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ARITHME, TIC

'Arithmetic
Arithmetic
 \aEduCorp
\-=-;=ui-e*"oR^rE EAEER

Index

Chapter . Page Number

L. Percentages 5

2. Profit, Loss and Discount 15

3. Simple and Compound Interest 26

+. Ratio, Proportion and Variation 35

5. Averages and Weighted Averages

[Mixtures and Solutions) 48

6. Time, Speed and Distance 57

7. Work B3

Answer Key B9

Arithmetic
 EdttGrr

Arithmetic
 L. Percentages
1.1. Basics: Evaluating/Finding a Percent
Percent literally means Per Cent, cent as in century i.e" Per Hundred.

Thus when we want to express any data in percentage terms, say, Rahul scored 160 marks in a test with maximum
possible marks being 200, we have to proportionally convefi '160 marks out of 200' to 'marks scored per 100 possible
marks'i.e.
max marks: 200 -+ marks scored: 160

max marks: 100 -+ marks scored: 1

Thus, we can find the percentage of marks u. $2005.

"
f 00 = I x I 00 = 80%

Alternately, if data is given in tetms of percentage, say, Ruchi scored 60%intest with maximum marks being 300, it
does not mean that marks eamed by Ruchi is 60. It means that out of 100 possible marks, 60 marks are scored. Thus to
find the actual marks scored by Ruchi, we can make use of the following:
Out of 100 marks -+ marks scored: 60
Out of 300 marks -+ marks scored: ?

jl
Thus, total marks scored can be found as t 399 1* 3gg = 139
100 = 5
Thus, in shofi percentage is any quantity expressed on a scale of 100.

E.g. 1: What percent of B0 is 50?

LetxYoof 80be50.Thus -r-139=50 i.e. r=a*100=500 =62.5oh

r00 80 8

E.g. 2: In a poll, a total of 1,20,000 votes were polled of which l0% were invalid. A.candidate received 60% of the
valid votes. Find the number of votes polled by the candidate.
The number of valid votes : 90Yo of the total votes

90
= 1,20,000 = 1,08,000
=x
100

60
Of these 1,08,000 valid votes, the candidate received 60%. Thus the r:andidate received 1,08,000 = 64,800.
-x
E.g. 3: When 40% of a number is subtracted from 100, he answer is B0% of the number. Find the number.
If the number is assumed tobe n, the given data can be written as:

IUU--Xh=-Y4
40 80
100 100

120 loo x 1oo

.'. I00 = .'. ,, = = 83.33
100 120

Arithmetic
E.g. 4: 100 is 30% of what number?
If the number is assumed tobe n, the given data can be written as:

i0
-- xn=100
100

100 x 100
... te =- = JJJ.J3
30

Exercise l-.1:
1. Find0.25"/o of 40,000

2. 32 is what percentage of 44?

3. 175 is what percentage of 125?

4. When 30 is subtracted from a number, the result is 80% of the number. Find the number.
5. Mohan spends 40% of his income on rent, 20oh on food, 10% on entefiainment and saves the rest. If he saves a
net amount of Rs. 4380, find his income.

6. The prices of chocolates dropped by 15% and thus Rashi was able to save Rs. 1.35 on each chocolate. Find the
original and the new price ofone chocolate.
7 . In a mixture of milk and water, milk accounts for 7 5oh. Find the amount of the mixture if it contains 28 lts of
water.

8. A milk-man mixes milk and water in the ratio 5 : 3. Find the percentage of milk in the resulting mixture.
9. When 1kg of goods is kept on an electronic weighing scale, the scale shows a reading of 950 gms. Find the
percentage emor in the measurement.

10. A unscrupulous trader has rigged his electronic weighing scale such that it shows a reading of 1 kg when 950 gms
of goods are kept on it. Find the percentage effor in the measurement.

1.1.i. Fraction Percent Equivalence

In course of doing problems on percentages, many times we would need to fi"d 3 x 100 or I x 100 o, 100 to find
Ji ]f "
the percentage. It would be a good idea to memorize a few fractions as their percentage equivalents i.e. leam that the
2 5 -10.is9.0909%.If one is comforlable with these, rarely would one need to do
fraction ls S:.::X and
i is ee .AeN, i ,,
any calculations.

The fractions that have to be mugged-up in their equivalent percentage terms are:

I
1., =50%

!=n.ztN, !=ae.esv"
I 1:tsv"
?- =25oh,
4 4

Arithmetic
4. !=20%.
5555
?=+ooto.1=eoy". !=80%

5. ! =16.66o/o, 1 =g3.33%

6. !:tq.zs

7. f,=n.su", f,=n.su",
1:ez.syo,
f,=v.t"t"

8. ]=rr.r
r^,3:22.22vo, !:qq.q+N,
]=st.ttNand
soon...

s. f,:e.oew, ]=rcssw, *= 27.2ivo,

fi=za.zs"t"and
soon.,,

lo. L=s.zly". !=9r.66%

12 12

ir. L=e.eer
l5

12.
fr=e.zst
| _ ___^.
13. =5.)ll"Zo
lg

14. L=S'ZAolo

rs. *=t^
Exercis e 1.2:
1. Calculatethefollowingpercentages:
a. 16.66% of 48 b. 12.5% of 180 c.27.27o/o of 165

d. 44.44% of 63 e. 6.250/o of 24 f.6.66% of 57

9.375% of 72 h.83.33o/o of 42 i.87.5o/o of 144

2. For each of the following{tndA as a percentage of .B i.e. 4xfiI

B

a. A:24, B :2BB A:42, B:66

.b.A:35,8:56 c.

d. A: 63, B: 45 e. A:20, B :36 f. A:88, B: 64

Arithmetic
 EduGo
L.2. Concept of Base:
Whenever a percentage is expressed, it always means a percent of osome numeric quantity'. E.g. 60% of the
maximum marks, 10% of the total votes polled, 60% of the valid votes, 75oh of the mixture, prices dropped by l5% (of
itself). This 'some numeric quantity' is called the base and it is extremely important to identify the base correctly.
Let's say we want to find 30 is what percent of 45. What is the base in this example? Is it 30 or 45? To be sure of
identiffing the corect try thinking on the following lines: if the answer is xo/o, do we mean xo/o of 30 or 45? The
base
question makes it very apparent that we have to find 'percent of 45'. Thus our base is 45 and the question can be
:
transformed mathematically to 30 ? Yo x 45. Since our base is 45, we would have to proportionally convert '30 on a
base of 45' into '? on a base of 100'. The answer can be found directly without writing any of the above as

]9x loo = ?x 1oo = 66.66%o

453 "

Had the question been '45 is what percent of 30?', our base would be 30 and to find the answer we would have to
proportionally conveft '45 on a base of 30' into '? on a base of 100'. Thus the answelr would have been
L\?
_:x100=axl00 =t50%
302
The most common error that a beginner commits is that of incorrectly identiffing the base and then finding the percent
of this incorrect base. To avoid this mistake always ask the question 'percent of what'.
The following three examples, with the common errors made, would make it even more clear. All the three examples
have two very similar contexts compared. The left had ones are the straight forward ones and the right hand ones are
the ones where an error is made
E.g. The following three examples should show you the importance of getting the base right.

1. What is 20% of 450? 20o/o of whatnumber is 450?

Here209/o of 450 is to be found, so Here you do not have to find2}oh of 450. The number of which2}Yo
450 is your base of which2}o/o is to is to be found is unknown. So if we assume the number to be n, the
be found. Thus answer: working would go as follows:
20 2o
x4S0 =90
100 *n: 450= n = 450x5=2250'
r00

2. What is the result when 100 is
increased by 20%?
This should be a sitter. Here 100 is
increased by 20oh, so we will find
20% of 100 and add it to 100. Thus
the answer is 120.
A number when increased by 2}Yobecomes 100. What's the
number?
If your answer is 80, then you are wrong. That is precisely what this
text here wants to explain. You CANNOT take 20% of 100 in this
case. 100 is not the base in this example .2}Yohas to be calculated of
the number.

20
n+-xn=100
100
120
_n:100
100
n=83.333

Arithmetic
Profit is always calculated as a percentage of cost price.

3. If a person purchases an article at A person sells an arlicle for Rs. 500 and makes a profit of l0%o.
Rs. 500 and sells it at a profit of Find his cost price.
l0o/o,what is the selling price?
Again in this case you CANNOT find l0% of 500 and subtract it
Cost Price: Rs. 500 from 500. Because his profit is 10o% of the cost price and not of the
Profit: 10% of cP : 10% of 500 : 50
selling price.

Selling Price: 500 + 50 : 550 l0 *C.P.=500

C.P.+
100
I 1o
c.". = 5oo
100
c.P.:454.5454

E.g. 5: Ram's salary is 90o/o of Shyam's salary. Shyam's salary is what percent of Ram's salary?
that of Shyam's salary So assuming Shyam's salary as 100, we can get Ram's salary as 90o/o of 100 i.e. 90.
90o/o is
Now the question is asking us to find 100 as a percentage of 90 i.e. the base now is 90. Thus the answer is
100
t00 =lll.llo/o
90 "

E.g.6: An alloy consists of 80% Bronze and rest Brass. Bronze and Brass, themselv_es are alloys with Bronze having
600/o Copper and the rcst Zinc whereas Brass has Copper and Zinc in equal proportions. What percentage of the alloy
of Bronze and Brass is Zinc?
Let's assume the alloy of Bronze and Brass as 100 gms. Thus it will have 80 gms of Bronze and20 gms of Brass.
Let's find the amount of zinc in both. In B0 gms of Bronze, amount of Zinc is 40o/o. Thus this 40o/ois of the amount of

Bronze i.e. of80 gms. Quantity of ZincinBronze : ll *39=32 gms.

100 b'^

Similarly quantity of Zincin Brass : 20 = I 0 gms.

# "
Thus thb total quantity of Zinc in the alloy is 32 + l0:
42 gms. Now we have find the percentage of Zinc in the alloy.
The alloy is 100 gms and amount of Zinc initis 42 gms. Thus the percentage of Zinc is 42o/o.

8.g.7: Rohit scored 50% of the maximum marks in an exam and yet failed by 12 marks. Had he scored 10% more
than what he scored, he would have just got passing marks. Find the maximum marks of the exam.

50
Letthemaxjmum mari<sof thepaperbex.ThusRaj scored *xx=;.NowhadJrescoredl0%morethanwhathe
IUU Z
x
scored means we have to calculate t0% of andthis will be equal to 12 marks because he just managed to pass with
1
these additional marks. Thus. we have -
lo **
=12
100 2
.'. x:240.
Alternately, if you wanted to avoid equations, 10% of the marks he scored is equal to 12. Thus he scored 120 marks.
And thiS is 50% of the maximum marks. Thus" maximum marks :240,

Arithmetic
Exercise 1.3:
1' The prices of a car increased by 20%.If the increased price of the car is 6,00,000, find the original price of the
cat.
2. l's salary is 80% of B's salary" Find what percent ofl's salary is B's salary.
3. To pass an exam of 250 marks, a candidate should obtain 40% marks. Raj scores 10oZ more than the passing
marks. Find the percent of marks scored by Raj.
4. In a country 55.55% of the population are males and rest females. Of the males 600lo are literate and of the
females 40o/o are literate. Find the percentage of the population that are literate, if the population of the country is
900million.
5. A milk man mixes water equal to 20o/o of the milk he has. Water now accounts for what percentage of the
mixture?
6. Mohan spends 40% of his income on rent, 20%o onfood, 10% on entertainment and saves the rest. Find his
savings as a percentage ofhis expenditure.
7. Anand has won 80% of the games he has played so far in the toumament. His goal is to win 90o/o of all the games
he has to play in the tournament. If he has already played 15 out of the total 50 games that he has to play, what is
the maximum number of games he can afford to loose in the remaining games a.nd yet meet his goal?

B. A's salary is 80% of .B's salary whereas ,B's salary is 80% of C's salary. What percentage of C's salary is l's
salary?

1.3. Percent Increase/Decrease - The Multiplying Factor

We will see many applications where a base is increased by certain percentage. This section here explains how these
percent increase/decrease can be handled very effectively.

Consider that a number n is increasedby 22.22Yo?

2
It should be obvious ifyou have done fraction percentage equivalence that we have to find r1+ -xn. The process of

2'o
finding 22.22% of n i.e. of n and then adding it back to n can be compressed into one step by considering our
9

answer in the form ,*((t*?)

e/ i.".
,*i
11

1l 1l
Thus increasingnby 22.22% is same as multiplying it by . Thus we say that is the 'multiplying factor'
9 9
corresponding to an 'increase of 22.22o/o'.

See if you understand finding the multiplying factori as explained below:

Increase of 16.66%is equivalent to multiplyin* O, (t . *) t . *

Increase of37.5%is equivalentto multiplyinrO, (t.*) t. *

.
lncrease of 125%is equivalent to multiplyin* O, (t
i) t . ?

Arithmetic L0
 EdttCo
Decrease of 11.11% is equivalentto multiplying* -;) t
[t ";

Decrease of27.27%is equivalentto multiplyin* O, (t-i) t. i

Similarly, one should be able to work in the reverse way also.

81
nx is same as nbeing increased bV i.e.14.28%
1 1
11 2
nx
9
^ is same as n being increased by
-9 ; i.e. 22.22%

rz x ll is same as nbeing decreased by i.e. 12.5%

* ,

n x 23is same as n being decreased by i.e. 60%

, ,
Exercise L.4:
Convert each of the following percentage change into its equivalent multiplying factor
t. +8.33% 2. +16.660 3.-125%
4. -36.36% 5. +9.09yo 6._30%
Convert each of the following multiplying factors into its equivalent percentage change

8.-l3 t6
-l- 8
"9 l1
9.-l5
155
tO.G tt.s 1)- 9

L.4. Change of Base:

If A is20% more than B,by what percent is B less than A?
In such questions there are two variables A and B. The data is givenas a percentage of one of them (in this case20o/o
ofB), and the question asked is about percentage ofthe other variable (in this case percent less thanl).
There are basically two ways of doing it.

20 !=16.66%
Method 1: If B is assumed as 100, A willbe l2l.Thus the answer i. =
t20 6
This method can be generalised as follows:

rf A is x%more rhan B, rhen tr (#; xfi[Yo less than l, and

"
Pleasedonotmemorize.ItshouldbeobviousasifB:100,A:100+xandBisxlessthanl00+xwhichwhen
convefted to a percent is the expression given.

Arithmetic 1T
 EdtrGt>
( x \
rf A is xyo less than B, then B ir
[100 _ )x100%
more than l.
"
However this method or fotmula is easy only when the percent given is a very manageable one. If the question had
been'If A is 37 "5%o more than B, by what percent is B less than A?' , the working using this formula would be
cumbersome

Method 2: Using multiplying factors.

If A is 2l%more than B, we can say

'5 A =9* B

Re-writing this, with B in terms of A, B =|" e

:
From the last relation we can say that A
"6 i, \'' less than I i.e. 16.66%oless than l.
This method is more versatile than the previous one and can be used to solve even if the percentages are 4 little
difficult ones, e.g. If A is 37 .5% more than B, by what percent is B less than A?

A=\rn
8
> n:!r,s 11

- tlt

ThusBis
- I i.e.27.2l%less thanl
11

The above concept can also be used in any relation of the type C : A x B. Few very commonly found such relations
afe:

Area=LengthxBreadth
Expenditure or Sales : Price per unit x Quantify

Sales: Market Share x Market Size

Thus, we could have questions of the type with any of the above relation:

If the length of a rectangle is increasedby 10o/o, by what percent should the breadth be decreased to maintain area?

Keeping in mind the following relation, t * t :! tt f , one should easily realise that the breadth should become
]f f,
of the original breadth ,,". !'o less i.e. g.0g%decrease.
11

Exercise L.5 :
1. If A is 16.660/o more than B,by what percent is B less than A?
2. If M is 22.22% less than -Al, by what percent is iy' more than A.0
3. If Xis22.22% more than Y,by what percent is Imore thanfr
4. If P is 37.5% less than Q,by what percent is Q more than P?
5. If the length of a rectangle increases by 9.09o/o, by what percent should the breadth of the rectangle decrease to
maintain the area of the rectangle?

Arithmetic 12
 EdttGt>
6. If the price of the entrance ticket of a circus is decreased by 6.250/o, by what percenii ld the number of
viewers increase so as to earn as much as that earned before the decrease in price?
1. Traveling from home to office, if I increase my speed by 12.5% than my usual speed, what percent of time would
I save?
8. Prices of essential commodities decrease by 27.27%. By what percent can a household increase its consumption
with the same expenditure?

1.5. Successive Percenbge Changes

E.g. 8: The population of a city was 80 lacs in year 2000. In the years 2001,2002 and2003 the population of the city
increased by 20Yq 16.66% and l0o/o respectively. What is the population of the city ft the end of 2003.

In this question, there are three successive percentage increases. We say they are successive because for each
percentage increase the base is the value after the previous increase. In the year 200 I , population grew to
80 x 1.2 = 96 lacs. Now in 2002,the 16.66% increase is overthis new value 96 lacs and not over 80 lacs. Thus

populationattheend of2002is96 x is 102 x t t2.2lacs.

!:tLrlacsandthepopulationatendof2003 #:
6 7 ll
All the above can be combined into the single expression: 80
"; ; t Jf, =112.2
><

E.g. 9: -The population of a city increasedby 25o/o,18.18% l}Yointhree consecutive census but decreasedby 9.09%
in the fourth census. If the population after the fourth census was 65 lacs, find the population before the first census.
Here one would realise the importance of multiplying factors. Since the population of the base year is not given, it
would be cumbersome to work unless one can use the following:

5 13x 11x10
xx-x
4 11 10 11=65givingx:44lacs.
0 ---o--
E.g. 10: If the population of a city changed by +12.5o/o, -12.5yo, +6.66%over three consecutive years, find the total
percentage change over the three years.

The net result ofthe three successive percentage changes is

971621 2t
and is equivalent to a percentage
881520
I
^
increase of i.e.5%.
^
For the equivalent percentage change of two percentages, we also have a formula. But if one has understand the use
of multiplying factor thoroughly, one need not resoft to the formula which becomes very cumbersome except for a few
easy values.

orl!
The equivalent percentage change of two percentage changes a%o and b%o is a * 6 * % . Theformula works well
100
enough for percentage increase and also decrease ifsigns are taken correctly.

E.g. 11: What is the single percentage change equivalent to two percentage decreases of l0%.

Using multiplying factors,

* "# =# t.". decrease i.e. decrease of t9o/o
"f #

Usingtheformula,theequivalentpercentagechangeis -10-ro*(-to)J(-to)
100
=-20+t=-l9yo.

Arithmetic L3
One would go wrong if one assumes both the decreases as 10o/o and considering that positiueiii$i ffi.?-jentr u
a
decrease. In that case the answer would be l0+10.1# =20+1=2lYo and it would be wrong. So always work
with a percentage decrease as negative and percentage increase as positive"

Exercise l-.6:
l. Find the net percentage change corresponding to successive percentage changes ofi
i.+200 &.+10% ii. +20% & *10% iii. -12% & -8%
iv. +10o/o & -10% v. +20o/o &. -20% vi. -25Yo & +25oA
vii:+12.5Yo &-llJl% viii.-12.5% &+14.28oh ix. -16.66Yo & +10%
x.20o/o,25% & 16.66% xi. -8.33% & 2727% xii. +12.5o/o & -12.5o/o
2. Ifboth the length and the breadth ofa rectangle increases by 15%o, by what percent does the area ofthe rectangle
increase by?
J. Prices of a commodity decreased by l0% and hence the quantity sold by a trader increased by 8.33%. By what
percent does the trader's income increase or decrease?
4. While preparing the price tag, instead of increasing the prices by 12.5oh, a shopkeeper absentmindedly decreased
the prices by 12.5%. Find the percentage difference in the price on the tag compared to what should have been
the price tag.

Arithmetic 1,4
 2. Profit, Loss and Discount
2.1 Basic Terms of Profit/Loss
The topic Profit, Loss and Discount is a straightforward application of Percentages. There is very little new matter that
one would study.

Selling Price:
In most of the problems there would be a trader who sells goods to customer. The piice at which the trader sells the
goods is called the Selling Price (SP, in short).
' Cost Price:
The trader would either be purchasing the good from else-where or manufacturing it. In either of the case he would be
incurring a cost. This is called his Cost Price (CP, in short)
Profit/Loss:
To find if the trade has resulted in a profit or loss, we would always consider the difference SP - CP.
If the SP is greater than the CP, as usually is the case, the difference is positive and we say that the trader has earned
a Profit.

If the SP is less than the CP, the difference is negative and we say the trader has incurred a Loss.

Profit or Loss : SP - CP , if positive, it's Profit,. if negative it's Loss

Profitiloss Percentage :
Consider you have the option of dealing in either of two productsl or B. Each unit ofl
traded results in a profit of Rs.
200 and each unit of B results in a profit of Rs. 100. Which one would you want to deal in?

If your answer is productl as it results in more profit, read the following very carefully and understand the concept of
, a 'Profit Percentage'. Its imporlant that you really understand how to make financial sense of a deal, because the
answer, l, is wrong. Nor does this mean deal in B. Read on...

On first thoughts product I appear lucrative as it results into higher profits. But this is not so always.

Let's say that you have Rs. 1000 with you to purchase either of the products you choose to deal in. Also consider
productl costs you Rs. 500 and product B costs you Rs. 200.
If you choose to deal in productl, with the money you have, you could have bought and sold two units of A andit
would result into a profit of Rs. 400 after having incurred a total cost of Rs. 1000.
Alternately, had you chosen to deal in product,B, with the money you have, you could have bought and sold five units of
B and it would result into a profit of Rs. 500 after having incurred a total cost of Rs. 1000.
Thus product B would have been better with the assumed costs. Understand that product B is better off only with the
assumed costs. At some other costs of I
and B, product I
could probably be better off.
Thus the answer to the question 'which product would you deal in?' is that it would depend on the costs.

To compare two products, you do not look at the amount of profit each product giveS but at the amount of profit per
unit of cost. With the above assumed values, productl gives a profit of Rs. 200 for every Rs. 500 i.e. Rs. 40 per Rs.
100 of investment, whereas product B gives a profit of Rs. 100 for every Rs. 200 i.e. Rs. 50 per Rs. 100 of investment.

Thus to compare two products we have to compare the profit per unit of cost i... . This figure is usually
+*
expressed in percentage terms i.e. profit per Rs. 100 of cost. This is termed as Profit Percentage. Thus,

Profit
Profit Percentage = Cip.
xl00

Arithmetic 15
The same expression is used in the case of Loss Percentage as well. It's just that Profit in that case will be negative
and the profit percentage will also be negative.

Profit is always expressed as a percentage of CP" Thus to find the Profit Percentage, the CP (andNOT the Sp) will be
the base.
E.g.1:FindtheprofitpercentageiftheCfisRs.450andtheSPisRs.500
Obviously the profit: ^SP * CP: 500 - 450 : 50.

Profit Percentun.: 9x100 : Jl *1g9=1x100 :ll.lloh

" c.P. 450 9

E.g. 2: A trader purchases a good at Rs. 500 and is forced to sell it at Rs. 450. Find his profit percentage.
In this case there is a loss i.e. Profit : 450 - 500 : -50

Profit percentage:
-1' t00: -10%
,O
E.g. 3: Amit sells his watch for Rs. 200 for a profit of 20o/o. At what price did Amit purchase the watch?
Please note that 20o/ois of the CP which is not known and it is NOT of 200. Thus
CP + 20% of CP :200
This is same as a20Yo increase in CP results in 200. Thus using percentage increase fundas learnt in the earlier
chapter, we have

6 ^^ l'n'- 6
-xCP =200 . Please recall that a20%oi.e. - increase is equivalent to multiplying
---"--r-J --^o the ---.^^--- by
---- number -J i5
5 5

.'. cP =]!9q = t66.66

6

E.g. 4: Rohit sells his watch at a profit of l2.5Yo and in the bargain makes a profit of Rs.15. Find the Cp andSp of the
watch.

