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A Three Valued Morse-Thue Fractal Tapering for Thinning of Fractal Array

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48 JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: ISSUE ON INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 2, NO. 1, AUGUST 2016

A Three Valued Morse-Thue Fractal Tapering

for Thinning of Fractal Array Antennas
V.A.Sankar Ponnapalli and P.V.Y.Jayasree

Abstract—Fractal array antennas are multiband and broadband array antennas having space filling capability. But large Side
lobe levels and the huge number of elements are the prominent challenges in the designing of these arrays. In this paper,
analysis of linear and heptagonal fractal array antennas are investigated with a three valued Morse-Thue tapering technique.
Due to this fractal tapering , a notable improvement has observed in array factor properties and thinning of the elements can
be achieved at the various iterations of linear and heptagonal fractal array antennas. These array antennas are analyzed and
simulated by MATLAB programming.

Index Terms—Fractal Array antenna; Fractal Tapering; Fully-Populated Array; Thinning of the antenna elements; Side lobe
level
F

1. Introduction

W H en a particular application demands higher

gain, a more directive pattern, steerability of the
main beam, or other performance that a single antenna
cannot provide, an antenna made up of an array of
discrete elements may offer a solution to the problem
[1]-[4]. UltraWide band and multiband behavior of an-
tennas and antenna arrays plays a vital role in satellites
and other advanced communication systems. This type
of antenna performance can be achieved only by fractal
antennas and fractal array antennas [5],[6]. Like con-
ventional array antennas, these array antennas can be
divided into three basic types. They are fractal linear,
planar and conformal antenna arrays [7]. One of the
famous fractal linear array antenna is cantor linear array
antenna [8], it was generated with cantor set. Cantor
ring array Similar to the Cantor linear array antenna,
Cantor ring arrays has also been explored to achieve a
thinned array and achieve multiple operating frequency
bands [9]. Triangular and Sirepinski carpet arrays are
best examples for fractal planar array antennas. Wide
band and multi band behavior of fractal arrays can
be depend on the number of iterations (P) and the
scaling factor (S). These two key factors can depend
on design methodology of the fractal array. Concentric
circular ring sub array generator is one of the famous
design methodology for the generation of both linear
and planar fractal arrays. Using this methodology any
polygon shape can be generated. Fractal pentagonal,
fractal heptagonal and fractal octagonal array antennas
are best examples of this design methodology . Three di-
mensional array antennas can be generated by Concen-
tric Sphere Array Generators. Menger sponge array,3-D
V.A.Sankar Ponnapalli and P.V.Y.Jayasree are with the De-
partment of Electronics and Communication Engineering, GITAM
University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India (Email: va-
dityasankar3@gmail.com; pvyjayasree@gitam.edu)
Manuscript received January 2016; accepted for publication April 2016.
ISSN 1859-1531
Sierpinski gasket array antennas has generated using
this design methodology [10]-[12]. Fractal arrangement
of array elements can produce a thinned array and
achieve multiband performance [13]. Generally tapering
techniques can be helpful for the thinning of antenna
elements with reduction in side lobe levels. Tapering
means elimination of some of the antenna elements over
the array surface according array factor requirements
[14], [15].
This report investigated linear and heptagonal frac-
tal array antennas with a three valued Morse-Thue ta-
pering technique. Like fractal geometric shapes, fractal
number sequences also obeying repetitive or self-similar
nature. Different types of fractal sequences are available
but Morse-Thue fractal sequence has considered for this
report due to its multi-valued bounded nature [16], [17].
The sequence can be extended to infinite set of values.
Reports on the application of fractal tapering techniques
to fractal arrays are relatively less. In some reports
atomic functional sequences and Fibonacci sequences
are considered as current amplitudes to reduce side lobe
levels in conventional and fractal arrays [18]-[20].
This article organized as follows. Section 2 intro-
duces the three valued Morse-Thue tapering technique
and explains, how it can be applicable to various array
antennas. Section 3 investigates the application of pro-
posed technique to the heptagonal fractal array. Section
4 shows discussion on results of proposed method.
Finally, conclusion draws in section 5 of this article.
2. A Three Valued Morse-Thue Tapering
A fractal sequence is a number sequence that obeys the
property of self-similarity or repetitive nature. Like frac-
tal geometric shapes fractal sequences are also repeats
again and again with different values. A wide variety
of fractal sequences are available, this article considered
three valued fractal sequence proposed by Morse and
defined as switching off some of the antenna elements in an 4 3 
j 3 p 1 ((sin cos( n )) sin 0 cos(0 n ))
array using aPonnapalli
V.A.Sankar given distribution
and Jayasree:function. This sequence
A THREE VALUED
under deterministic density tapering technique and it is more
MORSE-THUEcomesFRACTAL P 
AFTAPERING 1 P FOR[ THINNING
3 P 1 n1 n  I e OF2 FRACTAL ARRAY ANTENNAS
] 49

