1

Academic Vocabulary

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(A)
To leave a place, thing, or The captain gave order to abandon the
Abandon ‫يتخىل عن‬
person, usually for ever. ship.
Existing as an idea, feeling,
Abstract ‫جتريدي‬ or quality, not as a material Truth and beauty are abstract concepts.
object.
An organization intended
to protect and develop
Academy ‫أاكدميية‬ A military/ police academy.
an art, science, language,
etc.
The method or possibility
The main access to (= entrance to) the
Access ‫ دخول‬/‫وصول‬ of getting near to a place
or person.
building is at the side.
The quality or characteristic
of something that makes Accessibility is one of the most
Accessibility ‫إماكنية الوصول‬
it possible to approach, important aspects of textual analysis.
enter, or use it.

Despite the critical acclaim, the novel

Acclaim ‫هتاف‬ Public approval and praise.
did not sell well.

/‫يتسع‬ To provide with a place to New students may be accommodated in

Accommodate
‫يستضيف‬ live or to be stored in. halls of residence.
To go with someone or to
Depression is almost always
Accompany ‫مرافقة‬ be provided or exist at the
same time as something.
accompanied by insomnia.

In a way that is suitable or When we receive your instructions we

Accordingly ‫وفقًا لذلك‬
right for the situation. will act accordingly.

Correct, exact, and The figures they have used are just not
Accurate ‫دقيق‬
without any mistakes. accurate.

I’m not accustomed to being treated

Accustomed ‫مألوف‬ Familiar with something.
like this.
To succeed in finishing
She finally achieved her ambition to
Achieve ‫حيقق‬ something or reaching an
aim.
visit south America.
To accept, admit, or
/‫يعرتف‬ recognize something, or
Acknowledge She acknowledged having been at fault.
‫يعرب عن شكر‬ the truth or existence of
something.

He has acquired a reputation for being

Acquire ‫يكتسب‬ To get something.
difficult to work with.

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 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(A)
To change something to Many software companies have adapted
Adapt ‫يتكيف مع‬ suit different conditions or popular programs to the new operating
uses. system.

Enough or satisfactory for a Have we got adequate food for 20

Adequate ‫ مناسب‬/‫اكف‬
particular purpose. guests?

Very near, next to, or They lived in a house adjacent to the

Adjacent ‫جماور‬
touching. railway.
To change something
slightly, especially to make If the chair is too high you can adjust it
Adjust ‫ُي َعِّدل‬
it more correct, effective, to suit you.
or suitable.

They’re looking for someone to

Administrate ‫يدير‬ To manage.
administrate the new division.

/‫من املسمل به‬ Used when you are Admittedly, I could have tried harder
Admittedly ‫عىل حنو‬ agreeing that something is but I still don’t think all this criticism
‫الميكن إناكره‬ true, especially unwillingly. is fair.
A person or animal that
An adult under English law is someone
Adult ‫بالغ‬ has grown to full size and
strength.
over 18 years old.

To publicly support or She advocates taking a more long-term

Advocate ‫يؤيد‬
suggest an idea. view.
To have an influence on
someone or something, Both buildings were badly affected by
Affect ‫تؤثر‬
or to cause a change in the fire.
someone or something.

/‫مجموعة‬ Something formed by

They purchased an aggregate of 3,000
Aggregate adding together several
‫إمجايل‬ amounts or things.
shares in the company.

He gets about with the aid of a walking

Aid ‫مساعدة‬ Help or support.
stick.

The evening was very pleasant, albeit

Albeit ‫وإن يكن‬ Although.
A little quiet.
To give something to
someone as their share of The government is allocating £10
Allocate ‫صص‬ َ ُ‫خ‬
ِّ ‫ي‬ a total amount, to use in a million for health education.
particular way.
To change something,
usually slightly, or to cause
Alter ‫ يتبدل‬/‫يتغري‬ We have had to alter some of our plans.
the characteristics of
something to change.

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 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(A)
An alternative plan or
method is one that you The opposition parties have so far failed
Alternative ‫بديل‬
can use if you do not to set out an alternative strategy.
want to use another one.
Having or expressing
more than one possible His reply to my question was somewhat
Ambiguous ‫بم‬
َ ْ‫ ُم ه‬/‫غامض‬ meaning, sometimes ambiguous.
intentionally.
To change the words of a
The rule was amended to apply only to
Amend ‫ تعديل‬/‫ُي َعِّدل‬ text, especially a law or a
legal document.
non-members
A comparison between
/‫تشابه جزيئ‬ two things, typically on
He drew an analogy between the brain
Analogy the basis of their structure
‫التناظر الوظييف‬ and for the purpose of
and a vast computer.
explanation or clarification.
To study or examine
something in detail, in Researchers analysed the purchases of
Analyse ‫حتليل‬
order to discover more 6,300 households.
about it.

Happening once every

Annual ‫سنوي‬ An annual event.
year.

A person or thing that

is different from what is Statistical anomalies can make it
Anomalies ‫الشذوذ‬ usual, or not in agreement difficult to compare economic data from
with something else and one year to the next.
therefore not satisfactory.

To imagine or expect that

Anticipate ‫يتوقع‬ We don’t anticipate any trouble.
something will happen.

Able to be seen or Her unhappiness was apparent to

Apparent ‫واحض‬
understood. everyone.
A request to the public
They are launching (= starting) an appeal
Appeal ‫مناشدة‬ for money, information, or
help.
to raise money for famine victims.
To recognize how good
There is no point buying him expensive
Appreciate ‫ُي َقِّدر‬ someone or something is
and to value him, her, or it.
wines - he does not appreciate them.
A way of considering or
doing something.
Michael is always very logical in his
/‫ أسلوب‬/‫هنج‬ OR approach.
Approach
‫اقرتاب‬ To come near or nearer I see it’s approaching lunchtime, so
to something or someone let’s take a break.
in space, time, quality, or
amount.

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 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(A)
Suitable or right for a
Is this film appropriate for small
Appropriate ‫ الئق‬/‫مناسب‬ particular situation or
occasion.
children?

Not completely accurate The train’s approximate time of arrival

Approximate ‫تقرييب‬
but close. is 10.30.
Close to a particular
number or time although The job will take approximately three
Approximately ‫تقريبًا‬
not exactly that number weeks, and cost approximately £1,000.
or time.
Based on chance rather
Arbitrary ‫اعتباطيًا‬ than being planned or Arbitrary decision-making.
based on reason.

One part of a situation, Which aspects of the job do you most

Aspect ‫جانب‬
problem, subject, etc. enjoy?

ُّ َ‫ جَم‬/‫جمَ َ َع‬
/‫تع‬ To come together in a
We assembled in the meeting room after
Assemble single place or bring parts
‫حشد‬ together in a single group.
lunch.

To judge or decide the

The insurers will need to assess the
Assess ‫ُي َقي‬ amount, value, quality, or
importance of something.
flood damage.

To give a particular job or The case has been assigned to our most
Assign ‫تعيني‬
piece of work to someone. senior officer.

Assist ‫يساعد‬ To help. The army arrived to assist in the search.

The company needs more financial

Assistance ‫مساعدة‬ Help.
assistance from the government.
To connect someone
or something in your Most people associate this brand with
Associate + with ‫يربط‬
mind with someone or good quality.
something else.
To accept something to
I assumed (that) you knew each other
Assume ‫يفرتض‬ be true without question or
proof.
because you went to the same school.
To tell someone confidently
that something is true, The unions assured the new owners of
Assure ‫يؤكد‬
especially so that they do the workers’ loyalty to the company.
not worry.

Her first novel enjoyed an astonishing

Astonishing ‫مدهش‬ Very surprising.
success.

To fasten, join, or connect I attached a photo to my application

Attach + to ‫ُي ْر ِفق‬
something. form.

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 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(A)
To reach or succeed in He has attained the highest grade in his
Attain ‫ يكسب‬/‫يحُ َ ِّقق‬
getting something. music exams.
To try to do something,
He attempted to escape through
Attempt ‫حياول‬ especially something
difficult.
a window.
A feeling or opinion about
something or someone, or It’s often very difficult to change
Attitude ‫أسلوب‬
a way of behaving that is people’s attitudes.
caused by this.
A quality or characteristic
Organizational ability is an essential
Attribute َ ِ‫م‬
‫سة‬ that someone or
attribute for a good manager.
something has.

The writer of a book, He is the author of two books on french

Author ‫ُمؤلِّف‬
article, play, etc. history.

The moral or legal right or We need to get the support of someone

Authority ‫ُس ْل َطة‬
ability to control. in authority.
To make a process in a
factory or office operate
‫جيعله‬ by machines or computers,
Massive investment is needed to
Automate in order to reduce the
‫أوتوماتيكيًا‬ amount of work done
automate the production process.
by humans and the time
taken to do the work.

Able to be bought or
Available ‫متاح‬ Is this dress available in a larger size?
used.

The act of avoiding The avoidance of injury is critical to a

Avoidance ‫ تفا ِد‬/‫جتنب‬
something or someone. professional athlete.
Knowing that something
exists, or having
Aware ِ‫واع‬ I wasn’t even aware that he was ill.
knowledge or experience
of a particular thing.

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(B)
/‫ العمود الفقري‬The most important part Farming is the backbone of the
Backbone of something, providing
‫رئييس‬ support for everything else.
country’s economy.

He gave what amounted to an apology

Behalf ‫ بامس‬/‫ألجل‬ As a representative of.
on behalf of his company.

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 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(B)
She studied behavioural psychology at
Behavioural ‫السلوكية‬ Relating to behaviour.
college.

A stay in the country will be beneficial

Beneficial ‫مفيد‬ Helpful, useful, or good.
to his health.
A helpful or good effect,
The discovery of oil brought many
Benefit ‫فائدة‬ or something intended to
help.
benefits to the town.

Bestow The George cross is a decoration that is

To give something as an
+ ‫مينح‬ bestowed upon/on British civilians for
honour or present.
upon/on acts of great bravery.
Hot beverages include tea, coffee, and
Beverages ‫املرشوبات‬ A drink of any type.
hot chocolate.
The action of supporting
or opposing a particular
person or thing in an unfair The senator has accused the media of
Bias ‫ نزعة‬،‫احنياز‬
way, because of allowing bias.
personal opinions to
influence your judgment.
Showing an unreasonable
like or dislike for a person The newspapers gave a very biased
Biased ‫احنيازًا‬
based on personal report of the meeting.
opinions.

To improve or increase The theatre managed to boost its

Boost ‫ُي َعزِّز‬
something. audiences by cutting ticket prices.
An important discovery
or event that helps to
Scientists are hoping for a breakthrough
Breakthrough ‫اخرتاق‬ improve a situation or
provide an answer to a
in the search for a cure for cancer.
problem.

Lasting only a short time or His acceptance speech was mercifully

Brief ‫نبذة‬
containing few words. brief.

Something or someone
Bulk ‫جحم‬ It was a document of surprising bulk.
that is very large.

Belonging to or happening
Bygone ‫ فائتة‬/‫غابرة‬ A bygone era.
in a past time.

Something that is
produced as a result of
/‫نتيجة ثانوية‬ making something else, Buttermilk is a by-product of making
By-product
‫منتج جانيب‬ or something unexpected butter.
that happens as a result of
something.

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 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(C)
A strong, coarse
unbleached cloth made
from hemp, flax, cotton,
Canvas ‫مقاش‬ or a similar yarn, used to A canvas bag.
make items such as sails
and tents and as a surface
for oil painting.
Able to do things
She’s a very capable woman/ worker/
Capable ‫قادر‬ effectively and skillfully,
and to achieve results.
judge.
The total amount that
can be contained
or produced, or The stadium has a seating capacity of
Capacity ِ
‫س َعة‬
(especially of a person or 50,000.
organization) the ability to
do a particular thing.
/‫بإمهال‬
‫عىل حنو‬ She said younger job candidates often
Casually /‫عارض‬ In an informal way. dress casually for interviews when it’s
‫بشلك غري‬ absolutely not appropriate.
‫رمسي‬
(In a system for dividing
things according to There are three categories of
appearance, quality, etc.)
Category ‫تصنيف‬ accommodation - standard, executive,
A type, or a group of things
having some features that and deluxe.
are the same.