'
Again 12.5%is of the CP andthis amount is equal to Rs. 15. Since 12.5% in fraction terml;rs
lh
g ,wehave

1'h
-8"of CP =15
.'. CP =120
.'. SP = 120 + 15 = 135

E.g. 5: Ramesh sells his watch for Rs. 100 and makes a loss of Rs. 10. Find ttre loss percentage.
These easy questions are given just to rub in the fact that Proht or Loss percentage is always of CP andnot SP. Thus
in this questions 10% loss is wrong answer as 10 ii found as a percentage of 100, which is the SP and not Cp.
cP:100 + 10= 110

Thus Loss percentage : *, fiO =9.09%

110

Margin:
Sometimes the profit is expressed as a percentage of ,SP. This percentage figure is called the Margin. Thus,

Profit
Margin: x100.
"o
Arithmetic t6
E.g. 6: If the profit percentage is 6.66oh, find the margin percentage.

6.66% i.e.
-15 is of the CP, so its best to assume the CP: 15. Hence profit : ;l) bf 15:1 and Sp : 16. And now

margin percentage tr
t. percentages
expressed in is equal to 6.25%o.
G,
E.g. 7: If the margin percentage is -37 .5%o, find the profit percentage.
In this question, 115% is that of SP and NOT CP and further since it is negative it is a case of a loss. Since 37.5% is

:3'', lets assume the to be 8 and hence nrofit : -i 3'oof 8 = -3 and the CP : 11. Hence the profit percentage is -3
^SP
-11
i.e. -zfztN.
Exercise 2.l-:
1. Ifthe cost price is 25o/oless than the selling price, find the profit percentage.
2. When an article is sold at Rs. 100 more, instead of incurring a loss of 7%o, a profit of 13%o is gained. Find the cost
price of the article.

3. An article sold at Rs. 423 results in a loss of l0%. What should be the selling price to result in a profit of l0o/o?
4. A man gains 10o/o when he sells the article at a certain price. Find his profit percentage if he increases the selling
price by 50%.

5. Profit earned by selling an afticle at 1060 is 20oh more than the loss incurred by selling the article for Rs. 950. Find
the cost price ofthe article.
6. A shop-keeper sells an article at a loss of 5o/o. Had he sold it for Rs. 35 more, he would have made a profit of
15%. Find the cost price of the arlicle.

2.2. Shndard problems on Profit and Loss:

2.2,i. Chain of sale and purchase

E.g. 8: A manufacturer sells to the wholesaler at a profit of 20%. The wholesaler sells to the dealer at a profit of
12.5%. The dealer sells to a retailer at a profit of l0% and the retailer to the custom er at a profit of 6.66%. If the cost
of manufacturing the product for the manufacturer was Rs. 625,find the price paid by the customer.
All the profit percentages given are nothing by successive percentage increases on the cost of manufacturing. Thus the

final price paid by the customer is 625 x9':,. + " ! =oso

5 8 l0 15 .

E.g. 9: A manufacturer sells to the wholesaler at a profit of 16.66%. The wholesaler sells to the dealer at a profit of
9 .09%. The dealer sells to a retailer at a profit of 10Yo and the retailer to the custom er at a profit of 14.28oh. If the

customer paid Rs. 468 for the afticle, find the cost of manufacturing the product incurred by the manufacturer.

In this question the final price is given and the base price, cost of manufacturing is not known. Thus if the cost of
manufacturing is assumed to be x, we get

XX712138
x x-x:=468
6 11 12 7
.'. x =297

Arithmetic 77
 2.2.ii. Cost and Price given as number of articles per Rupee.
E.g. 1O: If the selling price of 10 articles is equal to the cost price of 9 arlicles, find the profit or loss percentage.
Let the ,SP of 10 articles : CP of 9 articles - Rs. k

: n.. I and CPof I articl k

.'. SP of 1 arlicle
lU e:Rs.
n

k
_k 9k-10k
gxloo=
Thus profit percentage : 1o_k "'"" - 9'0,.100=9-10*loo=_10%
k -"" 10

To avoid all work involving fractions, a simple technique is to make use of LCM as follows:

Let the SP of 10 articles : CP of 9 articles: Rs. 10 x 9 say

.'. ,SP of I article : Rs. 9 and CP of I arlicle : Rs. 10
9-10
Thus profit: -, x 100:-10%

Alternately, one can also work in the following way, avoiding use of LCM and yet not get involved into working with
fractions.

: SP-CP
Profit percentage x I 00 can also be considered as
Cp
'
profit percenrage :
('E
r), roo
ICf - )

Thus, once we get,SP of I article: Rt. and CPof I article : Rr. , we can work on following lines:
* f
(*, \
I 7lp -r I, roo :( 2 -r), roo = -1* 100 = -r0%
Profitpercentage: I I
\,s J t'o ) t0---
The above technique is very useful in a lot ofsituations and should be practiced actively. To repeatthe expressions...

(sp
: | /-"-l \lx 100 sn6 this can also be re-aranged to
Profit percentage
\Lr )
!lcP=[,*11)
[100/

E.g. 11: rf the cP of 16 articles : ,SP of l5 articles, find the profit or loss percentage.
By the use of the LCM technique learnt above, CP of 1 article : Rs. 15 and SP of I article : Rs. 16. Thus profit
1
percentage: i... 6.66%
15

Arithmetic 1B
 E.g. 12: By selling 12 articles,Naveen managed to make a profit equal to rhe sp or:Eili&']Tfia fr"i;
SP ofJ2 articles - CP of 12 articles : Sp of 3 articles
SP of 9 articles: CP of l2 arlicles

(% .) (+
\
Usingthetechniquejustlearnt"profitpercentue.: li-l
-\/tz) lxl00=l;-t lxl00:33.33%
"t
Alternately using the LCM approach, SP of 1 article : Rs. 12 and, CP of I article : Rs. 9 and profit percentage
12-9 1

-n "100=:x100=3333%
E.g. 13: A person buys 12 oranges in a rupee. How many should he sell in a rupee so that he earns a profit of 20%?

CP of I orange:
"t2 nr. ]

SP of 1 orange: Rr. x 1.2:R..

; *
Thus 10 oranges have to be sold in I Re.
E.g. 14: A person buys 12 oranges for 5 Rs. How many oranges should he sell for Rs. 4 such that he makes a profit of
6.66%?

( P of I orange : Rr. 5
12'

sPof I oranse:R.. :ns. anoinRs4heshourd

; " lf f, sett
fii.e.e oranges.

E.g. 15: A person buys oranges at the rate of 5 for Rs. 2 and ,.U. ,Jnr at a rate of 7 for Rs. 3. Find the profit or loss
percentage.

,SP of I orange : *r. 32and CP of I orange : *r.

i i
Now rather than using P%: !I#x 100, use ," = r)" roo to avoid too much work with fractions.
(#-
(tl_ ) ,,. \ .
:l +- I lxl00=[ l5 -t ]x100=]*100
Thus profit percentage
l/t I t'o ) t+ =7.l4Yo
2.2.iii: Questions involving two or more lots
E.g. 16: A trader sold one third of his stocks at a profit percentage of l0% and the rest at a profit percentage of 25%.
Find his overall profit percentage.

Considering cost of his stock Rs. 300, he sold goods costing Rs. 100 at a profit of l1%and goods costing Rs. 200 at a
profrt of 25Yo. Thus his overall profit is Rs.. l0 + Rs. 50 Rs. 60. :
jq
Thus his overall profitpercentage : *199 =20%o

Arithmetic 19
 tfiFctttCofp
P.*.']:1*'rpurchasedorangeSintwo1ots,oneatrateofRs.3perorange""offiffi.
He sold them at a rate of Rs. 4 per orange. Find his profit or loss percent if he purchases the same number of oranges
in the llryo lots.
Since he purchases the same number of oranges in both the lots, let him purchase 1 orange in each lot. Thus his cost :
Rs.3-Rs.5:Rs.8.
He now sells 2 oranges at the rate of Rs. 4 per orange. Thus he eams Rs. 8

Thus he neither makes a profit nor a loss.

E.g. 18: Ankur purchased oranges in two lots, one atrate of Rs. 3 per orange and other at rute of Rs. 5 per orange.
He sold them at a rate of Rs. 4 per orange. Find his profit or loss percent if he spends the same amount of rupees on
the two lots.

In this question, he is spending equal amounts on each lot. Thus let him spend Rs. 15 (the LCM of 3 and 5) on each lot.
Thus he has incuned ofcost ofRs. 30 and purchased 5 + 3 :
8 oranges.
He sells these 8 oranges at a rate of Rs. 4 per orange and eams Rs. 32.

Thus his profit percentage : x 100 = 6.66%

;
E.g. 19: Ankur purchased oranges in two lots, one at rateof 3 oranges for a rupee and other at rateof 5 oranges for a
Rupee. He sold them at arate of 4 oranges per Rupee. Find his profit or loss percent if he purchases the same number
of oranges in the two lots.
This and the following question differ from the earlier two in the sense that the rate is given as number of oranges per
rupee and not rupees per orange.

In this question, same number of oranges are purchased in each lot. First lot is of 3 oranges per rupee and second is of
, 5 oranges per rupee. Also the selling rate is of 4 oranges per rupee. Thus let him purchase the LCM of 3, 4 and 5
oranges in each lot i.e. 60 oranges in each lot. This would avoid all fractions.

So he purchases 120 oranges in all and incurs a cost ofRs. 20 + Rs. 12: Rs. 32.
He sells these 120 oranges, 4 to a rupee and thus earns Rs. 30. Thus it is a case of loss.

2
Loss percentage : x 100 = 6.250/o
-JZ
n.g. ankur purchased oranges in two lots, one atrateof3 oranges for a Rupee and other atrateof5 oranges for
ZO:
a Rupee. He sold them at arateof 4 oranges per Rupee. Find his profit or loss percent if he spends the same amount
of rupees on the two lots.
Let him spend I rupee on each lot. Thus he purchases 3 + 5:8 oranges after spending Rs. 2.
He sells the B oranges, 4 to a rupee and thus earns Rs. 2
So, it's a case of him not earning any profit nor losing any money. :
E,g.2l: Rohan buys two commodities for Rs.60000 each. He sells one at a profit of 20 o/o
and sells the other at a loss
of 20 %. Find his overall profit or loss percent and also the amount of profit or loss.
Since the CP of both the articles are the same,+20oh of 60,000 and-20oh of 60,000 will cancel out each other and he
will neither make any profit nor any loss.
8.g.22: Rohan sells two commodities for Rs. 19,8000 each. He sells one at a profit of l0 oh and sells the ottrer at a
loss of 10 %. Find his overall profit or loss percent and also the amount of profit or loss.

In case like this when the SP of two articles are the same and one is sold at a profit of x%o and other at a loss of xol0,

there wiuld always be a loss of lN

100

Arithmetic 20
 EdttGrr
Thus loss percent in this case
r = !^=rn
100

To calculate the amount of loss, we would have to find the cp of the articles. Thus,

c4'10 = l98oo L'p,:t8.ooo

'* = and

CPr*l=t98oo
"10 + cp, :22,ggg
Thus total cost: Rs. 18,000 + Rs. 22,000: Rs. 40,000 and
total eamings: Rs. 19,800 + Rs. 19,800 : Rs 39,600.
Thus loss : Rs. 400.
E.g. 23: Rohan sells two commodities for Rs. 12,000 each. He sells one for a profit.o f 20%o and other at a loss of
ll.1l%. Find his overall profit or loss percentage and also the amount of profit or loss.

cp,"9= t2ooo ('4 = ro,ooo

5 =
'9,,: = 12000 =+ C'P, :
CP, 13.500

Thus total cost: Rs. 23,500 and total eamings : Rs. 24,000.

Thus profit percentage : j*>< 100 = 2. I

23s00

2.2.iv. With changes in the CP and.SP

8.g.24: When the cost price of an article increases by 20%o, a shop-keeper also increases his selling price by 20%o.
Find the change in the profit percentage and also in the amount of profit.
rf {re or:ginal costprlce and elLing prj:ce w ereCP and ,SP respectively, the increased cost price and selling price would
be l.2CP and1.2SP.
The increased profit would be 1'2SP - |.2CP : 1.2(SP - CP) i.e. I .2 times the original profit. Thus the profit increases
by 20%.

_ Sp t.2x(,\p _Cp) _Cp

Buttheprofitpercentagewouldremainthesamebecause#=t
E.g. 25: When the cost of an article increases by Rs. 350, a trader increases his selling price by l0%. Because of
these changes his profit percentage decreases from20%oto 15o/o. Find the cost price of the article after the increase.

Let the original cost price of the article by CP . Since his original profit percentage was 20o/o, the original selling price
must have been 1.2 x CP.

" Cp) l.l.

Because of the changes, his new cost would be CP + 350 and the new selling price would be (1.2 x Since
the new cost and selling price yield a profit of 15%o, we have

1.2xCPxl.l
= l.l5
CP +350

.',l.2lxCP =l.l5xCP + 1.15x350

-
.'.0.7 xCP =1.15x350 =+ CP =515

Arithmetic 2T
 Exercise 2.2:
t
1. on selling 20 mts of cloth, a merchant realizes that he has made a loss equal to the selling price of 3 mts of cloth.
Find his loss in percentage terms.
2. If the cost price of 10 articles is equal to the selling price ofx articles, find the value ofx that will result in a profit
of 10%
3. A trader sells 10 articles for a rupee and manages a profit of 20%o. How many articles did he purchase in a
Rupee?

4. A trader purchases orange at the rate of I dozen for Rs. 5. How many oranges should he sell per Rupee such that
he makes a profit of a/o?

5. A trader buys 20 kgs of wheat at the rate of Rs. 6 per kg. He sells the wheat at the rate of 8 per kg. But, for a
regular customer his rate is Rs. 5 per kg. On selling the entire 20 kgs, he realizes he has not made iny profit or
loss. How many kgs were bought by regular customers?

6. A trader buys articles at the rate of 10 per rupee. He sells one third of the lot at the rate of 12 per rupee and the
rest at the rate of9 per rupee. Find his profit percentage.

7. Articles were bought at the rate of 6 for Rs. 5 and sold at the rate of 5 for Rs. 6. Find the profit perc'entage.
8. A shop-keeper sells two afiicles, each for Rs. 1958. If he sold one at a profit of lTyo and,the other at a loss of
10oh, ftnd the amount of profit or loss.

2.3 Mark-up and Discount

Since customers haggle for a discount, the usual practice is that shop-keeper's prepare the price tag that is higher than
the acceptable price at which the shop-keeper is willing to sell at. Then a discount is offered on the Marked piice
(MP), also called List Price and the arlicle is sold at a Selling Price lower than the Marked price. The profit is still
calculated based on the final Selling Price and the Cost Price. The associated terms are defined below:

Marked Price: This is the price that is marked on the price tag
Markup: The percentage by which the MP is higher than the CP. Thus mark-up percentage is a percentage of the
Cost Price.
Discount: It is usually expressed as a percentage and is a percentage of the Marked price.
The following diagram pictorially represents the above terms:

I)iscount-
explessed as a
percentage of:l11'
Malk-up zrmount,
erpressed as a
Selling Price
percentage of(?
exprcsserl as a
percentage of(-?

Arithmetic 22
 Let'sdenotemark-uppercentagebym%oanddiscountpercentagebyd%.r.,r'o,roHiffi.
fqEctttCorp
two successive percentage changes, first cP is increased by mo/oto result inthe Mp and-t-hen the Mp is decreased
by
do to)esult in the SP. And the net result of the mark-up and discount is the difference between the Cp and Sp i.e. the
profit percentage. Thus using the formula learnt for successive percentage changes in the chapter on percentages
we
say say that:

Profit percentage: *-a -ii!"t,

100

Alternately, if you have got accustomed to using the multiplying factor for a percentage increase or decrease (which is
recommended), the above relation can be expressed as:

cp * !Y\"(, -AY\ : sp. i.e.

'--1;- r00/ ( 100,
r
t ^(

(,*&\=(r.yZ)"(,-A)
\ loo/ \ 100, I t0o,
The later relation is more useful when the percentages bre more amenable to calculation using them as fraction
equivalents, as shown inthe following examples.
E-g.26: A trader marks-up his goods by 30% and then offers a discount of 10%. Find the net profit or loss percentage
that he makes.

Using Profit percentage : m - d -# oh

we have

: 30x10
Profit percentage 30-10- :fi%
100

E.g.27z A trader marks-up his goods by 27.27% and then offers a discount of 8.33%. Find his profit percentage.

while this question can also be solved using 27.27 -8.22 -27'Tl'g'sz, it will be quite cumbersome unless you use the
100
fraction equivalent of the percentages.
A simpler way is to use the multiplying factors, as follows:

increoe of decrease of
2t.27% i.e. 3rl, 8.33 i.e.
/r,
CPx 14 * 11 =sp
\--/- 11 t2
Maked Price

CPx 1 =Sp
.6
t.e. ?
tncte6e ol^
l[;" rc.eaN

Thus profit percentage is l6.66Yo

Ifthe above seems difficult, go back to the topic ofpercentage increase and decrease in the chapter on percentages

.
#) =(,. #)"
and learn the concept. It is very useful. In the worst-case scenario use rhe formula -
[t [t #)

Arithmetic 23
 Thus,
EdtrGrr
\|.4roo i \ -lr]
( 4\'1,, *1)"(, x, -7
rooJ=[,\. rr; 1'-a)
tz)=t4|"12 6

t*4=Z
r00 6 = ryo=lx100: -t6.66%
6 .

E.g. 28: Inspite of giving a discount of 9.09%o, a trader made a profit of rl.ll%. By what percentage did he mark-up
his goods?

(.
ll+- lo
m%\lx_-_ ro
[ 100, ll e

(t.YA\=.!-! *yo=?xloo=
( r00/ e = e --- 22.22%

Exercise 2.3:
1. A25% discount offer results into a saving of Rs. 37. Find the selling price of the article.

2. A trader gives two successive discounts of 20% and.l0%. What is the equivalent discount that he is offering?
3. A scheme of I soap free with every 4 soaps purchased is launched for increasing the sales. What is the effective
discount that the scheme offers?
4. As a sales incentive, which of the following two schemes should a shampoo manufacturer prefer
over the other?
I: Offer to give 25%o more quantity for the same price;
II:A discount of 25% on the price.
5. What should be the mark-up percentage if a trader wishes to make a profit of lyyo inspite of a discount of g.33%
6. Find the ratio of the marked prices of two articles whose selling prices are same after they are sold
at a discount
of 12.5% and9.09Yo respectively.

2.4.Rigged Balances and faulty weights

Unscrupulous traders, in addition to selling at a price higher than his cost price (which is not why he
is unscrupulous),
also cheats on the volume by using a rigged scale or weight. Thus increasing his profits further.
- This section here deals
with finding the profit percentage because of rigged balances or faulty weights.
8,g,29: A trader sells at the same rate at which he purchase his goods. However he uses a balance which reads 1000
, gms for 900 gms. Find his profit percentage.

The crucial statement to understand is 'reads 900 gms for 1000 gms'. This means that when goods
weighing 900 gms
are kept, the balance will show a reading of 1000 gms. Thus the customer will pay for 1000 gms,
as the-balince is
showing that, but will receive only 900 gms. Thus the cost to the trader is for 9b0 gms only. Lets
say the rate at which
the trader purchases and sells is Rs. x per kg.

Thus earnings of the trader: 1000 gms x x: 1000x and

cost to the trader: 900 gms x x : 900x.

I 000I: 900x
Thus profit percentage - 900x
x 1 00 = 1 x I 00 = | l.t t%
9

Arithmetic 24
 percentage"
t
This question is also similar to the earlier question in the sense that the customer pays
for 1 kg but receives only 900
gms of goods' Additionally there is also a mark-up that the trader applies
i.e. his rate of selling is 10% more than his
rate of purchase' Thus if he buys goods at the rate of Rs. x per gm, he sells goods
at the rate of Rs. I . I xx per
gm.Thus,

earnings ofthe trader : 1000 gms x 1.lx : I 100x, and

cost of the trader: 900 gms x x : 900x"

2
Thus profit percentage : i.e.22.22%o
9

E.g. 31: In summers, all metallic meter scales expand by l0%. Find the profit that a cloth
he uses a metallic meter scale to measure cloth and if he sells at a mark-up of l1yo.
trader makes in summers if
A meter scale is 100 cms in length in its true state. In summers it expands and will measure
l l0 cms but it is still a
meter scale i.e. its readings will not change and thus the price charged for will only
be for I mt i.e. 100 cms. Thus if the
rate at which the cloth trader purchases his goods is Rs. x per cm,

earningsoftheclothtrader:100cmsx1'1x:110x,and
cost to the cloth trader : 1 10 cms x x : 1 10x.

Thus it's the case of no profit no loss.

E.g. 32: A milk-man mixes water equal to 16.66% of the milk that he has. Further he sells
at a mark-up of 20%.Find
his profit percentage, if water is available free of cost.

Lets assume that the milk man has 6 lts of milk. Thus his cost is limited to just 6 lts of milk.
But then he mixes 1 lt of
water to it and thus he would be earning by selling 7 lts of the diluted milk. If the rate atwhich
he purchases milk is Rs.
x per lt,
earnings of the milk-m an: 7 lts x 1.2x: Rs. 8.4x, and
cost to the milk-man: 6 lts x x: Rs. 6x.

Thus his profit percen ,ur":

"6 4xfi0 = 40%o
Exercise 2.4:
1' A milk-man sells milk after mixing water to it to such a extent that water accounts for 2vo/oof the
mixture. If he
sells at a mark-up rate of l\Yo, find his actual profit percentage.

A shop-keeper purchases 12 dozen eggs. But I dozen ofthem are rotten and hence he has to throw
he sells the remaining at a mark-up of B.33oh, find his profit percentage.
them away. If
J. A shop-keeper, unaware that his balance reads 900 gms for 1000 gms, sells goods at a mark-up
of 21oh.Find his
actual profit percentage.
4. A shop-keeper purchases his goods from a wholesaler whose balance reads 1100 gms
for 1000 gms. The shop-
keeper then sells his wares after marking up the prices by 10%. Find his overall pint
o," loss percentage.
5. A trader uses a fauhy I kg weight such that even after selling his goods at a discounted price
of l1%ofhis rate of
purchase, he manages to make a profit of l\Yo. Find the actual weight that
the faulty I kg weight measures.

Arithmetic
25
 EdttGr>
3. simple Interest and compound Inteiest
3.1. Interest, Rate of Interest, Principal & Time period
When rp part with our money to keep it in the bank, the bank pays us an 'interest' to do so. Similarly when we
borrow money, we have to pay an 'interest'. The interest received or paid depends on three factors:
Principal (P): The amount of money that is loaned out or is borrowed is called the Principal. Interest would obviously
depend on the principal. Higher is the amount more is the interest and lower the amo.unt iesser is the interest.

Time Period (l): Again it should be obvious that if the money is loaned or borrowed for a longer time period, more
interest will be charged and for a shorter time period, lesser will be the interest.
Rate of Interest (r): There is a third factor which determines the Interest. This is the Rate of Interest, expressed as a
percentage. This is a pre-determined amount that the giver and the receiver agree to and it specifies the am-ount of
interest charged per Rs. 100 of the principal for a specified time period. Thus if the rate of interest agreed is 8% per
annum, it means that on every Rs. 100 of the principal amount, the interest will Rs. 8 per year.

Further, there are two ways in which an Interest can be'charged. For each of the year the money is borrowed/loaned,
lnterest could be charged just on the principal amount loaned/borrowed (as done in Simple Interest) or for each of the
year the interest could be charged on the amount outstanding i.e. principal amount and the accrued interest of the
previous years (as done in Compound Interest). These two methods are discussed in details in the following sections.