Thue [17] and it can be extended up to infinite set where In is the current amplitude, P is the number of
preferable for fractal antenna array due to multi-valued
of values.
bounded natureGenerally tapering
of this sequence. Theisgeneralized
defined as switching where
three-valued iterationsIn is (P=
the current
1, 2, 3 and amplitude, 4), φn P=is(n the−number
1)(2π/3) of ;iterations
θ0 and
off some of the antenna
Morse-Thue sequence is given by, elements in an array using a (P=
φ 0 are1, 2, 3
steering and 4),
angles, ϕ n =(n-1)(2π/3);
N p = 3 P
. θ 0 and ϕ 0 are steering
given distribution function. This sequence comes under angles, Np=3P.
0 (Seed)
deterministic density tapering technique and it is more
preferable for fractal antenna array due to multi-valued
2 (1st iteration)
0 1bounded Stage: 1
nature of this sequence. The generalized three-
valued Morse-Thue sequence is given by,
0 1 2 1 2 0 2 0 1 (2nd iteration) Stage: 2
0 (Seed)
0 1 2 (1st iteration) Fig.1. Two successive iterations of fractal linear array antenna
0 1 2 1 2 0 2 0 1 1 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 2 2 0 1 0 1 2 1 2 0 (3rd iteration) Fig. 1: Two successive iterations of fractal linear array antenna with
with λ/2 distance between each element.
0 1 2 1 2 0 2 0 1 (2nd iteration) λ/2 distance between each element.
0 1021122 10 22 00 12 10 2101220 01 20 10 21 2001120 21 02 11 20 0112210 22 00 1(3rd 0 The
iteration) Theself-scalable
self-scalableheptagonal heptagonalarray arrayisis aa fractal
fractal array,array,
1 2021021102102210210 10 21 02 21 02 10 20 01 12 22 00 11 0011221122000112201 22 0 generated by a 7-element ring sub-array generator. Similar to
generated by a 7-element ring sub-array generator. Sim-
the case of the self-scalable hexagonal array [10], the self-
2 1 2 0 0 1 2 1 2 0 2 0 1 2 0 1(n0th 1iteration)
0 210011122200210 01 1------------------------------------ ilar to the case of the self-scalable hexagonal array [10],
2 1 2 0 0 scalable heptagonal array is generated in a way allowing
1 2 1 2 0 2 0 1 1 2 0 2 0 1 (nth iteration) the self-scalable
stacking of some heptagonalof the elements array uponis generated
each otherinatahigher way
AnyAny Morse-Thue
Morse-Thue sequence
sequence startsstarts
with with
seed ofseedvalue “0”.
of value allowing stacking of some
stages of growth. Each stack of generated elements can be of the elements upon each
Generation
0. Generationof the sequence should depend
of the sequence should on the scaling on
depend factor other at higher
the represented by astages singleof element.growth. Each This stack of generated
implementation can
(S)scaling
of the sequence. If the scaling factor of the sequence is two elements can
factor (S) of the sequence. If the scaling factor reduce the number of real elements, while the currentbe represented by a single element. This
then
of first
the iteration
sequence should
is twobe “0 then1”, and
firstifiteration
it is threeshould
then firstbe distribution
implementation on the canarray reduce the number
becomes non uniform,of real elements,
leading to
iteration should be “0 1 2”. In second iteration “0” should be
0 1, and if it is three then first iteration should be lower while side the lobecurrentlevels.distribution
Figure 2 exemplifies on the array that self-scalable
becomes
replaced by “0 1 2”, “1” should be replaced by “1 2 0” and “3”
0 1 2. In second iteration 0 should be
should be replaced by “2 0 1”. By this repetitive process, series replaced by 0 heptagonal
non uniform, antenna
leading arrayto lower for two
sidestages of
lobe levels. growth.
FigureThe 2
1 2, 1 should beth replaced by 1 2 0 and 3 should be
can be extended to n iteration. Of course, we cannot show the growth
exemplifies can bethatextended
self-scalable to infinite set
heptagonal of values.
antenna The array
array
replaced
complete by 2 0 1. itByisthis
sequence, repetitive
infinite. In thisprocess,
paperseries
fromcan firstbe factor
for twoAF P (ө, of
stages ф) growth.
of this The arraygrowthantennacan at be
stage P can to
extended be
iteration
extended to sixth
to nthiteration
iteration. hasOfconsidered
course, wefor excitation
cannot show of the expressed
infinite set asoffollows,
values. The array factor AFP (θ, φ) of this
antenna
completeelements.
sequence, it is infinite. In this paper from first array antenna at stage P can be expressed as follows,
1 4 7 Y

