Name: Pandavadra Arti Subject: CMT (3350701)

Enrolment no.: 196140307079

Practical-5
AIM: Observe various Storage system such as HDD, CD-Drive, DVD Drive and
Flash Drive. Open the drives and study their Internal structure.

1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD):

• Hard Disk is mainly largest data storage device which is used for External Memory and a
permanent Storage, in computer HD need for operating system, software titles, and most
other files are stored in the hard disk drive. Hard drive keeps a hold of its data even when
powered off. That’s why you can restart a computer, which powers down the HDD, but
still have access to all the data when it’s back on.

• There are motors inside which is spin the disk platters each platters having sectors located
on tracks, which are stored on rotating platters. These platters have magnetic heads that
move with an actuator arm to read and write data to the drive.
Name: Pandavadra Arti Subject: CMT (3350701)
Enrolment no.: 196140307079

Physical Structure of HDD:

a. Platter:

• A platter is one or more aluminium, glass, or ceramic disk coated in a magnetic media is
located within a hard drive to store all your computer's data permanently. When the
computer is turned on, these platters begin to rotate at so many RPM (rotations per minute).
This rate varies depending on the model of hard drive you have; an example of how fast a
hard drive may spin is 7200 RPM. As the disk platters are rotating, the read/write head
accesses information on one of the platters. To help store and retrieve the data from the
platter, data is stored in tracks, sectors, and cylinders on each platter.
Name: Pandavadra Arti Subject: CMT (3350701)
Enrolment no.: 196140307079

b. Read/ Write Head / Arm:

• A read/write head is a specific physical part of a hard disk that is responsible for
reading data from, and writing data to, the disk. Read/write heads are typically
made up of a thin horizontal magnetic blade attached to an actuator arm. By
changing the electrical polarity of bits on a magnetic disk, the read/write arm
effectively records data to a disk drive.

c. Spindle:
Name: Pandavadra Arti Subject: CMT (3350701)
Enrolment no.: 196140307079

• A post that holds a reel of magnetic tape or CDs. The picture shows an example of
a blank CD spindle. When purchasing blank discs, they are often sold in a spindle
like the one shown to the right. In the case of a hard drive, the spindle (shown
below) is what holds the hard drive's platters in place. With a traditional hard drive,
there is the need to have multiple platters. The spindle holds these platters in a fixed
position with enough space for the read/write arms to get to the data on the disks.

Logical Structure of HDD:

a. Sector:
• In computer disk storage, a Sector is a subdivision of a track on a magnetic disk or optical
disc. Each sector stores a fixed amount of user-accessible data, traditionally 512 bytes for
hard disk drives (HDDs) and 2048 bytes for CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs. The sector is the
minimum storage unit of a hard drive. Most disk partitioning schemes are designed to
[1]

have files occupy an integral number of sectors regardless of the file's actual size. Files that
do not fill a whole sector will have the remainder of their last sector filled with zeroes. In
practice, operating systems typically operate on blocks of data, which may span multiple
sectors.
Name: Pandavadra Arti Subject: CMT (3350701)
Enrolment no.: 196140307079

b. Track:
• A disk drive Track is a circular path on the surface of a disk or diskette on which
information is magnetically recorded and from which recorded information is read.
A track is a physical division of data in a disk drive, as used in the Cylinder-Head-Record
(CCHHR) addressing mode of a CKD disk. The concept is concentric, through the physical
platters, being a data circle per each cylinder of the whole disk drive. In other words, the
number of tracks on a single surface in the drive exactly equals the number of cylinders of
the drive.

c.Cylinder
• A Cylinder is a division of data in a disk drive, as used in the CHS addressing mode of a
Fixed Block Architecture disk or the cylinder–head–record (CCHHR) addressing mode of
a CKD disk. The concept is concentric, hollow, cylindrical slices through the physical
disks (platters), collecting the respective circular tracks aligned through the stack of
platters. The number of cylinders of a disk drive exactly equals the number of tracks on a
single surface in the drive. It comprises the same track number on each platter, spanning
all such tracks across each platter surface that is able to store data (without regard to
Name: Pandavadra Arti Subject: CMT (3350701)
Enrolment no.: 196140307079

whether or not the track is "bad"). Cylinders are vertically formed by tracks. In other
words, track 12 on platter 0 plus track 12 on platter 1 etc. is cylinder 12.

2. CD Drive:
• Compact discs hold 700MB of data (equivalent to 80 minutes of audio, hundreds of high-
quality digital images, and small video files). Unlike DVDs, CDs are not yet available in
double-sided or dual-layer formats.