3.2. Simple Interest

In this method the interest charged per year is calculated only on the principal. What this means is that if Rs. 1000 will
be loaned/borrowed, the interest will be charged only on Rs. 1000 even in successive years.
Thus if the rate is per annum, then Simple Interest per year : r%o of P and thus we gst the following formula for SI,
which most of us are already acquainted with.

,r-Pxrxt
100

Amount returnable : Principal + SI

E.g. 1: IfA deposits Rs. 20,000 in a bank for 3 years at arate of l0o/o, What is the simple interest he will get at the
end ofthe period?

Here P : 20,000, r : l}o/o,t : 3 yrs

20000x10x3
Hence SI:
100

SI: Rs. 6000

E.g. 2: Sagar borows Rs. 50,000 from a bank for 5 years. What is the rate charged by the bank if after 5 years Sagar
had to pay Rs. 66,000 to the bank?

Here 66,000 is the total outstanding amount which is Principal + SI. Since principal is given as Rs. 50,000, we get SI:
66000 - 50000

Using the above formula we get,

50000xrx5
16000 = +r:6.40/o
100

Arithmetic 26
 E.g. 3: After how many years would an amount double itself at
EdttGt>
15%o rate of interest?
We don't have the principal here, we can denote it by P. If the amount doubles then obviously the SI
would be equal to
the principal.

_ Pxl5xt
So we have P =-
100

100
which sives
" 15

Sor:6.67years
E.g. 4: The rate of interest of a bank is 10%. Akash was taking a loan of a huge amount for one year so the bank
agreed to give him the loan at a rate of 8%. They reasoned that even with 8% they will get twice the interest that they
would have got had they given out a loan of Rs. 40,00,000 at 10o/o for a year. What is the amount ofAkash,s loan?
Here, first let's calculate the Interest accrued at a principal of Rs. 40,00,000 at l}yo interest for I year.

4000000x10x1
^S1
=
t00
,S1 = 400000

Since the interest they will get in Akash's case is double the interest they eamed in the above case, the interest will be
Rs. 8,00,000.

Now in Akash's case,

PxSx I
Booooo -
100

P = 10000000
HenceAkash will be taking a loan of Rs. 1,00,00,000

Exercise 3.1:
1. Ajay takes a loan of Rs. 30,000 from a bank for 8 years at 6.50/o rate of simple interest. He then loans out Rs.
20,000 for 8 years at 7 .5%o rate of simple interest. He could loan out the balance only at 5 .5%o for 8 years. In the
entire transaction, did Ajay make or lose money and how much?
2. Vijay took part of Rs. 10,000 loan at 4o/o
and the rest at 60/o.If he pays atotalinterest of Rs. 900 in two years,
find the amount taken on loan at 4%. The interest rate charged by the bank is Simple Interest.
The underworld don Chhota Pappu loans money to people at simple interest. He charges a certain rate of interest
for the first year. Next year he doubles the initial rate of interest on the amount. Third year he triples the initial rate
of interest and so on... A man took an amount of Rs. 9000 and after 3 yrs paid back an amount of Rs. 15000
back. What was the rate of interest in the first year?
4. I needed Rs. 1,20,000 to buy a Plasma TV and hence I borrowed Rs. 75,000 from Vani and the rest from Vivek.
Vani and Vivek charge me a rate of interest such that the interest amount payable to both of them is the same. If
in all I re-pay them a total of Rs. 1,50,000 at the end of 2 years, what is the rate of interest charged per annum by
the two?
5. At a cefiain rate of simple interest, a principal becomes three times in 15 years. In how many years will the
principal amount become nine times?

Arithmetic 27
 Edttct>
3.3. Compound Interest
In the case of Compound Interest, after a fixed time intervals (again pre-determined and agreed to by the giver and
receiver) the interest amount is calculated on the principal and this interest amount is added to the principaito
determine the current outstanding amount. Then during the next time interval, Interest is charged on the current
outstanding amount and not on the principdl. Again this interest is added to find the outstanding amount. This process is
continued for successive vears.

Explanation qf the above using a numeric example:

Consider a loan of Rs. 1000 is taken with compound interest being charged at a rate of l0%o p.a. Read the following
table row-wise.
Year Amount outstanding Interest charged this year Amount outstanding
at starl of this vear at end ofthe year
l't year 1000 l0%of 1000:100 1000+ 100:1100
2"d year, 1100 10o/oof 1100:110 l0: 1210
I 100 + I
3'd year 12t0 ljVo of 1210: l2l t2t0 + t2t: 1331
4'h year 133 l 10%of 1331:133.1 1331+133.1:1464.1

The formula to calculate CI is as follows:

/ --ot \l
- tP xl
nA = ^
1+' 'u I . l";" r^*,,r- gives
rnis formula ,,. the
^i.,-. us +L^ final outstanding
amount and NOT theCl
['' 100J
CI:A-P
E.g. 5: A bank charges a rate of interest of l0% compounded annually. What is the total amount to be paid on a loan
of Rs. 36000 for 2 yrs?
Here P: 36000, r: 10, t = 2
Usingthe above given formula:
/ \L
a

A=36000l r*-19 l
[ 100,
A = 43560

Hence total amount to be paid is Rs. 43560

E.g. 6: A man takes a loan of Rs. 1,00,000 for two years at compound interest. If he has to return Rs. 1,10,250, find
the rate ofinterest charged.
I :2
Using the formula we have 1,10,250 : 1 ,00,000 f r*-r- I
\ loo/
Doing this calculation and finding the square root is going to be a cumbersome process. The better altemative is to
make an educated guess and then confirm this by squaring as follows:
The man pays an interest of Rs. 10,250 on a principal of 1,00,000. Thus the interest paid in two years is a little over
l0%. A good guess would be that the interest rate per annum is 5%. Assuming it is 5oh and finding the square of 1.05
we see that 1.052 : I.1025.
Thus we can confirm that the interest rate was indeed 5%.

Arithmetic 2B
 E.g.7: Manu lends a sum of money to his friend at interest such that the amount
EdttGr>
triffi;?A'-d yfiil';ffi?l
compounded annually. In how many years would the amount payable back become 9 ti-., the sum loaned?
Here Amount becomes thrice the Principal.

So, A=3P

Putting in the formula for CI, we get v=r(r-#)'=(,.#)' -3

tl

The question requires us to find n when gp = p( t* t )" i.e. when l,*_t')' =9.
[ 100, \ 100,

We know that |,r*r)'=,

( lOoi
/ --\6
Squaring both sides, since we need a 9, we find that, = n.
[l. *o ,J
Thus the amount will become 9 times the principal in 6 years.

E.g. 8: A man loans out Rs' 50,000 at arate of B% simple interest for 2 years and another Rs. 50,000 at the
same rate
compounded annually for 2 years. Is there any difference in the two amounts he gels back after 2 yearc?

Lets first calculate the total amount in the case of Simple Interest

we know ,, - P xr xt
100

cr 50000x8x2
rx_-
100
,S1 = 8000

l=50000+8000
I = 58000

NoW lets calculate the total amount in the case of Compound Interest

t' ,"ol \l
vJrrr6" ' l.'I +'"
ljsinsI=pxl I

loor'
:
,q=soooo(t*a)'
I roo/

I = 50000 x 1.082 = 50000 x 11664= 58320

So' in the case of Simple Interest, Amount = Rs. 58000 and in the case of Compound Interest, Amount : Rs. 5g320
Hence there is a difference of Rs. 320 in the two amounts he gets back

Note: Population' Appreciation and Depreciation are generally calculated at compound rate of interest
unless otherwise
stated. In most of the other cases unless otherwise stated, we will assume simple rate of interest.

Arithmetic 29
 3.3.i. compound Interest as a case of successive percentage .ht;g;;
Rs. 1000 is kept in a bank at compound interest of l\'hp.a. The following diagram depicts the growth of money on a
year on year basis:

l0?'o inc
Yenr l: Rs. l{){}0 -------------} Rs. lI0fJ
t
10% inc
Year 2: Rs. 1100 Rs. 12l0
--------->
10% inc
Year 3: Rs. i2l0 Rs. 1333
---->

109i, irc
------------> Rs. ll00
IO%inc IlYoinc
Rs. 1000 Rs. 1210 Rs. 1333

lo
I()o/, P 11'1,y,,
= lt) + la ->'
+lo = 21o7,,
100

21" lo
2l% &. lo%r >2I+lo+ = 33.1%
100

The above representation should make it very clear that compound interest is a case of successive percentage
increases of rYo every year. This fact could be used effectively in certain situations as explained in
the follo'iing
example.

E.g. 9: What rate per annum of simple interest would yield the same amount as that got at compound interest rate of
20o/op.a. when the same principal is kept for three years in both the cases.

Using formula, the amount at2\o/o compound rate after 3 years is P x1.23. Finding 1.23 willbe slightly diffrcult.

Alternately, in compound interest the total percentage increase over the three years will be the net effect of 20yo &
20% &20o/oincrease. By now it should be apparent that20o/o &20% increase is equivalent to 44%oincrease.

Thus the net increase is- 20+ OO*20x44 =64+B.B=72.8

100

For the same percentage increase over three years in the case of simple interest, since each year we get the same

percentage increase, the rate should b" =24.233Yo per year.

ry

Arithmetic 30
 E.g. 10: The population of a city grows at arate of 12.5%per annum. If in 2006 popuili6'iiH?,tq5"d6;Ti,"#il",
its
its population in2003?

\. 9i)'
*( t*
Using formula, this question would transl v1s1s 729000 = where x is the population in year 2003.
,
100 ,

A 12.s%growth corresponds ro a multiplyins A"to, of .

f,

Thus. ' x"2e><2

888 =729ooo
Thus, x: 5,12,000.
This approach is better than finding (1.125)3

Exercise 3.2 :
1' What will the amount be after 3 years if I deposit Rs. 5000 in a bank which offers me a rate of interest of 5%.
2. The population of a city grows atarate of 5ohper annum. If in2006 its population is 1g52200, what.was its
population in 2004?

3. The properfy prices appre ciate at a rate of 7Yo per annum. I bought a house in the year
2003 which had cost me
Rs. 10,00,000 at that time. What will be its cost three years later?
4. I bought an Astra two years back. Its value depreciated by 9Yo every year. If atpresent its value is Rs. 5,7g,670,
at what cost had I bought it?

5. On investing Rs. 5000 in a bank, you will get back Rs. 5671 in 2 years. What is the compound
rate of interest?

3'3'ii. compound Interest as a case of Interest on Interest

In competitive exams there are many questions involving comparing simple interest and
compound interest in the first
two years or comparing the compound interest in two successive years. So let's look at this
more thoroughly:
Compound Interest in Successive Years:
In the case of compound interest the amount on which interest is calculated, keeps changing.
The first year, it is equal
to the principal, next year it is equal to principal plus last year's interest, in the y.ur uft.it6u"t,
interest ii calculatedon
principal plus the interest earned in the previous two years and so on. That is what we
mean by compound interest. The
interest gets compounded (added to the principal) every year. Every subsequent year,
the interest calculated for that
year, will be more than the interest calculated for the previous year because the amount
on which interest is calculated
would be more than the amount of the previous year.
Lets say a sum is kept at r0lo compound interest and after n years, the amount is A. .
Year Principal for the year Interest in the year Amount at end of year
n6 Not known Not known A
(n l)'n
+ A CI,: r%o of A 1A CI,
(n+2)tb A+cI. CI,*,: r%o of (A + CI,)
:rYoofA+r%oofCI
Difference between C1 in successive years:
We are interested in difference CI earned ih successive years i.e CI in (n+l)th year and CI in nth year.
From the table, CI,*, - CI,: r%o of CI,
Thus we see that the difference in Cl in two successive years is the interest on the interest
earned in the previous year.

Arithmetic
31
 EdcrGr>
Altemately, in any year, one would receive as much interest as eamed in the previous yeaiplUS one'w-riuiO irini
interest on the previous year's interest.

And this should be logical because the previous year's interest gets added to the amount at end of previous year.
Ratio of Compound Interest in successive years:
If the question deals with the ratio of compound interest in two years, using the above table we can hnd the ratio as:

CIn*r _?%of A)+r%of (r%of A) _t*%oo

CI, I (*n of ,e) I

Exerpise 3.3:
1. The CI eamed in the 7th year is Rs. 500. If the rate of interest is l5%o, find the compound interest eamed in the 8th
year.

2. The compound interest eatned in the 3'd and 4'h year is Rs. 450 and Rs. 500. Find the rate of interest.
3. At a compound interest rate of l0%o,the compound interest eamed in the 8th year is Rs. 484. Find the compound
interest eamed in the 6'h year.

4. If the rate of compound interest is 12.5o/o, find the ratio of compound interest earned inthe 24thyear and that
earned in the 25th year.

5. If the ratio of compound interest eamed in the nth and the (n+l)th year is 15 : 16, find the rate of interest.
Difference between SI and CI in first two years:
Year Simple Interest Compound Interest
I't year ro/o ofP Clr: ro/o of P

2"d year rYo of P CI, : CI, + rYo of CII

: roh of P + ro/o of (r%o of P)
:ro/nofP+ r
2

Yoof P
100

r2
Total in 2 years ) x (ro/o of P) 2x (rYo of P) + %oof P
100

:
Thus, Difference between SI and CI earned in first two years : L* o, ,
' 100

Ratio of CI and SI earned in first two years:

CI eamed in first 2 years 2x (r% of P) + r% of (r% of P) *

Si earned in first 2 years
- zx(r%of P) -, %OO
2

E.g. 11: What is the difference between SI and CI accrued in the 2"d year (only in 2nd year, not I 't and 2"d combined)
on a principal of Rs. I 000 at 8% interest?
We know that when compared to Simple Interest for 2"d year, Compound Interest for 2'd year has an additional

CI. xr Pxr prr2

component of
' --.100
Now we also know that CI, = . Hence the additional component tr
100 *
1000 x 82
So the difference is = 640

Arithmetic - 32
 Exercise 3.4:
Q\EdrrGoro
\r;;"*trcru e*omrE qREER

l ' The difference between the compound interest and simple interest on a certain
sum at l0o/o per annum for 2 years
is Rs. 631. Find the sum"

2' The difference between the compound interest and simple interest accrued on an amount
of Rs. I g,000 in 2 years
was Rs" 405" Find the rate of interest,
if it is same in the case of simple and compound interest.
3 ' I kept Rs. 20,000 at 5o/o :rate of simple interest for two years. Find the difference in interest
earned if I had kept
the samr amount for same years at same rate but at compound interest.
4. If the rate of interest in case of both compound and simple interest is 8.33%o,find the ratio of the compound
interest and simple interest earned in first 2 years on the same principal.
5" If the ratio of compound interest and simple interest eamed in the first two years at the same rate on the same
principal is 11 : 10, find the rate of interest.

3.3.iii. Non-annual compounding

Compounding means adding the interest accrued so far to the principal amount. This compounding
can be done after
any pre-determined time. In the above numeric example, the interest was added back to
the principal after each year.
Thus it is a case of 'annual compounding'.

It could also be decided to add the interest to the principal after each 6 months. This case then would be
a case of
'semi-annual compounding'. Please note that in this case the interest that is added would be found for
the 6 months
only.

Similarly we could have 'quafterly compoundin!' or'monthly compounding, also.

The formula we use for any of the above cases is the same A= P x(t. *\'
[ 100,
The only difference being that here r will be the rate of interest per period. If in a question, it is given that compounding
happens half yearly but r
is given as the rate per annum, then we will need to divide r by 2 to get half yearly rate
of
interest. Similarly for quarterly compounding, if r is given as the rate per annum, then we will
need to diviOe rby 4 to
get quarterly rate of interest. Also remember that I here is the number of time periods.
So if the interest is compounded
half yeatly, and number of years, n is given, the number of time periods will be equalto
ly7x.
Note: unless otherwise stated, compound interest will be compounded annually.

E.g. 12: if interest is accrued semi annually at l}Yoper annum, what will be the total amount at
the end of 2 years if
principal is Rs. 15000.
Since the interest is compounded semi annually and rate of interest is per annum, the semi annual
rate of interest will be
1o=5
2

Also I will be 2x2 = 4

So .4 = rsooolr *1)' =rrooo(2!)

- ---\zo =,rr'
\ loo / )
E.g. 13: if a bank offers two schemes (i) Annual compoundin g at 8% (ii) Semi annual compounding
at l2yo,which of
the two is a better scheme for depositors who want to deposit their money for one year?

Here no principal amount is given so lets assume that to be 100.

Arithmetic 33
 Case (i) In case of annual compounding r :8%o, t : l
Educr>
So r =,oo[,*a)' =,00"'ot =,0*
\lo0/ loo
case (ii) In case of Semi annual compounding,l2o/ofor I year would yield r : 6yo, t : z

So I ='tt(**)' =,00,.ffi =n2.36

Hence case (ii) of semi annual compounding is better for the depositors.

It should be obvious that people seeking loans would prefer Case (i) since they will need to pay less interest
at the end
of the year.

Arithmetic
34
 EdttGt>
4. Ratio, Proportion & Variation
4.1. Ratios
Ratios are used to compare two quantities. They give the relative 'size' of the two quantities.

Thus, the rati a: b is simpty

f,.
E.g. 1: What is the ratio of I hr 20 mins and 50 minutes?
When a ratio is to be found, both quantities must be in the same units. I tE 20 minutes is B0 mins. Thus the required
80 mins 8 .
ratio is -- mlns=:5 f.e.8:5
- )u

4,1-.i, From Ratios to Actual Values

When a ratio is given, we do not know the actual values of the underlying quantities. All we know
is the relative size.
Let's say, the ratio of the number of boys and girls in a class is 4 : 3. From this data we cannot arrive
at the actual
the number of boys 4
number of boys and girls in the class. It just tells us that = Thus, the actual values of the
th*rrn'b"r-i gtrl, J.
number of boys and girls in the class could be 4k and 3fr respectively, where fr could take any real number
and is called
the constant of proportionality. (In this case fr could only be natural number as the numbe, oiboy,
and girls can only be
natural numbers).

To, find the actual number of boys and girls, some data about the actual number of boys and girls
has to be given. This
could be any data e.g. total number of boys and girls, difference between the number tf Uoy.
and girls, difference
between 5 times the number of boys and 6 times the number of girls, etc. Using 4k and, 3k as thenumber
of boys and
girls and forming an equation as per the actual value given, one can find the vaiue of k
and,thus of 4f and3k.
8.g.2: If the ratio of boys and girls in a class is 4 : 3 and the total number of students in the class is g4. find the
number of boys and girls.

Assuming the number of boys and girls to be 4k and 3k, we have

4k+ 3k:84
= k: t2
Thus the number of boys and girls is 48 and 36 respectively.

The above should be just visualized as follows:

Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total

Ratio Scale 4 3 7 437
v
l' t, l',t l'.,t l,n
VVV
Actual value B4 ??84

Arithmetic 35
 rIgN ER YouR EoRPouG cmEEF
E.g. 3: The time taken byA and B to reach their office from home is in the
than A to reach office, find the time taken by each of them to reach office.
ratio z , ili takes 18 minutes more

Time taken Time taken Diff in

by A byB time taken
Ratio Scale 7r03
t
Actual vah.re
tI'e
? 18

Thus time taken byA :7 x 6: 42 minutes and time taken by B : l0 x 6 : 60 minutes.

E.g. 4: The ratio of the marks obtained by Ram and Shyam in their exams is 5 : 6. If five
times the marks obtained by
Ram is 12 more than thrice the marks obtained by Shyam, find the difference in their
marks.

Rarn's marks Shyam's marks ' 5r _ 3s Diffin

say r say,r marks
RatioScale 5 7 4 2
1",
Actual value i, 1

Thus thp difference in the marks is 2 x 3: 6 marks. Thus you need not find the actual marks of Ram and Shyam and
can directly find the difference.

E.g. 5: Divide Rs. 72 in the ratio 2 :3 : 4.

Sum
Ratio Scale 2 9

l,s
v
Actual value ? 2 72

E.g. 6: Three numbers are in the ratio 2 :3 : 4 and the sum of the squares of the numbers is 464. Find the sum of the
numbers.

Surn of sqllares Sum of numbers

Ratio Scale 2 29 9
I

lx16
I

v
l> 4
v
Actual value 464 .l

, Arithmetic
36
 4.t.ii. Standard Questions on Ratios
E.g. 7: The ratio of the income and expenditure ofAmit and Sumit are 5 : g
and I I : 9. IfAmit and Sumit save Rs"
7900 and Rs. 2 100 respectively, find their incomes.
In this question there are two ratios given. We would have to use two different
constant of proportionality for the two
ratios.

Thus assuming thC income of Amit and Sumit as 5fr and 8fr and assuming the expenditure
have the following two equations:
of the two as lln and 9n, we

5k - lllc: 7900 and

Bk-10n=2100
Solving the two equations simultaneously and eliminating n we get,
50k- lljn: 79000
88k - lljn: 23 1 000

we get 3Bk:152000 > k:4000.

Thus the incomes ofAmit and Sumit are 5 x 4000:20,000 and g x 4000 : 32,000 respectively.
E.g. 8: The ratio of the present ages of a father and a son is g : l. Eight years hence, the ratio would be 10 : 3. What is
the present age ofthe father?
Assuming the present ages of the fatlrer and son to be 8k and f respectively, the ages after g years will be gfr + g and
tr + 8. Thus we have,

8fr+8 l0
k+8 3
.'.24k + 24 =l\k +80
.' .14k = 56
.'.k=4
Thus present age of father is 8 x 4 : 32 yearc.
E.g. 9: If a : b is 3 : 4 and b :c is 5 : 6, find the ratio a : c.
a3 b5
-- ano -=-
b4c6

t.". I =1
D c =1"1
Multiplying the ratio together we get, 1*L 4 6"-'c I
E.g. 10: If a : bis 3 : 4 and b :cis 5 : 6, findthe ratio a : b : c
We see that 6 is common to the two ratios. Thus making b the same in the two ratios we can
club the two ratios into
one.

a 3 3X:5 :15.
:b= -4= -:45 =
20
i.e. a : b = 15 :20

b 5 5 4 20.
-c = -6=-x-
64 = -24 b : C = 20 :24
i.e.

Thus a : b: c: 15 :20:24

Arithmetic
37
 E.g. 11: If a : bis2 : 5, b : c is3 : 5 and c : dis5 : 4, findtheratio
a : b : c : d.
Educt>
a : b is2 : 5 whichis same as 6 : 15

b : c is 3 : 5 which is same as 15 :25.

Thusa:b:cise:15:25
Now c is common to a: b: c and c : d andthus making c equal in the two ratios,
c : d is 5 : 4 which is same as 25 :20.
Thus a : b : c: dis6: 15 :25 :20

4.1.iii. Use of Ratios in Partrership

Partnership is when two or more people join in by contributing money to fund
a venture. The profits realizedfrom the
venture after a specific period of time is distributed among the partners in the
ratio of their investments.
E'g' 12: Rahul and Rohit get in Rs' 4000 and Rs. 5000 to fund a new venture. In
what ratio should they divide the
profit of Rs. 1,80,000 earned at the end of the year?
The profit has to be divided among Rahul and Rohit in the ratio of their
investments i.e. 4 : 5

Rahul's Rohit's
share share Total
Ratio Scale 4 59
I
|
Y '10.000
Acflral value ? r 1,80,000

Thus Rahul's share: 4 x 20,000:80,000 and Rohit's share:5 x 20,000: 1,00,000.

When the investment and also the time period is different:
In cases of partnership when both the investment and the time period the amount
is invested are different for the
partners, the profit is shared in the ratio of their investments x time.

