 0.4012 0.2842 -0.1671 0.1171
1.19 0.9,284 0.3717 1.4914 1. 7956 3.2871 1.19 0.3042 0.3955 0.2825 -0.1694 0.1131
1.20 0.9320 0.3624 1.5095 1.8107 3.3201 1.20 0.3012 0.3898 0.2807 -0.1716 0.1091
1.21 0.9356 0.,3530 1.5276 1.8258 3.3535 1.21 0.2982 0.3842 0.2790 -0.1737 0.1053
1.22 0.9391 6.3436 1.5460 1.8412 3.3872 1.22 0.2952 0.3786 0.277·3 -0.1758 0.1014
1.23 0'.9425 0.3342 1.5645 1.8568 3.4212 1.23 0.2923 0.3731 0.2755 -0.1778 0.0977
1.24 0.9458 0.3248 1.5831 1.8725 3.4556 1.24 0.2894 0.3677 0.2737 -0;1797 0.0940
1.25 0.9490 0.3153 1.6019 1.8884 3.4903 1.25 0.2865 0.3623 0.2719 -0.1815 0.0904
1.26 0.9521 0:3058 1.6209 1.9045 3.5254 1.26 0;2836 0.3569 0.2701 -0.1833 0.0868
1.~ 0.9551 0.2963 1.6400 1.9208 3.5608 1.27 0.2808 0.3515 0.2683 -0:1849 0.0833
1.28' 0.9580 0.2867 1.6593 1.9373 3.5966 1.28 0.2780 0.3462 0.2664 -0.1865 0.0798
1.29 0.9608 0.2771 1.6.788 1.9540 3.6328 1.29 0.2753 0.3408 0.2645 -0.1881 0.076::1
1.30 0.9636 0.2675 1.6984 1.9709 3.6693 1.30 0.2725 0.3355 0.2626 -0.1897 0.0729
1:31 0.9662 0.2578 1. 7182 1.9880 3.7062 1.31 0.2698 0.3303 0.2607 -0.1911 0.0696
1.32 0.9687 0.2482 1. 7381 2.0053 3.7434 1.32 0.2671 0.3251 0.2588 -0.1925 0.0663
1.33 0.9712 0.2385 1. 7583 2.0228 3.7810 1.33 0.2645· 0.3199 . 0.2569' , . : -0.1938 0.0631
1.34 0.9735 0.2288 1. 7786 2.0404 3.8190 1.34 0.2618 0.3148 0.2550 -0.1950 0.0600
1.35 0.9757 0.2190 1. 7991 2.0583 3.8574 1.35 0.2592 0.3098 0.2530 -0.1962 0.0568
1.36 0.9779 0.2092 1.8198 2.0764 3.8962 1.36 0.2567 0.3047 0.2510 -0.1973 0.0537
1.37 0.9799 0.1994 1.8406 2.0947 3.9354 1.37 0.2541 0.2997 0.2490 ' -0.1983 0.0507
1.38 0:9818 0.1896 1.8617 2.1132 3.9749 1.38 0.2516 0.2948 0.2470 -0.1993 0.0478
1.39 0.9837 0.1798 1.8829 2.1320 4.0148 1.39' 0.2491 0.2898 0.2450 -0.2003 0.0448
1.40 0.9854 0.1700 1.9043 2. 150!l 4.0552 1.40 0.24613 0.2849 0.2430 -0.201i 0.0419
1.41 0.9871 0.1601 1.9259 2.1700 . 4.0960 1.41 0.2441 0.2801 0.2410 -0.2019 0.0391
1.42 0.9886 0.I!102 1.9477 2.1894 4.137I 1.42 0.2417 0.2753 0.2390 -0.2027 0.0363
1.43 0.9901 0.1403 1.9697 2.2090 4.1787 1.43 0.2393 0.2705 0.2370 -0.2033 0.0336
1.44 0.9915 0.1304 1. 9919 2.2288 4.2207 1.44 0.2369 0.2658 0.2349 -0.2039 0.0309
1.45 0.9927 0.1205 2.0143 2.2488 4.2631 1.45 0.2346 0.2611 0.2329 -0.2045 0.0283
1.46 0.9939 0.1106 2.0369 2.2691 4.3060 1.46 0.2322 0.2565 0.2308 -0.2051 0.0257
1.47 0.9949 0.1006 2.0596 2.2896 4.3492 1.47' 0.2299 0.2519 0.2288 -0.2056 0.0232
1.48 0.9959 0.0907 2.0826 2.3103 4.3930 1.48 0.2276 0.2474 0.2267 -0.2060 0.0207
1.4!l 0.9967 0.0807 2.1059 2.3312 4.4371 1.49 0.2254 0.2429 0.2247 -0.2064 0.0183
, 1.50 0.9975 0.0707 2.1293 2.3524 4.4817 1.50 0.2231 0.2384 ' 0.2226 -0.2068 0.0158
. 0.9982' 2.1529 2.3738 4.5267 ,
1.51 0.0608 1.51 0.2209 0.2339 0.2205 -0.2071' 0.0134 '1
1.52 0.9987 0.0508 2.1768 2.3955 4.5722 1.52 0.2187 0.2295 0.2184 -0.2073 0.0111
1.53 0.9992 0.0408 2.200R 2'.4174 4.6182 1.53 0.2165 0.2252 0.2164 -0.2075 0.0089
1.54 0.9905 0.030S 2.2251 2.4305 4.6646 1.54 0.2144 0.2209 0.2143 -0.2077 0.0066 , ,
1:55 0.9998 0.0208 2.2495 2.4619 4:7115 1.55 0.2122 0.2166 0.2122 -0.2078 0.0044
1.56 0.9999 0.0108 2.2743 2.4815 4.7588 1.56 0.2101 - 0.2123 0.2101 -0.2079 0.0022
1.57 l.(iOOO O.OOOR 2.2993 2.5074 4.8066 1.57 0.2080 0.2082 0.2081 -0.2079 0.0002
i". 1 0 2.3013 2.5092 4.8105 !". 0.2079 0.2079 0.2079 -0.2079 0
1.511 1.0000 -0.0092 2.3245 2.5305 4.8550 1.58 0.2060 0.2041 0.2060 -0.2079 "-0.0019
1.5!l 0.991'8 -0.0192 2.3499 2.5538 4.9038 1.59 0.2039 0.2000 0.2039 -0.2078 -0.00::\9
 ,J
-
',~
'-_/ "

"--"
\....,/ '~'

226 BEAMS ON .ELASTIC FOUNDATION 'TABLES 22i

TABLE I TABLE I
sin x cos x Siph x Co~h x eZ z. e- Z A .. Rz C.. D..
x
0.!!996 -0.0292 2.3756 2.5775 4.9530 1.60 0.2019 0.1960 0;2018 -0.2077 -0.0059
1.60 1.61
0.999~ -0.0392 2.4015 2.6014 5.0028 0.1999 0.1919 0.1997 -0.2075 -0.0078
1.61 1.62
0.9988 -0.0492 2.4276 2.6255 5.053i 0.1979 0.1879 0.1976 -0.2073 -0.0097
1 .. 62 2.6499 5.1039 1.63 0.1959 r-
-0.0592 2.4540 0.1840 0.1956 -0.2071 -0.0116 f
.1.63
1.64
0.9982
0.9976' -0.0692 2..480'6 2.6746

2.6995
5.1552

5.2070
1.64

1.65
0.1940

0.1920
0.1801

0.1763
0.1935

0'.1915
-0.2069 -0.0134
..,~
i.

!
1.65 0.9969 -0.0791 2.5075 -0.2067 . -0.0152
0.9960 -0.0891 2.5346. 2.7247 5.2593 1.66 0.1901 0.1725 0.1894 -0.2064 -0.0170
1.66 2.7502 5.3122 1.6i 0.1882
0.9951 -0'.0990 2.5620 0.1686 0.1873 -0.2060 -0.018i
1.67 2.7760 5.3656 1.68
0.9940 -0.1090 2.5896 0.1864 0.1648 0.1852 -0.2056 -0.0204
1.68 2.8020 5.4195 1.69 0.1845
0.9929 -0.1189 2.6175 0.1612 0.18.~2 -0.2051 -0.0220
1.69
f:f·
0.9917 -0.1288 2.6456 2.8283 5.4740 1.70 0.1827 0.1576 0.1812 -0.2046 -0.0236 i,
1.70 2.8549 5.5290 0 .. 1809 [
0.9903 -0.1388 2.6740 1. 71 0.1540 0.1791 -0.2042 -0.0251
1. 71 2.8818 5.5845 r
0.9889 -0.1486 2.7027 1. 72 0.1791 0.1505 0.1771 -0.2037 -0.0266 f,.
1. 72 2.9090 5.6406
0.9874 -0.1585 2.7317 1. 73 0:1773 0.1470 0.1751 -0.2032 -0.0281 E.
1.73 2.9364 5.6973 1.'74
1. 74 0.9857 -0.1684 2.7609 0.1755 0.1435 0.1730 -0.2026 -0.0296 ~
~.

-0.1782 2.7904 2.9642 5.7546 1. 75 0.1738 0.1400 0.1720 -0.2020 -0.0310

1. 75 0.9840
-0.1881 2.8202 ' 2.9922 5.8124 1. 76 0.1720 0.1365 0.1690 -0.2013 -0.0324
1~76 0.9822
5.8708
0.9802 -0.1979 2.8503 3.0206 1. 77 0.1703 0.1332 0.IQ7P , -0.2006... " -0.0338
1.77 5.9299
0.9782 -0.2077 2.8806 3.0492 1. 78 0.16S(' 0.1299 0.1650 -0.2000 -0.0351
1.78 3.0782 5.9894
1.79 0.-9761 -0.2174 2.9112 1. 7n 0.1670 0.1266 0.16S0 -0.1993 -0.0364
- 6.0496
0.9738 "':'0.2272 2.9422 3.1075 1.80 0.1653 0.1234 0.1610 -0.1985 -0.0376 .. ~
1.80 3.1370 6.1104
'~
1.8f 0.9715 -0.2369 2.9734 1.81 0.1636 0.1202 0.1590 -0.1978 -0.0388 i· :
-0.2466 3.0049 3.1669 6.1 il9 1.82 0.1620 0.1170 0.1570 ~0.1970 -0.0400
1.82 0.9691
-0.2563 3.0367 3.1972 6.2339 1.83 0.1604 0.1138 0.1550 -0.1962 -0.0412
"~
1.83 0.9666 6.2965
-0.2660 3.0689 3.2277 1.84 0.1588 0.1108 0.1531 -0.19S.~ -0.0423
1.84 . 0.9640 ~ :' ;.