Any job making or serving

Catering ‫تقدمي الطعام‬ I’ve always wanted to work in catering.
food.

The company has decided to cease all

Cease ‫ توقف‬/‫ انقطاع‬To stop something.
UK operations after this year.
(The situation of being
faced with) something
that needs great mental Finding a solution to this problem is
Challenge ‫حتدي‬ or physical effort in order one of the greatest challenges faced by
to be done successfully scientists today.
and therefore tests a
person’s ability.

Channel ‫قناة‬ A television station. The news on channel 4.

Giving money, food, or

help free to those who are
Charitable ‫خريي‬ A charitable foundation.
in need because they are
ill, poor, or have no home.

Something or someone
Bulk ‫جحم‬ It was a document of surprising bulk.
that is very large.

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 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(C)
Any basic substance that
is used in or produced The government has pledged to reduce
Chemical ‫كمييايئ‬ by a reaction involving the amount of chemicals used in food
changes to atoms or production.
molecules.

A fact or event that makes I think she coped very well under the
Circumstance ‫ظرف‬
a situation the way it is. circumstances.

To mention something as
proof for a theory or as a She cited three reasons why people get
Cite ‫يستهشد‬
reason why something has into debt.
happened.
Of or relating to ordinary
citizens and their
concerns, as distinct from
military or ecclesiastical Civil Aviation Authority.
/‫ ممتدن‬/‫مدين‬
Civil matters.
‫ُم َهَّذب‬
We tried to be civil to him.
OR

Courteous and polite.

To make something clear
or easier to understand by
Clarify ‫يوحض‬ Could you clarify the first point please?
giving more details or a
simpler explanation.
A particular part of a
written legal document,
for example a law Clause 4 of the constitution is thought
Clause ‫ رشط‬/‫بند‬
passed by Parliament to be the most important section.
or a contract (= an
agreement).
In a way that is directly
Closely ‫بقرب‬ connected or has a strong English and German are closely related.
relationship.
If an argument, set
of ideas, or a plan is
coherent, it is clear and
When she calmed down, she was more
Coherent ‫ممتاسك‬ carefully considered, and
each part of it connects
coherent.
or follows in a natural or
reasonable way.

To happen at or near the I timed my holiday to coincide with the

Coincide ‫يزتامن‬
same time. children’s.
To fall down suddenly
because of pressure or Thousands of buildings collapsed in the
Collapse ‫يهنار‬
having no strength or earthquake.
support.

One of a group of people We’re entertaining some colleagues of

Colleague ‫زميل‬
who work together. Carol’s tonight.

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 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(C)
We will commence building work in
Commence ‫يبدأ‬ To begin something.
August of next year.

An instruction, command,
or duty given to a person
or group of people. His commission to redesign the
building.
OR
Commission ‫ ُي َفِّوض‬/‫معولة‬
Give an order for or In the USA, a new US $5million
authorize the production production line was commissioned at
of (something such as the New Century Kansas facility.
a building, piece of
equipment, or work of art.
To do something illegal
He was sent to prison for a crime that he
Commit ‫يرتكب‬ or something that is
considered wrong.
didn’t commit.
A willingness to give
your time and energy
to something that you Players must make a commitment to
Commitment ‫ تعهد‬/‫الزتام‬
believe in, or a promise play for a full season.
or firm decision to do
something.
A substance or product
The country’s most valuable
Commodity ‫سلعة‬ that can be traded,
bought, or sold.
commodities include tin and diamonds.
To share information with We can now communicate instantly
Communicate others by speaking, writing,
‫يتواصل‬ with people on the other side of the
+ with moving your body, or using
other signals. world.
The people living in one
particular area or people
who are considered as
Community ‫جممتع‬ He’s well known in the local community.
a unit because of their
common interests, social
group, or nationality.
The enjoyment of
I lived on my own for a while but I
Companionship ‫رفقة‬ spending time with other
people.
missed the companionship of others.
Able to exist, live together, It was when we started living together
or work successfully with
Compatible ‫متوافق مع‬ that we found we just weren’t
something or someone
else. compatible.
To pay someone money in
exchange for something
Compensate ‫ُي َعِّوض‬ that has been lost or Be compensated for their injuries.
damaged or for so
Me problem.

Competitive ‫تنافيس‬ Involving competition. A highly competitive industry.

10
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(C)
To collect information from We’re compiling some facts and
Compile ‫مجتيع‬ different places and arrange figures for a documentary on the
it in a book, report, or list. subject.
To make something else seem
Strawberries and cream complement
Complement ‫تمكلة‬ better or more attractive
when combining with it.
each other perfectly.

Involving a lot of different but

Complex ‫ُم َرَّكب‬ A complex molecule/ carbohydrate.
related parts.

Complete and including We offer you a comprehensive

Comprehensive ‫شامل‬
everything that is necessary. training in all aspects of the business.

/‫يتألف من‬ To have as parts or members,

The course comprises a class book,
Comprise or to be those parts or
‫يضم‬ members.
a practice book, and a CD.
An agreement in an
argument in which the
‫التوصل حلل‬ It is hoped that a compromise will
Compromise people involved reduce their
‫وسط‬ be reached in today’s talks.
demands or change their
opinion in order to agree.

To calculate an answer or Compute the ratio of the object’s

Compute ‫ عد‬/‫إحصاء‬
amount by using a machine. height to its weight.

I think my uncle still conceives of

Conceive ‫يتصور‬ To imagine something.
me as a four-year-old.
To direct your attention or your
Come on, concentrate! We don’t
Concentrate ‫يركز عىل‬ efforts towards a particular
activity, subject, or problem.
have all day to do this.

To end a speech, meeting, or She concluded the speech by

Conclude ‫خيمت‬
piece of writing. reminding us of our responsibility.
Clear and certain, or real and
They think she killed her husband,
Concrete ‫ مملوس‬/‫مادي‬ existing in a form that can be
seen or felt.
but they have no concrete evidence.
The judge imposed concurrent
Happening or existing at the
Concurrent ‫مزتامن‬ sentences totalling 14 years for the
same time.
attacks on the girls.
The manner in which a person
behaves, especially on a
particular occasion or in a The conduct of the police during the
particular context. riot.
/‫ إدارة‬/‫سلوك‬
Conduct OR
‫صف‬ ُّ َ‫َت ر‬ We are conducting a survey to find
The action or manner of out what our customers think of their
managing an activity or local bus service.
organization.

11
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(C)
To exchange ideas on a
particular subject, often in I need some time to confer with my
Confer + with ‫يتشاور‬
order to reach a decision lawyer.
on what action to take.

To limit an activity, person, Let’s confine our discussion to the

Confine ‫يقترص عىل‬
or problem in some way. matter in question, please!

To make an arrangement Six people have confirmed that they

Confirm ‫يؤكد عىل‬ or meeting certain, often will be attending and ten haven’t replied
by phone or writing. yet.
An active disagreement
between people with There was a lot of conflict between him
Conflict ‫رصاع‬
opposing opinions or and his father.
principles.
To behave according
/‫يتفق مع‬ to the usual standards At our school, you were required to
Conform of behaviour that are conform, and there was no place for
‫ُيطابق‬ expected by a group or originality.
society.

They can’t publish your name without

Consent ‫ موافقة‬/‫قبول‬ Permission or agreement
your consent.

Our use of harmful chemicals and the

Happening as a result of
Consequent ‫مرتتب عىل ذلك‬ consequent damage to the environment
something.
is a very serious matter.
I spent most of my money in the first
Consequently ‫بناء عىل ذلك‬ As a result. week and consequently had very little
to eat by the end of the holiday.

Large or of noticeable The fire caused considerable damage to

Considerable ‫خضم‬
importance. the church.

/‫يتكون من‬ To be something that is

The crowd consisted mostly of college
Consist + of made or formed of various
‫يتألف‬ specific things.
kids and office workers.
The physical nature of a
substance, especially a
She loved the creamy consistency of
Consistency ‫التناسق‬ thick liquid, for example by
being thick or thin, smooth
fresh paint.
or lumpy, etc.

In a way that does not His movies are consistently thought-

Consistently ‫بتناسق‬
vary. provoking.

Happening a lot or all the I can’t concentrate with ann’s constant

Constant ‫ثابت‬
time. chatter.

To be or be considered as This latest defeat constitutes a major

Constitute ‫ُي َشك‬
something. setback for the democrats.

12
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(C)
The country’s progress was constrained
To control and limit
Constrain ‫ يعوق‬/‫يجُْب‬ by a leader who refused to look
something.
forward.
Something that controls The constraints of politeness wouldn’t
Constraints ‫عوائق‬ what you do by keeping allow her to say what she really thought
you within particular limits. about his cooking.
To build something or put
Construct ‫ُي َشِّيد‬ together different parts to The walls are constructed of concrete.
form something whole.
To get information or
advice from a person,
If the symptoms get worse, consult your
Consult ‫يستشري‬ book, etc. With special
knowledge on a particular
doctor.
subject.
To use fuel, energy, or Our high living standards cause our
Consume ‫يسهتلك‬ time, especially in large current population to consume 25
amounts. percent of the world’s oil.

As a nation, our consumption of junk

Consumption ‫اسهتالك‬ The amount used or eaten.
food is horrifying.
Communicate with For more information you can contact
(someone), typically in
Contact ‫يتصل‬ any committee member or the phone
order to give or receive
specific information. numbers below.
The situation within It is important to see all the fighting
which something exists or
Context ‫سياق اللكام‬ and bloodshed in his plays in historical
happens, and that can
help explain it. context.
(Of people) to say the
opposite of what someone
else has said, or (of one If you’re both going to lie, at least stick
Contradict ‫يتعارض‬ fact or statement) to be so to the same story and do not contradict
different from another fact each other!
or statement that one of
them must be wrong.
I was worried that it might be too hard
Contrary ‫ عكس‬/‫مناقض‬ The opposite. for me but it turned out the contrary
was true.
An obvious difference
I like the contrast of the white trousers
Contrast ‫تناقض‬ between two or more
things.
with the black jacket.
To give something,
especially money, in order
Aren’t you going to contribute towards
Contribute ‫ُيسامه‬ to provide or achieve
something together with
jack’s leaving present?
other people.

Causing disagreement or A controversial issue/ decision/ speech/

Controversial ‫مثري للجدل‬
discussion. figure.

13
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(C)
A lot of disagreement
or argument about There was a big controversy
something, usually
Controversy ‫جدال‬ surrounding/ over the use of drugs in
because it affects or
is important to many athletics.
people.
To bring together a group The prime minister convened (a
Convene ‫جيمتع‬ of people for a meeting, meeting of) his cabinet to discuss the
or to meet for a meeting. matter.
The opposite (noun). In the us, you drive on the right-hand
side of the road, but in the UK the
)‫املقابل (امس‬ OR converse applies.
Converse
)‫حياور (فعل‬
To have a conversation She’s so shy that conversing with her
with someone (verb). can be pretty hard.
To (cause something or
Could we convert the small bedroom
Convert ‫يتحول‬ someone to) change in
form or character.
into a second bathroom?
To express a thought,
feeling, or idea so that
it is understood by other His poetry conveys a great sense of
people. religious devotion.
Convey ‫ينقل‬
OR Pipes were laid to convey water to the
house
Transport or carry to a
place.

To persuade someone or He managed to convince the jury of his

Convince ‫ُي ْق ِنع‬
make someone certain. innocence.
To act or work together for A two-year old is likely to refuse to
a particular purpose, or to
Cooperate ‫يتعاون‬ cooperate when you tell her to get
be helpful by doing what
someone asks you to do. dressed.
To make many different
We need someone to coordinate the
Coordinate ‫َسق‬
ِّ ‫ُين‬ things work effectively as
a whole.
whole campaign.
The basic and most
The lack of government funding is at
Core ‫ نواة‬/‫أساس‬ important part of
something.
the core of the problem.
Of or relating to a
Airlines are very keen on their
Corporate ‫رشكة كبرية‬ corporation, especially a
large company or group
corporate identity
The money I’ve saved corresponds
To match or be similar or
Correspond ‫تطابق‬ roughly to the amount I need for my
equal.
plane ticket.
A person or thing that The prime minister is to meet his
has the same purpose as
Counterpart ‫نظري‬ European counterparts to discuss the
another one in a different
place or organization. war against drugs.