iteration to sixth iteration has andconsidered for excitation p 1
3. Design Equations
of antenna elements.
of Linear Heptagonal Fractal AF (  ,  )  [ 1 I 4n e jsh X 7
 n ( ,jsp−1 )] i
Array Antennas AF (θ,7ϕ) P = In e ψn (θ, ϕ) (3)
P 1 7n 1P
(3)
P =1 n=1
In this article, linear and heptagonal fractal array antennas
are3. considered
Design Equations for the of validation
Linear and of proposed
Heptagonal Frac-  n ( ,ψ)n
tapering (θ,ϕ) / 2=(sin  cos(
π/2(sin   n−) ϕn) +
θ cos(ϕ n αn (4)
(4)
technique. This array
tal Array Antennas generated by concentric circular ring sub
array generator. The generalized array factor for fractal array of where P is the number of iterations, in this article, num-
where P is the number of iterations, in this article, number
In this article, linear and heptagonal fractal array an-
this type can be expressed as [10]: ber of iterations considered up toα four; αn is the phase
tennas are considered for the validation of proposed of iterations considered th
up to four; n is the phase excitation
P
excitation
on n th
element; on n I n is element;
the excitation I n is the
current excitation
amplitude current
of the nth
tapering technique. ThisP array generated by concentric

th
AFP (ring
circular ,  ) sub array 1
GA( Sgenerator.( ,  ))The generalized array  amplitude of the n element;
element; ϕn=2π(n-1)/NP, here Np isn the total number Pof φ = 2π (n − 1) /N ,
P 1array of this type can be expressed as
here N is the total number of
elementsp generated by respective iteration and in this case Np elements generated by
factor for fractal
starts with iteration
respective seven. Inand thisinreport, this case fourNpstagesstartsofwith recursively
seven.
where
[10]:P represents number of iterations; it can be extended to
generated
In this report, heptagonal
four stages array of is investigated
recursively generatedfor radius, hep- r=λ/2
infinite set of values. S is the scale (or) expansion factor that
P and
tagonalλ. The
array arrayis factor
investigated associated for with
radius, thisr seven-element
= λ/2 and
governs how large the array Y grows with each recursive
AF (θ, φ) = GA(S P −1
application of the Pgenerating sub array. G.A. represents array (θ, φ)) (1) generating
λ . The array sub array
factor can
associated be shownwith to have
this the following
seven-element
factor associated with generating P =1sub array. representation:
generating sub array can be shown to have the follow-
ing representation:
where
FractalPlinear
represents number
array antenna is of iterations;generated
a recursively it can beone ex- For
For rr=λ/2,= λ/2,
dimensional
tended toarray likeset
infinite conventional
of values. linearS is the array
scaleantenna. It is
(or) expan- 4 7
AF ( , )  11 P Q 
p 1
clear
sionfrom
factor(1),that
generating
governssub how array
large factor, expansion
the array grows factor
with 4[ h eP 7js ((p−1  / 2 sin  cos(  n )   n ] i
andeach
number of iterations play vital role in generation of fractal AF (θ, ϕ) = 7/ e js
((π/2 sin θ cos(ϕ − ϕ ) + α (5)
recursive application of the generating sub array. 7PP  1 n
P =1 n=1
1 n n (5)
array
G.A.antennas.
represents Here
array thefactor
proposed
associatedlinear with
arraygenerating
antenna
generated
sub array. with an expansion factor of three and generated up to For r = r=λ,
For λ,
four successive iterations with uniform distance between 4 4 h7 7