1.85 0.9613 -0.2756 3.1013

3.1340
3.2585
3.2897 .
6.3598
6.4237
1.85
1.86
0.1572
0.1557
0.1078
0.1048
0.1512
0.1492
-0.1945 -0.0434 irr .,'
1.86
1.87 -
0.9585'
0.9556
-0.2852
-0.2948 3.1671 3.3212 6.4883 1.87 0.1541 0.1018 0.147:i
-0.1936
-0.1927
-0.0444
-0.0454
n
;. ~
-0.3043 3.2005 3.3530 6.5535 1.88 0.1526 0.0989 0.14S.~ -0.1917 -0.0464 , ~.
1.88 0.9526 6.6194
1.89 0.9495 -0.3138 3.2342 3.3852 1.89 0.1511 0.0960 0.1434 -0.1908 -0.0474 :. t
,
I"
,
i·i-
3.4177 6.6859 : L
1.90 0.9463 -0.3233 3.2682 1.90 0.1496 0.0932 0.1415 -0.1899 -0.0484 ,
-0.3327 3.3025 3.4506 6.7531 1.91 0.1481 0.0904 0.1396 -0.1889 -0.0493
!. ; ,
1.91 0.9430 6.8210
0.9396 -0.3422 3.3372 3.4838 1.92 0.1466 0.0876 0.1377 -0.1879 -:-0.0501 i 1
1.92 3.5173 6.8895
1.93 0.9362 -0.3515 3.3722 1.93 0.1452 0.0849 0.1359 -0.!869 -0.0510
-0.3609 3.4075 3.5512 6.9588 1.94 0.1437 0.0822 0.1340 -0.1850 -0.0519
1.94 0.9326
-0.3702 3.4432 3.5855 • 7.0287 1.95 0.1423 0.0795 0.1322 -0.1849 -0.0527
1:95 0.9290
-0.3794 3.4792 3.6201 7.099:3 1.96 0.1409 0.0769 0.1304 -0.1838 -0.0535
1.96 0.9252 7.1707 •
0.9214 -0.3887 3.5156 3.6551 1.97 0.1395 0.0743 0.1285 -0.1827 -0.0543
'1.97 }.2427
0.9174 -0.3979 3.5523 3.6904 1.98 0.1381 0.0717 0.1267 -0.1816 -0.0550 •
1.98 7.3155
0.9134 -0.4070 3.5894 3.7261 1.99 0.1367 0.0692 0.1249 -0.1804 -0.0556
1.99 "

-0.4162 3.6269 3.7622 7:3891 2.00 0.1353 0.0667 0.1230 -0.1793 -0.0563
2.00 0.9093 .
-0.4252 3:6647 . 3.7986 7.4633 2.01 0.1340 0.0643 0.1213 -0.1782 -0.0569
2.01 0.9051 7.5383
0.9008 -0.4342 3.70.28 3.8355 2.02 0.1327 0.0619 0.1195 -0.1771 -0.0576
2.02 7.6141
0.8964 -0.4432 3.7414 3.8727 2.03' 0.1313 0.0595 0.1128 -0.1759 -0.0582
2:.03 3.9103 7.6906
2.04 0.8919 -0.4522 3.7803 2.04 0.1300 0.0571 0.1160 -0.1748 -0.0588
 ~i
-,
'-_/
'~
'-..--' ~
j \",.-/
',,-,

BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

];':-r
, tt.
TABLES 229
228 :;-:
~~
TABLE I
.;:
TABLE I
cos x Sinh x Cosh x eX '4,
x e-" A" B" c" D"
x sin x , .,
3.9483 7.7679 , 2.05 0.1287 0.0549 0.1143 -0.1737 -0.0594
2.05 0.8874 -0.4611 3.8196
3.8593 3.9867 7.8460 f.: 2.06, 0.1274 0.0526 0.1126 -0.1725 -0.0599 ' i
2.06 0.8.827 -0.4699 t
3.8993 4.0255 7.9248 1~ 2.07 0.1262 0.0504 0.1108 -0.1712 -0.0604
2.07 0.8780 -0.4787
3.9398 4.0647 8.0045 ~: 2.08 0.1249 0.0482 0.1091 -0.11DO -0.0609
2.08 0.8731 -0.4875 '

3.9806 4.1043 8.0849 ~~ 2.09 0.1237 0.0460 0.1074 -0.1688 -0.0614

2.09 0.8682 -0.4962 <
I 2.10 0.1225 0.0438 0.1057 -0.1676 -0.0619
2.10 0.8632 -0.5048 4.0219 4.1443 8.1662 "
4.0635 4.1847 8.2482 2.11 0.1212 0.0417 0.1040 -0.1663 -0.0620,
2.11 0.8581 -0.5134 'J 0.0397 0.1024 -0.1650
4.1056 4.2256 8.3311 2.12 0.1200 -0.0627
2.12 0.8529 -0.5220 t 0.037,7 0.1007 -0.1637
4.1480 4.2668 8.4149 2.13 0.1188 -0.0632
2.i3 0.8477 -0.5305 0.0357 0.0981 -0.1625
4.1909 4.3086 8.4994 2.14 0.1176 -0.0634
2.14 0.8423 -0,5390

4.2342 4.3507 8.5849 .. 2.15 0:1165 0.0337 0.0975 -0.1613 -0.0638

2.15 0.8369 -0.5474 0.0317 0.0959 -0.1600
4.2779 4.3932 8.6711 2.16 0.1153 -O.OMI
,2.16 0.8314 -0.5557 0.0288 0.0943 -0.1587
4.3220 4.4362 8.7583 2.17 0.1142 -0.0645
2.17 0.8258 -0.5640 0.0280 0.0927 -0.1574
4.3666 4.4797 8.8463 2.18 0.1130 -0.0647
2.18 0.8201 -0.5722 2.19 0.1119 0.0262 0.0911 -0.1560 -0.0650
0.8143 -0.5804 4.4116 4.5236 8.9352
2.19
4.5679 9.0250 2.20 0.1108 0.0244 0.0895 -0.1547 -0.0652
2.20 0.8085 -0.5885 4.4571
4.6127 9.1157 2.21 0.1097 0.0226 0.0880 -0.1534 -0.0655
2.21 0.8026 -0.5966 4.5030
4.6580 9.2073 2.22 0.1086 0.0208 0.0865 -0.1522 -;0.0657
2.22 0.7966 -0.6046 4.5494 2,23,,, -0.1509" .,'
4.7037 9.2999 0.1075 ' 0.0191 0.0850 -0.0660
2.23 0.7905 ' -0.6125 4.5962 -0.1496
4.7499 9.3933 2.24 0.1065 0.0174 0.0835 -0.0661
2.24 0.7843 -0.6204 4.6434
4.7966 9.4877 2.25 0.1054 0.0157 0.0820 -0.1482 -0.0663
2.25 0.7781 -0.6282 4.6912 -0.1469
4.8437 9.5831 2.26 0.1044 0.0141 0.0805 -0.0664
2.26 0.7718 -0.6359 4.7394
4.8914 9.6794 2.27 0.1033 0.0125 0.0790 -0.1455 -0.0665
2.27 0.7654 -0.6436 4.7880 -0.1442
4.9395 9.7767 2.28 0.1023 0.0110 0.0776 -0.0666
2.28 0.7589 -0.6512 4.8372 0.0095 0.0762 -0.1429
4.9881· 9.8749 2.29 0.1013 -0.0667
2.29 0.7523 -0.6588 4.8868
9.9742 2.30 0.1003 0.0080 0.0748 -0.1416 -0.0668
0,7457 -0.6663 4.9370 5.0372
2.30 10.0744 2.31 0.0993 0.0065 0.0734 -0.1403 -0.0669
0.7390 -0.6737 4.9876 5.0868
2.31 10.1757 2.32 0.0983 0.0050 0.0720 -0.1389 -0.0670
0.7322 -0 ..6811 5.0387 5.1370
2.32 10.2779 2.33 0.0973 0.0036 0;0706 -0.1376 -0.0670
0.7254 -0.6883 5.0903 5.1876
2.33 10.3812 2.34 0.0963 0.0022 0.0692 -0.1362 -0.0671
0.7185 -0.6956 5.1424 5.2388
2.34
10.4856 2.35 0.0954 0.0008 0.0679 -0.1349 -0.0671
-0.7027 5.1951 5.2905
2,35 0.7115
5.2280 5.3228 10.5507 t1l' 0.0948 0 0.0671 -0.1342 -0.0671
t1l' 0.7071 -0.7071
-0.7098 5.2483 5.3427 10.5910 2.]6 0.0944 -0.0005 0.0666 -0.1336 -0.0671 ,I
2.36 0.7044
5.3954 10.697'1 2.37 0.0935 -0.0018 0.0653 -0.1323' -0.0671 r
2.37 0.6973 -0.7168 5.3020,
10.8049 2.38 0.0926 -0.0031 0.0639 -0.1309 -0.0670 :r
0.6901 -0.7237 5.3562 5.4487 -0.0044 0.0626 -0.1296 -0.0670 k
2.38 10.9135 2.39 0.0916
,2.39 0.6828 -0.7306 5.4109 5.5026 f~
11.0232 2.40 0.0907 -0.0056 0.0613 -0.1282 ':"'0.0669 kr
0.6755 -0.7374 5.4662 5.5570 -0.0068 0.0600 -0.1268 -0.0669
2.40 11.1340 2.41 0.0898
2.41 0.6681 -0.7441 5.5221
5.5785
5.6119
5.6674 11.2459 2.42 0.0889 -0.0080 0.0588 -0.1255 -0.0668 :1c,
2:42
2.43
0.6606
0.6530
-0.7508
-0.7573 5.6354 5.7;!35 11.3589 2.43
2.44
0.0880
0.0872
-0.0092
-0.0103
O.otffll
0.0563
-0.1241
-0.1228
-0.061\7
-0.0666
it
2.44 0.6454 -0.7638 5.6929 5.7801 1~.4730 r
-0.0114 0.0550 -0.1215 -0.0665.·
2.45 0.6378 -0.7702 5.7510 5.8373 11.5884
11.7048
2.45
2.46'
0.0863·
0.0854 -0.0125 0.0538 -0.1202 -0.0664 'Ff
5.8951
2.46 0.6300 -0.7766 5.8097
5.9535 11.8224
2.47 0.0846 -0.0135 0.0526 -0.1189' -0.0662 ~.
2.47 0.6222 -0.7828 5.8689 2.48 0.0837 -0'.0146 0.0514: -0.1175 -0.0661 ~~

I
-0.7890 5.9288 6.0125 11. 9413 0.0829 -0.0156 0.0503 -0.1161 -0.0659
2.48 0.6144 2.49
-0.7951 5.9892 6.0721 12.0613
2.49 0.6064

/:
I
 ,~j

.,

,-,' ~ ;
,-_/ '-;' \...,.....- '- ~
230 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION f.
TABLES
231
TABLE I
TABLE I
J: sin x cos x Sinh x Cosh x e" x e-" A" ,B., C.,
2.50 0.5985 -0.8011 6.0502 6.1323 12.1825 Di:
2.51 0.5904 2.50. 0.0821 -0.0166 0.0492
-0.8071 6.1118 6.1931 12.3049 -0.1149 -0.0658 ,
2.52 0.5823 2.51 0.0813 -0.0176 0.0480
-0.8130 6.1741 6.2545 12.4286 -0.1186 -O.06Q6'
0.5742 2.52. 0.0805 -0.0185 0.0464
2.53 - -0.8187 6.2369 6.3166 12.5535 -0.1123 -0.0654
2.54 0.5660 2.53 0.0797 -0.0195 0.0457 f
-0.8244 6.3004 6.3793 12.6797 -0.1109 -0.0652
2.54 0.0789 -0.0204 0.0446 . -0.1096 -0.0650 f
...
2.~ 0.5577 -0.8300 6.3645 6.4426 12.8071 F
2.56 2.55 0.0781 -0.0213 0.0435
0.5494 -0.8356 6.4293 6.5066 12.9358 -0.1083 -0.0048 .~
2.57 2.56 0.0773 -0.,0221 0.0425
0.5410 -0.8410 6.4946 6.5712 13.0658 2.57 0.0765
-0.1071 -0.0646 r:t"
2.58 0.5325 -0.8464 -0 .. 0228 0.0414
2.59 0.5240 -0.8517
6.5607
6.6274
6.6365
6.7024
13.1971
13.3298
2.58 0.0758 -0.0237 0.0403
-0.1058
-0.1045
-0.0644 f
2.59 0.0750 -0.0642
-0.0246 0.0394 -0.1033 -0.0640 t
2.60 0.5155 -0.8569 6.6947 6.7690 13.463'/ 2.60
2.61 0.5069 -0.8620 6.7628 6.8363 0.0743 -0.0254 0.0383 -0.1020
13.5990 2.61 -0.0637
2.62 0.4983 -0.8670 6.8315 6.9043 0.0735 -0.0261 0.0373 -0.1007
13.7357 2.62 -0.0634
2.63, 0.4896 -0.8720 6.9008 6.9729 0.0728 -0.0269 0:0363
13.8738 2:63 -0.0994 -0.0632
0.0721 -0.0276 0.0353 , ~
2.64 0.4808 -0.8768 6.9709 7.0423 14.0132 2.64 0.0714 -0.0283 0.0343
-0.0982
-0.0969
-0.0629
-0.0626
,
t