14
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(C)
Two or a few things that
are similar or the same,
The doctor said my leg should be better
Couple ‫زوجان‬ or two or a few people
who are in some way
in a couple of days.
connected.
The reporting of a
What did you think of the BBC’s
Coverage ‫تغطية‬ particular important event
or subject.
election coverage?

To make something new, Charles Schulz created the characters

Create ‫خيلق‬
or invent something. “snoopy” and “charlie brown”.

Able to be believed, They haven’t produced any credible

Credible َ ‫ ُم‬/‫ُم ْق ِنع‬
‫صَّدق‬
convincing or trusted. evidence for convicting him.
Praise, approval, or
honour. She got no credit for solving the
‫ موافقة‬/‫ثناء‬ problem.
Credit OR
‫رصيد‬ I was relieved to see from my statement
Money in your bank that my account was in credit.
account:
A time of great
Crisis ‫أزمة‬ disagreement, confusion, The country’s leadership is in crisis.
or suffering.
A standard by which you
The health service should not be judged
Criteria ‫معيار‬ judge, decide about, or
deal with something.
by financial criteria alone.

Extremely important or
Crucial ‫مهم‬ A crucial decision/ question.
necessary.

A cultured person has

had a good education He was, therefore, in spite of his love
Cultured ‫ُم َثَّقف‬
and knows a lot about art, for outdoor pursuits, a cultured man.
music, literature, etc.
The money that is used in
Currency ‫عمُْ لَة‬ a particular country at a Foreign currency.
particular time.

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(D)
Serious discussion of a
Education is the current focus of public
Debate ‫ِنقاش‬ subject in which many
people take part.
debate.

A period of ten years,

Air traffic has increased 30% in the last
Decade ‫عقد‬ especially a period such as
2010 to 2019.
decade.

15
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(D)
In a way or to an extent Don't be fooled by the slick advertising
Deceptively ‫بشلك خمادع‬ that gives a misleading and deceptively impressive hardware
impression. and launch titles.

To gradually become less, His interest in the project declined after

Decline ‫احندر‬
worse, or lower. his wife died.

To become less, or to make Our share of the market has decreased

Decrease ‫يقل‬
something become less. sharply this year.
Believing that something is
very important and giving
Dedicated ‫ُم َكَّرسة‬ She’s completely dedicated to her work.
a lot of time and energy
to it.
To reach an answer or
a decision by thinking We cannot deduce very much from
Deduce ‫استنتج‬
carefully about the known these figures.
facts.
To consider or judge
Deem ‫يعترب‬ something in a particular The area has now been deemed safe.
way.
To say what the meaning In the dictionary, "reality" is defined as
Define ‫ ُي َعِّرف‬/‫حيدد‬ of something, especially a "the state of things as they are, rather
word, is than as they are imagined to be".

The date for the meeting is

Definite ‫واحض‬ She has very definite opinions.
now definite: 5 march .

The cutting down of trees

in a large area, or the Deforestation is destroying large areas
Deforestation ‫إزالة الغابات‬
destruction of forests by of tropical rain forest.
people.

Needing a lot of time,

Demanding ‫مطالبة‬ She’s a very demanding child.
attention, or energy.

These numbers clearly demonstrate the

To show or make make
Demonstrate ‫ يوحض‬/‫ُيظهر‬ size of the economic problem facing the
something clear.
country.
The colour red is used to denote passion
Denote ‫ يرمز‬/‫َيدل‬ To represent something.
or danger.

To say that something is He will not confirm or deny the

Deny ‫ُينكر‬
not true. allegations.
To cause someone to feel
unhappy and without
hope. This weather depresses me.
/‫يوقع كآبة‬
Depress
‫ينخفض‬ OR
Depress the lever.
Push or pull (something)
down into a lower position.

16
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(D)
Obtain something from (a Many people derive their self-worth
Derive ‫يستخلص‬
specified source). from their work.
To make or draw plans for
Who designed this building/dress/
Design ‫ُيممص‬ something, for example
clothes or buildings.
furniture?
Wanted or wished for as
being an attractive, useful, Reducing class sizes in schools is a
Desirable ‫مرغوب فيه‬
or necessary course of desirable aim.
action.
Very serious or bad.

OR A desperate shortage of food/ supplies.

Needing or wanting I’m desperate for a drink!

/‫جاد‬ something very much.
Desperate
‫يائس‬ OR
The doctors made one last desperate
attempt/ effort to save the boy’s life.
Feeling that you have no
hope and are ready to do
anything to change the
bad situation you are in.
To notice something that is
/‫يكتشف‬ partly hidden or not clear,
Some sounds cannot be detected by the
Detect or to discover something,
‫يستبني‬ especially using a special
human ear.
method.

These chemicals have a detrimental

Detrimental ‫ضار‬ Causing harm or damage.
effect/ impact on the environment.
To do something that is
different from the usual The recent pattern of weather deviates
Deviate ‫ينحرف‬
or common way of from the norm for this time of year.
behaving.
To give your time or
effort completely to
something you believe
He devoted his life to serving his family,
Devote ‫ُي َكِّرس‬ in or to a person, or to
use a particular amount
friends, and neighbors.
of time or energy doing
something.
To show or find the We do not differentiate between our
Differentiate ‫ُيف ّرق‬ difference between things employees on the basis of their race,
that are compared. religion, or national origin.
A measurement of
something in a particular
Dimension ‫ُبعد‬ Please specify the dimensions.
direction, especially its
height, length, or width.

17
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(D)
I do not want to diminish her
To reduce or be reduced
Diminish ‫يقلل‬ achievements, but she did have a lot of
in size or importance.
help.

Clearly separate or These small companies now have their

Discrete ‫منفصلة‬
different in shape or form. own discrete identity.

To treat a person or
particular group of people
differently, especially in a
worse way from the way She felt she had been discriminated
Discriminate ‫يمُ زي بني‬
in which you treat other against because of her age.
people, because of their
skin colour, sex, sexuality,
etc.

/‫حيل حمل‬ To force something or The building of a new dam will displace
Displace someone out of its usual or thousands of people who live in this
‫يزحي‬ original position. area.
To arrange something or
a collection of things so Family photographs were displayed on
Display ‫يعرض‬
that it can be seen by the the wall.
public.
Get rid of by throwing
away or giving or selling to Whose responsibility is it to dispose of
/‫يتخلص من‬ someone else. scrap materials?
Dispose
OR
‫ُي َرتِّب‬ The chief disposed his attendants in a
Arrange in a particular circle.
position.

Clearly noticeable; that There's a distinct smell of cigarettes in

Distinct ‫ممتزي‬
certainly exists. here.

To notice or understand
the difference between He's colour-blind and can't distinguish
Distinguish ‫يمتزي‬ two things, or to make (the difference) between red and green
one person or thing seem easily.
different from another.
To change something from
its usual, original, natural, My original statement has been
Distort ‫شوه‬
ِّ ‫ُي‬ or intended meaning, completely distorted by the media.
condition, or shape.
To give something out
/‫ يوزع‬/‫ينرش‬ to several people, or The books will be distributed free to
Distribute
‫قسم‬
ِّ ‫ُي‬ to spread or supply local schools.
something.

Making you feel worried or The article described the latest crime
Disturbing ‫مقلق‬
upset. figures as "disturbing".

18
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(D)
The fact of many different
types of things or people Does television adequately reflect the
Diversity ‫تنوع‬ being included in ethnic and cultural diversity of the
something; a range of country?
different things or people.
A paper or set of papers
with written or printed They are charged with using forged
Document ‫وثيقة‬
information, especially of documents.
an official type.
An area of interest or an
She treated the business as her private
Domain ‫ نطاق‬/‫جمال‬ area over which a person
has control.
domain.

Relating to a person's own

Domestic ‫حميل‬ Domestic airlines/ flights
country.

More important, strong, or

Dominant ‫ ُمسيطر‬/‫ ُمهمين‬noticeable than anything A dominant military power.
else of the same type.

To have control over a He refuses to let others speak and

Dominate ‫هُيمين‬
place or person. dominates every meeting.

Moving towards a lower

Downward ‫إىل أسفل‬ A downward trend.
position.

A piece of text, a formal

suggestion, or a drawing
in its original state, often This is only a rough draft – the finished
Draft ‫مسودة‬
containing the main ideas article will have pictures too.
and intentions but not the
developed form.
A play in a theatre or on
Drama ‫دراما‬ television or radio, or plays She’s starred in several TV dramas.
and acting generally.
Very sudden or noticeable,
Dramatic ‫ مثري‬/‫مفايجء‬ or full of action and A dramatic change/ improvement
excitement.

Your life changes dramatically when

Dramatically ‫بشلك كبري‬ Suddenly or obviously.
you have a baby to take care of.

The length of time that

Duration ‫مدة زمنية‬ He planned a stay of two years' duration.
something lasts.

Having a lot of ideas and

enthusiasm. She’s young and dynamic and will be a
/‫ُم ْف َعم باحليوية‬ great addition to the team.
Dynamic OR
‫متغري باسمترار‬
Continuously changing or A dynamic economy.
developing.

19
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(E)
To make or become
To ease the problem of overcrowding,
Ease ‫هسل‬
ِّ ‫ُي‬ less severe, difficult,
unpleasant, painful, etc.
new prisons will be built.

To make changes to a text

or film, deciding what will
be removed and what Janet edited books for a variety of
Edit ‫تعديل‬
will be kept in, in order publishers.
to prepare it for being
printed or shown.

Graceful and attractive in

Elegant ‫أنيق‬ She will look elegant in black.
appearance or behaviour.

List the elements that make up a perfect

Element ‫عنرص‬ A part of something.
dinner party.

To remove or take away A move towards healthy eating could

Eliminate ‫يقيض عىل‬
someone or something help eliminate heart disease.

To appear by coming out

She emerged from the sea, blue with
Emerge ‫ ينبثق‬/‫يربز‬ of something or out from
behind something
cold.

The particular importance I think we should put as much emphasis

Emphasis ‫يؤكد عىل‬ or attention that is given to on preventing disease as we do on
something. curing it.
Based on what is
This theory needs to be backed up with
Empirical ‫جترييب‬ experienced or seen
rather than on theory.
solid empirical data/ evidence.

To make someone able to

Computerization should enable us to
Enable ‫يمُ كن‬ do something, or to make
something possible.
cut production costs by half.

A meeting, especially one I had an alarming encounter with a wild

Encounter ‫ُيصادف‬
that happens by chance pig.

To make people obey

/‫يفرض‬ a law, or to make a It isn't always easy for the police to
Enforce
‫يجُ رب عىل‬ particular situation enforce speed limits.
happen or be accepted.
To improve the quality,
These scandals will not enhance the
Enhance ‫يعزز‬ amount, or strength of
something.
organization’s reputation.

A change, or a process We have made many enhancements to

of change, that improves
Enhancement ‫تعزيز‬ the software that will strengthen system
something or increases its
value. security.

Enormous ‫هائل‬ Extremely large. An enormous car/ house.

20
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(E)
Enquire ‫يستفرس‬ To inquire. "Where are they?" Enquired the girl.

To make something certain The airline is taking steps to ensure

Ensure ‫يتأكد من‬
to happen. safety on its aircraft.

A feeling of energetic
interest in a particular
One of the good things about teaching
Enthusiasm ‫محاس‬ subject or activity and an
eagerness to be involved
young children is their enthusiasm.
in it.
A feeling of energetic
interest in a particular The boy discovered something on the
Enthusiastically ‫حبامس‬ subject or activity and an menu to his liking and enthusiastically
eagerness to be involved pointed it out to his father.
in it.
Something that exists
apart from other The museums work closely together,
Entity ‫كيان‬
things, having its own but are separate legal entities.
independent existence.
To consider one thing to He complained that there was a
Equate ‫تساوي بني‬ be the same as or equal tendency to equate right-wing politics
to another thing. with self-interest.
To provide a person or
a place with objects It's going to cost $4 million to equip the
Equip ‫ يزود‬/‫يجُ ّهز‬
that are necessary for a hospital.
particular purpose.
Having the same amount,
She's doing the equivalent job in the
Equivalent ‫ مسا ِو‬/‫معادل‬ value, purpose, qualities,
etc.
new company but for more money.

