PROTO-GERMANIC

Which means ‘standing firm’

Definition:
Steel is an alloy of IRON and CARBON and sometimes with other
elements like Mn,Cr,Ni…etc. It is a hard ,strong grey or bluish grey alloy
which is widely used as a structural and fabricating member.
Earliest  4000 years old  1800 BC 
Noric steel  Roman military
Pioneers of modern steel making
process6thcentury BC

“Tamilians of Tamilakam”
 Wootz steel  Seric IRON  Carbon content

from “Avaram Poo”heated

in crucibles
The CHINESE of the WARRING
states  quenched hardened
steel 403-221 BC
The Chinese of HAN dynasty
 created steel  by
melting wrought iron with
Avaram poo – Cassia auriculata
cast iron 202BC-220AD
Mainly into 4 types , based on it’s
composition:
1) CARBON steel
2)ALLOY steel
3)STAINLESS steel
4)TOOL steel
But providing a wide range of classification
:
 PRODUCTION METHOD :
Source: www.metasupermarkets.com
Continuous cast, elastic furnace…etc
 FINISHING METHOD:
Cold rolled, hot rolled, cold
drawn…etc
 FORM OR SHAPE:
Bar, Rod, tube, pipe, plate,
sheet…etc
 DE-OXIDATION PROCESS:
Killed and semi killed steel…etc
 MICROSTRUCTURE:
Ferritic, Pearlitic, Martensitic…etc
 HEAT TREATMENT: Source: www.metasupermarkets.com
 Properties of STEEL can be varied by
VARYING the CARBON content in it.
 Increase in carbon content increases
the SHEAR STRESS and HARDNESS, at
the same time decreases the
DUCTILITY and TOUGHNESS.
 Composition : 0.05% - 2.1% of
Carbon
 Melting point : 1300-1400 C
 Can be hardened and tempered
 Compressive strength : 4.75 – 25.2
tonnes/sq.m
 Ultimate tensile strength : 5.51-11.02
tonnes/sq.m
 It rusts easily
 It’s TOUGH , Mallaeble and Ductile
 It absorbs SHOCKS
 It can be rapidly forged or welded
Commonly USED as a REINFORCEMENT for
RCC , in Steel structures, bolts, rivets and
sheets. For making cutlery, files and
Based on the carbon content steel is of
the following types:
 Dead Mild Steel ( less than 0.15% of C)
 Mild Steel (0.05-0.25% of C)
 Medium carbon steel (0.30-0.60% of
C)
 High carbon steel (0.60 – 1.50% of C)
 Cast steel or Carbon steel ( more than
1.50%)
 Also known as PLAIN CARBON steel
 Most common form of steel
 Material properties acceptable for many
applications
 CARBON CONTENT : 0.05 – 0.25 %
 DENSITY : 7850 kg/m3 (or)
7.85 g/cm3
 YOUNG’S MODULUS: 210 Gpa or
30,000,000psi
 As per Indian Standards(IS)
2062, there are 9 mild steel
grades as :
 Fe 250
 Fe 275
 Fe 300
 Fe 350
 Fe 410
 Fe 450
 Fe 550
 Fe 600
 Fe 650
Characteristic STRESS-STRAIN curve for MILD Where NUMBER denotes the
STEEL
value of TENSILE STRENGTHS
of the variant.
 Carbon content : 0.3% - 0.6%
 Manganese content : 0.60% -
1.65%
 Ductile
 Strong
 Long wearing properties
 USES : Large parts of
machinery, forging
and automotive
 Carbon content : 0.60% -
1.70%
 Manganese content : 0.30% -
0.90%
 High CARBON content STRONG
 Holds SHAPE MEMORY well
 Uses : Springs , swords,
high strength wires
and sheets…etc

Cold Twisted Deformed(CTD) Bars
commonly known as TOR steel
named after TORisteg Steel
Corporation of LUXEMBORG – 1975
Thermo Mechanically Treated
(TMT) :
Hard outer surface with a
softer core. ManufacturedHot
rolled steel wires Water
Surface harder and core softer
 Steel wasn’t made economically till 19th

century

 Began in 1855 Introduction of

BESSEMER’S PROCESS

 Raw material PIG iron  Bessemer

converter
Bessemer converter - 1855

 CHEAP and produced LARGE quantities

 Open hearth furnace
 19th century  SIEMENS-MARTIN
process  co-melting of bar
iron with pig iron
 Linz-Donawitz process of BASIC
OXYGEN STEEL (BOS) making 
developed in 1950’s  superior
to all

SOURCE:
Hyundai steel
corporation
web
Source : DISCOVERY channel
 High Strength and Light weight :
Weight of structure made of steel will
be small
 Uniformity :
Properties of Steel does not change as
opposite to concrete.
 Elasticity:
Steel follows Hooke’s law accurately
 Ductility:
Steel can withstand extensive
deformation without failure under Burj
high tensile stress (ie) it gives WARNING Khalifa
before failure takes place. ,
Dubai
 Toughness :
Steel has both STRENGTH and
Sometimes R/C structures are preferred to steel structures because
sometimes steel structures cannot provide the necessary strength due to
BUCKLING, whereas R/C columns are generally sturdy and massive (ie) no
buckling occurs.
The other disadvantages maybe:
Maintenance Cost : Steel structures
 Corrosion  Air,water & Humidity
 Painted regularly
Fire proofing cost:
SteelIncombustible  But at HIGH
temperatures Strength reduced
 Susceptibility to Buckling :
As the length and slenderness of a
compressive column increases, the
danger of buckling increases.
 Fatigue :
Strength of Steel gets reduced due
to cyclic loading(ie) repeated loading in
regular time intervals
 Brittle fracture:
Under certain conditions Steel
loses DUCTILITY Fracture Stress
concentrated areas  Fatigue type
Howrah Bridge Pamban Bridge
 Chennai Airport Bengaluru International
Airport
 Wankhede Cricket stadium Chennai Chepauk
CricKet Stadium
 Petronas Towers

The Empire State

Building
 Eiffel Tower Burj Khalifa Sears Towers
Taipei 101
 National Olympic stadium- China Golden Gate
Bridge-SF
The LOUVRE
pyramid,
Paris
Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles Montreal Biosphere -
Fuller