2.65 0.4720 -0.8816 7.0417 ' 7.1123 14.1540 2.65 0.0706 -0.0289 0.0334
2.66 0.4632 -0.8863 7.1132 7.1831 14.2963 2.66 -0.0956 -0.0623
2.67 0.4543 -0.8908 7.1854 7.2546 14.4400 0.0700 -0.0296 0.0324 -0.0944
2.67 0.0692 ' -0.0620
2.68 0.4454 -0.8953: 7.2583 7.3268 14.5851 -0.0302 0.0315 -0.0932
2.68 0.0686 -0.0617
2.69 0.4364 -0:8998 7.3319 7.3998 14.7317 -0.0308 0.0306 -0.0920 ;
2.69 0.0679 -0.C614
-0.0314 0.0297 -0.0908 -0.0611 ' !
2.70 0.4274 -0.9041 7.4063 7.4735 '14.8797 2.70
2.71 0.4183 -0.9083 7.4814 15.0293 0.0672 -0.0320 0.0287 -0.0895
7.5479 2.71 -0.C608 .(
. 7.6231 0.0665 ' ~0.0326 0.0279 -0.0883
2.72 0.4092 -0.9124 7.5572 15.1803 '2.72 -0.0605
2.73 0.4001 -0.9165 7.6338 7.6990
7.7758
15.3329
15.4870
2.73
0.0659
0.0652
-0.0331
-0.0337
0.0270
0.0261
-0.0871
-0.0,859
-0.0601 J
. !--r·
2.74 0.3909 -0.9204 7.7112 2.74 -0.0598
0.0646 , -0.0342 0.0253 -0.0847 -0.0594 i- h
2.75 0.3817 -0.9243 '7.7894 7.8533 15.6426 2.75 I.f·
0.0639 -0.0347
2.76 0.3724 -0.9281 7.8683 7.9316 15.7998 2.76 0.0633 -0.0352
0.0244,
0.0236
-0.0835
-0.0823
-,0.0591 r~:
2.77 0.3631 -0.9318 7.9480 8.0106 15.9586 .:....0.0588
2.77 0.0627 -0.0356 0.0228 -0.0811 :r
2.78
2.79
0.3538
0.3444
-0.9353
-0.9388
8.0285
8.1098
8.0905
8.1712
16.1190
16.2810
2.78 0.0620 -0.0361 0.0220 ~0.0799
-0.0585
-0.0581
't
!-r-
2.79 0.0614 -0.0365 0.0212 If.
-0.0787 -0.0577 ~ l-

2.80 0.3350 -0.9422 8.1919 8.2527 16.4446 i[

2.80 0.0608 -0.0369 0.0204 I,
2.81 0.3256 -0.9455 8.2749 8.3351 16.6099 '2.81 -0.0777 -0.0573 i ;;,
0.0602 -0.0373 0.0196 -0.Q765
2.82 0.3161 -0.9487 8.3586 8.4182 16.7768 2.82 -0.0570
0.0596 -0.0377 0.0188 -0.0754
2.83 0.3066 -0.9518 8.4432 8.5022 16.9455 2.83 -0.0566
0.0590 -0.0381 0.0181 -0.0742
I ~

2.84 0.2970 -0.9549 8.5287 8.5871 17.1158 2.84 0.0584 -0.0562

-0.0385 0.0173 ,...0.0731 -0.0558 [-
0.2875 -0.9578 8.6150 8.6728 17.2878 i'r
, 2.85 ' -0.9606 8.7594 17.4615
2.85 0.0578 -0.0388 0.0167 -0.0721 -0.0554 i ('
2.8.6 0.2779 8.7021 2:86
2.87 0.2683 -0.9633 8.7902 8.8469 17.6370 2.87
0.0573 -0..0391 0.0100 -0.0710 -0.0550 U
: 'b'
0.0567 -0.0394 0.0153 -0.0699
2.88 0.2586 -0.9660 8.8791 8.9352 17.8143 2.88 0.0561 -0.0546
17.9933 -0.0397 0.0145 ':"0.0687 -0.0542 :f
2.89 0.2490 -0.9685 8.9689 9.0244 2.89 0.0556 -0.0400 0.0138 -0.0676
2.90 0.2392 -0.9710 9.0596 9.1146 18.1742
-0.0538 ;I
2.90 0.0550 -0.0403 0.0132 -0.0666 i
2.91 ' 0.2295 -0.9733 9.1512 9.2056 18.3568 2.91 -0.0534
'~
0.0545 -0.0406 0.Oi25 -0.0656
2.92 .0.2198 -0.9756 9.243'1 9.2976 18.5413 2.92 -0.0530 ;,-:-
0.0539 -0.0409 0.0114 -0.0645-
2.93 0.2100 -0.9777 9.337t 9.3905 18.7276 2.93 0.0534 -0.0526 I
-0.0411 '0.0112 -0.0634 -0.0522 f
2.94 0.2002 -0.9798 9.4315 9.4844 18.9158 2.94 0.0529 -0.0413 0.0106 -0.0624' -0.0518 "
 ~.
~-
\ $ ',--I /
'-.-/ ~ '---' . r. '--../ '-
232 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION f TABLES 2~3

:& sin z cos x

TABLE I
Sinh x Cosh x eZ
f J; e- Z
Az
TABLE 1
Bz Cz D,.
2.95 0..190.4 -0..9817 9.5268 9.5792 19.1060. 2.95 0..0.523 -0..0.415 0..0.100 -0..0.614 -0.0514
2.96 0.1806 -0..9836 9.6231 9.6749 2.96 0..0518 -0.0.417 0..0.0.94 -00.60.3 -0..0.510.
19.2980
2.97 0..170.8 -0..9853 9.720.3 9.7716 19.4919 2.97 0..0.513 -0..0.419 0..0.0.88 -0..0.593 -0..0.50.6
. ,
2.98 0.160.9 -.0..9870. 9.8185 9.8693 19.6878
:0 2.98 0..0.50.8 -0..0.420. 0..0.0.82 -0..0.583 -0..0.50.2
2.99· 0..1510. -0..9885 9.917.7 9.9680. 19.8857 2.99 0..0.50.3 -0..0.421 0..0076 -0..0.573 -0..0497 kr
f ~
3.0.0. 0..1411 -0..990.0. 10... 0.179. 10.0.677 20..0.855 f
~
3.00
3.0.1
0..0.498
0..0.493
-0..0.422
-0..0.423
0..0.0.71
0..0065
-0..0.563
-0..0.553
-0..0.493
-0..0.489
t~
S.o.l
3.0.2
3.0.3
3.04
0..1312
0..1213
0..1114
0.10.14
-0..9914
-0..9926
-0..9938
-0..9948
10..1190.
10.2212
10..3245
10.428.7
10..1684
10.270.0.
10..3728
10.4765
20..2874
20.4913
20..6972
20..90.52
~"
3.0.2
3.0.3
3.0.4
0.0488
0..0.483
0.0.478
-0..0.424
-0..0.425
-0..0426
0..0059
0..0054
0.0049
-0..0.543
-0..0.534
-0..0.5~4
-0..0484
-0..0.480
-0.0.476
l
rL
~

0..0.915 -0.9958 10.5340. 10.5814 3.0.5 0.:0.474 -0..0.427 0..00.43 -0..0.515 -0..0.472 i
3.0.5 21.1153 ~.
3:0.6 0.0.815 -0.9967 10.6403 10..6872 21.3276 3.0.6 0..0.469 -0..0.428 0..0.0.39 -0..0.50.5 -0..0.468 r
3.0.7 0.0715 -0..9974 10.7477 10..7942 21.5419 3.0.7 0..0.464 -0..0.429 0..0.0.34 -0..0.496 -0..0464 f
3.0.8 0..0.460. -0..0.430. 0..0.0.29 -0..0.487 -0.;0.459
3.0.8
3.0.9
0..0.616
0..0.516
-0..9981
-0..9987
10.8562
10..9658
10.90.22
10.0113
21. 7584
21.9771 3.0.9 0..0.455 -0..0.431 0..0023 -0..0478 -0..0.455 ,.t
K
3.10. 0..0.416 -0..9991 11.0.764 11.1215 22.1980. 3.10. 0..0.450. -0..0.431 0.. 0.0.1 !) -0..0469 -0..0.450. ,.~-
3.11 0..0.316 -0..9995 11.1882 11.2328 22.4210 3.11
3.12
0..0.446
0..0.442
-0..0.431
-0..0.432
0..00.15
0..0010.
-0..0.460.
-0..0.451'
-0..0.446
-0..0.441
~
'.'
3.12 0..0.216 -0..9998 11.30.11 11.3453 22.6464
3.13 0..0.116 ....,0..9999 11.4151 11.4588 22.8740. 3.13 0..0.437. .,-0..0.432 0..0.0.0.6 -0..0.442 ;-0..0.437 f:
3.14 0..0.433 ,..0..0.432 '0.0001 -0..0.433 -0..0.432
3.14 0..0.0.16 -1.0000 11.530.3 11.5736 23.1039
0..0.432 -0..0.432 0. -0..0.432 -0..0.432
L t
7r 0. -1 11.5487 11.5920. 23.140.7 7r ;
t"
3.15 0..0.428 ~0..0.432 -0..0.0.0.4 -0..0.424 -0..0.428 F
3.15 . -0..0.0.84 -1.0.000. 11.6466 11.6895 23.3361 "r
-0..0.184 -0..9998 11. 764'1 '. n.80.65 23.570.6 3.16 0..0.424 -0..0.432 -0..0008 -0..0.416 -0..0.423 f
3.16 I'
3.17 -0..0.284 -0..9996 11.8827 11.9247 23.80.75 3.17
3.18
0..0.420.
0..0.416
-0..0432
-0..0.43]
-0..0.0.12
-0..0.0.16
-0..0.40.7
-0..0.399
-0..0.420.
-0..0.4]5
:t
3.18 -0..0.384 -0..9993 12.0026 12.0.442 24.0.468
-0..9988 12.1236 12.1648 24.2884 3.19 0..0.412 -0..0.431 -0..0.0.20. -0..0.391 -0..0.411
3.19 -0..0.484