E'g' 13: A and B enter into a partnership with Rs. 8,000 and 15,000 respectively. AftLr
3 months C joins them by
investing Rs. 10,000. 4 months before the first year is completed, B quiti, taking
his invested amount back with him. In
what ratio should the profit of Rs. 2,55,000 earned in the first year be distributel
among the three?
A has invested 8,000 for 12 months
B has invested 15,000 for 8 months
C has invested 10,000 for 9 months.

Thus theprofit has to be distributed in the ratio of g x 12: 15 x g : l0 x 9 i.e. 16:20:15

A BCSum
Ratio Scale 16 20 15 5t
| * t.ooo
Y
Actual value ? I ? 2,55,A0A

A's share: 16 x 5,000:80,000, B's share :20 x 5,000 = 1,00,000, c,s share = l5 x 5,000 = 75,000
Arithmetic
3B
 Exercise 4.l_:
1' Find two numbers in the ratio 7 : 12 sothat the greater exceeds the
smaller bv 275.
2. If a:b is 3 :4, findrhe ratio(7a-4b):(3a+ b)
3. If (7x - 4y) : (3x +y) is 5 : 13, find the ratio of x andy.
t
a 3 x= 5
4. tf i= 3ax-by
and find rhe vatue of
o , 7. 4W* .

5. Divide 2220intheratio
]'+'*
6' The salary of Rahul and Priyanka are in the ratio of 6 : 5 whereas their
expenses are in the ratio 4 : 3. Find the
ratio of their saving?
7 ' The salary of Rahul and Priyanka are in the ratio of 6 : 5 and their expenses
are.also in the ratio 6 : 5. Find the
ratio oftheir saving?

8' when 5 is added to the numerator of a fraction and 4 is added to the denominator of the fraction,
the- -result is I
----" -- 4'
Find the original fraction.
9 ' Two numbers are in the ratio 3 : 4. rf 7 is subtracted from each of the numbers,
the remainders are in the ratio
2 : 3. Find the sum of the numbers.
10' The number of 1 Re, 50 paise and25 paise coins in a bag is in the ratio
3 : 4 : 5. If the bag has Rs. 300, find the
number of 50 paise coins.
11. lf a: b is 3 :4; b: cis 5 :3 and a:dis2:5,findtheratio of c: d.
12. rf (a + b) : (b + c) : (c + a) is 3 : 4 : 5 and, if a + b + c: l g, find the value of a x x
b c.
13' A and B enter into a partnership by contributing Rs. 1,00,000 and 1,50,000 respectively.
After 3 months C joins
them by contributing a capital of 2,00,000. 4 months before the end of the year
B quits taking his share of the
capital away with him. Because of this A adds another 50,000 of capital frbm
his ,i0.. at the end of the year the
partnership makes a profit of Rs. 1,65,000. What will be the difference
between C,s share andA,s share of the
profit?
14' Two cylinders are such that the ratio of the radii of their base is 3 : 4 and the
ratio of their heights are 4 : 3. Find
the ratio of their volumes. (Volume of a cylinder : n fh)
15. The total income ofA, B and C is Rs. 80,000. Their expenditure are Rs. 8,000, Rs.
12,000 and Rs. 15,000
respectively. If their savings are in the ratio of 2 : 3 : 4, find their incomes.

Arithmetic
39
 4.2. Proportions

If two ratio are equal, , tn"n e, b, c, d

'uy t =] and, aresaid to be in proportion. The same relation is also
expressed
as a: b :: c : d. In this case q and d are called the extremes and b and c are called the means.
Continued Propor[ion

rfa, b andc ateincontinued proportion, we would nave

f,=! "rnthis case b2: a xc. Here 6 is called the mean
proportional between a and c"
4.2.i. Operations on Proporlions

lf we have ,then each of the following also is true:

;=*
bd
o
=- (lnvertendo)

ab
- =; (Alternendo)

a+b c+d
t = f (Componendo, this is obtained by adding I to both sides of original
equality)

a-b c-d
(Dividendo, this is obtained by subtracting I to both sides of original
b =I equality)

a+b c+d
= (Componendo and Dividendo, obtained by dividing the above
two equalities)
o-b - ,r
"
All ofthese have very limited applications. Componendo and Dividendo can be used
ilr the following situation:

4q+5b
lJ: lf-
7
E.g.
4r_5b=E,finda:b
Performing componendo and dividendo, we have

(qa+sb)+(qa-sb)_j +5
(aa+sb)-(qo-sb)- ,1

8a l2
10b 2

a15
b2
One could also have found this out by cross rnultiplying.

Law of Equal Ratios

a c € o+c+e....-.
rf b= d=7 =""", thenthe ratio
6a4 a J*. is also equalto each ofthe above ratio

Arithmetic
40
 EduGr>
a+c
E.g. 15: ,t;=]=!,n a the ratro :-----
b+d "

; = ; = ffi =:
By using the property explained earlier,

The above property can also be expanded to a more generic case as follows:

qce
Tf-=-=-=...... .,4
. tnen
Da.l

k,xa+k,*c+krxe......
theratioffiisalsoequaltoeachoftheaboveratio,wherek,,k,andfr,couldbeanyreal
numbers.

ace4 2a+3c-e
E.g. 16: tf b=A= j=l , find the ratio
tb+3d J.

By using the property explained earlier,

2a+3c-e 4
= =
t ; ; 2b+3d-f s

lf_^a
c 4 a'-ct
E.g.17: ; =-
D
=;,
d J
find the ratio :.---.
b'_d"

QC 4 a' c' e'-c' 42 rc

bd 5 b,=-=
d, br_d, 52 25

E.g. 18: ,t
1=;=:,find rhe ,ut o
ffi
Assuming a: c : 4 and b : d: S and then finding the ratio

4a-3c 4x4-3x4= 16-12 4

5b+4d: 5,<5+4-5 25+20=* wouldbewrong,becausewithadifferentsetofvalues of a,b,canddwe
would get a different answer, as follows:
Thevalues a:4,b:5andc:8and d:l}alsosatisf thegivencondition.Butinthiscase,

4a-3c: 4x4-3x8= 16-24 -8

5b+4d 5x5+4xlo 25]/io= 6s

Withouiassuming values, t: :" b and c : a. Substituting these, we get

!"

4n-7r 4,(!*b\-3*(!,d)
5b+4d ffi= zst*zoa
rwruoepenoontheva

answer to this question is that there is no uriique value for the required ratio
or cann<it be determined.

Arithmetic
4I
 EduCr>
ahc
If, =;,find
J ;4 6.
;=
E.g. 19: the ratio of a : b : c.

Many students in this case take the LCM of 3,4,and 6 i.e. 12 andmultiply
each ratio by the LCM and get the answer

as 4 :3 : 2. Please understand that this is a wrong answer. Had the ratio a: 6 : c been equal to we could have
multiplied by 12 to get rid of the fractions and then express the ratio as 4 :3 :2.
:,:,+,
I I I I b c--.
Thedata..ratioofa:b: c is , and the
,a =;=;',
data,,f is different.
, 4, 6"
_qbc
Let
J= 4=e=
k,say. Thusa:3k,b:4kandc:6k i.e. the ratioa:b: cis3:4:6.

Exercise 4.2:
1
' What number must be subtracted from each of 7 , 8, 1 I and 14, so that the remainders are proportional?
2' What number must be added to each of 13,25 and"45 such that the results are in continued proportioh?
3' All the 585 students of a school are divided into three different groups such that the half
the number of students in
first group, one-third the number of students in second gtoup utrd one-fourth the
number of students in third group
are equal. Find the number of students in each group.

4. rf 34 = 48 : 5C : 6D and A + B + C + D 1026,find the values of A, B, C and D.

=
abc
5. If x_y=
ur=;,findthevalueofa +b+c.

Arithmetic
42
 EduGt>
4.3"Variation

4.3.i. Direct Variation

Two variables, x and y, are said to vary directly if when one of them increases
(or decreases), the other also increases
(or decreases) proportionally"
The wotd 'proportionally' is important here. If one of them doubles, the
other should also double; if one of them
becomes one-third, the other should also become one-third.

E'g' Speed and Drstance covered in I hr behave in the above manner. Consider I
cover a certain distance at a certain
speed. If the speeddoubles, the distance covered also doubles and if the speed
becomes one-third, the distance
covered also becomes one-third"
Mathematically, the above is represented as,

*'"
Iftheratio, isconstantforallinstances of(x,y),thenx andyarevarydirectlyanditisrepresented
zsx d y.

The cost of a picnic is Rs. 2,500 if 6 people go for the picnic and is Rs. 3,750
if 9 people go for the picnic. Do the cost
of the picnic and the number of people going vary directly?

lhe two ratios

. 2500and 3750
are both equal and thus the cost of picnic varies directly with the number
U ; of people
going for the picnic.

Consider two variables x and y that vary directly. If the variable x assumes different
values, say x' x, xr, ...o the
variable y will also change and let's say it assume s
!t, !2, !2,... values correspondingly. Since the iwo viriables vary
directly we would t uu" = +: !! :
Ihlzlt
E'g' 20:. If 6 carpenters can build 14 chairs in a week, how many chairs can I 5 carpenters build in a
week?
More carpenters would imply more chairs and that too proportionally. Thus number
<jf chairs build and number of
carpenters vary directly

t4?
Thus,
7 =; and thus 15 carpenters will build 35 chairs in a week.

4.3.ii. Inverse Variation:

Two variable s, x and y, are said to vary inversely if when one of them increases (or
decreases), the other decreases (or
increases) proportionally.

Thus, if one ofthem doubles, the other should halve; if one ofthem becomes one-third,
the other should become thrice.
E'g' Speed and Time taken to cover a certain distance behave in the above manner.
Consider I take a certain time to
go from home to office at a cettain speed. If the speed doubles, the time
taken will halve and if the speed becomes
one-third, the time taken would become thrice.

Mathematically, the above is represented as,

Ifthe produc tx x ! is constant for all instances of(x, y),x andyvary inversely and.it is represente dur* o !.
v
ThecostofapicnicperheadisRs. l50ifSpeoplegoforthepicnicandisRs. l20if l0peoplegoforthepicnic.Do
the cost of the picnic per head and the number of people going vary inversely?

Arithmetic
43
 The two products 150 x 8 and,120 x l0 are both equal and thus the \TIqN FOR YOUF EOiPOMTE CAREEi

number ofpeople going forthe picnic.

cost of picnic p.f,iff oes vary inversely with the

consider two variable s x and y which vary inversely. As the variable x

variable y
assumes different values,
will also change and let's say it assume s lp !2, !3, ".. values correspondingly. Since
say x' x2, x3, .. ., the
the two va.iabies vary
inversely we would have x, x lt: xzx !,
; xrx h = ...
E.g. 21:-If 6 men can build a wall in l0 days, 15 men could build the wall in
how many days?
More men would imply less days and that too proporlionally. Thus number
of men and days taken to build the wall are
inversely proportioral.

Thus, 6 x 10 : 15 x ? and thus 15 men will build the wall in 4 davs"

4.3.iii. Joint Variation

consider the case when x o Iv undx a z.The two relation could be combined into orr" relation viz. U is a
constant for all instances ofvalues of (x, y, z)
E'g' 22: If 8 carpenters build 1 0 chairs in 12 will it take for 4 carpenters to build 15 chairs?
days, how many days
Denoting number of carpenters as n, number of days as d andnumber of chairs
as w (work), we have the followins
propoflionalities

. I nxd
n d w and n a ;.dwThus the ratio : will be a constant.

8x12 4x?
Thus,,o =
15 and the required answer can be found to be 36.
In such questions' rather than using the above method, using common sense to
check if the required quantity will be
more or less because of the variation in the other variables works much better.
E.g. In the above question we need to
find the number of days. So start with the number of days and then taking each oithe
other changing variable one at a
time, just spend a thought whether the number of days will increase or decrease
because of the chanlge. Accordingly
multiply the number of days with the ratio of the variable that are changing. Multiply
with a ratio greater than I if the
number of days has to increase and with the ratio less than I if the number of
days has to decrease.

12
"I4 * ll=rr
l0

Carpenter: 8 to 4. Chairs: l0 to 15.

Less carpenter more days,
=
So ratio > l. i.e. 814
More chairs => more days,
So ratio > l, i,e. l5l10

Errata: [n the figure, answer should read as 36 and not lg.

Arithmetic
44
 E.g.23:Agarrisonhasenoughfoodtosustainits40menfor6monthsifeach*unH*.ffi.
reinforcement of 20 men join the garrison. For how long will the food
last now, if each man now consumes
!J v'rJ vvv gm
only 600
per day?

.2
6 x- x
3
-l
-=(r
2

Men : 40 to 60. Food/person: 900 to 600.

More mq1 + less days,
Less consumpt trlore days, .
So ratio < l. i.e. 416 or 23 =
So ratio > l, i.e. 916 or 3lZ

Thus the food will again last for 6 months.

Exercise 4.3:
1' If 10 weavers can weave 10 carpets in l0 days, 1 weaver can weave how many carpets in 1 day?
2' If 10 cows can eat 10 bags of grain in l0 days, how many days will it take for I cow to eat I bag of grain?
3' If 17 labourers can dig a ditch 34 m long ih 1B days, working 8 hours a day, how many more labourers should
be
engaged to dig a similar ditch 39 m long in 6 days, each labourer working'9
hours per day.
4' If 5 engines consume 6 metric tonnes of coal when each is running for 9 hours
a day, how many metric tonnes of
coal will be needed for 8 engines, each running 10 hours a day, given that
3 enginer ortrr. former type consume as
much as 4 engines of the latter type.
5' The rate of consumption of coal by a locomotive varies as the square
of the spepd and is 1000 kg per hour when
the speed is 60 km per hour. If the coal costs the railways Rs. I 5 per 100
tg *na if the other expenses are Rs. 12
per hour, find the cost (in Rs. per km) of running the locomotive
at a speed or+o m per hour.
6' The value of a silver coin varies directly as the square of its diameter,
when thickness is constant and varies
directly as its thickness when diameter remains constant. Two silver coins
have the diameters in the ratio 4 :3.
Find the ratio of the thickness if the value of the first coin is four times
the value of the second coin.
7 ' The value of a diamond varies directly as the square of its weight. If
a diamond falls and breaks into two pieces
with weights in the ratio 2 : 3, what is the loss percentage in the value?
8' The product of the cost per head and the number of people going for a picnic
is constant. When 20 more people
join in the cost per head decreases from Rs. 25 to Rs. 20. What witt
ue ttre decrease in cost per head if further 25
more peoplejoin in?

4.3.iv. Direct and Inverse Relation

In many applications, we do observe an increase in one variable because
of an increase in another, but the increases
may not be proporlional. E.g. say the cost of manufacturing 20 units is Rs.
5000 and the cost of manufacturing 30 units

is Rs. 6500. Thus, when the number of units to be manufactured increases 3

from 20 fo 30, i.e. becomes tinies, the
2

cost of manufacturing also increases from 5000 to 6500, but it does becomes J 5000
t
times. Alternately, the ratio, and

^
Arithmetic
45
 6500
are not equal and hence we cannot say that the manufacturing cost
30 and the number of units vary directly. But an
increase in number of units does increase the cost of manufacturing.
For this case of variation, the two variables are
called being'directly related,.
rf x and' y are two quantities which are directly related, the two quantities are related
where fr and k, are two constants.
by the equation x: yk + k,
Thus, if x denotes the cost of manufactu ring and y denotes the number
of units produced, as per the above data we
would have,

5000 : 20k + \and 6500 : 30k + kt.

Solving these two we can get k:150 and kt:2000.
Now if we need to find the cost of manufacturing 50 units, all we have to do is
u." th. following relation between cost
and number of units: x: 150y + 2000. Substituting y: 50, the cost of manufacturing
50 ,,nit, .un be found as 9500.
Understanding Direct Relation
while what was explained earlier was by using equations, we can understand direct
variation by logic as well and then
solve questions orally..
:
Consider the relation cost fr x (number of units) + fr,. Thus the total cost
can be considered to be made up of two
parts viz. 'fr x (number of units), and ,kr, .

'fr x (number of units)' is said to be the variable cost, variable because any increase
in number of units, increases the
cost' For every additional unit produced, the cost of manufacturing goes up
by Rs. fr. Hence it is called a variable cost.
on the contrary 'li
i| u fixed cost. Thus it gets added to the total cost but its contribution to the total cost is always
a
constantamounti.e.fr,'implyingitdoesnotdependonthenumberofunitsproduced.Hencen*.o.o'i'_'
When number of units produced are increased from 20 to 30, the cost of manufacturing
increases from Rs. 5000 to Rs.
6500' This increase comes about only from the variable cost. Thus when 10
additional rinits are produced, an additional
1500
cost ofRs. 1500 is incurred. Thus, the variat'
rle cost per unit tt 150. This is the value of
,o = 7,.

For 1 0 units, the total variable cost is Rs' 1500. Thus when the number of units
to produce increases from 30 to 50, an
additional cost of Rs. 1500 x 2 : Rs. 3000 will be incurred and thus the total cost :
will be Rs. 6500 + Rs. 3000 Rs.
9s00.

Consider another example:

E'g' 24: The cost of boarding is partly fixed and parlly directly proportional to the number
of boarders. When the
number of boarders is 75, the total cost is Rs. 675 and when the number of
boarders is 105, the cost is Rs. g40. Find
the cost if the number of boarders is 125.

Sincethecostispartlyfixedandpartlyvariable,anincreaseof30boarders(from75to 105)justincreasesthevariable
part. Thus the 30 additional boarders increases the cost by Rs. I 65.

We know that the cost of boarding is Rs. 840 when there are 105 boarders
and we need to find the cost when there
are 125 boarders i.e. an addition 20 join in.

Foranincreaseof30boarders,thecostincreasedbyRs. 165.Foranadditional20,thecostwouldincreaseby
20
x165=1 l0
30

Thus the cost of boarding when there are 125 boarders will be Rs. g40 + l
l0 : Rs. 950.

Arithmetic
46
 Exercise 4.4:
t. The cost of manufacturing a product is partly fixed and partly varies
with the number of units produced. The cost
per unit of a product is Rs. 37 when 123 units are produied and is
Rs. 33 when 164 units are produced. Find the
cost per unit when 328 units are produced.

2. y ii equal to the sum of two quantities, one of which varies as .rc directly
x : 2 or 3, frnd y in terms of x.
and other as x2 inverse ly. If y: 19 when

3. y varies as the sum ofthree quantities ofwhich the first is constant, the
second varies as x and the third varies
x'. y : 0 when x : l; y : I when x : 2; and, y : 4 when x : 3. Find the value
as
ofy when x : 7.
4. The reduction in speed of an engine varies directly with the square
of the number of bogies attached to the engine.
If the speed of the engine is 120 kmph, when 4 bogies are attached and l}2kmph
when 5 bogies are attached,
find the maximum number of bogies that can be attached so that the engine
stillmoves.
5. The electricity bill of a cerlain establishment is partly fixed and partly
varies as the number of electricity
consumed' when in a certain month 250 units are consumea tne uittiranslates
to Rs. 7.25 per unit. In another
month 400 units are consumed, the effective rate is Rs. 6.5 per unit. what
will be the effective rate per unit of
electricity coasumed when 500 units of electricity.are consnmed?

Arithmetic
47
 5. Averages & Weighted Averages
fMixtures & Solutions)
5.1. Simple Average or Arithmetic Mean
Average (specifically Arithmetic Mean) as we understand it
Whenever we speak of average, we understand that

Sum of all observations

Average:ffi
This is more specifically called theArithmetic Mean and would differ
in interpretation and applications from weighted
Average as we will learn ahead. But for the moment it hardly matters
if we use either term - Average or Arithmetic
Mean. t
E'g' 1: The average weight of l0 members was 70 kgs: Find the average
weight if a eleventh guy weighing g1 kgs
joins the goup.

Sum of weights of the 10 members :70 x l0 : 700

Thus, sum of the weights after the eleventh guy joins the group : 700 + gl : 7g1.

Thus new average = *='rt

11

while the above is straight-forward, this method may necessitate the use of pencil
work if the numbers are not very
manageable, as in the next example. so' we would learn a oral approach
for the above and also the method is much
more intellectually stimulating.

considering that the eleventh guy also weighs same as the earlier average
i.e. 70 kgs, we now have l l kgs to be
distributed equally among 11 students. Thus each will receive I kg and th"
n.*
urrJug" isTl kgs.
E'g' 2: The average amount that each student has is Rs. 167.75. when a
student having Rs. 1g3.45 joins the group, the
new average that each student has is now Rs. 170.89. Find the number of people e t
originllly in the group.
Using the formula, if there were n students earlier, then we would have

167.75xn+183.45 =170.89 x(n +t)

+3.l4xn=12.56

12.56
= n___
3.14
4

Using the "intellectually stimulating" method: that the new student also has Rs. 167.75, there is now Rs.
1 83.45
-
167 .7 5 :
Rs. I 5.70 that is distributed-Considering
among all members (n + l) and each member receives Rs. I
70.g9 _
15'70
167.75= Rs.3.14. Thu
s there are in all
lA = 5 members after the new student joins and there were 4 students
originally inthe $oup.
The above method is exactly same as that rning equations, but it gives
a better idea of how averages are formed (by
distributing the entire sum equally among each member) than the e-quation
method. Also it helps one do the calculations
orally.

Arithmetic
4B
 E.g.3:Iftheaverageofasetofzeconsecutivenaturalnumbersis17.5.Whatistr'"Xffi
EduGo
consecutive natural numbers formed by including the next (following)
5 natural number also in the earlier set?
This example is given to explain that when we have a set of consecutive
natural numbers, the number lying in the
middle is the average of the set.
Thus the average of the following seven consecutive numbers as highlighted
in the number line below is the middle
number.

#
t
The average of
the seven

ifthe set has even number of natural numbers, then the average of the
set is the average of the two middle numbers.
The above property can be used very effectively to solve questions like
in this example. Also many tough questions can
be framed based oil this funda. So learn the above very thoroughly.

Consider the above set of any 7 consecutive natural nuinbers. If the next
natural number is also included in the set, the
averagewill increase by 0.5, as seen from the following visual:

/\/\
earlier new
average average

If the above is clearly understood, when we include the next five natural numbers
in any set, the average of the set will
increase by 2.5 andthus the answer to the question in this example is
17.5 + 2.5:20.
How many of you thought that the answer would be oocannot
be determined"? Make sure that you take numbers and
check the above answer.
Thussaytheoriginalsetwasthenumbers 17 and 18(withaveragebeing 17.5).Theaverage
of 17,1g,1g,20,21,22,
23 is20.
Iftheoriginalsetwas 16,77,18, 19(averagehastobe 17.5),wewouldnowneedtofindtheaverage
of 16,l7,lg, 19,
20,21,22,23,24 which is again 20.

Exercise 5.1
1' The average sales for the months Jan to Mar is 40, the average sales for
the months Mar to June is 50 and the
average of the months Jan to June is 45. Find the sales in the month
of Mar.
2' The average of Sachin after B0 one day matches is 55. If Sachin's target
is increase his average to 57 after the
match. (Average : total run + total
next one day match, how much should Sachin score in the next one day
number of innings)

3 ' when a student weighing 68 kgs joins a group of 8 students, the average
v of the group
€ - -'r increases
-- by 1.5 kgs. Find
the average of the original group.
4' From a group of l2 students with average weight being72.5 kgs, two
students leave. Because the two leave, the
average of the group falls to 71.25 kgs. Find the average weight of
the two students who leave the group.
5' Ifa student weighing 70 kgsjoins a group ofn students, the average ofthe group increases
by I kgs. Ifthe new
student weighed 55 kgs, the average of the group would have declined
by 2 igs. Find n.