Fractal linear array antenna is a recursively gen-
) = 11 /7PP [ e jsejs(( ((π
Q P p 1 p−1
((θ,, ϕ)  cos(   −n )ϕn )+n ]αn (6)
i
elements (d = λ/2) and first two iterations of three element AF
AF sin sin θ cos(ϕ
erated
fractal one
linear dimensional
array as shown inarray Fig.1. like conventional linear 7 PP1=1nn=1
array antenna. It is clear from (1), generating sub array
1 (6)
factor, expansion factor and number of iterations play
vital role in generation of fractal array antennas. Here 4. Results and Discussion
the proposed linear array antenna generated with an
This article investigates application of fractal tapering
expansion factor of three and generated up to four
technique for the thinning of linear and heptagonal
successive iterations with uniform distance between
fractal array antennas having isotropic elements. A fixed
elements (d = λ/2) and first two iterations of three
distance between the elements is considered throughout
element fractal linear array as shown in Fig.1.
the paper. Figures 3 and 4 exemplifies array factors of
4 P 3 p−1 π fully populated fractal linear array antenna and abated
AFP = 1 /3P [ In ej3 2 ((sin θ cos(ϕ−ϕn ))−sin θ0 cos(ϕ0 −ϕn )) ] (2) beam width with successive iterations has observed.
Q
n=1
P =1
 of the tapered
iterations array.
and single Therebeam
valued are no sideachieved
width lobes in in
maximum
the fourth
iterations
iteration and single
of both arrays.valued beam width achieved in the fourth
50 iteration
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: ISSUE ON INFORMATION AND of both arrays.
COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 2, NO. 1, AUGUST 2016
at each iteration, but the side lobe levels, side lobe level angle
improved in More-Thue tapered array and nearly one third of
the elements inactive at each iteration. The array factors of
Morse-Thue tapered heptagonal array are observed in fig.9 and
10, for two different element spacing’s respectively.

Generally, fractal antennas and array antennas are more

suitable for multiband satellite and other celestial
communication systems. But more number of antenna elements
increases the complexity of the array as well as that effects the
whole communication system. These tapering techniques may
be helpful for this type of communication systems, where
antenna aperture plays a vital role. Nearly one third of the
Stage:1 antenna elements thinned at each successive iterations. For
example sixty eight elements become inactive out of one
hundred and ninety six antenna elements in the third iteration
of the tapered array. There are no side lobes in maximum
iterations and single valued beam width achieved in the fourth
iteration of both arrays.