To rub or be rubbed away Wind and rain have eroded the statues
Erode ‫يتقلص‬
gradually. into shapeless lumps of stone.

The letter contains a number of typing

Error ‫خطأ‬ A mistake.
errors.

The basic or most The essence of his argument was that

Essence ‫جوهر‬ important idea or quality education should continue throughout
of something. life.
To start a company or
Establish ‫يؤسس‬ organization that will The brewery was established in 1822.
continue for a long time.
A large area of land in the
country that is owned by It's a typical country estate with a large
/‫ مال‬/‫ممتلاكت‬ a family or an organization
Estate house for the owner, farm buildings,
‫وضع‬ and is often used for
and estate workers' houses.
growing crops or raising
animals.

21
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(E)
To guess or calculate the
ِّ ‫ ُي‬/‫قدر‬ Government sources estimate a long-
Estimate ‫مثن‬ ِّ ‫ُي‬ cost, size, value, etc. Of
something.
term 50 percent increase in rail fares.
A system of accepted
beliefs that control The ethics of journalism are much
Ethic ‫عمل األخالق‬
behaviour, especially such debated.
a system based on morals.
Relating to beliefs about
Ethical ‫أخاليق‬ what is morally right and Ethical and legal issues.
wrong
To judge or calculate It's impossible to evaluate these results
the quality, importance,
Evaluate ‫ي َقي‬ without knowing more about the
amount, or value of
something. research methods employed.
Her speech was full of excuses and
The act of avoiding
Evasion ‫ متلص‬/‫مراوغة‬ evasions and never properly addressed
something or someone.
the issue.
Happening or existing at
a later time or at the end, The dukes were the eventual winners of
Eventual ‫هنايئ‬
especially after a lot of the competition.
effort, problems, etc.
In the end, especially after Although she had been ill for a long
‫يف هناية‬
Eventually a long time or a lot of time, it still came as a shock when she
‫املطاف‬
effort, problems, etc. eventually died.
One or more reasons for
The police have found no evidence of a
Evidence ‫دليل‬ believing that something is
or is not true.
terrorist link with the murder.

The full extent of the damage only

Evident ‫واحض‬ Easily seen or understood.
became evident the following morning.
To develop gradually,
or to cause something
Evolve ‫يتطور تدرجييا‬ Did humans evolve from apes?
or someone to develop
gradually.
To be greater than a
Exceed ‫يتجاوز‬ number or amount, or to The final cost should not exceed $5,000.
go past an allowed limit.

Excessive exercise can sometimes cause

Excessive ‫مفرطة‬ Too much.
health problems.
To prevent someone or
something from entering a
Exclude ‫يستبعد‬ Women are still excluded from the club.
place or taking part in an
activity.

This offer is available exclusively to our

Exclusively ‫حرصيا‬ Only.
established customers.

22
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(E)
Exhibit ‫يعرض‬ To show something publicly. He frequently exhibits at the art gallery.

The fact of something or Many people question the existence of

Existence ‫وجود‬
someone existing. god.
To increase in size, number,
or importance, or to make The air in the balloon expands when
Expand ‫يوسع‬
ِّ something increase in this heated.
way.

Relating to tests, especially The drug is still at the experimental

Experimental ‫جترييب‬
scientific ones. stage (= is still being tested).
A person with a high
level of knowledge or skill
Expert ‫خبري‬ A gardening/ medical expert.
relating to a particular
subject or activity.

Expert skill or knowledge in We admired the expertise with which he

Expertise ‫ ختصص‬/‫خربة‬
a particular field. prepared the meal.
Stated clearly and in
I gave her very explicit directions how
Explicit ‫ َجل‬/‫رصحي‬ detail, leaving no room for
confusion or doubt.
to get here.
One or more reasons for
We need to make sure that we exploit
Exploit ‫يستغل‬ believing that something is
or is not true.
our resources as fully as possible.
Send (goods or services)
French cheeses are exported to many
Export ‫صِّدر‬
َ ‫ُي‬ to another country for
sale.
different countries.
The plaster on the walls has been
Make (something) visible,
Expose ‫يتعرض لـ‬ removed to expose the original bricks
typically by uncovering it.
underneath.

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(F)
To make something possible The new ramp will facilitate the entry
Facilitate ‫هسل‬
ّ ‫ُي‬ or easier. of wheelchairs.

A fact or situation that

People's voting habits are influenced by
Factor ‫عامل‬ influences the result of
something.
political, social and economic factors.

23
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(F)
It is a myth that all older people struggle
Fast-paced ‫خىط رسيعة‬ Happening very quickly. with the fast-paced evolution of
information technology.
Showing that you like or
We have had a favourable response to
Favorable َّ ‫ُم َف‬
‫ضل‬ approve of someone or
something.
the plan so far.

Able to be made, done, or With the extra resources, the project

Feasible ‫معيل‬
achieved. now seems feasible.
A typical quality or
The town's main features are its beautiful
Feature ‫مزية‬ an important part of
something.
mosque and ancient marketplace.
Relating to the central
government, and not
Federal ‫فدرايل‬ to the government of a The federal government.
region, of some countries
such as the us.
The symbol for a number
Can you read this figure? Is it a three or
Figure ‫ شلك‬/‫رمق‬ or an amount expressed in
numbers.
an eight?
Any of several different
types of container used to
store papers, letters, and
File ‫ملف‬ A box/ envelope file.
other documents in an
ordered way, especially in
an office.

Final ‫هنايئ‬ Last. A final warning/ offer.

Corporate/ personal/ public finance.

(The management of) a
Finance ‫متويل‬
supply of money.
The minister of finance/ the finance
minister.
The funds available for the health
Finite ‫حمدود‬ Having a limit or end. service are finite and we cannot afford
to waste money.

In a way that will not Make sure the rope is firmly attached
Firmly ‫قطعا‬
become loose before attempting to climb down.

Able to change or be My schedule is flexible – I could

Flexible ‫مرن‬ changed easily according arrange to meet with you any day next
to the situation. week.
To change, especially
continuously and between Vegetable prices fluctuate according to
Fluctuate ‫يتذبذب‬
one level or thing and the season.
another.

24
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(F)
The main or central point
I think Dave likes to be the focus of
Focus ‫تركزي‬ of something, especially of
attention or interest.
attention.
The meeting will have the usual format
A pattern, plan, or
Format ‫ تصممي‬/‫شلك‬ – introductory session, group work and
arrangement.
then a time for reporting back.
A standard or accepted
We have changed the formula of the
Formula ‫معادلة‬ way of doing or making
something.
washing powder.

We have just received the information

Forthcoming ‫قادم‬ Happening soon.
about the forthcoming conference.
An occasion when an
Foundation ‫تأسيس‬ organization, state, etc. Is The foundation of a new state.
established.
A supporting structure
A legal framework for resolving
Framework ‫إطار معل‬ around which something
can be built.
disputes.

/‫ محشون‬/‫ مفعم‬Full of unpleasant things The negotiations have been fraught

Fraught + with such as problems or with difficulties/ problems right from
‫مملوء‬ dangers. the start.

Frequent ‫متكرر‬ Happening often. A frequent visitor to the us.

Frequently ‫بتكرار‬ Often. Frequently asked questions.

The feeling of being

annoyed or less confident
because you cannot I could sense his frustration at not
Frustration ‫إحباط‬
achieve what you want, being able to help.
or something that makes
you feel like this.
The natural purpose (of
The function of the veins is to carry
Function ‫وظيفة‬ something) or the duty (of
a person).
blood to the heart.
An amount of money
saved, collected, or He had set up a fund to coordinate
Fund ‫موارد مالية‬
provided for a particular economic investment.
purpose.
Forming the base, from We need to make fundamental changes
Fundamental ‫أسايس‬ which everything else to the way in which we treat our
develops. environment.

25
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(G)
The physical and/or social
Does this test show the gender of the
Gender ‫جنس‬ condition of being male or
female.
baby?

/‫ ُي ْن ِتج‬/‫ُي َولِّد‬ To cause something to Her latest film has generated a lot of
Generate
‫يحُْ ِدث‬ exist. interest/ excitement.
All the people of about
the same age within The younger generation smokes less
Generation ‫جيل‬
a society or within a than their parents did.
particular family.

A circumnavigation of the globe from

Globe ‫عامل‬ World.
west to east
He's suffering from some kind of low-
A level of quality, size,
Grade ‫درجة‬ grade (= slight) infection, which he
importance, etc.
can't seem to get rid of.

Slowly over a period of Gradually, she realized that he wasn't

Gradually ‫تدرجي ًيا‬
time or a distance. telling her the truth.
An amount of money
given especially by the
Grant ‫منحة‬ government to a person or A student/ research grant.
organization for a special
purpose.
To quickly take something
Grasp ‫ يقبض‬/‫ميسك‬ in your hand(s) and hold it Rosie suddenly grasped my hand.
firmly.
A promise that something
will be done or will
happen, especially a The system costs £99.95 Including
written promise by a
Guarantee ‫مضان‬ shipping and handling and a twelve-
company to repair or
change a product that month guarantee.
develops a fault within a
particular period of time.
Information intended to
advise people on how The EU has issued guidelines on
Guideline ‫إرشادات‬ something should be done appropriate levels of pay for part-time
or what something should manual workers.
be.

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(H)
Heroic ‫بطويل‬ Very brave or great. A heroic act/ deed.

26
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(H)
A system in which people
‫التسلسل‬ or things are arranged Some monkeys have a very complex
Hierarchy
‫اهلريم‬ according to their social hierarchy.
importance.
To attract attention to
The report highlights the need for
Highlight ‫ُي َسلِّط الضوء‬ or emphasize something
important.
improved safety.

Connected with studying Many important historical documents

Historical ‫تارخيي‬ or representing things from were destroyed when the library was
the past. bombed.
A group of people, often a
family, who live together. By the 1960s, most households had a
/‫أهل البيت‬ TV.
OR
Household
‫مزنيل‬ Household chores/ household expenses/
Of or relating to the
running of a home. household waste.

An idea or explanation for

something that is based Several hypotheses for global warming
Hypothesis ‫فرضية‬
on known facts but has have been suggested.
not yet been proved.

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(I)
Exactly the same, or very
Identical ‫مطابق‬ I've got three identical blue suits.
similar.

To recognize someone
or something and say or Even the smallest baby can identify its
Identify ‫يحُ َ ِّدد‬
prove who or what that mother by her voice.
person or thing is.
A set of beliefs or
principles, especially
Ideology ‫أيديلوجية‬ one on which a political Socialist/ capitalist ideology.
system, party, or
organization is based.
Not having enough
knowledge, understanding, Many teenagers are surprisingly
Ignorant ‫جاهل‬
or information about ignorant about current politics.
something.

The fact of being unable The government is trying to combat

Illiteracy ‫األمية‬
to read and write. high rates of illiteracy.

27
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(I)
To draw pictures for a
book, magazine, etc.
A beautifully illustrated book.
/‫يرمس‬ OR
Illustrate
‫يوحض‬ To show the meaning or
The lecturer illustrated his point with a
truth of something more diagram on the blackboard.
clearly, especially by
giving examples.
The use of words or
pictures in books, films, The imagery in the poem mostly relates
imagery ‫ تشبيه‬/‫جماز‬
paintings, etc. to describe to death.
ideas or situations.

Extremely large in size or

Immense ‫هائل‬ Immense wealth/ value.
degree.

To come to live in a He immigrated with his parents in 1895

Immigrate ‫هياجر‬
different country. and grew up on long island.

The force or action of one The impact of the crash reduced the car
Impact ‫تأثري‬
object hitting another. to a third of its original length.

To communicate
Impart ‫ينقل املعرفة‬ To impart the bad news
information to someone.