-0..9983 12.2459 12.2866 24.5325 3.20. 0..0.40.8 -0..0.4:n -0..0024 -0..0.383 -0..0.40.7
3.20. -0..0.584
12.3694 12.40.97 24.7791 3.21 0..0.40.4 -0..0.430. -0..0029 -0..0.375 -0..0.40.3
3.21 -0.:0.684 -0..9977
12.4941 12.5340. 25.0.281 3.22 0..0.400 -0..0.430. -0..0.0.32 -0..0.367 -0..0.399
3.22 -0..0.783 -0..9969/
12.6596 25.2797 3.23 0..0.396 -0..0.429 -0..0.0.35 -0..0.359 -0..0.394
3.23 -0..0.883 -0..9961 12.6200
3.24 0..0.392 -0..0.428 -0..0039 -0..0.351 -0..0.390.
3.24 -0..0.982 -0..9952 12.7473 12.7864 25.5337
3.25 0..0.388 -0..0427 -0..0.0.42 -0..0.343 -0..0.385
3.25 -0..10.82 -0..9941 12.8758 12.9146 25.7903
3.26 0..0.384 -0..0.426 -0..0.0.46 -0..0.336 -0..0.381
3.26 -0..1181 -0..9930. 13.0.0.56 13.0440. 26.0.495
3.27 0..0.380. -0..0.425 -0..0.0.4fl -0..0.328 -0..0.377
3.27 -0..1280. -0..9918 13.1367 13.1747 26.3113
26.5758 3.28 0..0.376 -0..0.424 -0..0.0.52 -0..0.321 -0..0.373'
3.28 -0..1380. -0..990.4 13.2691 13 .. 30.67
3.29 0..0.37:2 -0..0.423 -0..0.0.55 -0..0.313 -0..0.369
3.29 -0..1479 -0..9890. 13.40.28 13.440.1 26.8429
3.30. 0..0.369 -0..0.422 -0..0.0.58 -0..0.30.6 -0..0.365
3.30. -0..1578 . -0..9875 13.5379 13.5748 27.1126
3.31 0..0.365 -0..0421 -0..0.0.61 -0..0.299. -0..0.360.
3.31 -0..1676 -0..9858 13.6743 13.710.8 27.3851
3.32 0..0.362 -0..0.420. -0..0.0.64 -0..0.292 -0..0.356
3.32 -0..1775 -0..9841 13.8121 13.8482 27.660.4
3.33 0..0.358 -0..0.419 -0..00.67 -0..0.285 -0..0.352
3.33 -0..1873 -0..9823 13.9513 13.9871 27.9383
3.34 0..0.354 -0..0.418 -0..0070. -0..0.278 -0..0.398
3.34 -0..1971 -0..980.4 --14.0.918 14.1273 28.2191
3.35 0..0.351 -0..0.417 :"'0..0.0.73 -0..0271 -0..0.344
-0..20.69 -0..9784 14.2338 14.2689 28.50.27
3.35
3.36 ... -0..2169 -0..9762 14.3772 14.4120. 28.7892 3.36
3.37
0..0.347
0..0.344
-0..0.415
-0..0.413
-0..0.0.75
-0..0.0.78
-0..0.264
-0..0.257
-0..0.340.
-0..0335
:f
14.5221 14.5565 29.0.785 ~~
3.37 -0..2264 -0..9740. -0..0.411 -0..0.0.80. -0..0251 ....:0..0.331
3.88 0.0.340.
3.38 -0..2362 -0..9717 14.6684 14.70.24 29.370.8
3.39 0..0.337 -0..0.40.9 -0..0083 -0..0.244 -0..0.327
3.39 -0..2459 .,..0..9693 14.8161 14.8498 29.6660
 "
! \.,.-/' ~'
---)
'-..-/
'- .TABLES 235
234 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
TABLE I
TABLE I
;C e-" A., .B., C., D,.
x sin x cos x Sinh x Cosh x e:r
3.40 0.0334 -0.0408 -0.0085 -0.0238 -0.03.23
3.40 -0.2555 -0.9668 14.9654 14.9987 29.9641 3At 0.0330 -0.0406 -0.0088 -0.0231 -0.0319
3.41 -0.2652 -0.9642 15.1161 15.1491 30.2652 ' 3.42 0.0327 -0.0404 -0.0090 -0.0225 -0.0315
3.42 -0.2748 -0.9615 15.2684 15.3011 30.5694 3.43 0.0324 -0.0403 -0.0093 -0.0218 -0.0311
3.43 -0.2844 -0.9587 15.4221 15.4545 30;8766 3.« 0.0321 -0.0401 -0.0094 -0.0212 -0.0307
3.44 -0.2940 -0.9558 15.5774 15.6095 31.1870 t
3.45 0.0318 -0.0399 -0.0097 -0.0206 -0.0303 r
3.45 -0.3035 -0.9528 15.7343 15.7661 31.5004 ~.46 0.0314 -0.0397 -0.0099 -0.0200 -0.0299 , F
t
3.46 -0.3130 -0.9497 15.8928 15.9242 31.8170 ' 3.47 0.0311 -·0.0395 -0.0101 -0.0194 -0.0295 t
3,47 -0.3225 -0.9466 16.0528 16.0839 32.1367 3,48 0.0308 -0.0392 -0.0102 -0.0189 -0.0291 r
3.48 -0.3320 -0.9433 16.2145 16.2453 32.4597 3.49 0.0305 -0.0390 -0.0104 -0.0183 -0.0287
3.49 -0.3414 -0.9399 16.3777 16.4082 32.7860
3.50 0.0302 -0.0388 -0.0106 -0.0177 -0.0283
3.50 -0.3508 -0.9365 16.5426 16.5728 33.1154 3.51 0.0299 -0.0386 -0.0108 -0.0171 : -0.0279
3.51 -0.3601 -0.9329 16.7092 16.7391 33.4483 3.52 0.0296 -0.0384 -0.0109 -0.0165 -0.0275
3.52
3.53
-0.3694
-0.3787
-0.9292
-0.9255
16.8774
17.0473
16.9070
17.0766
33.7844
34.1240
3.53
3.54 '
0.0293
0.0290
-0:0382
-0.0380
-0.0111
-0.0113
-0.0160
-0.0155
-0.0271
-0.0268
· r· [
17.2190 17.2480 34.4669
3.54 -0.3880 -0.9217
3.55 0.0287 -0.0378 -0.0114 -0.0149 -0.0264 r"
3.55 -0.3972 -0.9178 17.3923 17.4210 34.8133 3.56 0.0284 -0,,0376 -0.0116 -0.0144 -0.0260
3.56 -0.4063 -0.9137 17.5674 17.5958 35.1632 3.57 0.0282 -0.0373 -0.0117 -0.0139 -0.0257 : \~

3.57 -0.4154 -0.9096 17.7442 17.7724 35.5166 3.58 0.0279 :-0.0371 -0.0118 -0.0134 -0.0253
3.58 -0.4245 -0.9054 17.9228 17.9507 , 35.873,5 3.59 0.0276 -0.0368 ' ~O.0120 :"'0.0129 -0.0249 : r
r'
3;59 ~0.4335 ':"':0.9011 18.1032 18.1308 36.2341 : [-
3.60
.' 0.0273 -0.0366 -0.0121 -0.0124 -0.0245 ' l~.
'
3.60 -0.4425 -0.8968 18.2855 18.3128 36.5982 3.61 0.0270 -0.0363 -0.0122 -0.0119 -0.0242 :. ~.:
3 61
3.62
-0.4515
-0.4604
-0.4692
-0.8923
-0.8877
-0.8831
18.4695
18.6554
18.8432
18.4966
i8.6822
18.8697
36.9660
37.3376
37.7128
3.62
3.63
3.64
0.0268
0.0265
0.0262
-0.0361
-0.0359
-0.0356
-0.0123
-0.0124
-0.0125
-0.0114
-0.0109
-0.0105
-0.0238
-0.0234
-0.0231
:, .'
3.63,
3.64 -0.4780 -0.8784 19.0328 19.0590 38.0918 t
3:65 0.0260 -0.0354 -0.0126 -0.0101 -0.0227 ~
3.65
3.66
-0,4868
-0.4955
-0.8735
-0.8686
19.2243
19.4178
19.2503
19.4435
3S.4747
38.8613
3.66
3.67
0.0257
0.0255
-0.0351
-0.0348
-0.0127
-0.0128
-0.0096
-0.0092
-0.0223
-0.0220 f
f~
3.67 -0.5042 -0.8636 19.6132 19.6387 39.2519 3.68 0.0252 -0.0346 -0.0129 -0.0088 -0.0217
3.68 -0.5128 -0.8585 19.8106 19.8358 39.6464 3.69 0.0250 -0.0343 -0.0130 -0.0083 -0.0214
-0.5213 -0.8534 20.0099 20.0349 40.0448 . it.
3.69 it·:
3.70 0.0247 -0.0341 -0.0131 -0.0079 -0.0210 ~ t
: : ~.

3.70 -0.5298 -0.8481 20.2113 20.2360 40.4473 3.71 0.0245 -0.0338 -0.0132 -0.0075 -0.0207 i !'
3.71 -0.5383 -0.8428 20.4147 20.4391 40.8538 3.72 0.0242 -0.0336 -0.0132 -0.0071 -0.0203
3.72 -0.5467 -0.8373 20.6201 20.6443 41.2644 3.73 0.0240 ·-0.0333 -0.0133 -0.0067 -0.0200
3.73 ..,.0.5550 -0.8318 20.8276, ., 20.8516 41.6791 3.74 0.0238 -0.0330 -0.0133, -0.0063 -0.0197
I:.
3.74 -0.5633 -0.8262 21.0371 21.0609 42.0980 ; rI
,3.75 0.0235 -0.0327 -0.0134 -0.0059 -0.0193 "
r;
3.75 -0.5716 -0.8206 21.2488 21.2723 42.5211 3.76 0.0233 -0.0324 -0.0135 -0.0055 -0.0190 i't
-0.5797 :"'0.8148 ,21.4626 21.4858 42.9484 3.77 0.0230 -0.0322 -0.0136 -0.0051 -0.0187 ![
3.76 · r
3.77 -0.5879 -0.8090 21.6785 21:7016 43.3801 3.78 0.0228 -0.0319 -0.0136 -0.0048 -0.0184 ·t
3.78 -0.5959 -0.8030 21.8966 21. 9194 43.11160 3.79 0.0226 -0.0316 -0.0137 -0.0044 -0.0180 'f
3.79 -0.6039 -0.7970 22.1169 22.1395 44.2564 ;t
3.80 0.022~ -0.0314 -0.0137 -0.0040 -0.0177 : t·
3.80 -0.6119 -0.7910 22.3394 22.3618 44.7012 3.81 0.0222 -0.0311 -0.0138 -0.0036 -0.0174 ,
3.81 -0.6197 -0.7848 22.5642 22.5863 45.1504 3.82 O.021!l -0.030S -0.0138 -0.0033 -0.0171 b:
3.82 -0.6276 -0.7786 22.7911 22.8131 45.6042 3.83 0.0217 -0.0305 -0.0138 -0.0030 -0.0168 i
3.83 -0.6353 -0.7723 23.0204 23.0421 46.0625 3.84 0.0215 -0.0303 -0.0138 -0.0027 -0.0165
23.2520 23.2735 46.5255
3.84 -0.6430 -0.7659 t
 '::