Stage:2
Stage:2 of the heptagonal array antenna
Fig.2. The element locations
Fig.3.Array factor of fully populated linear fractal antenna
up element
Fig.2. The to two iterations.
locations of the heptagonal array antenna Fig. 3: Array factor of fully populated linear fractal antenna array
array
with with element
Fig.3.Array
element factor of
spacing spacing
of . ofpopulated
fully
λ/2 λ/2. linear fractal antenna
up to two iterations.
4. Results and Discussion array with element spacing of λ/2.
4. Results and
ThisDiscussion
article investigates application of fractal tapering
technique for the thinning of linear and heptagonal fractal
This array
articleantennas
investigateshavingapplication
isotropic elements.of fractal tapering
A fixed distance
echniquebetween
for thethethinningelementsofislinear consideredand heptagonal
throughout fractal
the paper.
rray antennas
Figures 3having and 4 isotropic
exemplifieselements.
array factors A fixed distance
of fully populated
between fractal
the elements
linear array is considered
antenna andthroughout abated beam the width
paper.with
Figures 3successive iterations hasarray
and 4 exemplifies observed.
factors
Stage:2 Morse-Thue tapered fractal
of fully populated
linearFig.2.
ractal linear array
array The element better
achieved
antenna locations
and of the
array
abated heptagonal
factor beam array antenna
properties
width withwith
33% Fig.3.Array
of factor of fully populated linear fractal antenna
Fig. 2: up
thinningThe toas
two iterations.
element
shown locations
in figs. 5ofand
the 6.heptagonal
Single array beam
valued antenna up
widths
uccessive iterations
to two iterations.
0
has0
observed. Morse-Thue tapered fractal array with element spacing of λ/2.
of 3.3
inear array and 1.8and
achieved
4. Resultsbetter
with less side
array
Discussion factorlobeproperties
levels arewith
observed
33%inofboth
cases of Morse-Thue tapered fractal linear arrays respectively.
hinning as shown in figs. 5 and 6. Single valued beam widths
0 This article investigates application of fractal tapering
of 3.30 and 1.8The with less
arraytapered
technique sidethinning
factors
for the oflobe levels
linearare
fully-populated
oflinear and observed
heptagonal
heptagonal in both are
array
fractal
Morse-Thue fractal array achieved better
ases of Morse-Thue
array tapered
antennas fractal
having linear
isotropic arrays
elements.
observed in fig.7 and 8, for element spacing of λ/2 and λ A respectively.
fixed distance
array between
factor properties
the elements with 33
is considered throughout the paper.
respectively.
Figures 3 Half
and 4power beamarray
exemplifies width (HPBW),
factors of fully side lobe levels
populated
The arrayThe array
factors factors
of side of fully-populated
fully-populated heptagonal heptagonal
array ar-
are reduced
fractal and
linear array lobe level
antenna andangleabated improved
beam width (SLL withare
Angle)
observedray
for are observed
in successive
fig.7
successiveanditerations in has
8, for
iteration. fig.7
element
There and 8,
spacingfor
is noMorse-Thue
observed. vast element
of
differenceλ/2between
tapered spacing
and
fractal λ the Fig.4.Array factor of fully populated linear fractal antenna
espectively. linear
λ/2
ofarray factors
Half and array
power ofλachieved better
fully-populated
respectively.
beam widtharray(HPBW),
factor
and
Half properties
Morse-Thue
power side with 33%
tapered
beam
lobe of arrays
width
levels array with element spacing of λ.
thinning as shown in figs. 5 and 6. Single valued beam widths
(HPBW),
re reduced and side
of 3.3side
0 lobe
and lobe
levels
level
1.80 with
are
less angle
reduced
side lobeimproved
and side lobe
(SLL inAngle)
levels are observed both
level
or successive iteration.
angle cases
improved There
of Morse-Thue (SLL isAngle)
no fractal
tapered vast fordifference
linearsuccessive between the
iteration.
arrays respectively. Fig.4.Array factor of fully populated linear fractal antenna
Fig. 4: Array factor of fully populated linear fractal antenna array
rray factors of fully-populated
There is no vast and Morse-Thue tapered arrays
difference between the array factors array with element spacing of λ.
with element spacing of λ.
The array factors of fully-populated heptagonal array are
of fully-populated and Morse-Thue
observed in fig.7 and 8, for element spacing of λ/2 and λ tapered arrays at
respectively. Half
each iteration, but power beam width
the side lobe(HPBW),
levels,side side lobelobe
levelslevel
angle are reduced andinside
improved lobe level angle
More-Thue improved
tapered (SLLand
array Angle)nearly Fig.4.Array factor of fully populated linear fractal antenna
for successive iteration. There is no vast difference between the
one third of theofelements
array factors inactive
fully-populated at eachtapered
and Morse-Thue iteration.
arrays The array with element spacing of λ.
array factors of Morse-Thue tapered heptagonal array
are observed in fig.9 and fig.10, for two different element
spacings respectively.
Generally, fractal antennas and array antennas are
more suitable for multiband satellite and other celestial
communication systems. But more number of antenna
elements increases the complexity of the array as well
as that effects the whole communication system. These
tapering techniques may be helpful for this type of
communication systems, where antenna aperture plays
a vital role. Nearly one third of the antenna elements
thinned at each successive iterations. For example sixty
eight elements become inactive out of one hundred and
ninety six antenna elements in the third iteration of
the tapered array. There are no side lobes in maximum Fig.5.Array factor of Morse-Thue tapered linear fractal antenna
Fig. 5: Array factor of Morse-Thue tapered linear fractal antenna
iterations and single valued beam width achieved in the array with element spacing of λ/2.
array with element spacing of λ/2.
fourth iteration of both arrays.
 V.A.Sankar Ponnapalli and Jayasree: A THREE VALUED MORSE-THUE FRACTAL TAPERING FOR THINNING OF FRACTAL ARRAY ANTENNAS 51
Table.I. SLL (dB), HPBW (Degrees), SLL Angle (Deg.) and the number of ‘OFF’ Elements of fully-populated and Morse-Thue
Table.I. SLL( (dB), HPBW(D (Degrees), SLLAAngle
TABLE 1: linear
SLL D B), HPBW EGREES ), SLL NGLE (Deg.) .) and
ANDthe number of ‘OFF’ Elements of fully-populated and Morse-Thue
tapered
tapered array antenna
linear array antenna for
for element spacing
element spacing of λλ(D/2
of /2EGand
and λ. THE NUMBER OF OFF E LEMENTS OF FULLY- POPULATED AND M ORSE -
λ.
T HUE TAPERED LINEAR ARRAY ANTENNA FOR ELEMENT SPACING OF λ/2 AND λ .

Element
Element Total
Total Iterations
Iterations Fully-Populated Linear
Fully-Populated Linear Fractal
Fractal Array
Array Morse-Thue
Morse-Thue Tapered
Tapered Linear
Linear Fractal
Fractal Array
Array
Spacing
Spacing No. of
No. of (P)
(P) Antenna
Antenna Antenna
Antenna
Elements
Elements
SLL
SLL HPBW
HPBW SLL
SLL No.
No. ofof SLL
SLL HPBW
HPBW SLL
SLL No.
No. ofof
(dB)
(dB) (Deg.)
(Deg.) Angle
Angle off
off (dB)
(dB) (Deg.)
(Deg.) Angle
Angle off
off
(Deg.)
(Deg.) Elements
Elements (Deg.)
(Deg.) Elements
Elements
33 11 -∞
-∞ 84.2
84.2 -- 00 -∞
-∞ 77
77 -- 11