To put an organ, group The owner's name and address is stored

of cells, or device into
Implant ‫يزرع‬ on a microchip and implanted in the
the body in a medical
operation dog's body.

To start using a plan or The changes to the national health

Implement ‫ينفذ‬
system. system will be implemented next year.

To show that someone

is involved in a crime
Have they any evidence to implicate
Implicate ‫يتورط‬ or partly responsible for
something bad that has
him in the robbery?
happened.

Suggested but not He interpreted her comments as an

Implicit ‫مضين‬
communicated directly. implicit criticism of the government.
To communicate an idea
Imply ‫ يقصد‬/‫يعين‬ or feeling without saying it Are you implying (that) I’m fat?
directly.
The occurrence, rate, or
frequency of a disease, There have been quite a few incidences
Incidence ‫حدوث‬
crime, or something else of bullying in the school this year.
undesirable.
Tax incentives have been very effective
Something that encourages
Incentive ‫حافز‬ in encouraging people to save and
a person to do something.
invest more of their income.

28
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(I)
To officially force a rule,
Very high taxes have recently been
Impose ‫يفرض‬ tax, punishment, etc. To
be obeyed or received.
imposed on cigarettes.
To (make someone) feel
The prime minister is believed to be
Incline ‫مييل إىل‬ something or want to do
something.
inclining towards an April election.
Money that is earned from
Average incomes have risen by 4.5
Income ‫دخل‬ doing work or received
from investments.
Percent over the past year.

To include something as Suggestions from the survey have been

Incorporate ‫دجم أو جتسيد‬
part of something larger. incorporated into/ in the final design.
To (make something)
Incidents of armed robbery have
Increase ‫زيادة‬ become larger in amount
or size.
increased over the last few years.

Increasingly, there is pressure on the

Increasingly ‫بزيادة‬ More and more.
council to reverse its decision.
Used for saying that
Incredibly, no one was hurt in the
Incredibly ‫ال يصدق‬ something is very difficult
to believe.
accident.
An alphabetical list of
names, subjects, etc., with
references to the places Try looking up "heart disease" in the
Index ‫فهرس‬
where they occur, typically index.
found at the end of a
book.
Exploratory investigations have
To show, point, or make
Indicate ‫يشري إىل‬ indicated large amounts of oil below
clear in another way.
the sea bed.
A single person or thing,
especially when compared Every individual has rights which must
Individual ‫فرد‬
to the group or set to which never be taken away.
they belong.
The qualities that make a
‫الخشصية‬ It’s a competent essay but it lacks
Individuality person or thing different
‫الفردية‬ individuality.
from others.
They induced her to take the job by
promising editorial freedom.
To persuade someone to
Induce ‫حيث‬
do something.
Nothing could induce me (= I definitely
cannot be persuaded) to climb a
mountain/ride a bike.
The unfair situation in
/‫تفاوت‬ society when some
The law has done little to prevent racial
Inequality people have more
‫ال مساواة‬ opportunities, money, etc.
discrimination and inequality.
than other people.

29
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(I)
/‫حمتوم‬ The accident was the inevitable
Certain to happen;
Inevitable consequence/ result/ outcome of
‫ال مفر منه‬ unavoidable.
carelessness.

In a way that cannot be

Inevitably ‫ال حمالة‬ Their arguments inevitably end in tears.
avoided.

(Of a disease) able to

be passed from one
person, animal, or plant to
another.

OR
An infectious disease.
able to pass a disease
from one person, animal, An infectious patient.
Infectious ‫ُم ْع ِد‬
or plant to another.
An infectious laugh/ enthusiasm.
OR

Something that is
infectious has an effect on
everyone who is present
and makes them want to
join in.
To form an opinion or
guess that something
Infer ‫يستنتج‬ What do you infer from her refusal?
is true because of the
information that you have.
The basic systems and
services, such as transport
/‫البنية التحتية‬ and power supplies, that The war has badly damaged the
Infrastructure
‫األساسية‬ a country or organization country’s infrastructure.
uses in order to work
effectively.

These remote islands are inhabited only

Inhabit ‫ َي ْس ُكن‬/‫َي ْق ُطن‬ To live in a place.
by birds.

Existing as a natural or There are dangers/ risks inherent in

Inherent ِّ ‫ُم َت‬
‫ اكمن‬/‫أصل‬
basic part of something. almost every sport.
To prevent someone Some workers were inhibited (from
from doing something by
Inhibit ‫مينع‬ speaking) by the presence of their
making them feel nervous
or embarrassed. managers.

/‫مبديئ‬ Initial reports say that seven people

Initial Of or at the beginning. have died, though this has not yet been
‫اسهتاليل‬ confirmed.
Initially, most people
Initially ‫يف البداية‬ approved of the new At the beginning.
plan.

30
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(I)
To cause something to
Initiate ‫ يبادر‬/‫يبدأ‬ Who initiated the violence?
begin.

Do physical harm or
Injure ‫جيرح‬ The explosion injured several people.
damage to (someone).

To introduce changes and The fashion industry is always

Innovate ‫يبتكر‬
new ideas. desperate to innovate.
To put something inside Insert the key in/ into the lock.
something else.

Insert ‫ ُي ْدرِج‬/‫ُي ْد ِخل‬ OR

I’ve filled in the form, but you still need
To add writing to a text, to insert (= add) your bank details and
form, etc. date of birth.
(The ability to have) a clear,
deep, and sometimes It was an interesting book, full of
Insight ‫ بصرية‬/‫َت َبص‬ sudden understanding of fascinating insights into human
a complicated problem or relationships.
situation.
To look at something or
someone carefully in order
After the crash both drivers got out and
Inspect ‫يفحص‬ to discover information,
especially about their
inspected their cars for damage.
quality or condition
A particular situation,
event, or fact, especially There have been several instances of
Instance ‫مثال‬
an example of something violence at the school.
that happens generally.
An organization where
people do a particular
type of scientific, The Massachusetts institute of
Institute ‫معهد‬
educational, or social technology.
work, or the buildings that
it uses.
A large and important
A medical/educational/financial
Institution ‫معهد‬ organization, such as a
university or bank
institution

To order or tell someone to The police have been instructed to

Instruct ‫يعيط تعلميات‬ do something, especially patrol the building and surrounding
in a formal way. area.
(Especially of a problem)
so great or severe that it
Insuperable ‫الميكن اجتيازه‬ Insuperable financial problems.
cannot be defeated or
dealt with successfully.

/‫رضوري‬ Necessary and important He's an integral part of the team and we
Integral
‫مهم جدا‬ as a part of a whole. can't do without him.

31
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(I)
To mix with and join
society or a group of
He seems to find it difficult to integrate
Integrate ‫يدجم‬ people, often changing to
suit their way of life, habits,
socially.
and customs.
Relating to your ability Looking after a baby at home all day
to think and understand
Intellectual ‫ذهين‬ is nice but it doesn't provide much
things, especially
complicated ideas. intellectual stimulation.
Showing intelligence,
Intelligent ‫ذيك‬ or able to learn and A highly intelligent young man.
understand things easily.
Extreme and forceful or (of
a feeling) very strong.

OR An intense flavour/ colour.

Intense ‫ جاد‬/‫ُم َكَّثف‬
Intense people are very An intense young man.
serious, and usually
have strong emotions or
opinions.

To communicate with or Dominique's teacher says that she

Interact ‫يتفاعل‬
react to. interacts well with the other children.
Being between two other
This novel is too difficult for
Intermediate ‫متوسط‬ related things, levels, or
points.
intermediate students of english.
Existing or happening
inside a person, object, He sustained injuries to his arms, legs,
Internal ‫داخيل‬
organization, place, or and several internal organs.
country.
To decide what the
Interpret ‫ُي َفس‬ intended meaning of The evidence is difficult to interpret.
something is.

A period between two We see each other at regular intervals -

Interval ‫فرتة‬
events or times. usually about once a month.
To intentionally become
involved in a difficult The central bank intervened in the
Intervene ‫ي َت َد َخل‬ situation in order to currency markets today to try to
improve it or prevent it stabilize the exchange rate.
from getting worse.
The act or fact of
becoming involved The intervention by UN troops
Intervention ‫َت َد ُّخل‬
intentionally in a difficult prevented fighting from breaking out.
situation.
Being an extremely
important and basic Maths is an intrinsic part of the school
Intrinsic ‫أسايس‬
characteristic of a person curriculum.
or thing.

32
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(I)
To put money, effort, time,
etc. Into something to The institute will invest five million in
Invest ‫يستمثر‬
make a profit or get an the project.
advantage.
To examine a crime,
problem, statement, etc. Police are investigating allegations of
Investigate ‫يتحقق من‬
Carefully, especially to corruption involving senior executives.
discover the truth.
If an activity, situation,
etc. Involves something,
that thing is a part of the
activity, etc.

OR The operation involves putting a small

tube into your heart.
If a situation involves
/‫ينطوي عىل‬ someone or something, The second accident involved two cars
Involve
‫يتضمن‬ he, she, or it is affected and a lorry.
by it.
I prefer teaching methods that actively
OR involve students in learning.
To include someone in
something, or to make
them take part in or feel
part of it.
Impossible to refuse,
oppose, or avoid
Irresistible ‫ال ُي َقا َوم‬ An irresistible offer.
because it is too pleasant,
attractive, or strong
To separate something
from other things with A high wall isolated the house from the
Isolate ‫ينعزل‬
which it is connected or rest of the village.
mixed.
A subject or problem that
Issue ‫قضية‬ people are thinking and Environmental/ ethical/ personal issues.
talking about.

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(J)
A serious magazine
or newspaper that is
Journal ‫ حصيفة‬/‫جملة‬ A medical/ trade journal.
published regularly about
a particular subject.

To give or to be a good I can't really justify taking another day

Justify ‫يربر‬
reason for. off work.

33
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(L)
Practical work, especially
when it involves hard
physical effort. Manual labour (= hard work using the
hands).
Labour ‫ العامل‬/‫العمل‬ OR

Workers, especially people Skilled/ unskilled labour.

who do practical work
with their hands.
A level of material, such
as a type of rock or gas,
that is different from the
Layer ‫طبقة‬ The ozone layer.
material above or below
it, or a thin sheet of a
substance.
A formal talk on a serious
subject given to a group
Lecture ‫حمارضة‬ We went to a lecture on Italian art.
of people, especially
students.

Legal ‫قانوين‬ Connected with the law. Legal advice

If a government legislates, They promised to legislate against

Legislate ِّ ‫ُي‬
‫رشع‬
it makes a new law. cigarette advertising.

The army must give power back to the

Legitimate ‫ قانوين‬/‫ رشيع‬Allowed by law.
legitimate government.
An amount of money,
such as a tax, that
They imposed a five percent levy on
Levy ‫رضيبة‬ you have to pay to
a government or
alcohol.
organization.
The fact that someone
He denies any liability for the damage
Liability ‫ مسؤولية قانونية‬is legally responsible for
something.
caused.
Respecting and allowing
Her parents were far more liberal than
Liberal ‫ متفتح‬/‫متحرر‬ many different types of
beliefs or behaviour.
mine.
An official document that
gives you permission to
own, do, or use something,
Licence ‫رخصة‬ A dog licence.
usually after you have
paid money and/or taken
a test.

The chance that This latest dispute greatly increases the

Likelihood ‫احمتال‬
something will happen. likelihood of a strike.

If something is likely, it will

Do remind me because I’m likely to
Likely ‫ من احملمتل أن‬probably happen or is
expected.
forget.

34
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(L)
Just water these plants twice a week,
Likewise ‫بطريقة مماثلة‬ In the same way.
and likewise the ones in the bedroom.

Literate ‫متعمل‬ Able to read and write. A literate person.

The pharmacy is located within the

Locate ‫يقع يف‬ Be located in, near, on, etc.
hospital.
A particular way of
thinking, especially one I fail to see the logic behind his
Logic ‫منطق‬
that is reasonable and argument.
based on good judgment.
(Especially of a business,
The merger proved to be very lucrative
Lucrative ‫مرحب‬ job, or activity) producing
a lot of money.
for both companies.

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(M)
Very good, beautiful, or The view from the top of the mountain
Magnificent ‫ َمهيب‬/‫رائع‬
deserving to be admired. is magnificent.