Arithmetic
49
 6.Tenyearsago,theaVerageageofacoup1ewas27yearsold.TodayaIsotheuucffii,
baby is 27 years old. Find the present age ofthe baby.
7 ' By what does the average of all odd numbers between 50 and 130 differ
from the average of all multiples of 3
between 20 and 160.
8' The average of r consecutive natural.numbers is 17.5. What is the largest value that
r can assume?
9' The average age ofthe 18 boys in a class is 24 years and the average
age of 12 girls in the class is 22 years. Find
the average age ofthe class.
10' I bought 5 kgs of rice costing Rs. 32 per kg and another 7 kgs of rice costing
Rs. 50 per kg. what is the average
cost price per kg ofrice I bought?

5.2.Weighted Average
Pay aftention to the last two problems of the exercise 5.1 In question
9, there were two groups of students one with
average age 24 years and another with average age 22 years. Yet the average
age of the two groups together was not
23 kgs (the mean of 22 and 24). This is because the number of boys was greater
than the number of girls. Thus the
average ofthe clas! was closer to the average age ofthe boys (24 kgs)
i.e. the average age ofthe boys had a greater
influence, greater weight on the average of the entire cl'ass. ihus in this question
years and 24 years but with respective weights (influence) of 12
*"
ul. n"noing the average of 22
and lg.
Similarly in question 10, we are finding the average of 32 and50 with respective
weights of 5 and 7.
This funda of finding the average is called weightedAverage. And as we have
seen while solving the questions, the
formula for weighted average is:

t' C,r xw,t +C^

-2 xw^)
-6s_ wt + w2 ' wnere

CrandCrarethe two quantities whose average is being found and wrandw2arethe

weights of each group.
while the above formula can be used to find the weighted average of two groups/quantities,
a much better way would
be the method of "lever". This is a visual method which is also known
us uttigution.

(]r (.'u..o (-,

W2 !Vt

Pleasenotethatintheabovethelength Cr- Crisdividedintheratio of wr:wrandnotwr:wr.Thus

weight in comparison with C,,,the average will move towards Cr.
if Crhasalatger
Using the above visual means, the solution to the question 9 of exercise 4.1 would
be:

22r ('\'e 24

--
18
i.e. 3
"t2
.a
'-.
Thus we have to divide 24
-22: 2 in the ratio 3 :2.Thetwo parts would be 1.2 and 0.8 and the average wiIlbe23.2

Arithmetic
50
 The solution to question 10 of the exercise would be:
EduCr>
32 ('",, 50
#l
IR

Thus 18 has to be divided in the ratio 7 : 5 andthe first part will A"
'l |"lg = 10.5 . Thus the required average will be
32+10.5:42.5
E'g' 4: 9 litres of milk and water solution having 40%milkis mixed with 3 litres
of milk and water solution havingTq%o
milk. Find the percentage of milk in the mixture of the two solutions.
while the context fiere is that of two solutions being mixed, the funda is same
as finding the weighted average of 40%
and-l}o/o with weights being 9 litres and 3 litres.
Using the formula for weighted average,

(-
t,ur _40%ox9+70o/ox3
=----lI-: 360 +210
^, 570
%=jr=47'5%
n
Imagining the visual method, we would just need to divide 70%
- 40 % : 30%o inthe ratio I : 3. Thus the first part will
I
be ;4-x 30 =J .5 and the required answer will be 47.5%.
The following examples are exactly similar to the example 4. It's just that
of c,, C, C*rand,wr& w' different
quantities are given and asked.
E'g' 5: When a milk and water solution having42o/omilk is mixed with another
solution having 57o/o milk,the resultant
mixture has equal amount of water and milk. Find the ratio in which the two
solutions are mixed.
Resultant mixture having equal amount of milk and water is equivalent to it
having 56% milk.Thus using the visual
method,

+# lz
€
7

Thus the ratio ofmixing is 7 : 8.

Using formu ,u, to = !.ffffY from which rhe ratio w |:w 2can be found.

E'g' 6: When 1B litres of milk and water solution is mixed with 20 litres of milk
and water solution having 75o/o percent
of milk, the resultant mixture has A\o/omilk. Find the percentage of milk in
the first solution.

:'t
1 to
4\ --
7t5

+< 27 >
IO

Thus the line segment conesponding to the l0 part will be 30 and the percent
of milk in the first solution will be
48- 30 :18%
Arithmetic
51
 Educr>
Using formu Ia, 48 =ry{#!y from which c, canbe found.
E'g' 7: How many litres of milk needs to be added to l5 litres of water and milk
solution having 70% milkto result in a
s oluti on havi ng 9 0o/o milk?
In this example while one solution is a mixture of water and milk withToyomilk,
the other solution being added is pure
milk i.e. 100% milk"

100 90 70

< l0 >
ol:
Thus milk andT\oh milk solution has to be mixed in the ratio 2 : 1. Since we have
15 litres of l}%omilk solution, we
need to add 30 litres of milk to it.

w, x l00o/o + 15 x70o/o
Using formula, 90 = from which.we can find w,.
,t'' 15
E.g. 8: TWo solutions having milk and water in the ratios 3 : 5 and 4 :7 aremixed in the ratio 2 :3.Findthe ratio of
milk and water in the resultant mixture.
In this example, instead of giving the percentage of milk directly, the ratio of milk
and water is given. The percent of
milk in the first solution is Nor
l'o
5
ouri. ]'o i...
g
37.5%.similarly
-- ---.-..*.-J the percenrage vr
lrry rvrvvrrrs6v of milk in second
rrrrrN rt i, 1'' i... 36.36%.
I I

Since the percentages are not very manageable we will use 1*d1 it..ff.
8 ll
Alsopleasenotethat3:5and4:Tatetheratioofmilkandwaterinthetwosolutionsrespectively,whereas2:3isthe
ratio of the quantities of first solution and second solution. Thus c, and crwill be derived using 3 : s and 4 : 7 and the
weights wr: w2will be 2 : 3.

z*1
8
+z*!I I
Using formula, 7-
to'E- which as usual would involve calculations.
2+3

Using the visual means and also using smart work of considering 1 = 4 32
"
-g ttandlt=8s,
-l -l 32
S8 11
(avq
gg
,

3
the proportion of milk in the resultant solution can be found as 33 ;'1 32.4 324 Bl
88- 88 =_88 880 220
Thus ratio of milk and water is 8l : 139

Arithmetic
52
 Average of more than two groups.
when more than two groups are mixed, working the visual way (alligation)
is going to be very cumbersome. In this
situation' its best to use the formula of weighted average. For more tlian
two goups the weighted average formula will
be as follows:

CNs_Crxw, + Crxw, + Crxw, +....,.

wl + wz + w3 + "..,..

Exercise 5.2:
t. A trader mixes 8 kgs of tea costing Rs. 32lkg with 4 kgs of tea costing Rs. 24lk! and
sells the mixture at
Rs. 30/kg.
find his profit percentage.
2. Two alloys of iron having 85o/o and 67%o itonrespectively are fused together
to form another alloy having 7 l%o iron
in it.If 14 kgs of the first alloy is taken, find the weight of the second alloy.
-)" A trader sells rice to customers at a profit of 20%o. But to his regular customers he
charges a profit of only I 0%.
If he makes an overall profit of 18.18...yo, what fraction of hisiustomers are regular
customers?
4. In my written test I scored 75%o marks, but because of the viva, my overall percentage
decreased to.6g%. If the
written test was conducted for 500 marks and the viva for 100 marks, find the p".""n-tug.
of marks scored in the
viva.
5. Ho-w many litres of solutions having 30%miIkandT}o/omilk should be mixed so that we get 40 litres of 45%milk
solution?
6. Two vessels having volumes in the ratio 3 : 5 are filled with water and milk solutions.
The ratio of milk and water
inthetwovesselsis2:3and3:lrespeciively.Ifthecontentsofboththevesselareemptiedintoalargervessel,
find the ratio of milk and water in the larger vessel.
7. Rs' 1000 is distributed in a class of60 students, suchthat each boy student gets Rs.
15 and each girl student gets
Rs' 20. what fraction of the class consists of girls. (solve using averages fundapnd
not using equations)
8. 12 litres of a
milk and water solution having ratio of milk and water as 4 : I is mixed with 20 litres
of another milk
and water solution having ratio of milk and water in the ratio 5 : 1. Find
the ratio of milk and water in the resultant
solution.
9. water is mixed with milk in such a proporlion that even after selling the milk at the
rate of cost-price, a profit of
16.66% is made. What fraction of the mixture consists of milk.
10. A milk-man mixes water equal to 20Yo of the quantity of milk he has, to the milk. Suspecting that
his customers
will notice the dilution, he decides to add pure milk to the mixture such that the ratio of milk
and water increases to
17 : 3. If he had added 12 litres of water, how much litres of milk will he
need to add?
11. Contents of three vessels having volumes in the ratio of 2 : 3 : 4 andhaving solutions
with milk concentrations of
40a/o,30o/o and20Yo are mixed together in a fourth large vessel. Find the
concentration of milk after the mixing.

12.
-
Ramesh sells
l'd r"t
goods at a profit otz0'1".
i of his of
1 the remaining goods get damaged and have to sold at a
lossof l0%- At what minimum profit percentage should the rest of the goods be sold such
that Ramesh makes an
overall profit ofatleast l|Yo?
13. A solution of milk and water having2\o/omilk is mixed with another solution having
50% milk in the ratio 2 : 5.If
2 I lts of this mixture is taken and mixed with 9 lts of another milk
and water solution having g0% milk, find the
percentage of milk in the final mixture.
14. How many litres of water needs to be added to 25 litres of a solution having
milk and water in the ratio g : 5, such
that the resultant has milk and water iri the ratio 5 : g?
15. 12 litres of milk is added to 30 litres of solution having milk and water in
the ratio 3 : 5. Find the ratio of milk and
water after the addition.

Arithmetic
53
 5.3. Adding a Pure Solution to a Mixture
EduCo
In the last two questions (Q. no. 14 & 15) of exercise 5.2,
apuresolution was added to a mixture. In
being added to a mixture of milk and water and in e. 14, water was
Q. 15 milk was being added to a mixture of milk and water. These
types of questions can be solved using the funda of_weighted
average by taking p.r".ntug. of milk as 100%
as 0% in water' There exists a more efficient way of solving in milk and
su"h qi,estion. - riring u*iufun. This method is important
not only because it saves time but also because further ahead
we would have threJ or more instances of adding pure
component to a mixture in the same question. And using weighted
average there would be cumbersome.
when a pure component, say milk, is added to a solution of milk and
water, the percentage of water (that part who,s

quantity does not change because of addition) varies inversely

solut
1
with the volume of the ioni.e.roi.ThusCxZ:
constant and if vdlume changes from v, to v, an! the respective
: C x v,. (The subscripts used are/for'final'and concentrations
qrrvrro were C , and, c, wewould have c, x It,
wers L-
'1rr
; for iniiial ro, u"tt"-.J
Also this is obvious because, taking help of the example where milk
is added to a solution of milk and water,
Ct' Vt: C,' V,: the amount of water in the solution which is fixed as no water is added.
V,
Using the relation we have Cf = C, X:
l/r
Thus Q' 14 can be solved directly using the above funda as follows:
Keep in mind that since water is added, you have
to work on percentage of milk.

Asc :"rtt i'".8:5. Thus v,:vrwillbe5:8. Thusifinitiallythesolutionis25litres, finallyithastobe40

*'f
litres i.e. l5 litres of water needs to be added.
InQ15'workingwithpercentageofwater(asmilkisadded),wehave

530 25
'84256
Thus, ratio of milk and water is 25 : 31.

Removal and Replacement

A common type of question in the entrance tests is of the following type.
E'g' 9: ['rom B0 litres of a mixture containing milk and water in the ratio
5 : l, 8 litres of solution is removed and
replaced with water. This operation is done further twice. Find the ratio
of milk and water now.
To solve such questions, you need to follow two steps:

1. when solution is removed, the percentage of either part does not change.
2' when solution is being replaced with pure solution, percentage ofthe
part (milk or water) that is not replaced varies
inversely with the volume of solution i.e.

ct Vi :
where Crand C, are the percentages, finally (after replacing) and initially
1- fr, (before replacing) and similarly V,
and v volumes, final (after replacing) and initial (before replacing) respectively.
are the

To use this funda, you need to focus is on the ratio of volumes,

in this case the ratio of volumes just before being
replaced and after being replac ed i.e. 72 and g0 litres i.e. 9 : l0

Arithmetic
54
 EduCr> roR YOUi

Thus, in the above question, when the operation is done the first
time, the percentage of milk will become I
6"2.
10"
Now this will be the percentage of milk before mixing for the second
operation. Thus percentage of milk after second

operation =
s /s\'
a'[ ,J

;'[#)" . ffi
Similarlv the percenrage of mirk after rhird operation wiil be

Thus ratio of milk to water after the third operati onis243 : 157.
Thus, when solution is removed and replaced multiple times, say n times,
we would have
t
/\n
c.r =ct
"lY.l
lvt)
E'g' 10: From a solution containing milk and water in the ratio 2: 3, 15 litres
of solution is removed and rbplaced with
15 litres of milk' This operation is done once more. Now the
ratio of milk to water is 7 : 5. Find the volume ofthe initial
solution,

In this example, we will have to work on percentage of water as milk is

being added back.
/ ,)
5 3 (V\ .,t I I

t2 s lr,)
V5
v"6
1'h
Thus of the volume is removed which is l5 litres. So the volume ofthe original
; solution is 90 litres.

E'g' 11 : I 0% of milk in a container is removed and replaced

with water. Next 9.0909 . . .%o of the solution is removed
and replaced with water. once again, 8.33 . .% of the solution is removed
' and replaced with water. Find the percentage
ofmilk inthe solution.

when 10% of the solution is being replaced, lOx is being added to 90x and thw
,,n'rturly, when 9.09%oand
t= fr.
8.33%are being replaced, rhe ratio will be
1l *O #

Thus the required percentage : 100%* 3,.lO I I

-----'e- lo ,1x o:75%
E'g'12: From 100 litres of milk, 10 litres of milk is removed and replaced with 20 litres
of water. Then 30 litres of the
solution is removed and replaced with l0litres ofwater. Find the amount
ofmilk, in litres, in the solution now..
Please remember when solution is removed, the percentage of milk does not change. The percentage changes only

when water is added. In the first instance 20 litres of water is added to 90

litres of milk 00 - 0), thus =
(I I
t #
Arithmetic
55
 In the second instance l0 litres of water is added to 80 litres of l/t _90
solution (110 - 30), thus
vf g0

e''h
Thusfinalpercentageofmilk: =t0O%*lx8
ll n:88.88%ori
Please note that the question is asking you to find the amount
of milk (in litres). And the answer is not gg.gg litres
because the final solution is not 1 00 litres. The final solution is g0
litres ( 100 - 10 + 20- 30 + l0 : g0).
Thus amount of milk : *90 = 80 litres.
t''
Exercise 5.3:
1' 12'5Yo of a solution having milk and water in the ratio 24 :25 is
removed and replaced with water. Find the ratio
milk and water in the solution if this operation is done a total of three times. of
2' From a container containing milk, a jug-full of milk is removed and
replaced with water. Again a jug-full of solution
is removed and replaced with water. The percentage of milk in the solution now is :ox. ritfre
milk in the container was 50 litres, find the volume of the jug.
ffiil;#;;
3' Rahul removes a fraction of undiluted spirit and replaces it with water
to avoid detection. He does so on three
continuous days' If spirit now accounts for only 51.z%of the solution,
what fraction of solution did he remove
daily?

4. A cask is full of wine but it has a leak in the bottom. when th" cask empties out because of the leak, the
]"of
4

cask is replenished with water. Next when

]'0,n.
2
cask has leaked out,
vel it is *6sur
r! re nn.o with
uguiri rrrrvu vYrtr. water. Finallv when

J
of the cask leaks out, it is again filled with water. What is the percentage
7 of wine in the cask now?

When 10% of a solution of milk and water is removed and replaced with
water, the ratio of milk and water
becomes 3 : l. Find the ratio of milk and water before the water is
added to the solution.
6. From a 100 litre container having milk and water in the ratio B : 7, 10 litres
of solution is removed and replaced
with 20litres of milk. Again 20 litres of solution is removed and replaced
with 30 litres of milk. Find the amount of
milk in the solution now.
7. 12 litres of water is added to 60 litres of milk and then 12 litres
of the solution is removed. This is done once again,
this time adding 12 litres of water to the solution. Find the percentage
of milk in the solution now.
B. Water equal to 10oh of a solution of milk and water is added to the
solution. Now l0% of the solution is removed.
If now the ratio of milk and water is 3 : 1, find ihe ratio of milk and water in
the initial solution.
9. In a particular dilution technique, l0% of the solution is removed and
replaced with the diluter. If we start with
pure alcohol, minimum how many times would the operation need
to be performed -- bring-the
--- - to -- "^D percentage of
alcohol below 65%.
10. 6'25% of a solution of milk and water is removed and replaced with water.
This operation is carried out .

successively' Find the ratio the percentage of milk in the solution after the op.*tion is carried
_of out for the gth
time to the percentage of milk in the solution after the operation is done
9 times.

Arithmetic
56
 EduGt>
6. Time Speed and Distance

6.1. Relation between Time, Speed and Distance:

Speed is defined as distance covered per unit time. Thus,

Speed : Distance covered

Time taken

Accordingly' the unit of speed u."

*1 (or kmph i.e. kilometers per hour) urro @ (-lt.
In certain problems you would need to convert speed from kmph to
m/s. Thus it would be a good idea to memorise the
conversion factor and conversion ofthe most often used ,p".dr,
r._.-,- _ I km 1000 meters 5 meters
,I K_mnn :
' t hr 3600 seconds 1g seconds $ "Vt
Thus, 18 kmph:5 m/s

very ofien, in questions that require conversion of speed from kmph

to m,/s, the speed used will be some comfortable
multiple of l8 kmph. one should not spend time in uiing the above conversion,
instead should be ready with the
following:

18 kmph: 5 m/s 36 kmph: 10 m/s

45 kmph : 12.5 lat/s 54 kmph: 15 m/s
72hnph:20mA 90 kmph :25 mls

Exercise 6.1:
I. A sprinter covers a distance of 200 meters in 25 seconds whereas a marathon
runner covers 12.5 kms in 6 hours
56 minutes and20 seconds. Find the difference in the speed (in m/s) of
the sprinter and the marathon runner.
2. A bus travels at a speed of 45 kmph. But it stops every 250 meters at a
bus-stop for I minute. In how many hours
does the bus cover a distance of 6 kms?

In a relay race of 4 x 100 meters (4 sprinters each running 100 meters

successively), the speed of the four
athletes is B m/s, 6 m/s, 8 m/s and 12 mls. Find the time in which
the team completes the 400 meter race.
lf the difference in the time taken to cover a certain distance at 6 kmph and at
l0 kmph is 30 minutes, find the
distance.

5. While going to office, I am in a hurry and hence I travel at 60 kmph but

while coming back from office I drive at a
more leisurely speed of 40 kmph' If I take a total of 30 minutes for
both the way, nnitne distance to my office.
6. I cover a total of 300 km in 8 hours, partly ata speed of 30 kmph and partly
at a speed of 50 kmph. For what time
was I traveling at a speed of 30 kmph?

7. Find the ratio of the time taken to cover two distances in the ratio
4: 5 at speeds in the ratio 4 : 3 respectively.
8. Everyday I cover the distance from my home and office at a usual
speed and take a certain time at the usual
speed' when I increase my usual speed by 5 kmph, I take l0 minutes
less than usual. If I reduce ,nv
by 5 kmph, I take l5 minutes more than usual. Find the usual time "*irp."o
taken, usual speed and the distance from home
to office.

Arithmetic
57
 6.2. Proportionality between Time, speed and
Educo
DiltilE
This is probably the most irnportant topic in this chapter.
And also the most thought-intensive. It provides
to solve many tough problems orally! the foundation

1
6.2.i. Tim. o
Speed
Time is inversely proportional to speed, when distance is constant.

This is to say that, over a same distance, if the ratio of speeds is

a : b,theratio of the time taken willbe b : a.
And this should be obvious, because over a same distance,
if I double my speed (ratio of speeds 1 : 2), the time taken will be half (ratio
of time 2 : l).
1'd
ifltravelat theusualspeed(ratioofspeed3:1),Iwouldtakethricethetimetakenearlier(ratiooftime
5 1:3)

if I reduce my speed to I of the usual speed (ratio of speed 5 : 3), the time taken
will btt5 time the usual time (ratio
oftime3:5).

E'g' 1: From home to office, if I travel u, .rr.y usual speed, I am late by 12 minutes. Find the time that I take
f''
5
usually and the time taken at the reduced speed.
Insuch problems'
'late by 12 minutes' implies that l2more minutes will be taken
to travel the same distance, or in other
words, the difference in the time taken at the usual speed
and the reduced speed will be 12 minutes.

Had my usual speed been s, the reduced speed would U.

l,5 . Thus the ratio of usual speed to reduced speed would

$s s ::s i'e' 5 :3 . (From next problem onwards, this step will

be done directly).

Since time is inversely proportional to speed, the ratio of

the time is 3 : 5. we also know that the difference
taken will be 12 minutes. in the time

Thus we are looking for two numbers that are in the ratio
3 : 5 and the difference between them is g minutes. In the
chapter on ratios' we leamt an oral way to do these problems. The
situation should be captured in your minds as
follows:

Usual Time Tirne taken Diffin Usual Time Time taken

taken at 3/5d' speed time taken taken at 3/5s speed
Ratio Scale 3 .,1 1
5 .J 5
I
l,o tr+ l*u
t il*o
I

Actual value
i I

vi
, I tZ t8 30

Arithmetic
5B
 Thus the usual time taken is 18 minutes and the time taken
Educr>
at reduced speed is ro,n-
.7
E'g' 2: If a man walks at the rate of 5 kmph, he misses a train by
7 minutes. However, if he walks at the rate of 6
kmph, he reaches the station 5 minutes before the departure of
the train. Find the distance to the station.
Missing the train by 7 minutes and reaching ea1ly by 5 minutes
implies that the time taken at speed of 6 kmph is 12
minutes less than the time taken at speed of 5 kmph.
The ratio of speeds is 5 : 6 and since distance is constant the ratio
of the time taken will be in the ratio 6 : 5. Also as
explained the difference in the time taken in the two cases differ
by 12 minutes. Thus,

Time taken Time taken Diff in Usual Time Time taken

krnphat 5 at 6 krnph tirne taken taken at 3/5d'speed
RatioScale 6 5 1 6

I I
5

Actual value ? it+ ,?

l*,, -+ tl*n
I

ilx12
12 72 60

Thus tinre taken at 6 kmph is 72 minutes and at 5 kmph is 60 minutes.

Either of these speed and time combination can
be used to find the distance. since 60 minutes is I hour, its easier
to find the distance u. s t*pt
x t hr 5 km. check:
that the same distance is found using the other combination of 6 kmph
and T2minutes.
Thus the distance is 5 km.

E'g' 3: A train meets with an accident and travels at ! of itsregular speed hereaftgr and hence it reaches its
t-
destination 36 minutes late. How much time does the train take to
reach its destination from the site of the accident had
it traveled at its regular speed?
This question is exactly similar as example 1 and hence one should immediately find the answer by just
visualizing:

Time taken al Time taken

Diff in Time taken at Tirne taken
usual speed at 4/7n'speed time taken usual speed itf,
Ratio Scale 4 7341 " "i""a

r1
_t

Actual value
Y
I

,
il"rz=+ *1,,, +,-
l,n
?364884

lhul at its regular speed the train would have taken 48 minutes to cover the distance from the site of the accident to
the destination.

E'g' 4: A train meets with an accident and travels at

I of itsregular speed hereaft.. urra hence it reaches its
destination 36 minutes late. Had the accident occumed 30 kms further,
the train would have been late by only Zl
minutes. Find the regular speed of the train.