~.
Ii
~; ''-...J '-...,./
,~J
'--./ ';;;;..
236 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION ~ TABLES 237
¥-

TABLE I ~~
t TABLE I
x sin x cos x Sinh x Cosh x eZ
j.~

x e-:e A", B", D",

C'"
3.85 -0.6506 -0.7594 23.4859 ,-
23.5072 46.9931 ,:.- 3.85 0.0213 - -0.0300 -0.0139 -0.0023 -0.0162
3.86 -0.6582 -'-0.7528 23.7221 23.7432 47.4654 3.86 0.0211 -0.0297 -0.0139 -0.0020 -0.0159
3.87 -0.6657 -0.7462 23.9608 .-
23.9.816 47.9424 3.87 0.0209 -0.0294 -0.0139 -0.0017 -0.0156
3.88 -0.6731 -0.7395 24 .. 2018 24.2224 48.4242 t:~~
·3.88 0.0206 -0.0292 -0.0139 -0.0014 -0.0153
~~\
3.89 -0.6805 -0.7328 24.4452 24.4657 48.9109 3.89 0.0204 -0.0289 -0 ..0139 -0.0011 -0.0150
3.90 -0.6878 -0.7259 24.6911 24.7114 49.4024 f 3.90 0.0202 -0.0286 -0.0140 -0.0008 -0.014; . f~
3.91 -0.6950 -0.7190 24.9395 24.9595 49.8990 -- Pi
3.91 0.0200 -0.0283 -0.0140 -0.0005 -0.0144
-0.7022 -0.7120 '~
<-

3.92 25.1903 25.2101 50.4004 3.92 0.0198 -0.0280 -0.0140 '-0.0002 -0.0141
!i'll" -u.7071 -0.7071 25.3672 25.3869 50.7540 _
t"
£71' 0.0197 -0.0278 -0.0140 0 -0.0139
3.93 -0.7092 -0.7050 25.4437 25.4633 50.9070 3.93 0.0196 -0.0278 . -0.0140 0.0001 -0.0139
3.94 -0.7162 -0.6978 25.6996 25.7190 51.4186 3.94 0.0194 -0.0275 -0.0139 0.0003 -0.0136
W
3.95
3.96
-0.7232
-0.7301
-0.6906
-0.6834
25.9581
26.2191
25.9773
26.2382
51.9354
52.4573
3.95
3.96
0.0192
0.0191
-0.0272
-0.0269
-0.0139
-0.0139
0.0005
0.0008
-0.0133
-0.0130
l;
~'~.
3.97 -0.7369 -0.6760 26.4828 26.5017 52.9845 3.97 0.0189 -0.0267 -0.0139 0.0011 -0.0128 t
3.98 -0.7436 -0.6686 26.7492 26.7679 53.5170 3.98 0.018i -0.0264 -0.0139 0.0014 -0.0125 F
3.99 -0.7502 -0.6612 27.0182 27.0367 54.0549 3.99 0.0185 -0.0261 -0.0139 0.0017 -0.0122 ,L
E-
f'_
~.:."
11:
4.00 -0.7568 -0.6536 27.2899 27.3082 54.5982 4.00 0.0183 -0.0258 -0.0139 0.0019 -0.0120
4.10
4.20
-0.8183
-0.8716
-0.5748
-0.4903 '
30.1619
33.3357
30.1784
33.3507
60.3403
66.6863
4.10 0.0166 -0.0231 -0.0136
-0.0131
0.0040
0.-0057
-0.0096
-0.0074
fL.
c-
..
4.29 0.0150 -0.0204 ,r
4.30 -0.9162 -0.4008 36.8431 36.8567 73.6998 4.30 0.0136 -0.0179 -0.0125 0.0070 -0.0055 : f:
4.40 -0.9516 -0.3073 40.7193 40.7316 81.4509
~"
4.40 0.0123 -0.0155 -0.0117 0.0079 -0.0038
' .-0.9775 -0.2108 45.0030 45.0141 90.0171 ·L
4.50
,~
4.50 0.0111 -0.0132 -0.0108 0.0085 -0.0023
4.60 -0.9937 -0.1122 49.7371 49.7472 99.4843 4.6D 0.0101 -0.0111 -0.0100 0.0089 -0.0012 ,
4.70 -0,9999 -0.012j 54.9690 54.9781 109.9472 I ~()
0.0091 -0.0092 -0.0091 0.0090 -0.0001 ; '),~

:~
~71' -1 0 55.6544 55.6634 111.317R 0.0090 -0.0090 -0.0090 0.0090 0
4.80 -0.9962 0.0875 60.7511 60.7593 121.5104 ,LSD 0.0082 -0.0075 -0.0082 0.0089 O.OOOi
i ~•.
4.90 -0.9824 0.1865 67.1412 67.1486 134.2898 -L90 0.0074 -0.0059 -0.0073 0.0087 0.0014
5.00 -0.9589 0.2837 ' 74.2032 74.2100 148.4132 0.0084 H
5.00 0.0067 -0.0046 -0.0065 0.0019
5.10
5.20
-0.9258
-0.8834
0.3780
0.4685
82.0079
90.6334
82.0140
90.6389
164.0219
181.2722
5.10
5.20
0.0061
0.0055
-0.0033
-0.0023
-0.0057
-0.0049
0.0080
0.0075
0.0023
0.0026
l &-
5.30 -0.8323 0.5544 100.1659 100.1709 200.3368 0.0050 -0.0014 -0.0042 0.0069 0.0028
I,r-':'-
5.30
5.40 -0.7728 0.6347 110.7010 110.7055 221.4064 -0.0006 -0.0035 0.0064 0.0029 i-
5.40 0.0045 f.::'
-0.7071 0.7071 122.0735 122.0776 244.1511
j7l'
t"" 0.0041 0 -0.0029 0.0058 0.0029 if'
i "~.
5.50 -0.7055 0.7087 122.3439 122.3480 244.6919 5.50 0.0041 0.0000 -0.0029 0.0058 0.0029 ' f
5.60 -0.6313 0.7756 135.2114 135.2150 270.4264 5.60 0.0037 0.0005 -0.0023 0.0052 0.0029 : fro

5.70 -0.5507 0.8347 149'.4320 149.4354 298.8674 5.70 0.0033 0.0009 -0.0018 0.0046 0.0028 ift
I
5.80 -0.4646 0.8855 165.1483 165.1513 330.2996 5.80 0.0030 0.0013 -0.0014 0.0041 0.0027 if'
5.90 -0.3739 0.9275 182.5174 182.5201 365.0375 5,,90 0.0027 0.0015 -0.0010 0.0036 0.0026
B'
6.00 -0.2794 0.9602 201.7132 201. 7156 403.4288 6.00 0.0025 0.0017 -0.0007 0.0031 0.0024 TL,
6.10 -0.1822 0.9833 222.9278 222.9300 445.8578 6.10 0.0022 0.0018 -0.0004 0.0026 0.0022
6.20 -0.0831 0.9965 246.3735 246.3755 492.7490
535.4917
6.20 0.0020 0.0019 -0.0002 0.0022 0.0020 I
271' 0 1 267.7449 267.7468 2r. 0.0019 0.0019 0 0.0019 0.0019 ;'f
6.30 0.0168
0.1166
0.9999
0.9932
272.2850
300.9217
272.2869
300.943~
544.5719
601.8450
6.30 0.0018 0.0019 0.0001 0.0018 0.0019
0.0017
it
6.40 6.40 0.0017 0.0018 0.0002 0.0015 r
[
l {:
 ~.~
~' ,
238 B1<.:AMS O~ ELASTIC FOUNDA'rION
'-.-/
'- ;ii.
:\~-
.i,T:'
?:i~.
TABLES
'--"

239
~'
;:;..
TABLE I· }. TABLE I
x !lin x cos x Sinh ,/;. Cosh. x ez f~ x A., Bz C., D.,
,J:,:
6.50 0.2151 0.9766 332.5701 332.5716 665.1416 ,. 6.50 0.0015 0.0018 0.0003
0.9502 367.5460 367.5483 0.0012 0.0018
6.60 0.3115 735.0952 6.60 0·.00]4 0.0017 0.0004 0.0009
0.4048 0.9144 406.2023 406.2035 812.4058 6.70 0.0015
6.70 0.0012 0.0016 0.0005 0.0006 0.0013
6.80 0.4941 0.8694 448.9231 448.9242 897.8473 { 6.80 0.0011 0.0015 0.0006 0.0004
0.5784 0.8157 496.1360 4H6.1379 092.2747 6.90 0.0011
6.90 0.0010 0.0014 0.0006 0.0002 0.0009
Z
7.00 0.6.570 0.7539 548.3161 548.3170 1096.6332 ;"
7.00 O.OOO!! 0.0013 0.0006 0.0001
0.7071 587.2412 587.2420 1174.4832 0.0007
·t 7 0.7071 t". 0.0009 0.0012 0.0006 0 0.0006
7.10 0.7290 0.6846 605.H831 605.9840 1211. 9671 7.10 0.0008 0.0012 0.0006 -
-0.0000
0.6084 669.7150 669.7158 1339.4308 7.20 0.0006
7.20 0.7937 0.0007 O.OOll 0.0006 -0.0001 0.0005
7.30 0.8504 0.5261 740.1406 740.1503 1480.2999 7.30 0.0007 0.0009 0.0006 -0.0002
0.4386 817.9019 817.9925 1635.9844 . 7.40 0.0004
7.40 0.8987 0.0006 0.0008 0.0006 -0.0003 0.0003
7.50 0.9380 0.3466 904.0209 !lW.0215 1808.0424 , 7.50 0.0006 0.0007 0.0005 -0.0003
0.2513 999.0977 999.0982 1998.1959 7.60 0.0002
7.60 0.9679 0.0005 0.0006 0.0005 -0.0004 0.0001
7.70 0.9882 0.1534 1104.1738 1104.1742 2208.3480 :f
7.70 0.0005 0.0006 0.0005 -0.0004
0.0540 1210.3008 1220.3012 2440.6020 'f 7.80 0.0001
7.80 0.9985 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 -0.0004 0.0000
i". 1 0 1287.9850 1287.9854 2575.9705 ~". 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 -0.0004
1348.6410 1348.6414 2697.2823 0
7.90 0.9989 -0.0460 7.90 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 -0.0004 -0.0000
8.00 0.9894 -0.1455 1490.4788 1490.4792 2980.9580 !l.00 0.0003 0.0002 0.0003 -0.0004 -0.0001
 TABLES 241

TABLE II

4.0.

3.5

Jo.

: ~.

o 0.5 /0. i5 2.0 2.S s.o

FIG. 163

1 e' F-!. e'

E] "" - .
2 Sinh x + sin x , 1 - 2 Cosh x + cos x '
1 ·eo 1
Fll ... - --::-~---
e=
Ell "" 2" Sinh x - sin x' 2Coshx- cos x
 ~.
j-

)
'-..-/' ~
,\...-'
'-..-' ,-,,'

242 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION TABLES 243

TABLE II TABLE II
E/ Fr Er Ell Fr FlI
0
.C

co
Ell
co 0.25000
FI/ ;1

2.00 0.81454 1.35929 1.10409 0.88424 t

l'
0.05 5.25320 25000.0 0.26281
co
215.51724 ~'
2.05 0.82506 1.32480
1.29266
1. 11387
1.12208
0.88077
0.87812
, t-

0.10 2.76342 1492.537 0.27629 55.15720 2.19 0.83584 ~4'

0.15 1.93656 505.050 0.29046 25.75992 ~::' 2.15 0.84643 1.26354 1.12871 0.87629 r".'