To keep a road, machine,

The roads in the town have been very
Maintain ‫ صان‬/‫حافظ‬ building, etc. in good
condition.
poorly maintained.
More important, bigger, or
All of her major plays have been
Major ‫رئييس‬ more serious than others of
the same type.
translated into english.

The larger number or part The majority of the employees have

Majority ‫أغلبية‬
of something. university degrees.

Something that is The minister is calling for mandatory

Mandatory ‫إجباري‬ mandatory must be done, prison sentences for people who assault
or is demanded by law. police officers.
To control something
or someone to your Throughout her career she has very
Manipulate ‫يتالعب‬
advantage, often unfairly successfully manipulated the media.
or dishonestly.
Done with the hands.

Or Manual dexterity.
/‫يدوي‬
Manual
‫ُك َتِّيب‬ A book of instructions,
A computer manual.
especially for operating
a machine or learning a
subject; a handbook.

35
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(M)
The report suggests that there has
Very small in amount or
Marginal ‫ ثانوي‬/‫هاميش‬ only been a marginal improvement in
effect.
women's pay over the past few years.
Of or relating to a
mother, especially during
Maternal ‫أمويم‬ Maternal instincts.
pregnancy or shortly after
childbirth.
Mature people behave
like adults in a way that
Mature ‫ناجض‬ He's very mature for his age.
shows they are well
developed emotionally.
To make something as
great in amount, size, or Some airlines have cancelled less
importance as possible. popular routes in an effort to maximise
‫حتقيق أقىص‬ profits.
Maximise
‫قدر‬ Or
Maximise the window by clicking in
To make something larger the corner.
on a computer screen.
The main means of
mass communication
(especially television, The issue has been much discussed in
Media ‫وسائل إعالم‬
radio, newspapers, and the media.
the internet) regarded
collectively.
To talk to two separate
people or groups involved
Negotiators were called in to mediate
Mediate ‫يتوسط‬ in a disagreement to try to
help them to agree or find
between the two sides.
a solution to their problems.

Related to the treatment

Medical ‫طيب‬ Medical advice.
of illness and injuries.

Being in the middle

between an upper and
Medium ‫متوسط‬ A girl of medium height.
lower amount, size,
degree, or value.
Relating to the mind, or
The family has a history of mental
Mental ‫عقيل‬ involving the process of
thinking.
disorder.
When an animal migrates,
it travels to a different These animals migrate annually in
Migrate ‫هياجر‬
place, usually when the search of food.
season changes.
Of, relating to, or
characteristic of soldiers or Both leaders condemned the buildup of
armed forces. military activity.
/‫عسكري‬
Military
‫اجليش‬ Or
as a young man he joined the military
the armed forces of a and pursued a career in the Army
country.

36
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(M)
To reduce something to
Minimise ‫يقلل‬ the least possible level or We must minimise the risk of infection.
amount.

The smallest amount or Wage increases are being kept to a

Minimum ‫حد أدىن‬
number allowed or possible. minimum because of the recession.

In britain and some other

countries, a department of
Ministry ‫وزارة‬ The ministry of defence/agriculture.
the government led by a
minister.
A person under the age of
full legal responsibility. It may be now legal for minors to
donate to campaigns, but I believe there
Or is a requirement that the donors’ names
/‫قارص‬
Minor over a minimum amount be reported, is
‫طفيف‬ Having little importance,
there not?
influence, or effect,
especially when
compared with other Minor alterations.
things of the same type.

The ability to move freely Some neck injuries cause total loss of
Mobility ‫إماكنية التنقل‬
or be easily moved. mobility below the point of injury.

A way of operating, living, Each department in the company has its

Mode ‫وضع‬
or behaving. own mode of operation.

Within a middle range in The new apartment complex will be

Moderately ‫باعتدال‬ size, amount, or degree; moderately priced for middle-income
neither great nor little. people.
To change something such
as a plan, opinion, law, or Instead of simply punishing them, the
Modify ‫عدل‬
ِّ ‫ُي‬ way of behaviour slightly, system encourages offenders to modify
usually to improve it or their behaviour.
make it more acceptable.
A person who has the job
United nations monitors were not
Monitor ‫مراقب‬ of watching or noticing
particular things.
allowed to enter the area.
Very enthusiastic or
Our staff members are hard-working
Motivated ‫متحفز‬ determined because you
really want to do something.
and highly motivated.

A reason for doing Why would she have killed him? She
Motive ‫حافز‬
something. has no motive.
(Of two or more people or
/‫ُمتبا َدل‬ groups) feeling the same
Theirs was a partnership based on
Mutual emotion, or doing the
‫مشرتك‬ same thing to or for each
mutual respect, trust and understanding.
other

37
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(M)
A very large number of
Myriad ‫ال حيىص‬ A myriad of choices
something

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(N)
You can come early if you want to,
Necessity ‫رضوريات‬ The need for something.
but there's no necessity for it.

The increase in our profits has been

To cause something to
Negate ‫يليغ‬ negated by the rising costs of running
have no effect.
the business.

Not receiving enough care She was distressed at how neglected

Neglected ‫مهمل‬
or attention. the children looked.
A large system consisting
of many similar parts that
are connected together
to allow movement or
Network ‫شبكة‬ A television network.
communication between
or along the parts, or
between the parts and a
control centre.
Not saying or doing
anything that would If there's an argument between
Neutral ‫حيادي‬ encourage or help any of my daughter and her mother, it's
the groups involved in an important that I remain neutral.
argument or war.
an accepted standard
or a way of behaving or
doing things that most
people agree with. Europe’s varied cultural, political and
/‫معيار‬ ethical norms.
Norm Or
‫منوذج‬ One child per family is fast becoming
a situation or type of the norm in some countries.
behaviour that is expected
and considered to be
typical.

Ordinary or usual; the same

Normal ‫عادي‬ A normal working day.
as would be expected.

38
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(N)
The show's director rejects the notion
Notion ‫فكرة‬ A belief or idea. that seeing violence on television has
a harmful effect on children.
Notwithstanding some members’
Despite the fact or thing
Notwithstanding ‫عىل الرمغ من‬ objections, I think we must go ahead
mentioned
with the plan.
Being or using the power
produced when the
Nuclear ‫ ذري‬/‫نووي‬ nucleus of an atom is Nuclear energy/ power.
divided or joined to
another nucleus.

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(O)
Something that you plan Her main/ prime objective now is
Objective ‫هدف‬
to do or achieve. simply to stay in power.

Something that blocks

you so that movement,
The biggest obstacle in our way was a
Obstacles ‫عقبات‬ going forward, or action is
prevented or made more
tree trunk in the road.
difficult.
To get something, especially
by asking for it, buying it, First editions of these books are now
Obtain ‫حيصل عىل‬
working for it, or producing it almost impossible to obtain.
from something else.

‫ميكن احلصول‬ Information on the subject is easily

Obtainable Able to be obtained.
‫هيلع‬ obtainable on the internet.

Easy to see, recognize, or

Obvious ‫واحض‬ It's obvious (that) she doesn't like him.
understand.

In a way that is easy to He was in tears and obviously very

Obviously ‫بوضوح‬
understand or see. upset.

To fill, exist in, or use a The rest of the time was occupied
Occupy ‫يشغل‬
place or period of time. with writing a report.

(Especially of accidents An accident involving over ten

Occur ‫حيدث‬ and other unexpected vehicles has occurred in the east-
events) to happen. bound lane.

Odd ‫غريب‬ Strange or unexpected. Her father was an odd man.

39
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(O)
Continuing to exist or
An ongoing investigation/ process/
Ongoing ‫مسمتر‬ develop, or happening at
the present moment.
project.
The quality of being full of
hope and emphasizing the There was a note of optimism in his
Optimism ‫تفاؤل‬ good parts of a situation, voice as he spoke about the company's
or a belief that something future.
good will happen.
One thing that can be
chosen from a set of The best option would be to cancel
Option ‫خيار‬
possibilities, or the freedom the trip altogether.
to make a choice.
Align or position
(something) relative to the
points of a compass or The fires are oriented in direct line
Orient ‫يوجه‬
other specified positions// with the midsummer sunset
the countries of east and
southeast asia.
The particular things that
We employ people without regard to
Orientation ‫َت َو ُّجه‬ a person prefers, believes,
thinks, or usually does.
their political or sexual orientation.

A result or effect of an It's too early to predict the outcome of

Outcome ‫نتيجة‬
action, situation, etc. the meeting.
In general rather than in
particular, or including
The overall situation is good, despite
Overall ‫بصورة شاملة‬ all the people or things
in a particular group or
a few minor problems.
situation.
To cover something partly
by going over its edge; The fence is made of panels that
Overlap ‫يتداخل‬
to cover part of the same overlap (each other).
space.

In, from, or to other

Overseas ‫ما وراء البحار‬ We need to open up overseas markets.
countries.

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(P)
A small group of people
chosen to give advice,
The competition will be judged by a
Panel ‫جلنة خرباء‬ make a decision, or publicly
discuss their opinions as
panel of experts.
entertainment.

40
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(P)
A model of something, or Some of these educators are hoping
Paradigm ‫منوذج‬ a very clear and typical to produce a change in the current
example of something. cultural paradigm.
If two or more lines, streets,
etc. Are parallel, the
Parallel ‫موازى‬ distance between them Draw a pair of parallel lines.
is the same all along their
length.

To take part in or become She never participates in any of our

Participate ‫يشارك‬
involved in an activity. discussions, does she?
A person or organization
He gave up his job as a police officer
Partner ‫رشيك‬ you are closely involved
with in some way.
after his partner was killed.
Not acting to influence
‫سليب‬/ or change a situation;
Passive He's very passive in the relationship.
‫فعال‬
َّ ‫غري‬ allowing other people to
be in control.

Patently ‫بوضوح‬ In a way that is clear. She was patently lying.

To come to an opinion
How do the french perceive the
Perceive ‫ يدرك‬/‫يفهم‬ about something, or have
a belief about something.
british?
Become aware or
/‫حمسوس‬ conscious of (something); His mouth fell open as he perceived
Perceived
‫مملوس‬ come to realize or the truth.
understand.

For or out of every 100, You got 20 percent of the answers

Percent ‫نسبة موئية‬
shown by the symbol %. right - that means one in every five.

Her work means that she spends long

Period ‫فرتة‬ A length of time.
periods away from home.

If an unpleasant feeling
or situation persists, it
continues to exist.
If the pain persists, consult a doctor.
Or
Persist ‫مسمتر‬
The government is persisting with its
To try to do or continue ambitious public works programme.
doing something in a
determined but often
unreasonable way.

41
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(P)
The art of drawing
solid objects on a two-
dimensional surface so as
to give the right impression
of their height, width, depth,
and position in relation to A perspective drawing.
/‫منظور‬ each other when viewed
Perspective
‫وجهة نظر‬ from a particular point. Most guidebook history is written
from the editor’s perspective.
Or

A particular attitude
toward or way of regarding
something; a point of view.
Any stage in a series of The project is only in its initial
Phase ‫مرحلة‬ events or in a process of phase as yet, but it's looking quite
development. promising.
Something that exists and
can be seen, felt, tasted,
Phenomenon ‫ظاهرة‬ Gravity is a natural phenomenon..
etc., Especially something
unusual or interesting.
Of or relating to the body
as opposed to the mind.

Or Physical exercise/ fitness/ /disabilities.

Physical ‫ مادي‬/‫جسدي‬
Of or relating to things
perceived through the Pleasant physical environments.
senses as opposed to
the mind; tangible or
concrete.

/‫الرشاك‬ The store fell into one of the major

A likely mistake or problem
Pitfalls pitfalls of small business, borrowing
‫ املزالق‬/‫ املخاطر‬in a situation. from suppliers by paying bills late.

Pleasurable ‫ممتع‬ Enjoyable A pleasurable evening/meal

A set of ideas or a plan of

what to do in particular
situations that has been
agreed to officially by a They believe that europe needs a
/‫سياسة‬ group of people, a business
common foreign and security policy.
Policy organization, a government,
‫بوليصة تأمني‬ or a political party.
They took out a joint policy.
Or

A contract of insurance.
The fact that something or
someone is liked, enjoyed, The increasing popularity of organic
Popularity ‫شعبية‬
or supported by many food.
people.