99 22 -7.8
-7.8 29.6
29.6 52.1
52.1 00 -9.5
-9.5 28.4
28.4 60
60 33
0.5 27
0.5 27 33 -15.4
-15.4 10.4
10.4 18.4
18.4 00 -16.0
-16.0 10.2
10.2 20.1
20.1 99
81
81 44 -13
-13 3.6
3.6 08
08 00 -14.5
-14.5 3.3
3.3 9.4
9.4 27
27
33 11 -∞
-∞ 41.2
41.2 -- 00 -∞
-∞ 36.2
36.2 -- 11

99 22 -12
-12 14.8
14.8 26
26 00 -12.0
-12.0 14.4
14.4 23.2
23.2 33

11 27
27 33 -15
-15 5.2
5.2 12.8
12.8 00 -15.3
-15.3 3.2
3.2 12.3
12.3 99
91
91 44 -12.7
-12.7 1.8
1.8 4.3
4.3 00 -12.8
-12.8 1.8
1.8 4.3
4.3 27
27
Fig.5.Array factor of Morse-Thue tapered linear fractal antenna
Table.II. SLL( D(dB), HPBW(D(Degrees), SLLAAngle (Deg.)
EG .) and
ANDthe
array with
THEnumber
element
of OF
‘OFF’ spacingofof
OFFElements
λ/2.
fully-populated and Morse-Thue
Table.II. SLL (dB), HPBW (Degrees), SLL Angle (Deg.) and the number of ‘OFF’ Elements of fully-populated and Morse-Thue
TABLE 2: SLL B), HPBW EGREES ), SLL NGLE (D NUMBER E LEMENTS OF FULLY- POPULATED AND M ORSE -
tapered
tapered
T HUE heptagonal
heptagonal
TAPERED array antennas
array
HEPTAGONAL antennas for
ARRAYfor element spacing
element
ANTENNAS spacing of λλ /2
of
FOR ELEMENT /2 and
and λ.
λ. OF λ/2 AND λ.
SPACING

Element
Element Total
Total Iterations
Iterations Fully-Populated Heptagonal
Fully-Populated Heptagonal Fractal
Fractal Array
Array Morse-Thue
Morse-Thue Tapered
Tapered Heptagonal
Heptagonal Fractal
Fractal
Spacing
Spacing No. of
No. of (P)
(P) Antenna
Antenna Array
Array Antenna
Antenna
Elements
Elements
SLL
SLL HPBW
HPBW SLL
SLL No.
No. ofof SLL
SLL HPBW
HPBW SLL
SLL No.
No. of
of
(dB)
(dB) (Deg.)
(Deg.) Angle
Angle off
off (dB)
(dB) (Deg.)
(Deg.) Angle
Angle off
off
(Deg.)
(Deg.) Elements
Elements (Deg.)
(Deg.) Elements
Elements
77 11 -∞
-∞ 90.4
90.4 -- 00 -∞
-∞ 100
100 -- 02
02
42
42 22 -∞
-∞ 46.2
46.2 -- 00 -∞
-∞ 46
46 -- 14
14
0.5 196
0.5 196 33 -∞
-∞ 26.6
26.6 -- 00 -∞
-∞ 26.8
26.8 -- 68
68
910
910 44 -∞
-∞ 15.0
15.0 -- 00 -∞
-∞ 15.0
15.0 -- 322
322
77 11 -10
-10 41
41 -- 00 -10
-10 44.8
44.8 -- 02
02
42
42 22 -33
-33 22.6
22.6 40
40 00 -34.1
-34.1 22.6
22.6 40.8
40.8 14
14
11 196
196 33 -46.0
-46.0 13.2
13.2 40.7
40.7 00 -46.8
-46.8 13.4
13.4 41.6
41.6 68
68
910
910 44 -54.3
-54.3 7.6
7.6 41.7
41.7 00 -56.2
-56.2 7.6
7.6 42.0
42.0 322
322