1.52653 233.645 0.30533

?';: 2.20 0.85710 1.23652 1.13394 0.87514 ki
0.20 15.26252 ~'" .
.
'i -r.,.

,,0.25 1.28391 123.916 0.32095 10.27432

~~'-

2.25 0.86738 1.21228 1.13829 0.87436 ' gi

~.
;~

0.30 1.12487 74.68260 0.33734 7.50694 2.30 0.87754 1.18998 1.14097 0.87439 ' ~:
2.35 0.88755 1.16945 1.14299 0.87466
0.35
0.40
1.01357
0.93225
49.48046
34.87966
0.35454
0.37256
5.79408
4.66135 2.40 0.89737 1.15052
1.13308
1.14360
1.14358
0.87563
0.87685
t ,.

0.45 0.87091 25.88662 0.39139 3.87342 2.45 0.90699

: ~,
0.87847 ~r
0.50
0.55
0.82391
0.78720
19.79414
15.64211
0.41110
0.43169
3.29728
2.86311
2.50
2.55
0.91604
0.92515
1.11749
1.10266
1.14267
1.14090 0.88051 .

: l~'
r ~.

~~
1.08947 1.13880 0.88267
~.
0.60 0.75837 12.65662 0.45311 2.52915 2.60 0.93364
0.73558 10.47449 0.47535 2.26588 ;.: 2.65 0.94179 1.07734 1.13586 0.88528 ~':
0.65 I

0.71777 8.80282 0.49845 2.05339 2.70 0.94978 1.0660'1 1.13260 0.88800 £::
r,"
0.70 . I:
1.12881 0.89104 F,
0.75 0.70379 7.52615 0.52238 1.87995 .2.75 0.95720 1.04471 ' [;
6.51466 0.54702 1.73702 "2~80 " 0.96423-,'" 1.04657 1.12473 0.89421 j'
0.80 0.69314
0.68506 5.71690 0.57245 1.61687 2.85 0.97083 1.03815 1.12038 0.89754 i! E"
0.85 0.90104
~l
1.03032 1.11578
0.90 0.67949 5..05817 0.59855 1.51538 2.90
2.95
0.97716
0.98303 1.02327 1.11118 0.90454 ~
0.95 0.67584 4.52018 0.62517 1.42945, b

1.00 0.67392 4.07398

3.69904
0.65243
0.67987
1.35512
1.29189
~ 3.00
3.10
0.,99828
0.99823
1.00672
1.00586
1.10634
1.09646
0.90820
0.91573
~"
~~
If'
1.05 0.67352 EtI',
1.00650 0.99687 1.08665 0.92331
lt· 3.20 ~,,'

1.10 0.67449 3.38066 0.70791 1.23609 F

1-,
0.73591 1.18813 3.30 1.01313 0.98986 1.07717 0.93079 I'
1.15 0.67671 3.10810 (,';
0.76399 1. 1461l if. 3.40 1.01844 0.98436 1.06779 0.93834
1.20 0.67996 2.87455 'f f:
R,c
0.79209 1.10904 3.50 1.02261 0.98011 1.05897 0.94562 .f1'.;
1.25 0.68412, 2.67294 ~'

0.81962 1.07704 3.60 1.02559 0.97709 1.05070 0.95261 f.:

1.30 0.68921 2.49669
0.84688 1.04865 3.70 1.02755 0.97505 1.04318 0.95913 ~.~
1.35 0.69503 2.34307 c
0.87366 1.02353 3.80 1.02870 0.97380 1.03616 0.96534 L.
1.40 0.70166 2.20658
0.89959 1.00158 3.90 1.02924 0.97315 1.02986 0.97105
1.45 0.70883 2.08690

0.92474 0.98213 4.00 1.02895 0.97327 1.02423 0.97624

1.50 0.71664 1.98016
'0.94890 0.96502 4.10 1.02824 0.97378 1.01930 0.98090
1.55 0.72498 1.88484
0.95006 4.20 1.02714 0.97468 1.01480 0.98520
1.60 0.73376 1.79973 0.97186
0.99356 0.93696 4.30 1.02583 0.97578 1.01094 0.98894
1.65 0.74288 1. 72378 .
1.01402 0.92544 4.40 1.02412 0.97728 1.00750 0.99231
1.70 0,75243 1.65500

0.91558 4.50 1.02220 0.97897 1.00450 0.99530

1.75 0.76115 1.59795 1.03284
0.90701 4.60 1.02051 0.98049 1.00230 0.99751
1.80 0.77239 1.53685 1.05029 .i
4.70 1.01862 0.98220 1.00012 (/.99972 ; r
1.85 0.78267 1.48615 1.06619 0.89967
1.90 0.79325 1.43962 1.08042 0.89352 4.80 1.01674 0.98393 0.99853 1.00133 ~ F'
0.88838 4.90 1.01488 0.98567 0.99715 1.00275 .i
1.~5 0.80376 1.39790 1.09309 '1.00376
5.00 1.01322 0.98i22 ' 0.99616
 --'
;
\~; \...-I '-../
TABLES 245

TABLE III
dZ1(x) dZ2(x)
,
~. Zl(X), Z2(X) ,
ax , (]X
dZ (x) dZ 4 (x)
------;IX ,
3
Z3(X), Z4 (x) ,
dX

6"

-iOo/) -0.5

FIG. 164

GY + (~)" (~r ..
Z (x) = 1- - - - - - + ...
- Z,(x) = ZI(X)
- 2-1 RI + log. 'YX
-2 [ < -·Z2(X) ] ,
I 2!2 4!2 .. 6!2 ' '2 ~: .

{.

..Z()
,.4 x = -2-
Z2(X) 2[
+;;: R.+ log. 'YX ()l
2· Z1 X J

where
RI = (:,)2 _ (:,)6 + (:,)10 _ ...
2
",,(3)
3!2 2
",,(5)
5!2 2 '

R2 2!2
(:,)8 + (:,)12 _...
= ",,(2) (:')' _ ",,(4)
2' 4!2 2
",,(6)
6!2 2

<F(n) = J + 21 + 13" + 4'1 + ... +;:;1 and Jog, 'Y = 0.577216.

 ',-./
'---" '--.-i "~/ ~'

TABLES 247
246 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

TABLE III
TABLE III
dZ,(x) dZ.(x)

x
,,0.00 '
Zl(X)
1.0000
Z2(X)
0.0000
dZ1(x)
d:r;
0.0000
dZ2(x)
a;-
0.0000
x
0.00
0.01
Z3(X)
0.5COO
0.4999
Z.(X)

- ""
-3.0056
(IX
0.0000
-0.0166
(IX

+""
63.6595
,
1;
ri'

0.01 1.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0050 31.8260

0.02 0.4997 -;-2:5643 -0.0288
0.02 1.0000 -0.0001 -0.0000 ~O.OlOO 21.2132
0.03 0.4993 -2.3063 -0.0394
0.03 1.0000 -0.0002 -0.0000 -0.0150 15.9055
0.04 0.4989 -2.1232 -0.0488
0.04 1.0000 -O.DOW -0.0000 -0.0200
0.05 0.4984 -1.9813 -0.0575 12.7199
0.05 1.0000 -0.0006 -0.0000 -0.0250 -0.0655 10.5954
0.06 0.4978 -1.8653
0.06 1.0000 -0.0009 -0.0000 , -0.0300 -0.0730 9.0771
0.07 0.4971 --1. 7674
0.07 1.0000 -0.0012 -0.0000 -0.0350 -0.0800 7.9378
0.08 0.4963 -1.6825
0.08 1.0000 -0.0016 -0.0000 -0.0400 -0.0866 7.0512
0.09. 0.4955 -1.6078
0.09 1.0000 -0.0020 -0.0000 -0.0450 ,.:"...

-0.0929 6.3413
m
0.10 0.4946 -1.5409
0.10 1.0000 -0.0025 -0.0001 -0.05OQ -0.0989 5.7601

I
0.11 0.4936 -1.4805
0.11 1.0000 -0.0030 -0.0001 -0.0550 -1.4254 -0.1046 5.2754 ",
0.12 0.4926
0.12 1.0000 -0.0036 -0.0001 -0.0600 -0.1100 4.8648 'T
0.13 0.4915 -1.3748
0.13 1.0000 -0.0042 -0.0001 -0.0650 -0.1152 4.5126
0.14 0.4904 -1.3279
0.14 1.0000 -0.0049 -0.0002 -0.0700
0.15 ,0.4892 -1.2843 -0.1201 4.2071 :~~!
0.15 1.0000 -0.0056 -0.0002 "':'0.0750 -1.2436 -0.1248 3.9394
0.16 0.4880 ...-
0.16 1.0000 -0.0064 -0.0003 -0.0800 -1.2054 -0.1294 3.7029
0.17 0.4867
0.17 1.0000 -0.0072 -0.0003 -0.0850 -1.1695 -0.1337 3.4925
0.18 0.4854
0.18 1.0000 -0.0081 -0.0004 -0.0900 -1.1355 -0.1379 3.3040
0.19 0.4840
0.19 1.0000 -0.0090 -0.0004 -0.0950
0.20 0.4826 -1.1034 -0.1419 3.1340
0.20 1.0000 -0.0100 -0.0005 -0.1000 -1.0728 -0.1458 2.9801
0.21 0.4812
0.21 1.0000 -'0.0110 -0.0006 -0.1050 -1.0437 -0.1495 2.8400
0.22 0.4797
0.22 1.0000 -0.0121 -0.0007 -0.1100 -1.0160 -0.1531 2.7118
0.23 0.4782
0.23 1.0000 -0.0132 -0.0008 -0.1150 -0.9894 -0.1565 ' 2.5941
0.24 0.4767
0.24 0.9999 -0.0144 -0.0009 -0.12QO
0.25 0.4751 -0.9640 -0.1598, 2.4857 .;:
0.25 0.9999 -0.0156 -0.0010 -0.1250 -0.9397 -0.1630 2.3854 ~-
0.26 0.4735 ·t\
0.26 0.9999 -0.0169 -0.0011 -0.1300 -0.9163 -0.1661 2.2924 ',
0.27 0.4718 ~

;~'i
0.27 0.9999 -0.0182 -0.0012 -0.1350 0.4701 -0.8938 -0.1690 2.2060
0.28 %.
0.28 0.9999 -0.0196 -0.0014 -0.1400 -0.8722 -0.1719 2.1253
0.29 0.4684
0.29 0.9999 -0.0210 -0.0015 -0.1450 <-
1;--
0.30 0.4667 -0.8513 -0.1746 2.0498
0.30 0.9999 -0.0225 -0.0017 -0.1500 0.4650 -0.8312 -0.1773 1.9791
0.31
0.31 0.9999 -0.0240 -0.0019 -0.1550 0.4632 -0.8117 -0.1798 1.9127
0.32
0.32 0.9998 -0.0256 -0.0020 -0.1600 0.4614 -0.7929 -0.1823 1.8502
0.33
0.33 0.9998 -0.0272 -0.0022 -0.1650 -0.7747 -0.1846 1.7912
0.34 0.4595
0.34 0.9998 -0.0289 -0.0025 -0.1700
0.35 0.4577 -0.7571 -0.1869 1.7355
0.35 0.9998 -0.0306 -0.0027 -0.1750 0.4558 -0.7400 -0.1891 1.6828
0.36
0.36 0.9997 -0.0324 -0.0029 -0.1800 0.4539 -0.7234 -0.1912 1.6329
0.37
0.37 0.9997 -0.0342 -0.0032 -0.1850 -0.7073 -0.1932 1.5854
0.38 0:4520
0.38 0.9997 -0.0361 -0.0034 -0.1900 0.4500 -0.6917 -0.1952 1.5403
0.39
0.39 0.9996 -0.0380 -0.0037 -0.1950
 "
~
. ~
'"--'
" !
'-.,../ \-.-/ '-"- 249
,-/ !
248 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION TABLES ~