Physical Structure of CD:

Name: Pandavadra Arti Subject: CMT (3350701)
Enrolment no.: 196140307079

• A standard CD is 120 mm (4.75 inch) in diameter and 1.2 mm (0.05 inch) thick. It is
composed of a clear polycarbonate plastic substrate, a reflective metallic layer, and a clear
protective coating of acrylic plastic. The reflective metallic layer is where audio data is
read in the form of minuscule (as short as 0.83 micrometre) depressions (pits) and
contrasting flat regions (lands) that are arranged in a spiral track (groove) winding from
the disc’s inner hole to its outer edge. The centres of adjacent grooves are spaced 1.6
micrometres (0.0016 mm) apart. A smaller CD single (80 mm [3.1 inches] in diameter) is
also used for audio distribution.

3. DVD Drive:
• Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc it is digital optical disc storage format used
to store high-capacity data like high quality videos and movies. an optical disc storage
format invented and developed by Philips and Sony in 1995. optical disc is in Single-
layer, single sided Single-layer, double-sided, Dual-layer; single-sided, Dual-layer,
double-sided.

❖ Physical Structure of DVD:

Name: Pandavadra Arti Subject: CMT (3350701)
Enrolment no.: 196140307079

• A DVD is composed of several layers of plastic, totalling about 1.2 millimetres thick. Each
layer is created by injection mouldings polycarbonate plastic. This process forms a disc
that has microscopic bumps arranged as a single, continuous and extremely long spiral
track of data.
• Once the clear pieces of polycarbonate are formed, a thin reflective layer is sputtered onto
the disc, covering the bumps. Aluminium is used behind the inner layers, but a semi
reflective gold layer is used for the outer layers, allowing the laser to focus through the
outer and onto the inner layers. After all of the layers are made, each one is coated with
lacquer, squeezed together and cured under infrared light. For single-sided discs, the label
is silk-screened onto the no readable side. Double-sided discs are printed only on the no
readable area near the hole in the middle. Cross sections of the various types of completed
DVDs (not to scale) look like this:

• Each writable layer of a DVD has a spiral track of data. On single-layer DVDs, the track
always circles from the inside of the disc to the outside. That the spiral track starts at the
centre means that a single-layer DVD can be smaller than 12 centimetres if desired.
Name: Pandavadra Arti Subject: CMT (3350701)
Enrolment no.: 196140307079

4. Flash Jump Drive (Pen Drive):

• A USB flash drive is a device used for data storage that includes a flash memory and an integrated
Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface. Most USB flash drives are removable and re-writable.
Physically, they are small, durable and reliable. A USB flash drive may also be known as a flash
drive or USB drive.

• Physical Structure of Flash Jump Drive:

a. Plug:
• The plug is the external portion of the drive that connects to a host device. They are usually flat
and rectangular. The part of the of the USB that slides into the computer is called the plug, or
sometimes the ‘male’ part of the USB connection. The ‘female’ connector that can link to other
devices is called a port.

• Most USB plugs will be Standard-A connectors; these are the ones we’re most familiar with.
Although they can also be available as Type-B, Mini, Micro and Type-C.

b. USB Mass Storage Controller Device:

Name: Pandavadra Arti Subject: CMT (3350701)
Enrolment no.: 196140307079

• This is a microcontroller inside the USB that allows your device to be accessed by a
host system, thereby enabling file transportation between devices. The mass storage
controller may only be a small component, but it is responsible for controlling data
transfer.
c. NAND Flash Memory Chip:

• NAND flash memory is a form of non-volatile data storage (which means that data is
saved even without a power source). The NAND chip within the USB is the support
system of the drive, much in the same way that the human spine props up the skeletal
structure. It gives the device the power and storage space it requires to store your data.

d. Crystal Oscillator:

• This handy component dictates the flow of information within the device’s circuitry. The
crystal oscillator utilises a 12 MHz clock signal to control device output – all electronic
devices use the clock signal – to create a resilient memory structure.

• The signal functions similar to that of a metronome, swinging from side-to-side, helping to
synchronise all of the electronic functions within the device.

e. Cover:
• The cover is the hard-outer coating of the device and is used to protect the delicate
components within the body of the device.

• This is also the part that is typically tailored to create a vast array of designs, colours and
customisations. They’re usually made using a hard-plastic coating, but they can also be
made of wood or metal.

f. Other Components:
• Although all USB devices contain those five crucial components, they may also include
more components that add extra functionality to your device.

g. LEDs:
• Some drives are fitted with LED light indicators. These are used for seeing if your drive is
in operation or even being charged. LEDs are handy, so you don’t accidentally interrupt a
data transfer partway through.

h. Extra Storage:
Name: Pandavadra Arti Subject: CMT (3350701)
Enrolment no.: 196140307079

• Some drives will also come with the option of adding extra storage to the device. This
unpopulated space will usually be left free, so the user has the opportunity to add a second
memory chip to bolster the device’s storage capabilities.

Installation steps of Hard Disk Drive (HDD):

Step-1: If you are also adding a PATA or SATA interface card or RAID adapter, install the card
in an available slot and route the data cable(s) to the hard drive bay area.