Let's say the point where the accident occuired was A when the train
was late by 36 minutes and was point B when
the train was late by 2l minutes. If the destination is D, in the
minutes to coverAD at its usual speed.
above problem *.
huu. found that the train takes 4g

Arithmetic
59
 EduGr>
In the second case, since the train is 21 minutes late because the
speed becomes ! of tneregular speed (from point
I
B)' we can find the time taken by the train to cover the distance from
the site of accident to destination i.e. BD as
follows:

Time taken at Time taken Diff in Time taken at Time taken

usual speed at 4/7fl' speed time taken usual speed at 4/7d'speed
Ratio Scale 4 7 34 7

Actual value I
tI

t I
l*t
vf =+ 1,, l*t
f
f 21 28 49

Thus, the train takes 28 minutes to cover BD at its usual speed.

At its regular speed the train takes 48 minutes to coverAD and,28 minutes
to cover BD. Thus it takes 4g.-2g:20
30 km
minutes to cover A to B, a distance of 30 kms. Thus its regular speed =90 kmph.
is t, ffi hour

6.2.ii. Distance c Speed

Distance is directly proportional to speed, when the time is same

This is to say, iftime is constant and the ratio of speeds is a : b,theratio

of the distance covered will also be a: b.
The most common case of time remaining same would be when two persons,
trains dr objects start from two points
simultaneously and meet each other. In this case the time that the two-objects
are travelini from starting simultaneously
, to the time they meet each other is the same for both the objects. So they will cover distarices in proportion
to their
speeds.

E' g' 5: Two trains start simultaneously, one from Bombay to Kolkata and
other from Kolkata to Bombay. They meet
each other at Nagpur which is at a distance of 700 kms from Bombay.
If the distance between Bombay and Kolkata is
1600 km, find the ratio of their speeds.

Since the trains started simultaneously, the time they have been traveling
till the time they meet is equal. And hence the
distance they cover will be in ratio of their speed. Since the train from
Bombay has covered 700 km and the train from
:
Kolkata-has covered 1600 - 700 900 kms, the ratio of their speeds will
be zdo qOo
: i.e.7 :9.
E'g' 6: Two friends start walking towards each other with speeds in the ratio
3: 4. when they meet it is found that the
faster of them has covered 25 meters more than the slower.iind the
distance that separated them initially if they are
walking in opposite directions.
Again in this case since they are walking for the same amount of time the
ratio of the distance covered will also be 3 :
4' The actual distance given in the question, 25 meters, refers to the difference
in the distances covered by them. Thus,
using the funda of ratios and imagining the following:

Dist. of Dist. of Difference Sum of

slower faster in dist. distance
Ratio Scale 3 4 lt
f
I

I | "rr
VV
.=+ l*r,
Actual value
I ? 25 t75

60
 Y:'.,'i::::::lj:1.:--lI'*'in,oppositedirectionstowardseachother,tr,."ai.tuHtiiffi
would have been the sum of the distances the two walked. i.e" li5
meters.
E'g' 7 : A police-man starts chasing
a thief. The ratio of the speeds of the thief and the policeman
is in the ratio 9 : I I
and when the policeman catches the thief it is found that the policeman
has covered 60 meters more than the thief.
How much distance did the police have to run to nab the thief?
Since the chase starts with both of them running simultaneously,
from this point onwards to the time the police has
caught the thief, they are running for same duration. Thus the
dirtun"" covered will be proportional to their speeds. So
we are searching for two distances in the ratio 9 : 11 and the difference
being 60 meters.

Dist. run Dist. run Difference Dist. run

by thief by police in dist. by police
Ratio Scale 9 ll 2 ll
l,.:oQ t
I

Y
I I
v V
l,.:o
Actual value I 2 60 330

E'g' 8: In the movie Ghulam, Aamir is able to spot the approaching train when
it is 2 km away. He has to run towards
the train and reach the red handkerchief hung on a pole 400 meters away
from him before the train reaches the pole.
How fast must Aamir run if the speed of the train is 36 kmph so that helust
manages to reach the kerchief at the same
time as the train reaches it.
In the time the trian runs 1600 mts, Aamir should run 400 mts. Thus the
ratio of theil speeds has to be 4 : l. Since the
trains speed is 36 kmph, Aamir should run at 9 kmph.

E'g' 9: In a race of 100 meters, A beats B by 10 meters and c by 20 meters. By how many meters does B beat
the same race?
c in
Most of the problem on race are based on the proportionality of speed and
distance because in the case of race, the
runners start running simultaneously and thus at any point of time (when
the runners are yetrunning), they have been
running for the same time.

whenl has run 100 meters, B would have run 90 meters and c would have run 80 meters.
since this has happened in
the same time, the ratio of the speeds of B and C is 9 : 8. Now we have
to find the difference between B and C when
B has run 100 meters. So again we are searching for difference between
two numbers in the ratio 9 : g when the first
of them is 100 meters.

Dist. run Dist. run

bvB bvc Difference in dist.
Ratio Scale 9: B 'I
I
lx- roo
l*loo
Actual value
v9 -) ts
100 100
g

Arithmetic
61
 6.z.iii. Distance q Time
Distance is directly proporlional to time when speed is constant
At same speed, if the ratio of speed is a: b,the ratio of time will also be
a : b.
By now, you would have got the hang of solving questions based on proportionality
and thus we will solve just one
example for this proportionality.

E'g' 10: A car overtakes an auto at point A at 9 am. The car reaches point
again meets the auto at point c at ll:30 am. At what time will the
B at I I *-
am and '.
immediately tums back. It
auL rcach ni I
Since the car takes 2 hours to travel AB and0.5 hours to travel BC,Theratio
i.e. 4 : l. (Distance is proportional to time)
of the distances AB : BCwill be 2 : 0.5

since c A andB, the ratio of the distan ce AC to cB willbe 3 : l.

lies in between
The auto has traveledlC in2.5 hours (from 9 amto 11:30 am). To travel
Bto Che will take
2.5 hrs _ 150 mins _
50 more minutes. Thus the auto will
3 3 rcach B at 12:40 pm.

Exercise 6.2
1. over a certain distance, if the speed had been lToh more, by how much percent
less would the time taken be?
2. At its usual speed of 40 kmph, the bus covers its journey on schedule. But when
its peed reduces to 35 kmph, it
takes 15 more minutes than scheduled time. Find the diitance of the joumey.

-)- A car covers a distance in 8 hours. Had the speed been increased by 4 kmph,
the time taken would have reduced
by 30 minutes. Find the distance.
4. Two swimmers start from same ends of a 200 meter long swimming pool.
The ibster one reaches the other end,
turns back and meets the slower one at a distance of 175 meters nom
ttre starting end. Find the ratio of their
speeds.

5. A train met with an accident 150 km from its originating station. It completed
the remainingjourney at half ofthe
usual speed and reached I hour late at the destination station. Had the
accident taken place 30 km later, it would
have been only half an hour late. Find the speed of the train and the
distance between the two stations.
I is twice as fast as,B and B is thrice as fast as c.rf B takes 18 minutes
to cover a certain distance, find the
difference in the time takenby A and c to cover the same distance.
7. Two cars separated by 600 meters start moving towards each other (in
opposite direction) with speeds of 25 m6
and 35 m/s' At what distance from the end, from which the slower vetricte
started, wouljthe two cars meet?
what should the lenglh of a race be so that two drivers with speeds of 22 m/s and,25
m/s reach the end point
simultaneously even though the slower one had a head-start oi6 minutes (i.e.
the slower one starts racing first and
after 6 minutes the faster one starts)?
9. what should the length of a race be so that two drivers with speeds of 22 m/s
and, 25 m/s reach the end point
simultaneously even though the slower one had a head-start of 6 meters (i.e.
the faster one starts from the starting
point but the slower one starts from 6 meters ahead)?
10. When Ram and Bharat run a 100 meter race, Ram beats Bharat by
l0 meters. In the next 100 meter race, Ram
starts from
l0 meters behind the starting line. who will win and by what distance?

Arithmetic
62
 6.3. Relative Speed:
EduGo
when two objects are moving simultaneously with speeds,S, and
s' the speed of any object when observed from the
other object's perspective is called the relative speed. And it
is distinct
sitting in a moving train and another train passes your train. If the
fr*
s, sr. n.gi, consider yourself to be
-
other train is in opposite direction to your train,
speed of the other train appears to be far far morl than it the
actually is. And irtrre other train is in the same direction
yours' it just appears to be inching ahead of your train very as
very slowly. This observeo[e.ceivea speed is called
relative speed and is calculated as: as

If two objects are moving with speeds ,S, and S, their relative speed is
S, + S' ifthey are moving in opposite direction and

E - E, if they are moving in same direction.

The above is true only when they are moving is in a straight line.

Relative speed is usually considered when one has to find the time
taken to meet or catch and it can be found as
follows:

Initial distance separating them

Time taken to t.t',:@
meet/ca
E'g' 11: A thief escapes from a prison at2 pmand travels away ata speed
of 30 kmph. The police realizethe escape
at 3 :30 pm and start the chase then at a speed of
40 kmph. At what time will the poliie cat"i, ,t . thief? At
distance from the prison is the thiefcaught.
what

when the chase starts i.e. at 3: 30 pm, the thief has already run 30 x :45
1.5 kms. Thus, this is the distance that

separated the police and the thief and so the time taken to catch
is = 4.s hotirs
;o|o .

The distance run by the police is 40 kmph x 4.5 hours: 180 kms and so the thief is caught at a distance
form the prison.
of lg0 kms

E'g' 12: Navjivan Express from Ahmedabad to Chennai leaves Ahmedabad

at 6:30 am and travels at 50 kmph towards
Baroda situated 100 kms away. At 7:00 am, Howrah-Ahmedabad
Express leaves Baroda towards Ahmedabad and
travels at 40 kmph' At7:30 Mr. shah, the traffic controller at Baroda
realizes that both the trains are running on the
same track. How much time does he have to avert a head-on collision
between the two trains?
considering the reference time to be 7 :30 am, we would need to find
the distance between the two trains at 7 :30 am.
From630to7:30,theNavjivanExpresswouldhavetraveled50kmsandfrom
7to7:30,theHowrah-Ahmedabad
would have traveled 20 kms. Thus the distance separating the two trains
at 7:30 would be 100 50
- - 20 :30 kms.
30 km
Thus the time to meet (collide) from 7:30 am is 16r.= 2o minutes.
(so++o) mtr =
E'g'13:Astartsfromxatg:00amandreaches)'atl:00pm.Bstartsfromratg:00amandreaches
what time do the two meet?
Xat3pm.At

distance
Method l: Using time to meet :
relative speed and taking distance as a variable.
Assuming the distance between xand rto be d, since A and, B take4 hours and 6 hours respectively
to cover the
distance, their speed ur" respectively. Thus the time taken to meet
f,unaf will be

d1 l2
ddrl =_ = 2.4 hours , after 9 am i.e. at ll:24 am.
_+ 3+ 2=
464-e
Arithmetic
63
 Y:'.'T::':::::ji]::*:,:^'."]:i*Y":".that'thea.nSwerisindependen'or.n.),.?iiffi
,J att\| 2 car{t + lluuls
distance XY to be the LCM of 4 and 6 i.e. t2km. So the speeds of A and ^B arc 3kmph
fj:lTj"::":?51he
kmph respectively. and 2

distance 12
Now time taken to meet : _a A
relative speed = Zi - ''- "
just as fbund above.

Method 3: Use of ratios

while this method is not as easy as the above method, just given to emphasize the importance
it is
of ratio.
' Since the distance'fl'is same for bothl and B,the ratio of their speed will be in inverse propotion
to the time taken by
each. Thus ratio ofspeed ofl and B is3 :2.
Since I and B start simultaneously, the
distance covered by each of them, till they meet, will be in
direct proportion to
their speeds (they are traveling for same time duration from start to meeting
point;. Thus ratio of distance covered by I

and ,B from starling points to their meeting point is 3 :2 i.e.l covers otxr
I U".
und,B covers
l'o

I takes 4 hours to coverXy and so to l'' of xy,hewill take l'o of + i.r. 3=

"ou", r 5 -5
2.4 hours.
--

The same answer would be obtained even if we 2'h

use .8. -B takes 6 hours to cover Xy and so to cover ofXl', he will
5
2'h n
take ;55of6 i.e. - =2.4hours.
E'g'14:AstarlsfromXatg:00amandreacheslatl:00pm.Bstartsfrom)'at10:00amandreaches
what time do the two meet?
Xat4pm.At

This question is very similar to the above question except that bothA
and B are not starting simultaneously. Assuming
the distance tobe 12 km (for reasons given in the above solution), the
speeds ofA and B ire found to be 3 kmph and 2
kmph.

since A starts t hour earlier than B starts, by 10 am he would have covered

3 kmph. So when both of them are moving
(i'e' when the relative speed is 3 + 2:5 kmph), the distance separating :9 km. Thus time taken to
them is 12 -3
I
meet = ;:l.Bhours, after 10 am i.e. at 11:48 am.
5

If one is wondering how can we assume any distance, just see the following expression and realizethat the answer is
independent of the distance.

qrtq99 separating -!"t

r rme raKen to meet : =_
-a
relative speed d _ 4
34

Arithmetic
64
 Exercise 6.3: Bk
t. The d jsEnce
bet'q een t"/ o citiesl and -B is 330 kms. A train
60 km/hr' Another train starts from B at 9 am and travels
starts from I
at B am and travels towards ,B at
towards A at 7 5 kmph. At what time do the two trains
meet?
2. A and B can cover the distance -Kr in 12 andS hours respectively.
If both of them start from opposite ends
towards each other, after how much time will they meet? ofxr
A thief escapes from city A at 2 pm andflees towards city B
at 40 kmph. At 3 pm, the police realizethe escape
and start chasing the thief at 50 kmph. Simultaneously, a police
team from station B also starts towards city Ato
apprehend the thief at a speed of 60 kmph. what should be the
distance between I and B such that both the police
team nab the thief at the same time?
4. Two persons A and B are separated by a certain distance. If they
move towards each other they meet after 20
minutes but if A chases B, they meet after I 00 minutes. Find
the ratio of the speeds of A and B.
5. In a foggy night, the visibility is limited to just 300 mts. Exactly
2 minutes after the driver of a speeding car could
see a bus ahead, the driver ofthe bus sees the car vanishing
from his sight, ahead. rfthe speed ofthe bus is 36
kmph, what is the speed of the car?

6.4. Problems on ffains crossing pole/man/platforms/bridges/

another ffain
when ever one object of finite length crosses another object of finite
length, in crossing the object completely it covers
a distance equal to the sum of the lengths. The distance
io be covered is independenf of the direction in which it is
crossing i'e' whether the two objects are crossing each other in
opposite directions oi.if one is overtaking the other
in same direction, the distance to be covered for one to completeiy.ross i.e.
the other is the sum of the lengths.

Stafiing to cross

Has just cornpletely crossed

In the problems asked' usually atrainis crossing eiiher a pole

or a man (slalionary oiwalking) or a platform or bridge
or another train (obviously moving)' For all such cases you could
use thsfollowini with ihe modifications as noted
below:

L' + L'
Time raken ro cross - S, +S,

If one of the object is a pole or aman, its length will be 0 (zero)

if one of the object is stationary (e.g. pole, platform, bridge), its speed will be 0 (zero) and the relative speed will just be
the speed of the moving object.

Arithmetic
65
 =
E.g.15:Atrainrunningat72kmphcroSSeSatelephonepolein7sec.Whati,.r'"r.}|ffi
fAEduGo
Since a telephone pole is a stationary object ofnegligible length,
the distance the train covers is just its own length.

in rnJs:
fr: ,O a.
Speed 72,,

Distance: 20xi: ]4Am

So length of the train: 140 m
E'g' 16: A train crosses 2 platforms of length 400 m and 600 m in 6 seconds
and g seconds respectively. what is the
length of the train?

Let the length of the train be x.

400+x _ .600+r
Then. ---- = o and -----:- = 8
Jr S,

Since w.e want to find x, eliminating S,, we have !!:- 600 + x

68
Cross multiplying2x: 400 =+ x: 200. Hence the length of the train is 200 m.
E'g' 17: A train crosses two persons who are walking at 2 kmph and 4 kmph,
in the same direction in which the train is
going, in 9 and 10 seconds respectively. Find the length of the train.

If the length (in kms) and speed (in kmph) of the train is / and s respectively,
we have
t9tt0
s- 2 3600's-4 3600

,
=4001=s-2t 3601=s-4
These are two simultaneous equations in / and s. Since we want to
oef
find I eliminating s by subtracting the equations, we

4or = 2> /= f looo = 5o meters

20 "

Exercise 6.4:
1' How much time will a train 300 m long traveling at speed of l5 m/s take
to cross
a. a telegraph pole?

b. a man walking in the same direction at a speed of 5 m/s?

c. a man walking in the opposite direction at a speed of 5 m/s?

d. a platform 300 m long?

e. a train 300 m long traveling at 5 m/s in the same direction?

f' a train 300 m long traveling at 5 m/s in the opposite direction?

2' Two trains are traveling in the same direction at 50 kmph and 30 krnph.
The faster train crosses a man sitting in
the slower train in I 8 seconds. Find the length of the fister train.

3' Two trains' each 100 meters long take 60 seconds to cross each other
if traveling in the same direction and
seconds to cross each other when traveling in opposite direction. Find
l0
the speed-of the faster train in kmph.
4' Two trains traveling at same speed take l0 seconds and 15 seconds respectively
to cross a telegraph post. Find
the time taken by the trains to cross each other if traveling in opposite
directioni.

Arithmetic
66
 5. Two trains running in opposite directions cross a man standing on platform
a int#"d
They cross each other in 23 seconds. Find the ratio ofthe speeds
ofthe trains.
6' A train traveling atT2kmphcrosses a platform in 30 seconds and a man standing on the platform
in 1g seconds.
What is the length of the platform in meters?
7 ' How much time will an express train of length 150 meters and running
at a speed of 75 kmph take to cross a man
walking at 5 m/s inside a passenger train of Gngth 200 meters and running
at 33.kmph in a direction opposite to
that of the express train. The man is walking inside the train and in opposlte
direction to that of the train.
8' Two trains running at20 mls and 35 m,/s cross the same tunnel in lOs
and l2s respectively. What is the difference
in the length of the two trains?

6.5. Boats and Skeams:

When a boatman is rowing in still water, say a lake, he would be moving at
a speed at which he can row. This speed is
called the speed of boat in still water or simply speed of boat. But consider
the same boatman in a stream. Because of
the current he is either aided (if rowing in the direction of the stream, this is
called Downstream) or will be opposed (if
rowing against the stream, called Upstream).
If the speed of boatman in still water is B and the speed of the stream is s, we have
Downstream Speed: B +.1
UpstreamSpeed:B-S
If the speed of boatman is lesser than the speed of the current or stream, the upstream
speed will be negative i.e. he is
trying to row upstream' but rather than move in that direction, he is taken in oppositedirection
by the stream. But such
situations do not occur in math problems on this topic.

The above relations can be modified for cases when the effective downstream
speed, D andupstream speed, U is
given and we are supposed to find B and S.

o D-U. r, =
D-U
))
E'g' 18: A boat covers
-
a distance of 16 km in 2 hours when rowing downstream and in
4 hours if rowing upstream.
What is the speed of the boat in still water?

-16
Speed Upstream: B km/hr Speed Downstream: ]!:4 km/hr
t: 4

From the above formula, speed of boat in still water : 2+ = g11: 6 km/hr
22
E'g' 19: The rowing speed of a man in still water is 7.5 kmph. In a river flowing at 1.5
kmph, it takes the same
boatman 50 minutes to row a ceftain distance and come uacn r,ino the distancel

Here Speed Downstream : 7.5 + 1.5 : 9 km/hr

Speed Upstream:7.5 - 1.5 :6 km/hr

Let the required distance be x. Since the time taken by trim is j xx5
nr,
o 966
-1_-_

Solving we get, x = 3

Hence the place is 3 km away.

Arithmetic
67
 E.g.20:Aboatmanrowstoaplace48kmdistantandbackin14hours.Hefinds'r'Hffi
EduGt>
stream in the same time as 3 km against the stream. Find
the rate of the stream.

since the time taken to row 4 km downstream is same as the time

taken to row 3 km upstream,
4 =3
B+,S B-^S
> 48 - 45 =3,8+35 + B =75
Since the boatman takes 14 hours to row to a place 4g km
distant and come back,

48 48
B+,S ' B-S '-
-r_-1,4 :
Substituting B 75, we have

48 48 6 8
8.S65 ss
14.
+-=14=S=l
,s

Exercise 6.5
t. A motorboat went down the river for 14 km and then up the river for 9
km. It took a total of 5 hours for the entire
journey. Find the speed of the river flow if the speed
of the boat in still water is 5 kmph.
2. In a stream that is runnins.atJ.$nh, a man goes 10 km upstream
and comes biick to the starting point in
55 minutes. Find the speed of the boat in still water.

J. A boat takes a total of 6 hours to row 8 kms downstream and to return

back to the starting point. if speed of the
boat is 3 kmph, for how much time was the boat moving downstream
and for how much time upstream?
4. A man rows for 3 hrs downstream and then for 3 hrs upstream. In this
whole process he covers a distance of
12 kms' If the speed of the stream is 1 kmph, for how much
more time will he have to row upstream to reach the
starling point?

5. A boat travels from point A to point B upstream and retums from point
B to point A downstream. If the round trip
the boat 5 hours and the distance between pointA and poini B is
tak-es
r20 kms and the speed of the stream is
1 0 km/h, how long did the upstream j oumey take?
6. The speed of a motor boat itself is 20 krn/hand the rate of flow of the
river is 4 km/h. Goingi downstream, the boat
went 120 km. What distance will the boat cover during the same time going
upstream?
7. A man can row 50 km upstream and72 km downstream in t hours. He can also row 70 km upstream and 90 km
downstream in 12 hours. Find the rate of current.
8. I travel for 2 hours downstream and then for 2 hours upstream. I am yet
16 kmi away from the starting point.
Find the speed of the flow of the river.

6.6. Average Speed:

During a journey, different parts of the joumey could be
covered at different speeds. Average speed is that uniform
speed at which the total distance could be covered in the same
time as it took ln the actuallase.

Total Distance .
Thus, Average Speed =
Total Time Taken
It is not'necessarily the average of different speeds, as seen in the following example:

Arithmetic
6B
 E.g.21:Atulcovered20krnsataspeedof30kmphandnext30kmsataspeedofffi.d.
The total distance thatAtul covered was 20 + 30 : 50 kms.
To find the average speed, we would also need to find the
total time take' This can be found by adding the individual time
taken over the two stretches.

rorar time taken : ;m-'ffi =:.:r's : r hr

Thus average speed : ++11:50

thr
kmph

Please note that 50 kmph is not the arithmetic mean of 30 kmph

and 90 kmph. whereas in the following example the
average speed turns out to be the arithmetic mean...

E'g' 22: Atul covered 20 kms at a speed of 30 kmph and next 60 kms
at a speed of 90 kmph. Find his average speed.
The total distance that Atul covered was 20 + 60 : 80 kms. To find
the average speed, we would also need to find the
total time take. This can be found by adding the individual time taken over the
two stretches.

rotar time taken : ;m.#ffi =? *? v," =

4
-J hrs

80 km
Thus average speed : /, =60 kmPh
7ttu
^
In this case the average speed 60 kmph is the arithmetic mean of
30 kmph and 90 k*ph.
Thus the average speed need not necessarily be equal to the arithmetic
mean of the different speeds. But it can also be
equal to the arithmetic mean. when does this case occur? To understand
this, once should view average speed as a
case of weighted average of the individual speed, as explained
below.
when "pafis" of the journey is traveled at different speed, and we want
to find the average speed, the entire joumey
could be expressed in "parts', of the distance or time:

t'l
"Atul traveled :
1
the distance at a speed of 30 kmph and the rest of the distance
3 at a speed of 60 kmph,,is different

from the data "Atul traveled the time at a speed of 30 kmph and the rest of the time at
". 1'of
J a speed of 60 kmph,,

when journey is broken into various distances traveled at different speed:

If d' d2, dr, ... are the distances run at speedS,s,, s2, J3, .... respectively,

dr+dr+dr+...
the average speed : 4 *4. *dt *...
,tl J2 J3

The numerator is the total distance covered and denominator is

the total time taken and is found by adding the time
dl d2 d3
taken in each stretch
-J, r J,
' J, ,..