42
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(P)
/‫حقيبة‬ A large, thin case used
She’s trying to build up a portfolio of
Portfolio for carrying drawings,
‫محَْ َف َظ ُة َأ ْوراق‬ documents, etc.
work to show during job interviews.

A large/ major portion of the

A part or share of
Portion ‫جزء‬ company’s profit goes straight back
something larger.
into new projects.
To cause something,
especially a problem or
difficulty.

Or
Nuclear weapons pose a threat to
To move into and stay in a
particular position, in order
everyone.
to be photographed,
/‫خيلق مشالك‬ painted, etc. We all posed for our photographs next
/‫يأخذ موضعا‬ to the Statue of Liberty.
Pose Or
/‫يطرح سؤالًا‬ Can we go back to the question that
َ ‫ال َت‬
‫صنُّع‬ To ask a question, Helena posed earlier?
especially in a formal
situation such as a
The man dropped his pose of
meeting.
amiability.
A particular way of
behaving adopted in
order to give others a false
impression or to impress
others.
I don't respond very positively to
Positively ‫بإجيابية‬ In a good or positive way. being bossed around - it just makes
me angry.

Possible when the A number of potential buyers have

Potential ‫إماكنية‬
necessary conditions exist. expressed interest in the company.
Elizabeth quan is a london-based
Someone involved in a
Practitioner ‫ممارس‬ practitioner of traditional chinese
skilled job or activity.
medicine.
To be or go before
Kofi annan preceded ban ki-moon as
Precede ‫سبق‬ something or someone in
time or space.
the secretary-general of the un.

The bunker's precise location is a

Precise ‫دقيق‬ Exact and accurate.
closely guarded secret.
Something that is
predictable happens in
Predictable ‫ ميكن التنبوء به‬a way or at a time that Comets appear at predictable times.
you know about before it
happens.

43
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(P)
More noticeable or
Research forms the predominant part
Predominant ‫ سائد‬/‫غالب‬ important, or larger in
number, than others.
of my job.

Coming before a more Preliminary results show that the

important action or event,
Preliminary ‫متهيدي‬ vaccine is effective, but this has to be
especially introducing or
preparing for it. confirmed by further medical trials.
To believe something to I presume (that) they're not coming,
be true because it is very
Presume ‫يفرتض‬ since they haven't replied to the
likely, although you are
not certain. invitation
To get control or influence.
I am sure that common sense will
Or prevail in the end.
Prevail ‫ يروج‬/‫يسود‬
To be common among a This attitude still prevails among the
group of people or area middle classes.
at a particular time.
Happening or existing
The previous owner of the house had
Previous ‫سابق‬ before something or
someone else.
built an extension on the back.

/‫ابتدايئ‬
More important than The red cross's primary concern is to
Primary /‫رئييس‬
anything else; main. preserve and protect human life.
‫أسايس‬
/‫رئييس‬ This is a prime example of 1930s
Prime Main or most important.
‫جوهري‬ architecture.
First in order of importance.

Or Iraq's principal export is oil.

/‫أسايس‬
Principal ‫الخشص‬ The person with the
Design consultancy whose principal
‫املسؤول‬ highest authority or most
is based in San Francisco.
important position in an
organization, institution, or
group.
A basic idea or rule that
explains or controls how The principles of the criminal justice
Principle ‫مبدأ‬
something happens or system.
works.
Existing or happening
The course required no prior knowledge
Prior ‫سابق‬ before something else, or
before a particular time.
of spanish.
Something that is very
important and must be The management did not seem to
Priority ‫أولولية‬
dealt with before other consider office safety to be a priority.
things.
An advantage that only
one person or group
Healthcare should be a right, not a
Privilege ‫مزية‬ of people has, usually
because of their position or
privilege.
because they are rich.

44
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(P)
His lawyers have decided not to
Proceed ‫َي َت َقَّدم‬ To continue as planned.
proceed with the case.

A series of actions that you

take in order to achieve a
result.
Military operations could jeopardize
Or the peace process.
Process ‫ عاجل‬/‫معلية‬
Perform a series of the various stages in processing the
mechanical or chemical wool.
operations on (something)
in order to change or
preserve it.
The rate at which a
company or country makes
goods, usually judged in Studies show that if a working
Productivity ‫إنتاجية‬ connection with the number environment is pleasant, productivity
of people and the amount increases.
of materials necessary to
produce the goods.
Relating to work that Chris, you're a nurse, so can I ask your
Professional ‫ حمرتف‬/‫ مهين‬needs special training or professional opinion on bandaging
education. ankles?

Great skill, ability, and he demonstrated his proficiency in

Proficiency ‫ براعة‬/‫مهارة‬
experience. Chinese.

Resulting in or likely to
Over the years it has developed into a
Profitable ‫مرحب‬ result in a profit or an
advantage.
highly profitable business.

To officially refuse to allow Motor vehicles are prohibited from

Prohibit ‫حيظر‬
something. driving in the town centre.

To increase a lot and Small businesses have proliferated in

Proliferate ‫يتاكثر‬
suddenly in number. the last ten years.

/‫ يجشع‬/‫يروج‬ To encourage people Advertising companies are always

Promote /‫ يىمن‬/‫يعزز‬ to like, buy, use, do, or having to think up new ways to
‫يطور‬ support something. promote products.
When considering an
Proportionally ‫نسبيا‬ amount of something as a Proportionally less/ more/ fewer.
part of a whole.
The possibility that
Is there any prospect of the weather
Prospect ‫احمتال‬ something good might
happen in the future.
improving?
The system of rules and
/‫بروتوكول‬ acceptable behaviour
Protocol A breach of royal protocol
‫نظام املرامس‬ used at official ceremonies
and occasions.

45
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(P)
The act of making
information or stories The brochure will be ready for
Publication ‫نرش‬
available to people in a publication in september.
printed or electronic form.
To make information
available to people,
especially in a book,
She’s just had an article published in
Publish ‫ينرش‬ magazine, or newspaper,
or to produce and sell
their weekend supplement.
a book, magazine, or
newspaper.

Tickets must be purchased two weeks

Purchase ‫يشرتي‬ To buy something.
in advance.
To follow someone or
Pursue ‫ يالحق‬/‫ي َت َعَّقب‬ something, usually to try to The car was pursued by helicopters.
catch him, her, or it.
An activity that you spend
The cat crouched in the grass in
Pursuit ‫السيع وراء‬ time doing, usually when
you are not working.
pursuit of a bird.

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(Q)
Relating to how good or Is there any qualitative difference
Qualitative ‫نويع‬
bad something is. between these two dvd players?

To repeat the words that

Quote ‫يقتبس‬ someone else has said or He's always quoting from the bible.
written

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(R)
(Especially of change
or action) relating to or
A radical overhaul of the existing
Radical ‫جذري‬ affecting the fundamental
nature of something; far-
regulatory framework.
reaching or thorough.
Happening, done, or
Random ‫عشوايئ‬ chosen by chance rather Random checks/ tests/ attacks.
than according to a plan.

46
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(R)
the area of variation
between upper and lower The cost is thought to be in the range
limits on a particular scale. of $1-5 million a day.
Range ‫ تشكيلة‬/‫نطاق‬
Or the area offers a wide range of
activities for the tourist.
A set of similar things.

Based on clear thought There must be some rational

Rational ‫منطيق‬
and reason. explanation for what happened.
To act in a particular
She slapped him and called him
React ‫ يتفاعل‬/‫ رد فعل‬way as a direct result of
something else.
names, but he didn't react.
If you tell him what happened,
(of a person) having I'm sure he'll understand - he's a
sound judgment; fair and reasonable man.
sensible.
/‫راشد‬ We have a strong team and a
Reasonable
‫معقول‬ Or reasonable chance of winning the
game.
Acceptable or not too
expensive. Tomatoes are very reasonable at this
time of year.
How much do you reckon (that) it's
Reckon ‫يعتقد‬ To think or believe.
going to cost?

/‫يستعيد‬ To become completely

It took her a long time to recover
Recover well again after an illness
‫يتحسن‬ or injury.
from/after her heart operation.
To make something pure Crude oil is industrially refined to
/‫ينيق‬ or improve something,
Refine purify it and separate out the different
‫حيسن‬ especially by removing
elements, such as benzene.
unwanted material.
A factory where
substances in their natural There were two huge oil refineries on
Refinery ‫معمل تكرير‬
state, such as oil or sugar, the coast.
are made pure
A particular government
or a system or method of The old corrupt, totalitarian regime
government. was overthrown.
/‫النظام احلامك‬
Regime Or Detention centers with a very tough
‫ محية‬/‫نظام‬ physical regime.
A system or planned way
of doing things, especially
one imposed from above.
A particular area or part
of the world, or any of the
Region ‫منطقة‬ One of china’s autonomous regions
large official areas into
which a country is divided.

47
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(R)
To put information,
Register ‫سل‬
ِّ َ‫ُي ج‬ especially your name, into I registered the car in my name.
an official list or record
To control something,
You can regulate the temperature in
Regulate ‫ ُين َِّظم‬/‫يضبط‬ especially by making it
work in a particular way.
the house by adjusting the thermostat.

To make something The pockets on my jeans are

Reinforce ِّ ‫ ُي َع‬/‫يقوي‬
‫ضد‬
stronger. reinforced with double stitching.

The act of making The harbour walls need urgent

Reinforcement ‫تقوية‬
something stronger. reinforcement.
To refuse to accept, use,
Reject ‫يرفض‬ or believe something or The appeal was rejected by the court.
someone.

These people are living on relatively

Relatively ‫نسبيا‬ Relatively good, bad, etc.
low incomes.

To give freedom or free He was released from prison after

Release ‫يطلق رساح‬ movement to someone or serving two years of a five-year
something. sentence.
Connected with what
Education should be relevant to the
Relevant ‫ذو صلة‬ is happening or being
discussed.
child's needs.

An unwillingness to do I accepted his resignation with great

Reluctance ‫ نفور‬/‫ممانعة‬
something. reluctance.

Not willing to do something I was having such a good time I was

Reluctant ‫ معارض‬/‫ممانع‬
and therefore slow to do it. reluctant to leave.

Unusual or special and

Nelson mandela was a truly
Remarkable ‫الفت للنظر‬ therefore surprising and
worth mentioning.
remarkable man.

To take something or
someone away from The men came to remove the rubbish
Remove ‫يزيل‬
somewhere, or off from the backyard.
something.
The way that something is
Her rendering of the song was
Rendering ‫أداء‬ performed, written, drawn,
etc.
delightful.

/‫استنساخ‬ The process of having

Reproduction babies, producing young, Human/ sexual reproduction.
‫تاكثر‬ or producing new plants.

To need something
Please call this number if you require
Require ‫يتطلب‬ or make something
necessary.
any further information.

48
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(R)
A detailed study of a
subject, especially in
Research ‫حبث‬ order to discover (new) Scientific/ medical research.
information or reach a
(new) understanding.

To look like or be like You resemble your mother very

Resemble ‫يشبه‬
someone or something. closely.

To live, have your home, or The family now resides in southern

Reside ‫يقمي‬
stay in a place. France.

To solve or end a problem Have you resolved the problem of

Resolve ‫حيل‬
or difficulty. transport yet?
A useful or valuable
possession or quality of a The country's greatest resource is the
Resource ‫مورد‬
country, organization, or dedication of its workers.
person.
To say or do something as
a reaction to something To every question, he responded "I
Respond ‫ يستجيب‬/‫يرد‬
that has been said or don't know."
done.

Be responsible for sb/sth/ The city council is responsible for

Responsible + for ‫مسؤول عن‬
doing. keeping the streets clean.

To return something or
The badly neglected paintings have all
Restore ‫ ُي َرم‬/‫يستعيد‬ someone to an earlier
good condition or position.
been carefully restored.