TABLE III TABLE III I

x
0.40,
Zl(X)
0.9996
Z2(X)
-0.0400
-0.0420
dZ1(x)
(fX
-0.0040
dZ2(x)
dX
-0.2000
"
~,
~
r;
j
f
x
0.40
Za(X)
0.4480
Z4(X)
-0.6765
dZ.(x)
~
-0.1970
dZ 4(x)
-cax
1.4974
1.4564
1
Ii
0.4,1
0.42
0.9996
0.9995 -0.0441
,-0.0043
-0.0046
-0.2050
-0.2100 l 0.41
0.42
0.4461
0.4441
-0.6617
-0.6474
-0.1988
-0.2006 1.4174
0.43 0.9995 -0.0462 -0.0050 -0.2150 ~g 0.43 0.4421 -0.6334 -0.2022 1.3800
0.44 0.9994 -0.0484 -0.0053 -0.2200 ' ;; 0.44 0.4400 -0.6198 -0.2038 1.3443
¥
0.45 0.9994 -0.0506 -0.0057 -0.2250 ;,
0.45 0.4380 -0.6065 -0.2054 ' 1.3101
0.46 0.9993 -0.0529 -0.0061 -0.2299 ,s.
t
0.46 0.4359 -0.5935 -0.2068 1.2773
0.47 0.9992 -0.0552 -0.0065 -0.2349 0.47 0.,~338 -0.5809 -0.2082 1.2458
0.48 0.9992 -0.0576 -0.0069 -0.2399 0:48 0.4318 -0.5686 -0.2096 1.2156
0.49 0.9991 -0.0600 -0.0074 -0.2449 > 0.49 0.4297 -0.5566 -0.2109 1.1865
,
0.50 0.9990 -0.0625 -0.0078 -0.2499 0.50 0.4275 -0.5449 -0.2121 1.1585
0.51 0.9989 -0.0650 -0.0083 -0.2549 >-
0.51 0.4254 -0.5334 -0.2133 1.1316
0.52 0.9989 -0.0676 -'0.0088 -0.2599 0.52 0.4233 -0.5222 -0.2144 1.1056
0.53 0.9988 -0.0702 -0.0093 -0.2649 0.53 0.4211 -0.5113 -0.2155 1.0806
0.54 ' 0.9987 -0.0729 -0.0098 -0.2699 0.54 0.4190 -0.5006 -0.2165 1.0564

0.55 0.9986 -0.0756 . -0.0104 -0.2749 "0.55 " ··0.4168 -0.4902 -0:2175 1.0330
0.56 0.9985 -0.0784 -0.0110 -0.2799 0.56 0.4146 -0.4800 -0.2184 1.0105
0.57 0.9984 -0.0812 -'0.0116 -0.2848 0.57 0.4124 -0.4700 -0.2193 0.9887
0.58 0.9982 -0.0841 -0.0122 -0.2898 0.58 0.4102 -0.4602 -0.2201 0.9675
0.59 0.9981 -0.0870 -0.0128 -0.2948 0.59 0.4080 -0.4506 -0.2209 0.9471

0.60 0.9980 -0.0900 -0.0135 -0.2998 0.60 0.4058 -0.4413 -0.2216 0.9273
0.61 0.9978 -0.0930 -0.0142 -0.3048 0.61 0.4036 -0.4321 -0.2224 0.9080
0.62 0.9977 -0.0961 -0.0149 -0.3098 0.62 0.4014 -0.4231 -0.2230 0.8894
0.63 0.9975 -0.0992 -0.0156 -0.3147 0.63 0.3991 -0.4143 -0.2236 0.8713
0.64 0.9974 -0.1024 -0.0164 -0.3197 0.64 0.3969 -0.4057 -0.2242 0.8538

0.65 0.9972 -0.1056 -0.0172 -0.3247 0.65 0.3946 -0.3972 '-(}.2247 ' 0.8367
0.66 0.9970 -0.1089 -0.0180 -0.3297 ·0.66 0.3924 -0.3889 -0.2252 0.8201
0.67 0.9969 -0.1122 -0.0188 -0.3346 0.67 0.390,2 -0.3808 -0.2257 0.8040
0.68 0.9967 -0.1156 -0.0196 -0.3396 0.68 0.3879 -0.3728 -0.2261 0.7883
0.69 0.9965 -0.1190 -0.0205 -0.3446 0.69 0.3856 -0.3650 -0.2265 0.7730

0.70 0.9962 -0.1224 -0.0214 -0.3496 0.70 0.3834 -0.3574 -0.2268 0.7582
0.71 0.9960 -0.1260 -0.0224 -0.3545 0.71 0.3811 -0.3499 -0.2272 0.7437
0.72 0.9958 -0.1295 -0.0233 -0.3595 0.72 0.3788 -0.3425 ' -0.2274 0.7296
0.73 0.9956 -0.1332 -0:0243 -0.3645 0.73 0.3765 -0.3353 -0.2277 0.7159
0.74 0.9953 -0.1368 -0.0253 -0.3694 0.74 0.3743 -0.3282 -0.2279 0.7024

0.75 0.9951 -0.1405 -0.0264 -0.3744 0.75 0.3720 -0.3212 -0.2281 0.6894
0.76 0.9948 -0.1443 -0.0274 -0.3793 0.76 0.3697 -0.3144 -0.2282 0.6766
0.77 0.9945 -0.1481 -0.0285 -0.3843 0.77 0.3674 -0.3077 -0.2284 0.6642
0.78 0.9942 -0.1520 -0.0296 -0.3892 0.78 0.3651 -0.3011 -0.2285 0.6520
0.79 0.9939 -0.1559 -0.0308 -0.3942 0.79 0.3628 -0.2947 -0.2285 0.6402
 .'~

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:
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'-./ --.-'
250 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
251
TABLES

TABLE III
TABLE III
dZ 1 (x) aZ 2(x) dZ.(x)
x Zl(X) Z2(X) ax: a;:- x Z.(x) Z.(x)
dZa(x)
ax (IX
0.80. 0.9936 -0.1599 -0.0320 -0.3991
-0.1639 " 0.80 ,0.3606 -0.2883 -0.2286 0.6286
0.81 0.9933 -0.0332 -0.4041 0.81 0.3583 -0.2821 -0:2286 0.6172
0.82 0.9929 -0.1680 -0.0344 -0.4090
0.82 0.3560 - -0.2760 -0.2286 0.6062
0.83 0.9926 -0.1721 -0.0357 -0.4140 ,
0.83 0.3537 -0.2700 -0.2285 0.5953
0.84 0.9922 -0.1762 -0.0370 -0.4189
0.84 0.3514 -0.2641 -0.2285 0.5847,
0.85' 0.9918 -0.1805 -0~0384 ..
-0.4238 '

0.3491 -0.2583 -0.2284 ' 0.5744

0;86 0.9915 -0.1847 -0.0397 0.85
" -0.4288 ", 0.3468 -0.2526 -0.2283 0.5642
0.87, 0.9910 -0.1890 -0.0411 0.86
-0.4337 0.3446 -'0.2470 ' -0.2281 0.5543
0.88 0.9906 -0.1934 -0.0426 0.87 ,;~
-0.4386 0.3423 -0.2415 -0.2280 0.5446
0.89 0.9902 -0.1978 ~0.0440
0.88
-0.4435 0.3400 ' -0.2361 -0.2278 0.5351
0.89
0.90 0.9898 -0.2023 -0.0455 -0.4485
0.90 0.3377 -0.2308 " -0.2276 0.5258
0.91 0.9893 -0.2068 -0.0471 -0.4534
0.91 0.3355 -0.2256 -0.2273 0.5166
, 0.92. 0.9888 -0.2113 -0.0486 -0.4583 ;
0.92 0.3332 -0.2204 -0.2271 0.5077
0.93 0.9883 -0.2159 -0.0502
0.94 0.9878 ~0.2206 -0.0519 '
-0.4632 , 0.93 0.3309 -0.2154 -0.2268 0.4989
-0.4681
,
~.
0.94 0.3.286 -0.2105 -0.2265 0.4904
0.95 0.9873 -0.2253 -0.0535 -0.4730, ",1;.;'
<
.".
0.95 0,3264 , ···.:..:,0.2056 .:....0.2262 0:4819,
0.96 0.9867 -0.2301 -0.0553 -0.4779
0.96 0.3241 -0.2008 -0.2258 0.4737
0.97
0.98
0.9862
0.9856
-0.2349
-0.2397
-0.0570
-0.0588
-0.4828
-0.4876
*
",
i
!
0.97 0.3219 ' -0.1961 -0.2255 0.4656
0.4576 '
0.98 ' 0.3196 -0.1915 . -0'.2251.'.
0.99 0.9850,. ' -0.2446 -0.0606 -0.4925
0.99 0.3174 '-0.1870 -0.2247 0.4498.
1.00 0.9844 -0.2496 -0.0624 -0.4974
1.02 0.9831 -0.2596 -0.0663 -0.5071
: i.oo 0.3151 . -0.1825 .. -0.2243 0.4422
, '
: 1.02 0.3106 -0.1738 -0.2234 0.4273
1.04 0.9817 -0.2699 -0.0702 -0.5168 ,-'0.2225 ' 0.4130
1.04 0.3062 -0.1654
1.06 0.9803. -0.2803 -0.0744. " -0.5265 :....,cO.1573 : -0.2215 0.3992 .
-0.0786 ' 1.06 0.3018
1.08 0.9788 -0.2909 -0.5362 0.2973 . -0.2204 0.3859
1.08 -0.1495
1.10 0.9771 -0.3017 -0.0831 -0.5458 ....:0.2193, 0.3730
1.10. 0.2929 -0.1419
1.12 0.9754 -0.3127. -0.0877, -0.5554 -0.1345 . -0.2182 ' 0.3606
1.12 0.2886
1.14 0.9736 -0.3239 -0.0925 ' -0.5650 "':'0.1274 -0.2169 0.3486
1.14 0.2842
1.16 0.9717 -0.3353 -0.0974 -0.5745 -0.1206 -0.2156 0.3370
1.16 0.2799
p8 0.9697 -0.3469 -0.1025 , -0.5840 -0.1140 -0.2143 0.3258
1.18 0.2756
1.20 0.9676 -:-0.3587 -0;1078 -0.5935 -0.1076 -0.2129 0.3149
1.20 0.2713
1.22 0.9654· -0.3707 -0.1133 -0.6030 -0.1014 -0.2115 0.3044
1.22 0.2671
1.24 0.9631 -0.3828 -0.1189 . -0:6124 :"'0.0954 -0.2100 0.2942
1.24 0.2628
1.26 0.9607 -0.3952 -0.1248 -0.6217. .. -0.0896 -0.2086 0.2844
1.26 0.2587
1.28 0.9581 -0.4077 " -0.1308 -0.6310 -0.0840 -0.2070 0 .. 2748 .
1.28 0.2545
1.30 0.9554 -0.4204 -0.1370 -0.6403 -0.0786 .,..0.2054 0.2656
1.30 0.2504
1.32 0.9526 -0.4333 -0.1434. -0.6496 -0.0734, .-0.2038 0.2567 '
1.32 0.2463
1.34 0.9497 ' -0.4464 -0.1500 -0.6588 '0.2422 -0.0683 -0.2022 0.2480.
1.34
1.36 0.9466 -0.4597 -0.1567 -0.6679 -0.0634 -0.2005 0.2396
1.36 0.2382
1.38 0.9434 -0.4731 -0.1637 -0.6770
1.38 0.2342 -0.0587 -0.1988 0.2314
~: ~
;
.. ,I-
"
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252 BEAMS ON ELASTIC EOUNDATION
TABLES 253
,
TABLE III f TABLE III
dZ,(x) dZ,(x) dZ,(x) dZ.(x)
x Z,(x) Z,(x) CiX ax X Z,(X) Z.(X) dX -a,;-
"
1.40 0.9401 -0.4867 -0.1709 -0.6860 0.2235
1.40 0.2302 -0.0542 -0.1971
1.42 0.9366 -0.5005 -0.1783 -0.6950 0.2158
1.42 0.2263 -0.0498 -0.1954
1.44 0.9329 -0.5145 -0.1859 -0.7039 0.2084
1.44 0.2224 -0.0456 -0.1936
1.46 0.9291 -0.5287 -0.1937 -0.7127 0.2011
1.46 0.2186 -0.0416 -0.1918
1.48 0.9252 -0.5430 -0.2018 -0.7215 0.1941
1.48 0.2148 ...,0.0375 -0.1900
1.50 0.9211 -0.5576 . -0.2100 -0.7302 0.1873
1.50 0.2110 -0.0337 -0.1882
1.52 0.9168 -0.5723 -0.2185 -0.7389 0.1807
1.52 0.2072 -0.0300 -0.1864
1.54 0.9123 -0.5871 -0.2272 -0.7475 0.1742
1.54 0.2035 -0.0265 -0.1845
1.56 0.9077 -0.6022 -0.2361 -0.7560 0.1680
1.56 0.1999 -0.0230 -0.1826
1.58 0.9029 -0.6174 -0.2452 -0.7644 -0.1807 0.1619
1:58 0.1962 -0.0198
1.60 0.8979 -0.6327 -0.2545 -0.7727 -0.1788 . 0.1560
1.60 0.1926 -0.0166
1.62 0.8927 -0.6483 -0.2641 -0.7810 -0.1769 0.1503
1.62 0.1891 -0.0135
1.64 0.8873 -0.6640 -0.2740 -0.7892 -0.1750 0.1448
1.64 0.1855 -0.0106 <1 ••
1.66 0.8817 -0.6798 -0.2840 -0.7972 -0.1731 0.1394 ~,:

1.66 0.1821 -0.0077 "

1.68 0.8760 -0.6959 -0.2943 -0.8052 -0.1711 0.1341 ~~.
1.68 0.1786 -0.0050 ..::
:"
1. 70 0.8700 -0.n20 -'0.3048 -0.8131 '-".
-0:1692 0.1290 ,.;~"
1. 70 0.1752 -0.0024 '

1. 72 0.8638 -0.7284 -0.3156 -0.8209 -0.1672 0.1241 ~~-

1.72 0.1718 0.0002 .' '~L:

1.74 0.8573 -0.7449 -0.3266 -0.8286 0.1193
1.74 0.1685 0.0026 -0 .. 1653 . l::~
1. 76 0.8507 -0.7615 -0.3379 -0.8361 -0.1634 0.1146
1.76 0.1652 0.0050 ..
1.78 0.8438 -0.7783 -0.3494 -0.8436 -0.1614 0.1100
1.78 0.1620 0.0072
1.80 0.8367 -0.7953 -0.3612 -0.8509 -0.1594 0.1056
1.80 0.1588 0.0094
1.82 0.8294 -0.8124 -0.3732 -0.8581 -0.1575 0.1014
1.82 0.1556 0.0114
1.84 0.8218 -0.8206 -0.3855 -0.8652 0.0134 -0.1555 0.0972
1.84 0.1525
1.86 0.8140 . -0.8470 -0.3080 -0.8722 -0.1536 0.0931
1,86 0.1494. 0.0153
1.88 0.8059 -0.8645 -0.4108 -0.8790 0.0171 -0.1516 0.0892
1.88 0.1463
1.90 0.7975 -0.8821 -0.4238 +0.8857 -0.1496 0.0854
1.90 0.1433 0.0189
1.92 0.7889 -0.8099 -0.4372 -0.8923 0.0206 -0.1477 0.0817
1.92 0.1404
1.94 0.7800 -0.9178 -0.4507 -0.8987 0.0222 -0.1458 0.0781
1.96 . 1.94 0.1374
0.7709 -0.9358 -0.4646 -0.9050 0.0237 -0.1438 0.0746
1.96 0.1345
1.98 0.7614 -0.9540 -0.4787 -0.9111 0.0251 ~0.1419 0.0712
1.98 0.1317
2.0 0.7517 -0.9723 -0.4931 -0.9170 0.0265 -0.1399 0.0679
2.0 0.1289
2.1 0.6987 -1.0654 ':"0.5690 -0.9442 0.0325 -0.1304 0.0527
2.1 0.1153
2.2 0.6377 -1.1610 -0.6520 -0.9666 0.0371 -0.1210 0.0397
2.2 0.1028
2.3 0.5680 -1.2585 -0.7420 .-0.9836 0.0405 -0.1120 0.0285
2.3 0.0911
2.4 0.4890 -1.3575 -0.8392 -0.9944 0.0429 -0.1032 0.0189
, 2.4 0.0804,
2.5 0.4000 -'1.4572 -0.9436 -0.9983 0.0444 -0.0948 0.0108
2.5 0.0705
2.6 0.3001 -·1.5569 -1.0552 -0.9943 0.0451 -0.0868 0.0039
2.6 0.0614
2.7 0.1887 . -1.6557 -1.1737. -0.9815 0.0452 -0,0791 -0.0018
2.7 0.0531
2.8 0.0651 -1. 7529 -1.2993 -0.9589: 0.0447 -0.0719 -0.0066
2.8 0.0455
2.9 -0.0714 -1.8472 -1.4315 -0.9256 0.0387 0.0439 -0.0650 -0.0105
2.9
 254 BEAMS ON ELASTIC ~""UNDA'1'TON TABLES 255
, ' ,
,-../ ~ '--/ ',-' TABLE III
TABLE III
'----- dZ.(x) dZ.(x)
dZ,(x) dZ.(x)
x Z,(x) Z.(x) ~ ~ z Z.(x) Z.(x) ~ ~
3.0 -0.2214 -1.9376 -1.5698 -0.8804 3.0 0.0326 0.0427 -0.0586 -0.0137
3.1 -0.3855 -2.0228 -1.7141 -0.8223 ' 3.1 0.0270 0.0412 -0.0526 -0.0162
3.2 -0.5644 -2.1016 -1.8636 -0.7499 3.2 0.0220 0.0394 -0.0470 -0.0180
3.3 -0.7584 -2.1723 -2.0177 -0.6621 3.3 0.0176 0.0376 -0.0418 -0.0195
3.4 -0.9680 -2.2334 -2.1755 -0.5577 3.4 0.0137 0.0356 -0.0369 -0.0204

3.5 -1.1936 -2.2832 -2.3361 -0.4353 3.5 0.0102 0.0335 -0.0325 -0.0210
3.6 -1.4353 -2.3199 -2.4983 -0.2936 3.6 0.0072 0.0314 - 0.0284 -0.0213
3.7 -1.6933 -2.3413 -2.6608 -0.1315 3.7 0.0045 0.0293 -0.0246 -0.0213
3.8 -1.9674 -2.3454 -2.8221 0.0526 3.8 0.0022 0.0272 -0.0212 -0.0210
3.9 -2.2576 -2.3300 -2.9808 '0.2596 3.9 0.0003 0.0251 -0.0180 -0.0206

4.0 -2.5634 -2.2927 -3.1346 0.4912 4.0 -0.0014 0.0230 -0.0152 -0.0200
4.1 -2.8843 -2.2309 -3.2819 0.7482 4.1 -0.0028 '0.0211 -0.0127 -0.0193
4.2 -3.2195 -2.1422 -3.4199 1.0318 4.2 -0.0039 0.0192 -0.0104 -0.0185
4.3 -3.5679 -2.0236 -3.5465 1.3433 4.3 -0,.0049 0.0174 -0.0083 -0.0177
4.4 -3.9283 -1.8726 -3.6587 1.6833 4.4 -0.0056 0.0156 -0.0065 -0.0168

4.5 -4.2991 -1.6860 -3.7536 2.0526 4.5 ' -0.0062 0.0140 -0.0049 -0.0158
4.6 -4.6784 -1.4610 -3.8280 2.4520 4.6 -0.0066 ' 0.0125 -0.0035 -0.0148
4.7 -5.0639 -1.1946 -3.8782 2.8818 4.7 -0.0069 0.0110 -0.0023 -0.0138
4.8 -5.4531 -0.8837 -3.9006 3.3422 4.8 -0.0071 0.0097 -0.0012. -0.0129
4.9 -5.8429 -0.5251 -3.8910 3.8330 4.9 -0.0071 0.0085 -0.0003 -0.0119

5.0 -6.2301 -0.1160 -3.8454 4.3542 5.0 -0.0071 0.0073 0.0005 -0.0109
5.1 -6.6107 0.3467 -3.7589 4.9046 5.1 -'0.0070 0.0063 0.0012 -0.0100
5.2 -6.9803 " 0.86'5S" -3.627'0 ' 5.4835 5.2 -0.0069 0.0053 0.0017 -0.0091
5.3 -7.3344 1.4443 -3.4446 6.0893 5.3 -0.0067 0.0045 0.0022 -0:0083
5.4 -7.6674 2.0845 -3.2063 6.7198 5.4 -0.0065 0.0037 0.0025 -0.0075

5.5 -7.9736 2.7890 -2.9070 7.3729 "

5.5 -0.0062 0.0029 0.0028' -0.0067
5.§ -8.2466 3.5597 -2.5409 8.0453 5.6 -0.0059 0.0023 0.0030 -0.0060
=
5.7 -8.4794 4.3986 -2.1024 8.7336 ,5.7 -0.0056 0.0017 0.0032 -0.0053
5.8 -8.6644 5.3061) -1.5856 9.4332 5.8 -0.0053 0.0012 0.0033 -0.0047
5.9 -8.7937 6.2854 -0.9844 10.1394 5.9 -0.0049 0,0008 0.0033 -0.0041
6.0 -8.8583 7.3347 -0.2931 _____ 10.8462 ~ 6.0 -0.0046 0.0004 0.0033 -0.0036
"1
l
~

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~~
ISBN 0-472-08445-3 .
C)

:i

ThiS book presents a comprehensive. mathematical

~ . .
analysis of the elastically supported be511~n,' includ-
ing both the instances in which the identity of the
beam and thar of the foundation. can easily be ·es-
tablished, and those in which the concept of be'am·
and foundation is more of .an abstract nature.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MICH1GAN PRESS

Ann Arbor

, !,