Arithmetic
69
 A special case of this formula is when equal distances are traveled at two
different;flf;ffififf
44=
4*!
?d .-2uv
u+v
u v a"[1*1')
theaveragespeedis
[z v)
Remember to use the formula only when two equal distances are
run at speeds of u'andv. Also remember how the
formula is arrived at to understand why you might get weird results usingthe
formula in some cases (refer to e.g.
below)

when journey is broken into various time intervals traveled at different speed:
Ifone travels for tr, tr, /r, ... hours at speeds J1r s2r s3,
"... respectively,
sr x4 +^i2 x/2 +'s3 x/3 +"'
the average speed =
\+t2+t3+...
The numerator is the total distance traveled and is found by adding the distances
traveled in each time interval i.e.
sr x11, ,s2 xt2, s3xlt, ,..

The denominator is the total time taken.

From this formula we see that the average speed is the weighted average
of the individual speed and the weights are
the time' Thus average speed will be equal to the arithmetic mean when
one travels at the different speeds for equal

amount of time. Look back in e.g.20,the time lraveled at speeds of 30 kmph

and 9o'kmph were equal ,rr. .

Hence the average speed was equal to the arithmetic mean.

lw.
This interpretation of the average speed being equal to the weighted average
of the speeds with the weights being time,
can be used to quicky solve few questions ofaverage speed as follows:

E.g. 23: A man travels I

,n"total time at a speed of 45 kmph, the time at 60 kmph and rest of the time as speed
!'o ;
of 36 kmph. Find his average speed for the entire joumey.

Rest of the time witl be I I l't'

' - t- j = u of the total time and thus the average speed will be equal to
t

1.+s*1'00+f x36 = l5 +30 +3 : 48

326

E'g. 24: A man travels

]' ,n. distance of a joumey at a speed of 45 kmph, j ,n. o,uunce at 60 kmph and rest of
the distance as speed of 36 kmph. Find his average speed for the entire joumey.

Method 1: If the total distance is 6d,

6d
2d3d d 8+9+5 =540 = 49.09
Average Speed: 1l
45 60 36 180

Method2:

Ratio of distances
.lll i.e.2:3:1
'" atrte

Arithmetic
70
 EduCr>
Thus ratio of time taken in the three stretches i, ] ,: ,+ i.e. g
15 20 t2 -'-',"',: 9 : 5
8x45+9x60+5>i36 360+540+180 __1080 540 .^ :^
Thus average speed - 8+9+5 =
- =22 =lt =49'09
n
This method is given just to demonstrate that even when the joumey
is given in terms of parts of distances run, the
average speed will still be the weighted average of the speed
with time 6eing the ;;il;;rt then using the weighted
average formula will become cumber some as first the ratio of
time has to be found. 5o the first method works good
enough.

E'g' 25: A man covers equal distances at a speed of 30 kmph and 60 kmph.
Find his average speed.
Since the distances are equal, using the formula directly,

the average speed : = 4o kmph

"#!9
E'g' 26: A man covers equal distances at a speed of 30 kmph and x kmph
such that his average speed fo.r the entire
joumey is 80 kmph. Findx.
Again since the distances are equal, using the formula, we have

2x30xx
__80 ^^
30+x
+ 60r = 2400 +80x

)y= -120 ???

obviously something is wrong some place, but then the formula will not help
us identify what,s wrong.
Since the working is independent of the equal distances, lets assume
the distances to be 240kms (LCM of 30 and g0)
to avoid calculations and also to realize what is going wrong.

To travel the first 240kmat 30 kmph, one would take : g hours.

#
since average speed of the entire journey is given, the time take for 1' 480
he entrre joumey is g0 : 6 hours. How can this
be possible? This means the second stretch of 240 kms should
be covered in -2 hoursl. Hence we are getting the
-
weird answer. The working would be similar whatever value of the distance
you take:
Assuming the equal distances to be dkms, the time taken at speed
of 30 kmph is The total time taken to cover
$rrrr.
the entire J"-"-J
iournev
d
i.'- 4g0 =-hrs,whichislessthan d '
i*t.
what this all means is that if the first stretch of two equal distances is
run at 30 kmph, the average speed for the entire
joumey in no case can be equal to 60 kmph or more than
that. Even if one travels tle second stretch in I sec or lesser
thanthat, yet one would have covered the entire journey (twice the
distance) in little more than the time taken on first
stretch, so the average speed cannot be twiie or more tiran that (obviously you cannot have negative time).
so intheabove example, the data given is inconsistent and an average
speed of g0 kmph is not possible with first
stretch of equal distance being run at 30 kmph.

Arithmetic
71
 Exercise 6.6 B#
I ' A car travels the first one-third of a certain_ distance with a speed
of I 0 kmph the next one-third of the distance
with a speed of 20 kmph and the last one-third distance at oo
whole journey.
t<mptr. Find tihe ;r;;;;. speed of the car for the

2' A car travels the first one-third of the total time taken to cover a
distance at a sp"eo of 10 kmph, the next one-
third of time at a speed of 20 kmph and the last one-third time
at 60 kmph. Fini the average speed of the car for
the whole joumey.

3' A person travels from P to Q ata speed of 40 kmph. By what percent

should he increase his speed on the return
joumey so that his average speed for the round trip is
+i kmph?
4' The average speed of a bus, excluding all stoppage time is
54 kmph and including all stoppage time is 45 kmph.
Find the duration (in minutes) that the bus stops every hour.
5' A car first travels uphill at a speed of 54 kmph and then downhill
at a speed of 72 kmph such that the average
speed for the entire joumey is 63 kmph. Find the ratio ofthe uphill distance
to the downhill distance.
6.7 . Circular Motion
These types of problems deal with athletes running on
a circular track and questions being asked about
and how often would two or more athletes cross each other. when, where

6.7 .i. Meeting for the first time at start :

The question of identifying after how much tirire would two
or more athletes meet at the starting point is an
application of LCM rather than a problem of Time speed Distance.
The key word here is meeting at the starting
point' Please realize that this may not be the first timi that they meet.
The tould have crossed each other (met) at
some other point on the track but then that would not be count.d
u, u meeting point for this question as it has not
occurred at the starting point.
consider two athletes, A and B running on a circular track of length
1500 meters with speeds of 20 m/s and 50 m/s.
After how much time from start will they meet at the starting poiit ror the first time, assuming
they start simultaneously
from a starting point on the track?

I would reach the starting point for the first time after ]100 - 75 secs and thereafter would be at
20 the staring point after
every 75 seconds' Thus I would be at the starting point after 75, 150,225,300,... seconds
i.e. multiples of 75 seconds.

B would reach the starting point for the first time after = 30 secs and thereafter would be at the staring point
#
after every 30 seconds. Thus -B would be at the starting point after 30, 60, g0, 120,.., seconds i.e.
multiples of 30
seconds.

, Thus, A and B would both be at the starting time after common multiple of
75 seconds and 30 seconds and the first time
that this would occur would be the LCM of 75 and 30 i.e. 150
seconds.
For these types of problems, it does not matter in which direction
the two athletes are running. Even if both are running
clockwise or if one is running clockwise and other anticlockwise,
the time when they r"ourJ be at the starting point
would remain the same.

Arithmetic
72
 6.7.ii. Meeting for the first time
In the above example, we found the time after which the two
athletes would be meeting for the firsttime at the
starting poinl' As explained previously' this may not be the first
time that they are
met even before this but at some other point on the track length. -."titrg,-trr"y could have possibly
E.g. consider that tbe twl athletes are running in
opposite direction i'e. one is running clockwise and another is runni-ng
unti-"rorwi;-4|;;t"". In such a scenario, after
starling simultaneously from a starting poiht, even before either
of them completes one full round, he would have met
the other athlete at a point distinct from the starting point. so this question
asks the time for the first meeting which
could be at any point on the track.

When running in opposite direction:

Consider two friends who are separated by 1500 meters and they move
towards each other at speeds of 20 mls and
50 m/s. After how much time would they meet?

This is a straight question on relative speed and the time taken to meet
=

;ffi =#
Thus, in this case they would meet after =21.42secs .

1500 rnts

A. 20 m/s B, 50 m/s
----> +-

( \
A, 20 rnls B, 50 rnls

t )

Now instead of they traveling in a straight line, consider that the road they are
travellng on is curved as shown. would it
make any difference to the time taken for them to meet? If you un.*.r.d
cover 20 meters each second and B would cover 50 meters each second,
- No, you uL ..-i-gh,. ru.n nowl would
eacn second
so they would cJme closer by 70 .;;;;
If that is the case, if the road was even more curved i.e. almost circular as
shown, how much time would they take to
meet? (they cannot turn around and meet each other, they have
to travel along the entire circular track to meet).

In this case also they would take the same time t'e' 291500 2t.42secs
-r.50 #=
track length
Thus time taken to meet =
relative speed
Also please note that when they meet, both together have covered a distance
equal to one track length.

Arithmetic
73
 When running in same direction
consider a police traveling at 50 m/s chasing a thief travel ing
Bk
at 20 m/s. If the distance between the police
when the chase starts is 1500 meters' find the time after and thief
wniln tne police catches ,rp *irt the thief.

Again, the solution should be known by now * #h =

# = 50 secs :

what one should note in this problem and solution is that when the police
catches-up with the thief the police man
would have run 1500 rneters more than the thief i'e. the police
man has to cover / make-up a distance of 1500 meters
over the thief' The same situation exists when two athletes are
running on a circular track in the same direction. An
instant after the start, looking from the faster one's perspective,
he sees a distance equal to the track length that is
separating him and the slower one. To catch up with the slower
one, he has to cover an entire track length more than
the slower one. Thus even when the two athleies are running in
the same direction, the time taken to meet :
track length
*l"ttt.-rp."d . In this case the relative speed will be the difference in speeds.

Directions for E'g' 27 to 33:Three athlet es A, B and c arerunning on a circular

track of length 1200 meters with
speeds 30 m/s, 50 m/s and B0 mls. A is running clockwise and B and c are running unti.i*t*ir".
E'g' 27: Find the time after which I and B will meet for the first time
and_ the frequency (in seconds) after
will keep meeting' Also find the sum of the distance (in fraction ofthe which they
track lengthj *n uv rrr"* till their first meeting.

Since I and B arerunning in opposite direction, they would meet after

= = 1 5 secs
;ffi # .

In 15 seconds,l would have run 15 x 30:450 meters ,.". OtO =?'o ofthe
track length.
1200 ,
In 15 seconds, ,B would have run 15 x 50 :750 meters i.r. "O =!'' ofthe track length.
1200 g
Notice that on meeting for the first time, they have togetherrun one
full track length.
From thi first meeting onwards, one could say.thatA and B areagain
starting simultaneously afresh and running in
opposite direction' Thus they would meet again after further 15
s=econds. cJ-rtinuing the same argument, we can
that A and B meet after every 15 seconds. say

E'g' 28: Find the first time thatA and'B will meet at the starting point.
Also find which numbered meeting will this be?
Find the sum of the distance (in terms of the track length) thaithey
have run so far.

I would be at the start after every multipfe of = 40 secs and B will .on uft.'.
ff be at the
"u"O'50{p = 24 secs
Thus they would be simultaneously at the starting point for the fist time at the LCM of 40 and 24 i.e. l2lseconds.
To find which numbered meeting will this be: In the above
example we have found thatl and.B meet for the first time
after l5 seconds and would keep meeting after every 15 seconds thereafter.
Thus the meeting after l2lseconds will
be their 8th meeting.

The distance runby A so far: 120 sec x 30 m/s: 3600 meters

The distance run by,B so far: 120 sec x 50 m/s : 6000 meters
The sum of the distance run by them : 960Q i.e. 1200 x 8 i.e. together they have run
eight full rounds and this is their
eighth meeting.

From these two solved examples, one should be clear that when two
athletes are running in opposite direction,
whenever together they run one full round they meet.

Arithmetic
74
 E.g|i;1,"T"1li.".'lT:*::Tlj*fl::j":]113::]i1.}:Tulj*.T9tn"n.qufiffi1'.,
will keep meeting. Also find the difference of the distance (in fractiion
of the track length) run by them till their first
meeting.

Since B and c are running in same direction, they wourd meet after
= a oo r."r.
,|1h #
In 40 seconds, ,B would have run 40 x 50 :2000meters i.". ?990 =r:* of the track length.
1200

In 40 seconds, c wourd have run 40 x B0 : 3200meters i.". ** = r:'o of

1200 3 -- the "-'"'-..E
'-'- track rength.

Notice that on meeting for the first time, the faster athlete has run one
full track length more thanthe slower.
From the first meeting onwards, one could say that B and. care
again starting simultaneously afresh and running in
opposite direction' Thus they would meet again after further 40
seconds. colntinuing the same argument, we can say
that B and C meet after every 40 seconds.
E'g' 30: Find the first time that B and c will meet at the starting point.
Also find which numbered meeting will this be?
Find the difference of the distance (in terms of the track tengtli)
that they have run so far.

B would be at the start after every multipfe of = 24 secs and C will be at the start after .u.O {p
ff = 15 secs.
'80
Thus they would be sirnultaneously at the starting point for the fist
time at the LCM of 24 and 15 i.e. l2|seconds.
To find which numbered meeting will this be: In the above example
we have found that B and. Cmeet for the first time
after 40 seconds and would keep meeting after every 40 seconds thereafter.
Thus the meeting after l2lseconds will
be their 3'd meeting.

The distance run by B so far : 120 sec x 50 m/s : 6000 meters i.e. 5 rounds
The distance run by c so far : 120 sec x B0 m/s : 9600 meters i.e. g rounds
The difference of the distance run by them : 3 rounds i.e. the faster athlete has run
three full rounds more than the
slower one and this is their third meeting.

From these two solved examples, one should be clear that when
two athletes are running in same direction, whenever
the faster one has run one full round more rhanthe slower one they
would meet.
E.g. 31: After how much time will all three A, B and c meet for the first time?
To solve such questions requiring you to find the meeting time of
three athletes, find the frequency (in terms of time)
after which Iand B will keep meeting and the frequency (in terms of time)
after wffrch Aand C (or B and ewill keep
meeting' At the LCM of these two frequency we are sure that A and
B have."t u"j .o rt ave ,q andC met. But this is
possible only when all three are together.

1200
ln this questi on, A and,B meet after
, 30-1.200
everv
+ 50
= g0 = 15 secs and .B and C meet after every
1200 1200
B0 _;0
= 30 = 40 secs ' Thus at the LCM of 15 and 40 i.e. 120 seconds, A and, Bhave met and so have Band
C met
i'e' all three have met' And also since after 120 seconds, A (or B or
Q is at the starting point, the first meeting of A, B
and C is also the first meeting at the starting point.

Arithmetic
75
 6.7.iii. Number of times of meeting
Educr>
When running in opposite directions:
If two athletes are running in the opposite direction, whenever they.together
run one.full round, they meet (by together,
we mean the sum of the distances run by them). one could
take this meeting u, u a.rn rturting point and for
meet again' they would have to together run one full round them to
more. Thus for tleir seco.,d meeting from the actual
they would have to together run two rounds.-This_argument start,
can go on. Thus for them to meet for the nth
they should have run n rounds. In other words if they have time,together
togette r rvn nrounds, they would have met for n
times.
When running in same directions:
If two athletes are running in the same direction, whenever the faster
one runs one round more thanthe slower one,
they meet' one could take this meeting as a fresh starling point
and for them to -".i here onwards, the faster
one should run one round more than the slower one" Thus for the "guir,
second meeting from the actualstart, the faster one
should run two rounds more than the slower one. This argument
can go on. Thus, for them to meet for the 16 time,
faster one should run n rounds more than the slower on". In the
other words if the faster one has run n rounds more than
the slower one they would have met n times.

E'g' 32: In a race of 4800 meters run on a circular track of 400 meters
length, the ratio of the speed of the two
athletes is 3 : 5. If they run in the same direction, how many times
do they meet in the entire race?

Since it is a 4800 meter race on a track of 400 meters, the winner

would have to complete = 12laps or rounds.
Since the ratio of the speeds is 3 : 5, when the faster guy completes
#
12 round, the slower guy would have done

n"1= = 7'2 rounds. The faster one has rnn 12 7.2:4.8 rounds
+ - more than the slower one and hence would
have met him four times. The difference in the number of rounds is not an integer means that when
the race ends the
two athletes are not together' the faster athlete is 4.8 rounds ahead of
the slowJr. The last meeting was when the faster
one was 4 rounds ahead and since then he has gone ahead ofthe slower guy
and the race ends when the faster one is
/-'h
0'8 i'e' of the track ahead of the slower one. But since the race ends here,
he does not overtake (meet) the slower
5
guy for the fifth time.

E'g' 33: In the above race, had they been running in opposite directions,
how many times would they have met?
when the faster one completes 12 rounds, the slower one completes 7.2
rounds. Thus they have together done 12 + 1.2
:19.2 rounds. So they would have met 19 times.

6.7.iv. The meeting points - where on the track do the athletes

rpeet
These types of questions do not deal with when or how often
do the athletes meet when they are running on a circular
track' These questions pertain to the number of points and their placement
on the circular track where the athletes can
possibly rneet.

When running in the opposite direction:

when two athletes I and B are running in the opposite direction, they would meet
whenever they have together run one

full round' If the ratio of their speeds (in the most reducible form) is a
: b,they would meet whenl has run
-3-'' purt

ofthetrackandBhas,bltaa'k((hpo1rfhof+,lra.,l.^-'^+^^^+L^-^-_.-.
'un part of tfe track. (Check that they have together
o * b run one full round). Thus they

would meet at a point tnatis part of the circle, from the starting point, in the direction
fl that A isrunning. This

Arithmetic
76
 EduGo
could be considered as a fresh stafi and again they would meet
at part of the circle, from the earlier meeting
h'^
point' using this funda one can ascertain that the number
of meeting points on the trtck would be would be o +6.
funda is best understood with an example.. This

Consider our earlier example of athletes I

and B running at speeds of 30 m/s and 50 m./s on
a circular track of 1200
meters' If they are running in opposite directions and keep .unning
indefinitely, ut tro* distinct point on the circle
would they rneet? -unf

A and Bwould meet for the first time

1200
after = 15 seconds
30+50

In 15 seconds, I would travel 1 5 x 30 : 450 i. 450= 3'h of the circle. Thus they would meet at the point as shown in
". 1200 ,
the figure below:

,-B A:
V Stu'r V

The circle is divided into eight parls and the first meeting is at the point
as shown which is at a distance of f of the
8
circle from the starting point and in the directionl is running.

Now this point could be considered as a fresh start and thus, they would again meet after J
Ahas run of the circle
8
again. This is shown as in the following diagram:

Starl

Arithmetic
77
 EduGt>
Going by the same logic' the third meeting will be ortne circle ahead (clockwise) from the 2'd meeting point.
f'' This
will continue and the following figure shows the 3'd, 4,h, andother meetings:

Start

znd
------------+ meet

Start, 8th meet

rrd
J
meet

6tlt
rneet

Going this way we shall see that the 8th meeting happens at the starting point.
Thus after this the same pattem will start
repeating and even if the runners keep running indefinitely they wouldlust
meet at ttrese a points.
In this example, the answer is B points because the ratio of the speed in
the lowest form is 3 : 5 and the number of point
on which the runner can meet is going to be 3 + 5 g. :
Tlreabovecanalsobeunderstoodwithoutthediagramasfol1ows:
whenl completes 3 round, B would complete 5 rounds, as the ratio of their speeds is
3 : 5. Thus they together would
have covered 5 + 3 i.e. 8 rounds and this will be their 8th meeting. In
one-eighi the time that they took for this meeting,

they would have met for the first time and this would be whenl would have done l'o of uround and.B would have
8
\'h
done ' Now multiplying this situation by 2,3, 4, ...andso on, we can find the further meetings. This is as
i shown in
the table below:

Arithmetic
7B
 After Part of round A Part of round B Together
time
Meeting Poinfof
covefs covers they number meeting,
cover part of
round
clockwise
Say. t 3 rounds 5 rounds 8 rounds 8th At stafi
t J ) I round 1"'
J
8 8 8
t
.,. 1
.. J^th -rh
o
^ 5'o=_l o',,_ l_2'h
lx_
2 r'ounds 2ttt
6" 3'n
8 88 888 -84t.e.-
Jv - ^ 3't' grh 1't'
Jx- ^ 5't'=_r5''=l_, 7'o 3 rounds J
l'o
-- =l: Jx_
8 888 888 8
4r!- n 3"' l2'h ,4'h
z+x- 4 rounds 4'o
4'o l'h
=_ =l_ 4*1'o =4'n =24"'
8 888 888 -82t.e.-
_t
5x- \'h I\'h jttl \n' ) <ttl l'' 5 rounds
5x: =^" :l' =J-"
5tn
7''
8 888 88 8 8
-t
6x- - 3n'=_ Ig'' ^2'' 6 rounds 6
ox_ =!"'=39"' .' 1n
2tt'
8 888 =2_ 6*1'o
888 -84t.e.-
-tlx- -I !- 3'h- zr'h -8 _/\- 5'n 35't' 3'h 7 rounds 7ut
)
88 =- =4-
8
888 s
.th ^'ilt
srL=t o..J 24 8 rounds 8th At starting
88=!"
tth g*1'o
o^- =5*
8 88=- =J
point.

In shor[ if the ratio of two runners running in opposite directions, in the

most reducible form is a: b,they c*tmeetat a
+ 6 distinct points on the track.
When running in the same direction
consider the same example as above i.e' A and,B are running with speeds
30 m/s and 50 m/s on a circular track of
length 1200 meters, but this time they are running in the same direction,
clockwise.

Theywouldmeetforthefirsttimeafter#=x:60seconds

In 60 seconds, I would have run 60 x 30 : 1g00 meters i.".

1800
= 1
I
of the circle and B would have run 60 x 50 :
1200 ,
3000 i'e' = z| ottn"circle' As expected, B has run I round more thanl and they have
# met. And this meeting

I
point is of a circle in the clockwise direction from start, basically the diametrically
t opposite point. considering this as

a new s1art, they should meet at j of a circle ahead from this diametrically opposite point, which is
same as the starting
point' Next they would again meet at the diametrically opposite point
and next at the start. This process will continue
and thus they meet at only two points in the circle. we couto also have got
the answer by just seeing the difference
between 3 and 5, they being the ratio of the speed in the most reduced
form. 3 : 5.

Arithmetic
79
 one could also do a detailed working like that done above when
would arrive at the following result:
the runners *.r" ruffiffidJiiE ions. You

Iftheratiooftworunnersrunninginthesamedirection,inthemostreducibleformjs
distinct points on the track.
a:b,theycanmeet atla-bl

Exercise 6.7:
I A and B can run one full round of a circular track in 8 minutes
and 15 minutes respectively. If they start
simultaneously and run in same direction, after how much time
will they meet for ihe firstiime?
2. Arjun and Bhim can run a full round around a circular track in 4 minutes and
7 minute respectively. If they start
simultaneously, after how much time will thev meet together at a point
diametrically opposite form the starting
point?