Fig.5.Array factor of Morse-Thue tapered linear fractal antenna Fig.6.Array factor of factor
Fig.8.Array Morse-Thue tapered
of fully linear fractal
populated antenna fr
heptagonal
5. Conclusion
array
5. Conclusion
with element spacing of λ/2. The
array authors
The with
antenna
authors are
element grateful
spacing
array
are grateful to
of GITAM
to λ.
with element
GITAM University
spacing of λ. for
University for the
the
supporting
supporting and
and encouragement
encouragement in
in the
the field
field of
of research.
research.
Fractal tapering
Fractal tapering technique
technique forfor the
the thinning
thinning ofof the
the elements
elements
in linear and heptagonal fractal array antennas
in linear and heptagonal fractal array antennas have been have been References
References
presented. In
presented. In both
both cases,
cases, nearly
nearly one
one third
third of
of the
the total
total number
number ofof
[1] M. T. Ma, “Theory and Application of Antenna Arrays”,
elements becomes off and SLL reduced in maximum iterations [1] M. T. Ma, “Theory and Application of Antenna Arrays”,
elements becomes off and SLL reduced in maximum iterations New
than the fully-populated linear and heptagonal fractal arrays New York,
York, USA:
USA: John
John Wiley
Wiley && Sons
Sons ,1974.
,1974.
than the fully-populated linear and heptagonal fractal arrays [2] C.A.Balanis, “Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design:
respectively. The comparison shows a significant improvement [2] C.A.Balanis, “Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design:
respectively. The comparison shows a significant improvement Second Edition,”
for SLL
SLL with
with significant
significant reduction
reduction inin the
the number
number ofof elements
elements Second Edition,” New
New York,
York, USA:
USA: John
John Wiley
Wiley &
& Sons,
Sons,
for 1997.
by Mors-Thue tapering technique. This will reduce
by Mors-Thue tapering technique. This will reduce the cost of the cost of 1997.
designing the
designing the fractal
fractal array
array antennas
antennas substantially.
substantially.
[3] Robert J. Mailloux, “Phased Array Antenna Handbook:
[3] Robert J. Mailloux, “Phased Array Antenna Handbook:
Acknowledgements Second
Acknowledgements Second Edition”,
Edition”, Massachusetts,
Massachusetts, USA:
USA: Artech
Artech House,
House,
2005.
2005.

Fig.9.Array factor of Morse-Thue tapered heptagonal fr

Fig.6.Array factor of Morse-Thue tapered linear fractal antenna antenna array with element spacing of λ/2.
Fig. 6:with
Array factor of Morse-Thue Fig.7.Array factor of fully populated fractal heptagonal fractal
array element spacing of λ.tapered linear fractal antenna antenna
Fig. 7: Array factor of fully populated fractal heptagonal fractal
array with element spacing of λ/2.
array with element spacing of λ. antenna array with element spacing of λ/2.
 Fig.9.Array factor of Morse-Thue tapered heptagonal fractal
Fig.6.Array factor of Morse-Thue tapered linear fractal antenna antenna array with element spacing of λ/2.
52 JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: ISSUE ON INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 2, NO. 1, AUGUST 2016
array with element spacing of λ.

Fig.7.Array
Fig.8.Array factor of fully
factor of populated fractal heptagonal
fully populated fractal
heptagonal Fig.10.
fractal Array factor
factor of
of Morse-Thue
Morse-Thuetapered
taperedheptagonal
heptagonalfractal
fractal
na Fig. 10: Array
antenna
Fig. 8: array
Array with
Fig.8.Array element
factor
factor of spacing
of fully of heptagonal
populated
fully λ/2.
populated fractal antenna array with element spacing of λ.
fractal antenna
heptagonal
na antenna array with element spacing of λ.
array with element spacing of λ.
antenna array with element spacing of λ.
antenna array with element spacing of λ.