Step-2: (PATA only) If BIOS Setup did not report the details of installed drives, visually examine
them to determine how they are configured and to which ATA interface they connect. Depending
on the existing configuration, you may be able to add the new drive to a free channel, or you may
need to reconfigure existing drives and/or move them to another interface. Follow the
recommendations in the article "Assigning masters and slaves" to configure the drive or drives.

Step-3: Decide what to do with the existing hard drive:

• If you are replacing a failed hard drive, disconnect the data and power cables from the existing
drive, and remove the drive from the chassis.
• If you are replacing a drive that still functions but you need to copy data from it to the new
hard drive, leave the old drive in place for the time being. If the old drive occupies the drive
bay you need for the new drive, remove the old drive and set it on top of the chassis or
elsewhere within reach of the data and power cables. Make sure the drive is oriented normally
horizontal or vertical rather than at an angle or upside down. If necessary, use a sheet of paper
or cardboard underneath the drive to prevent electrical shorts. Connect the data and power
cables so that you can use the drive temporarily to copy data from it to the new drive.
• If you are adding a drive and will continue using the old drive, decide where to install the new
drive and whether to make it the primary drive or secondary drive. For example, if you are
adding a large drive to store your audio and video collection, you may decide to install the new
drive on the secondary channel, leaving the configuration of the old drive
• unchanged. Conversely, if you plan to use the new drive as the boot drive and for primary
storage and the old drive for secondary storage, you may decide to install the new drive on
the primary channel and move the old drive to the secondary channel.
Step-4: After you have configured the new drive (and reconfigured the old one, if necessary),
mount and secure the new drive and connect the data cable to the drive, as shown in Figure. If the
drive mounts directly to the chassis, it is often easier to connect the data cable to the drive before
you mount the drive. If the drive mounts to a removable drive tray, it may be easier to connect the
Name: Pandavadra Arti Subject: CMT (3350701)
Enrolment no.: 196140307079

data cable to the drive after you mount the drive tray in the chassis. If the drive is a PATA model,
make sure that the stripe on the data cable is aligned with pin 1 on the drive data connector.

Step-5: If it is not already connected, connect the other end of the data cable to the motherboard,
as shown in Connect a SATA drive that is primary to the lowest numbered SATA interface (usually
0, but sometimes 1). Connect a SATA drive that is secondary to the lowest available SATA
interface. (On a system with a primary PATA drive and secondary SATA drive, use SATA
interface 0 or higher.) Any PATA hard drive should be configured as a master device if at all
possible. Connect a PATA drive that is primary as primary master, and a PATA drive that is
secondary as secondary master.

Step-6: Connect a power cable to the drive, although it is not a major issue, we prefer to use a
dedicated power cable for a hard drive whenever possible, rather than sharing a power cable
among two or more drives.
Name: Pandavadra Arti Subject: CMT (3350701)
Enrolment no.: 196140307079

Step-7: Leave the cover off for now, and give the system a quick visual check to make sure that
everything is connected properly. Connect the keyboard, mouse, and monitor if you'd previously
disconnected them, then turn on the power to start the smoke test. You should hear the new drive
spin up. If it's difficult to tell (which it often is with newer drives), you can put your fingertip
against the drive and feel it spinning up.

Step-8: The new drive should appear on the BIOS boot screen as the system boots. If that screen
flashes past too quickly or your system doesn't display configuration details on the boot screen,
run CMOS Setup and use it to verify that the new drive is detected correctly. If the new drive is
not detected, take the following steps until the problem is resolved:

1. Restart the system, run BIOS Setup, and look for an option named Auto Detect or something
similar. Choose that option to force drive detection.
2. Power down the system. Verify that the data cable is connected to the drive and interface, that
the power cable is connected, and that both cables are seated firmly. If the drive is a PATA
model, verify that you are using an 80-wire UltraATA cable and that the colored stripe on the
cable corresponds to pin 1 on the drive and interface.
3. Restart the system, run BIOS Setup, and verify that the interface to which you connected the
drive is enabled.
4. Power down the system and substitute another data cable.

5. Power down the system and connect the data cable to a different interface.
6. If the drive is a PATA model and shares the cable with another device, power down the system
and disconnect the other device temporarily. If the second device is another hard drive that is
configured as master, temporarily reconfigure the new drive as master for testing.
Name: Pandavadra Arti Subject: CMT (3350701)
Enrolment no.: 196140307079

7. If the drive is a SATA model and the motherboard uses a chipset that predates SATA, you will
need to install SATA drivers from a floppy. Note that even some very recent motherboards use
older chipsets that are not SATA-aware, so the age of the system is no indication as to whether
it supports SATA natively. These older motherboard designs add SATA support by using a
standalone SATA controller chip that is not integrated with the main chipset. SATA drives
connected to such a motherboard require drivers to be installed manually before the system
can access the SATA drive.
Step-9: Once the system recognizes the new drive, use Windows or a third-party utility to partition
and format the new drive. We generally use the disk preparation software that is bundled with the
hard drive, such as the Maxtor MaxBLAST utility.