J. on a circular track of length 800 meter s, Aand, B run arace. Since r runs at a speed of
20 m/s and B runs at a
speed of 15 m/s' I
allows B to start 200 meters ahead of him. After how much time will I cross
B if they run in
the same direction?
4. A, B and c can complete one full round of a circular track in 10
minutes, 30 minutes and 50 minutes respectively.
Ifl runs clockwise and,B and c run anticlockwise, find the time after
which they will meet for the frst time and
also the time after which they will meet at the starting point for
the first time.
5. what should be the length of the race, if it is run on a track of 400 meters
and it]should end exactly on the 5,h
meeting of A andB, both of who run clockwise with speeds of 35
m/s and 45 m/s.
6. Four athletes run a race' starting from the same point and all of them
running clockwise. If the ratio of the speeds
of the athletes are I :2 :3 :4, at how many distinct points on the circular
tra-ck could any two athletes meet
(overtake)?

7. A and B start running on a circular track of length 1200 meters with

speeds in the ratio of 1 : 5 and I running
clockwise and B anticlockwise. At what distance from the starting point,
measured clockwise, would the point of
their 4th meeting be?
In a race between I and B, both start simultaneously from the same point
but I runs clockwise and B runs
anticlockwise' They meet for the first time at a distance of 300 meters
clockwise from the starting point and for
the second time at a distance of 200 meters anticlockwise from the
starting point. Find the ratio of speeds of A and
B, if it is known thatl has not completed one full round until the
second rn..ting.
6.8. Clocks
Questions on clocks are essentially application of circular motion. In a clock, you could
consider the minutes and the
hours hand as two athletes running on a circular track in the same direction.
ihe track length could be thought of as
360' or as 60 minutes. But it is less confusing when you think of it as 360o,
so we will 1n.Jru.. the track length in
degrees' Also note that the angle between any two hours, say 2 o'clock
' o'clock and 3 o'clock or between 7 o,clock and g
is 30".

The minute hand covers 360" in 60 minutes and thus its speed is
6olmin.
The hour hand covers 30'in 60 minutes and thus its speed is%lmin.

The relative speed of the two hands would be very useful and should _I 1l
be memorize d as 6
- %: 5; or
7, which
would be easier to use.
There are four types of standard questions asked on clocks and these
are explained using examples below:
E'g' 34: After how much time do the minute and hour hands of a clock
cross each other?

Arithmetic
BO
 h:1, hi:d
EduCt>
::,:::i:11:: i:Ti:lili:* th" l" be together (say, 12 o,crock).ro, ,r,H,iHffiidff minute and
r wo,tl-;;;;j;""ft..
360 360 720 . _ s
,-1= ,/r= tt =o'r t mrnutes

After this again the same situation would occur and they would again -5
meet after further 6 5; minutes. Thus the two

'-5
hands meet after eve
ry 05l
I minutes"

E.g. 35: After 4 o'clock, at what time do the two hands meet each
other?
At 4 o'ilock, the minutes hand is at 12 andthe hour hand is at 4 i.e.the
minute hand is 120" behind the hour hand. For
the minute hand to catch up with the hour hand, it should cover
a distance of l20o more than the hour hand. This
it
t20 249:r,9
would doin 11= ll =zrn minutes.Thusthetwohandswouldbetogether
'2u at4:212 minutes.

The same working would apply to find the time at which the
two hands would meet in any given hour, e.g. if we had
find the time at which the two hands would meet between 7 o'clock to
and g o,clock,att we-hav;;;;ffi;'*gl"
between the hands at 7 o'clock , 210o andthe time taken to catch 420 2
, up with this distance would a" = = 3g
-49 I I l l

minutes i.e. the two hands would meet at 7: 3s?

11'
E.g. 36: What is the angle between the hands at 5:38?
At 5 o'clock, the minute hand is 150'behind the hour hand. In 38 minutes,
the minute hand will catch up (cover more

than the minutes hand) a distance of 38

'2 x ! : ror'.Thus the minute hand will now be 20g
- ls|: 59o ahead of hour
hand.

E'g' 37: At what time after 2 o'clock would the angle between the minute
hand and the hour hand be 75.?
At 2 o'clock, the minute hand is 60" behind the hour hand. For the angle
between the hands to be 75o, the minute hand
should not only cover the initial lag of 60o, but also go ahead by 7 5"
135o more than the hour hand.
. Thus in all it has to cover :
a distance of 60 + 75

In one minute the minute hand covers

|z ' tor* than the hour hand. Thus to cover I 3 5o more than the hour hand it will
. 135 270 6
take ; , =-----=24-
,/, il minutes.
ll""'"--"'

Thus, at Z:Z+! minutes, the angle between the hands will be 75..
11

Another type of questions on watches are where the watches are

either fast or slow...
E'g' 38: A watch gains I hour every 24 hours. If it is set right at 6 am
on Monday morning, what is the correct time
when the watch is showing 10 am on the Saturday moming.

Arithmetic
B1
 ln a true true time of 24 hours, the watch will run 25 hours.
Educt>
From the watch showing 6 am on Monday moming to l0
am on Saturday morning, the watch has run a
hours' Thus the actual time has to be 96 hours i.e" the watch is total of 100
4 hours atreao. arii ri"n." ihe true time is 6 am
the watch is showing l0 am. when

E'g' 39: There are two watches, one which runs correctly but the
second one gains t hour every 5 hours. If both are
set conectly at 12 noon, after how many hours will both
ihe watch show the same time.
The watch running faster will immediately starl gaining time over
the correct one and will run ahead of it. So while it
seems that it will always be ahead of it and hence the time int eh two watches
will never be the same, think of a
situation when one watch is 12 hours ahead of another watch. The time
shown by the two watches will be the same!.
Thus the two watches will show the same time when the faster
one has gained 12 hours more than the slower one.
Since itgains I hour in every 5 hours, it will take 60 hours to gain
l2 hours. So after 60 hours of setting the two
watches correctly, the two watches will gain show the .u,o. ti...
Exercise 6.8:
1. At what time after l0 o'clock, would the minute and hour hand be together?
2. If the minute and hour hand of a clock are meeting every 65 minutes,
is the cloqk fast or slow. And how many
minutes does the clock gain or lose in I hour?
3. What is the angle between the minute and hour hand, at g:23?
4. At how many distinct points on the dial can the minute and hour hand
meet?
5' At what time after 4 o'clock would the minute and hour hand be at right
angles to each other?
6. rn a 12 hour interval, how many times is the minute and hour hand

a. Together

b. Opposite to each other

c. At right angles to each other

7 ' If the angle between the minute and hour hand is 36" and we know that
the time is between 2 o,clock and 3
o'clock, what time is it?
8' A watch gains 5 minutes every hour. It is set right at 12 noon. what
is the true time when the watch is showing 5
pm, on the same day?

9' Two watches are such that one gains 2 minutes every hour and
the other loses ] minutes every hour. If both the
watches are set at the correct time at 3 pm' after how many hours
would the two watches be showing the same
time?
10' one watch runs faster than it should. So, when it is 6 am, I put the watch
l0 minutes behind. At 5 pm (true time)
the same day, on checking the time r realize that the watch it is 12
minutes ahead of the actual time. At what time
does the watch show the correct time?

Arithmetic
B2
 Educo
7.Time and Work
Almost every entrance test has questions based on time and work and
these questions are one of the easier ones to
solve. So it will pay rich dividends to do this topic thoroughly.
Questions on work usually fall in one of the following categories:
I '
Relation between days taken by individuals to complete a given work
independently and to complete while working
simultaneously or alternately.

2' Teams of men, women' children and time taken by the teams to complete
a work independently or working
simultaneously.

There are very few innovative questions that can be based on this topic
and thus most questions are the standard types.

7.1. Basics: Per day's work

th
rf A can do a piece of work in l0 days, then each day he would be doing I of the work each day.
l0
I
Conversely, if B does of the work in one day, he can complete the entire work in 12 days.
l2

Work done per day =

Days taken to complete the work

25
Thus, Xtakes days to complete a work + Work done byXin one day =
4''
4 of the work.
25

tth
Idoes 20
6 of the work in one day
= Days taken by lto complete the work =
J

Proportionality between days, amount of work and per day,s work

one should be very dexterous in using the concept of per day's work with the proportionalities
between the number of
men working, days they are working and amount of work. The following calcuiatitns
should be seamless in yr mind and
should not require any pencil jottings.

E.g. 1: Ifl takes 15 days,o oo of a work, what part of the work does he do in I day?
J''
1'h
Whatever work is done in 15 days, in I Oay of that work will be done, thus,
t5
J t nth ^Ih
15 days to do
t of the work > in I dav l"i 5 =1
'15 oftheworkwillbedone.
7s

Arithmetic
B3
 EduGo
E'g' 2: If I man takes lB days to oo
1'' of the work, in how many days will he "oniptet" the work?
18 days. ?)th of tlre work
= r oar.
$ "?:*'' of the work + enrire work in 45 days.

,th
E'g' 3: Ifl does of a work in 3 days, how many days will be taken
f to complete
fitfr
ortn. work?
sth ,h
3 dars.
,u of the work
= r day, 35 of the work
3'th
of the work in 7 days.
=;
If I man can complete a work in 60 days, what part of the work will be completed by 3 men working for 5
f;ilft
1 man completes work in 60 days + I man in I day ao", of the work
;f,''
=> 3 men in I dav do
" ]'^ of the work
60
+ 3 men in 5 days will do
60604=)i.r.!''
*'' *s of rhe work.
while these are not the type of questions askedin the exam, they
do lend the required flexibility in moving between
number of days needed and amount of work done, if needed
in any question.
Exercise 7.1:

l. If I takes r5 days ,o oo j'' of the work, in how many days wiil r comprete the work?

2. Ifl takes ouY, to complete a work, how many days are takenby
$ Ato complete ?'o
)
orrn"work?
r{
J l takes davs to complete Il,h of the work. what part of the work is done by A in 1 day?
f
4. A takes 10 days to ao of the work. what part of the work is done by A in r
]'o day?
llt

-t. I doesI of the work in 2 days. what part of the work is done by A inl day?

6. I does ortne work in 7 days. In how many days will r

f complete the work?

. )'h
7. I does of the work in 3 days. what part of the work will r
fr complete in 5 days?

, g'h
A does of the work in l0 days. w.hat part of the work will
B.
7 r complete in 25 days?

Arithmetic
B4
 EduGo
1 th
9. If I man takes 12days to Oo vnrv 15
of a work, 't5 man r,,il .{^ .,,
men will do what part of the work in g days?
G
10' If 10 men do Ioth of a work in l8 days, 1 man will do what part of the work in l0 days?

7 .2. Framework to solve questions on Time and work

Almost all questions on work can be solved by either of the following two
approaches:
1. working with per day's work
In this approach, we find the work done by each person in I day and then we
add the parts of work done each day to
find the effective rate of work being done each day.
2' assuming the quantum of work as the LCM of various days taken
In this approach, the quantum of work to be done is assumed and then the rate
of work being done per day is found
out' Adding the rate of work being done by the different individuals gives
us the effeptive rate of work being done.
Both the approaches involve exactly the same amount bf work and you can pick
whfch ever approach is tnore
comfortable to you' The approach using LCM does not involve fractions,
otherwise the amount of calculations involved
are exactly identical.

E'g' 5: Ifl does a work in l0 days and -B does the same work individually in 12 days,in how many days will the work
be completed ifthey work simultaneously?
Approach 1: Per day's work

1Ih
I does
- of the work in I day.

Ith
B does olthe work in I day.
,
7r''
l0 *!''
!'o
Working simultaneously, they ao = ofthe work in I day
12 60

60
Thus total days taken by both working simultaneously: days
l1
Approach 2:LCM
Let the amount of work be 60 units.
Sincel does 60 units in 10 days, he does 6 units every day

Since B does 60 units in 12 days, he does 5 units every day.

Working simultaneously, they do 6 + 5 : l l units each day.

60
l'hus they take days to do 60 units.
;
The above example illustrates all the theory that you will have to use. All other matter in a question is building a story
around the above.

Arithmetic
B5
 E.g.6:Ifldoesaworkinl0daysandBdoesthesameworkindividual1yinrzouri7ffin.,
3 days is joined by B. After another 1 days,I quits. How many more
days will be taten uy B to complete the work?
Approach l: Per day's work

I is effectively working for 4 day and thus.will do

!r.n.?'' of the work.
105
.th
B has to do 31
of the work and he will take a total of 1x12 =T .,
=, days for it. He has already put in I day of
work. So he will take another 6"2 days

You should also be familiar with the equation: *#" =lth of thework, where disthedays B has worked. The
#'o
right hand side of the equation is I because the entire work is done. This equation
will also give us d:7.2
Approach 2:LCM
Let amount of work be 60 units. :
Thus I does 6 units per day and B does 5 units per day.

I works for total of 4 days and competes 24 units. B does work for 1 day and does 5 units. Thus 2g units of the work is

already done and 3l units are remaining which will be done at the rate of 5 units per day. fnus, = 6.2 dayswill be
taken.
$
7.3. concept of Negative worh pipes and cisterns
while in the above examples, both players were working to get the work done, it is also quite
possible that one of them
might be working towards 'breaking' the work i.e. doing negative work. Such
type orproblems do appear in the above
contexts also' but are more popular in questions called 'Pipes and Cisterns'.
th.se questions are exactly the same as
above where the work to be done is to fill a cistern (any thing that collects
*ut.r..g. tunt ,Lucket, etc) using inlet
pipes. In case of cistern, a leak at the bottom of the tank or an outlet pipes
denoteslegative work.
E'g' 72 An inlet pipe can fill in an empty cistem in 30 minutes whereas a leak in
the lottom of the cistern can empty a
filled tank in 40 minutes. Find the time taken to fill the cistem when both the inlet pipe
and the leak are on.

Part of cistern that is filled each minute : I- I=I

30 40 120
Thus entire cistem is filled inl20 minutes.
E'g' 8: Two inlets pipes can individually fill a cistem in 10 minutes and 20 minutes respectively. However it took them g
minutes to fill the cistern working simultaneously, because of a leak at the bottom ofthe cistern.
In how many minutes
would the leak empty the entire filled cistern if the iirlet pipes are closed?

since ciitem is filled in 5 minutes' each minute, orit is getting filled. Thus if the leak can empty the filled cistem in
|''
x minutes, we have

111114+2-51
__: _
1020x8x4040' =_
Thus the leak can empty the cistern in 40 minutes.

Arithmetic
B6
 7.4.Teams of men, women and children
E.g. 9: If 4 boys or 3 men can complete a piece of work in 10 days how
many days will it take for 4 men and 3 boys to
finishthe work?

4 boys can finish the work in l0 days + t boy can finish it in 40 days 40
= 3 boys can finish it in
; daYs + 3 boys

-th
do ;40 of the work in I day

3 men can finish the work in 10 days

= I man can finish it in 30 days
=> 4 men can finish ,tinfi.n.E days
= 4

men do a)th of the work in I day.

nth ^th 9+16 25.5,0"

-----
Thus work done by 3 boys and 4 men in I day = ]40 + _!-
15
= -
120 -i.e.
120 of the work.
24

Thus days taken to complete the work : =4.8 days.

+
Exercise 7.2:
l ' Atank' which usually takes 5 hours to be filled, takes 6 hours to fill because of a leak. Find the time in which the
nth
leak can empty the tank if it is ]4 filled and the inlet pipe is shut.

2' Three taps A, B and C can fill a tank individually in l0 hrs, 20 hrs and,25
hrs respectively. At first all the taps are
opened simultaneously' After 2 hours tap C is closed and after further 2
hours tap B is aiso closed. Tapl is kept
open till the tank gets completely filled. What fraction of the tank is filled
by tap l?
3' 4 men and 3 women can finish a piece of work in 6 days whereas if there
were_5 men and 7 women, they would
have taken 4 days to finish the work. How many days will I man and I
woman.take to finish the work?
4 ' A and B can complete a workworking individually in 60 days and 40 days respectively. Both start working
simultaneously on the work simultaneously, but 4 days before the work is scheduled
tL get over, B leaves. Find the
total number of days taken for the work to be completed.
5 ' A and B can complete a work working individually in 60 days and 40 days respectively.
Both start working
simultaneously on the work simultaneously, but B did not work on the last 4 days.
Find the total number oiduy,
taken for the work to be completed.

6' I is thrice as efficient as ,B and hence takes 12 days less to complete a work
as compared to B. Find the number
of days in which they can complete the work while working together?
7 ' I is twice as efficient as -B and B is thrice as efficient as C. If all three
together can complete a work in l0 days,
find the difference in the number of days taken to complete the work whinAand
B work together and when.B
and C work together.

B' Tina can do as much work in 2 daysas Leena can do in 3 days and Leena
can do as much work in 4 days as
Meena can do in 5 days. If all three w<irk together, they take 20 days to finish
a work. How long would Leena
take to finish the work if she works alone?

Arithmetic
87
 9. AandBcanfinishaworkinl0dayswhenworkingtogether.Band'Cworking.-6,iiffik
can finish the work in
lil?jif ^:o:::o::.:111_"g::g"jher
if all three A, B and C work together?
15 days. rn how many days wiu the work get over

10. A and B completed a work together in 5 days. Had A worked at twice

the speed and B athalf the speed, it would
have taken them only 4 days to finish the work. How much time wouldl
take to finish the work if he worked
alone?
1t
tf. I
can build an entire wall in 50 days whereas B, who is a demolition
man, can break the entire wall in 60 days. If
I
they work on alternate days with starting, in how many days will the
wall be built completely for the first time?
12" The days taken to built a wall individually by eachof A, B, C,
D and E is 20 days, l5 days, 12 days,l0 days and 6
days' They divide themselves into two teams such that the days taken by the
two teams to finish the work are in
the ratio 2 : 3. Find the teams formed.

Arithmetic
BB
 Answer Key
CBD - Cannot be Determined.
NoT - None of these

Percentages

Exercise 1.1:
1.100 2"12.72% 3" 140% 4. 150 5. Rs. 14,600 6. Rs. 9, Rs. 7.65 7.lt2lts
8.62.5 % 9.5.26% 10.5%

Exercise 1-.2:

1.a. B 1.b.22.5 t.c.45 t.d,.28 l.e. 1.5 3.8

1.f. 1.9.27
1.h. 35 l.i. t26 2.a. 8.33yo 2.b. 62.5% 2.c. 63.63%o 2.d,. 140% 2.e. 55.s5o/o
2.f.137.5

Exercise 1.3:
1.5,00,000 2.125% 3.44% 4.460mn 5.16.66% 6.42'84% 7.2
8.64%

Exercise 1.4:
1.t3n2 2.7t6 3.7t8 4.7^t 5.t2nl 6.7n0 7.tt.1t%
8. 18.18% 9.6.66% 10.6.2s% n.37.5% 12.28.s6%

Exercise 1,5:
1.14.28% 2.28.56% 3. 18.18% 4.60% 5.8.33% 6.6.66% 7.n.lt%
8.37.5%

Exercise 1.6:
1.i.32% Lii.8% l.1ii.-19.04% r.iv.-lo/o r.v.4o/o r.vi.4.25o/o l.vii.0%
l.viii'0% ]'ix.-8.33% t.x.i5o/o r.xi.13.33o/o lxii.-1.5625%,
2.32.5% 3. -25% 4.22.22%
Profit, Loss and Discount

Exercise 2.1:
1.33.33% 2. Rs.500 3.517 4.6s% 5. Rs. 1000 6.175

Exercise 2.2:
1.16.66% 2.9.09 3, t2 4.2 5.40/3 kgs 6.0% 7.44%
8. Loss, Rs. 39.5

Arithmetic
B9
 Exercise 2.3:
Edtrct>
1" Rs. 111 2.28% 3.20% 4.r 5.20% 6.80:77
Exercise 2,4:
1.37.5% 2. Loss x0"7o/o . 3.8% 4" 0% 5.1.222kg
Simple and Compound Interest

Exercise 3.1:
l. Rs. 800 gain 2. Rs.7,500 3.tt.ttyo 4.10%.16.66% 5. 60 years

Exercise 3.2:
1.5799.125 2.16,80,000 3.12,25,043 4.7,00,000 5. x6.50h

Exercise 3.3:
1. Rs. 575 2.11.11% 3. Rs. 400 4. 8 : 9 5. 6.66%

Exercise 3.4:
1. Rs.63,100 2. 15% 3. Rs.50 4.25:24 5.20%

Ratio, Proportion and Variation

Exercise 4.1:
l.385,660 2.5n3 3.314 4.17t7 5. 900, 720,600 6. cBD 7.6 :5
8. s14 9.49 10.192 11. B:25 12.162 13. 15000Rs. 14.3:4
15. 19k,27k,35k

Exercise 4.2:
l. 5 2.5 3. 130, 195,260 4.360,270,216,190 5.0
Exercise 4.3:
1.1/10 2.10 3. 35 4. 8 5. 0.45 Rs/km 6.9 : 4 7.48%
8. Rs.4

Exercise 4.4:
1 .27 2. y: 5x + 361x2 3.36 4.8 5.6.25

Averages and weighted Averages [Mixtures and solutions)

Exercise 5.1:
1. 50 2.217 3.54.5 . 4.78.75 5. 4 9.7 7.0
8. 34 9.23.2 10.42.5

Arithmetic
90
 Exercise 5.2:

2 99
r.2.27% 2. 49 kg 3.-ll 4.33% 5.25,15 6_- 1-
I
61 J

197
43
9"-67 10. 8 liires 11.27.7 % 12.20 % 13.53 % 14, t5

3l
15.
-25
Exercise 5.3:
1.21 :43 2.20lts 3" 115 4.9.37s% 5.5:l 6..942111 Its 7 . 69 .44%
8.33:7 9. 5 times 10. 15: 16

Time, Speed and Distance

Exercise 6.1-:

31
1.7.5 sec. 2.-60 3. 50 seconds 4.75km 5. 12 km 6. 5 hrs. 7.3:5
8. t hr., 25kn/hr,25 km

Exercise 6.2:
1.9.09% 2.70krn 3.480 km 4.9:7 5.60 kmph,2l0 km 6.45 min
7.250 mts 8. 66 km 9. 50 mts 10. Ram, I mt.

Exercise 6.3:
1. 11 arn 2. 4.8 hrs 3.440km 4.3:2 5.54 kmph

Exercise 6.4:
1.a. 20sec 1.b. 30 sec l.c. l5 sec 1.d. 40 sec sec
l.e. 60 1.f. 30 sec
2. 100 mts. 3.42kmph 4.12.5 sec 5.2:3 6.240 mts. 7. 6 sec 8.220m
Exercise 6.5:
1.2 kmph 2.Z?klrrrph 3.2tu,4hr 4. 6 hrs 5. 3 hrs 6. 80 kmph 7.4kmph
8.4 kmph

Exercise 6.6:
1. lB kmph 2.30 kmph 3. s0% 4. l0 mins 5.3 :4

Arithmetic 9I
t
Exercise 6.7:

120
1. 2. Never 3. 40 sec 4.75 min,150 min 5. 9000 mts. 6.4 points
-min
1
7. 800 mts. 8. 800 mts"

Exercise 6.8:

60
r. r0:s+f, min 2.Gain,143 min 3. t t:.s" 4. 11 points

5. 4:51min &4:38?min 6. a) 11 times b) 1l times c) 22 times 7.2:4!sr2:fi1

11 11

B. aSsP 9. A4hrs 10. 11a.m

Time and Work

Exercise 7.L:

1.25 days 2. -40 davs 3.

4
4.
J
5.
I
6.
56
dals t. |tn
9' 125
-th -th
40 -th
20 ;
4 2 I
B.
-th
l5
9. -rd
J
10.
nth
Exercise 7.2:

18 156
l.22.5hrs )_
-'25 ?- 4.30 days 5.26.4 days 6.4.5 days 7-
t25
7 9
8. 66 days 9. 8 days 10. l0 days 11. 489 days 12. (8, E) & (A,:C, D)

Arithmetic
92