[4] R. C. Hansen, Phased Array Antennas: Second Edition, New

Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
[5] Steven. R. Best, Small and Fractal Antennas (chapter10),
Modern Antenna Handbook, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
publication.
[6] D.H.Werner and R.Mittra, Frontiers in Electromagnetics,
USA: IEEE Press, 2000.
[7] V. Srinivasa rao, V. A. Sankar Ponnapalli, Study and analysis
of fractal linear Antenna Arrays, IOSR-JECE, Vol.5, no.2,
April. 2013, pp 23-27.
[8] C. Puente Baliarda and R. Pous, Fractal Design of Multiband
and Low Side-lobe Arrays, IEEE Transactions on Antennas
and Propagation, vol.44, no.5, May.1996, pp.730-739.
[9] D.L.Jaggard and A.L.Jaggar, Cantor Ring Arrays, Microwave
and Optical Technology letters, vol.19, no. 1998, pp.121-125.
[10] D.H.Werner,R.L.Haupt and P.L.Werner, Fractal Antenna En-
gineering: The theory and design of antenna arrays, IEEE
Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 41, no. 5, 1999,
pp.37-59.
Fig.9.Array
Fig.9.Array factor
Fig. 9: Arrayfactor of
factor of Morse-Thuetapered
of Morse-Thue
Morse-Thue tapered
tapered heptagonal
heptagonal
heptagonal fractal
fractal
fractal [11] WarothKuhirun A new design methodology for modular
na antenna
antenna arraywith
array
antenna array withelement
with element
element spacing
spacing
spacing ofλ/2.
of of
λ/2 .λ/2. broadband arrays based on fractal tilings Thesis in Electrical
na Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, USA, Au-
gust 2003.
[12] V.A.Sankar Ponnapalli and P.V.Y.Jayasree, Heptagonal Frac-
5. Conclusion tal Antenna Array for Wireless Communications Springer-
LNEE Series, vol.372,2016,pp.387-394.
Fractal tapering technique for the thinning of the ele- [13] Kulbir Singh,VinitGrewal and Rajiv Saxena Fractal Antennas:
ments in linear and heptagonal fractal array antennas A Novel Miniaturization Technique for Wireless Communica-
have been presented. In both cases, nearly one third of tions International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering,
the total number of elements becomes off and SLL re- vol 2, no. 5, November 2009, pp.
[14] Skolnik.M et al, Statistically Designed Density-Tapered Ar-
duced in maximum iterations than the fully-populated rays, IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 12, no.4,
linear and heptagonal fractal arrays respectively. The July 1964, pp. 408417.
comparison shows a significant improvement for SLL [15] Will P. M. N. Keizer, Synthesis of Thinned Planar Circular
and Square Arrays Using Density tapering, IEEE Trans. on
with significant reduction in the number of elements by Antennas and Propagation, vol.62, no.4, April 2014, pp.1555-
Mors-Thue tapering technique. This will reduce the cost 1563.
of designing the fractal array antennas substantially. [16] www.mathworld.wolffram.com.
[17] www.oeis.org.
[18] Xu F.,Shmatko A.A., Panov M.I.,He.S. Antenna array with
Acknowledgment a given fractal distribution of current. Ultra wideband and
Ultra short Impulse Signals, 17-21 Sevastopol, Ukraine,
The authors are grateful to GITAM University for the September, 2012, , pp. 212-214.
tal supporting and encouragement in the field of research. [19] Vladimir M. Masyuk, Methods for mathematical modelingof
tal Fig.10. Array
Fig.10. Array factor
factor of
of Morse-Thue
Morse-Thuetapered
taperedheptagonal
heptagonalfractal
fractal fractal antenna arrays. International Conference on Antenna
antenna array
antenna array with
with element
elementspacing
spacingofofλ.λ. Theory and Techniques, 9-12 September 2003, Semstopol,
References Ukraine pp. 220-223.
[20] V.F.Kravchenko and V.M. Masyuk, Application of new
[1] M. T. Ma, Theory and Application of Antenna Arrays, New
weighting functions for design ofTwo-dimensional fractal
York, USA: John Wiley & Sons ,1974.
antenna arraysMSMWO4 Symposium Proceedings. Kharkov,
[2] C.A.Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design: Second
Ukraine, June 21-26,2004, pp. 171-176.
Edition, New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons, 1997.
[3] Robert J. Mailloux, Phased Array Antenna Handbook: Second
Edition, Massachusetts, USA: Artech House, 2005.
V.A.Sankar Ponnapalli and Jayasree: A THREE VALUED MORSE-THUE FRACTAL TAPERING FOR THINNING OF FRACTAL ARRAY ANTENNAS
V.A.Sankar Ponnapalli completed
his B.Tech and M.Tech degrees from
JNT University Kakinada and GITAM
University Visakhapatnam in 2011
and 2013 respectively. He worked as
assistant professor at ATRI (Affiliated to
JNTU-Hyderabad) from 2013 to 2014.
Now he is a full-time research scholar
at GITAM University Visakhapatnam.
He has published research articles in
refereed journals, national and international
conference proceedings. His research interests include design
and analysis of Antenna arrays, EMI/EMC, passive and active
microwave devices.
View publication stats
53
P.V.Y.Jayasree completed her M.E and
Ph.D., degrees from Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam and JNT University Kaki-
nada in 1999 and 2010 respectively. She
is presently an associate professor in Elec-
tronics and Communication Engineering
department of GITAM University Visakha-
patnam. She has more than 50 publica-
tions in various National/International jour-
nals and conferences. She is presently su-
pervising 7 PhD scholars. Her research in-
terest lies in the areas of EMI/EMC, design and analysis of an-
tennas, Microwaves. She is reviewer and editorial board member
of various international and national level journals. Beyond aca-
demics, she is acting as AMC Chairman, BOS member and TEQIP
nodal officer of GITAM University.