To control the actions or

behaviour of someone
by force, especially in
When he started fighting, it took four
Restrain ‫يكبح‬ order to stop them from
doing something, or to
police officers to restrain him.
limit the growth or force of
something.
To limit the movements
or actions of someone, The government has restricted
Restrict ‫يقيد‬ or to limit something and freedom of movement into and out of
reduce its size or prevent it the country.
from increasing.

To keep or continue to She has lost her battle to retain

Retain ‫حيتفظ‬
have something. control of the company.

To make known or show

something that is surprising He was jailed for revealing secrets to
Reveal ‫ يكشف‬/‫يظهر‬
or that was previously the russians.
secret.

49
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(R)
The income that a
Taxes provide most of the
Revenue ‫إيرادات‬ government or company
receives regularly.
government's revenue.
To change the direction,
order, position, result, The new manager hoped to reverse
Reverse ‫ يقلب‬/‫يعكس‬
etc. Of something to its the decline in the company's fortunes.
opposite.
To look at or consider His helpfulness today has made
again an idea, piece of
Revise ‫يراجع‬ me revise my original opinion/
writing, etc. In order to
correct or improve it. impression of him.
A change in the way
a country is governed,
The French revolution changed
Revolution ‫ثورة‬ usually to a different
political system and often
France from a monarchy to a republic.
using violence or war.

Stiff or fixed; not able to be

Rigid ‫ صارم‬/‫جامد‬ A rigid steel and concrete structure.
bent or moved.

a religious service or other

ceremony which involves a
series of actions performed
in a fixed order.

Or

Activities happen as part of These ceremonies were already part

a ritual or tradition. of pre-Christian ritual in Mexico.

Or ...fastings and ritual dancing.

‫ شعائر‬/‫ طقوس‬A way of behaving or a
Ritual The whole Italian culture revolves
‫شعائري‬ series of actions which
around the ritual of eating.
people regularly carry out
in a particular situation,
because it is their custom to I realized that here the conventions
do so. required me to make the ritual noises.

Or

You can describe

something as a ritual action
when it is done in exactly
the same way whenever a
particular situation occurs.
The position or purpose that
someone or something has
Role ‫دور‬ What is his role in this project?
in a situation, organization,
society, or relationship.

A particular way or The route we had planned took us

Route ‫طريق‬
direction between places. right across greece.

50
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(R)
A usual or fixed way of There's no set/ fixed routine at work -
Routine ‫منط‬
doing things. every day is different.

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(S)
Practical knowledge and
Savvy ‫ إدراك‬/‫دهاء‬ Business savvy.
ability.

A set of numbers, amounts,

/‫مقياس‬ etc., Used to measure
Scale The centigrade/ fahrenheit scale.
‫مستوى‬ or compare the level of
something.
A description of possible
There are several possible
Scenario ‫سيناريو‬ actions or events in the
future.
scenarios.
A list of planned activities or
things to be done showing
Schedule ‫جدول زمين‬ the times or dates when they A production schedule.
are intended to happen or
be done.
A plan or arrangement
involving many people which
is made by a government or
other organization.
The company was pouring around
Or $30 million into the scheme.
/‫مخُ َ َّطط‬ A someone’s plan for
...a quick money-making scheme to
Scheme /‫َخ َّطط‬ achieving something.
get us through the summer.
‫َدَّبر مكيدة‬
Or
The bride’s family were scheming
If you say that people are to prevent a wedding.
scheming, you mean that
they are making secret plans
in order to gain something for
themselves.
The extent of the area
or subject matter that
something deals with or to
which it is relevant. We widened the scope of our
/‫نطاق‬ investigation.
Scope
‫َقي‬ Or
They’d scoped out their market.
Assess or investigate
(something).

51
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(S)
One of the areas into which The belt of southern sectors from
Sector ‫ِقطاع‬ the economic activity of a Sectors 31 to 49 and Sectors 20, 21,
country is divided. 22 and 23 were affected.
If you secure something
that you want or need,
you obtain it, often after a
lot of effort.
Graham’s achievements helped secure
Or him the job.

If you secure a place, you Staff withdrew from the main part of
Secure ‫ يضمن‬/‫يؤمن‬
make it safe from harm or the prison but secured the perimeter.
attack.
The frames are secured by horizontal
Or rails to the back wall.
If you secure an object,
you fasten it firmly to
another object.
To try to find or get
something, especially "Are you actively seeking jobs?" She
Seek ‫يبحث عن‬
something that is not a asked.
physical object.
A series of related things or
The first chapter describes the strange
Sequence ‫تسلسل‬ events, or the order in which
they follow each other.
sequence of events that led to his death.

A number of similar or
There has been a series of sexual
Series ‫سلسلة‬ related events or things,
one following another.
attacks on women in the area.

To (cause something or
someone to) move or
She shifted (her weight) uneasily
Shift ‫حتول‬ change from one position
or direction to another,
from one foot to the other.
especially slightly.
The discovery of the new drug is
Significance ‫أمهية‬ Importance. of great significance for/ to people
suffering from heart problems.
To do or make something
In cheap furniture, plastic is often
Simulate ‫حيايك‬ that looks real but is not
real.
used to simulate wood.

‫معا‬/ Happening or being done The telethon was broadcast

Simultaneously
‫ يف الوقت ذاته‬at exactly the same time. simultaneously on 31 US networks.

Doubting that something is Many experts remain skeptical about/

Skeptical ‫مرتاب‬
true or useful. of his claims.

Slightly ‫بشلك طفيف‬ A little. She's slightly taller than her sister.

52
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(S)
Used to show that you
think a word that is used It was one of his so-called friends
So-called ‫ما يمسى‬ to describe someone or who supplied him with the drugs that
something is not suitable killed him.
or not correct.

My sole objective is to make the

Sole ‫منفرد‬ Being one only; single.
information more widely available.

The resort has changed somewhat

Somewhat ‫بعض اليشء‬ To some degree.
over the last few years.

The place something

Source ‫مصدر‬ comes from or starts at, or A source of heat/ energy/ light.
the cause of something.
To explain or describe
He said we should meet but didn’t
Specify ‫حيدد‬ something clearly and
exactly.
specify a time.

/‫مسح‬ An examination of opinions, A recent survey found/ revealed/

Survey behaviour, etc., Made by showed that 58 percent of people did
‫استطالع رأي‬ asking people questions. not know where their heart is.
To continue to live or exist,
especially after coming The baby was born with a heart
close to dying or being
Survive ‫ينجو‬ problem and only survived for a few
destroyed or after being
in a difficult or threatening hours.
situation.
To stop something from
The ferry service has been suspended
Suspend ‫ُي َعلِّق‬ being active, either
temporarily or permanently.
for the day because of bad weather.

Able to continue over a That sort of extreme diet is not

Sustainable ‫مستدام‬
period of time. sustainable over a long period.
Something that is a symbol
of a society or an aspect
of life seems to represent it She was put under house arrest two
because it is very typical of it. years ago but remained a powerful
symbol in last year’s election.
Symbol ‫رمز‬ Or

A symbol of something I frequently use sunflowers as

such as an idea is a shape symbols of strength.
or design that is used to
represent it.
A combination of medical
problems that shows the A rare syndrome in which the
Syndrome ‫متالزمة‬ existence of a particular production of white blood cells is
disease or mental damaged
condition.

53
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(T)
An object shot at during
shooting practice, often
a circle with a pattern I had four shots but I didn't even hit
Target ‫هدف‬
of rings, or any object or the target.
place at which bullets,
bombs, etc. Are aimed.
A someone whose job The team would also include
involves skilled practical
two laboratory technicians well
Technician ‫فين‬ work with scientific
equipment, for example in
acquainted with gene technology and
a laboratory. biochemical techniques.
We have developed a new
A way of doing an activity
Technique ‫ طريقة‬/‫أسلوب‬ technique for detecting errors in the
that needs skill.
manufacturing process.

Briefly, for a short time, A temporarily vacant department

Temporarily ‫بشلك مؤقت‬
momentarily, fleetingly. store.

Not lasting or needed for The ceasefire will only provide a

Temporary ‫مؤقت‬
very long. temporary solution to the crisis.
If someone has a
tendency to do or like His tendency to exaggerate is well
Tendency ‫ قابلية‬/‫اجتاه‬
something, they will known.
probably do it or like it.
(Especially of a muscle
or someone’s body)
stretched tight or rigid. she tried to relax her tense muscles.
Tense ‫ متوتر‬/‫توتر‬ Or
Dart, who had at first been very tense,
If you are tense, you are at last relaxed.
anxious and nervous and
cannot relax.

/‫يهني‬ To (cause something to) They terminated my contract in

Terminate
‫يضع حدًا‬ end or stop. october.

The main subject of a talk, The theme of loss runs through most
Theme ‫موضوع‬
book, film, etc. of his novels.

In a way that obeys some

Theoretically ‫بشلك نظري‬ It is theoretically possible.
rules but is not likely.

To broadcast something, Radio seven transmits on 201

or to send out or carry
Transmit ‫ يبث‬/‫ينقل‬ medium wave (= uses those particular
signals using radio,
television, etc. radio waves to broadcast on).

54
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(T)
A general development or Surveys show a trend away from
change in a situation or in
Trend ‫اجتاه‬ home-ownership and toward rented
the way that people are
behaving. accommodation.
cause (an event or situation)
to happen or exist. An allergy can be triggered by stress
/‫يثري‬ or overwork.
Or
Trigger
‫زند البندقية‬ It's not clear who actually pulled the
A part of a gun that causes
the gun to fire when trigger.
pressed.

/‫تافه‬ Having little value or I don't know why he gets so upset

Trivial
‫عدمي األمهية‬ importance. about something so trivial.

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(U)
The best achievable or
imaginable of its kind. The ultimate in decorative luxury.
/‫أقىص‬
Ultimate Or
‫هنايئ‬ Their ultimate aim was to force his
Being or happening at the resignation
end of a process; final.
A situation in which Nothing is ever decided, and all the
something is not known,
Uncertainty ‫مشكوك فيه‬ uncertainty is very bad for staff
or something that is not
known or certain. morale.

Undeniable ‫ ال ميكن إناكره‬Certainly true. A woman of undeniable brilliance.

To experience something
/‫خيضع‬ that is unpleasant or She underwent an operation on a
Undergo
‫جيتاز معلية‬ something that involves a tumour in her left lung last year.
change.
To be a hidden cause Psychological problems very
Underlie ‫يمكن وراء‬ of or strong influence on often underlie apparently physical
something. disorders.
To make someone less
confident, less powerful, or The president has accused two cabinet
Undermine ‫يقلل من‬ less likely to succeed, or to members of working secretly to
make something weaker, undermine his position/ him.
often gradually.

55
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(U)
The tunnel goes right underneath the
Underneath ‫حتت‬ Under or below.
city.

To do or begin to do
something, especially Students are required to undertake
Undertake ‫يرشع‬
something that will take a simple experiments.
long time or be difficult.

If something is undisputed,
Undisputed ‫مسمل به‬ An undisputed fact.
everyone agrees about it.

Not ethical (= based on It is unethical to torment any creature

Unethical ‫غري اخالىق‬
moral beliefs). for entertainment.

If the new leader does manage to

Unify ‫يوحد‬ To bring together; combine. unify his warring party it will be quite
an achievement.
The group argues that many of
Unintended ‫غري مقصود‬ Not intended. the proposed reforms will have
unintended consequences.
Being the only existing
one of its type or, more Each person's genetic code is unique
Unique ‫فريد من نوعه‬
generally, unusual, or except in the case of identical twins.
special in some way.
This century has witnessed
‫مل حيدث من‬ Never having happened
Unprecedented environmental destruction on an
‫قبل‬ or existed in the past.
unprecedented scale.
Likely to change suddenly
and without reason and The weather there can be
‫ال ميكن‬ therefore not able to be unpredictable; one minute it's blue
Unpredictable
‫التنبوء به‬ predicted (= expected skies and the next minute it's pouring
before it happens) or rain.
depended on.
If a piece of knitted or
woven cloth, a knot, or a
mass of thread unravels,
it separates into a single
thread, and if you unravel You'd better mend that hole before the
it, you separate it into a whole sweater starts to unravel.
/‫ينحل‬ single thread.
Unraveled
‫حل األلغاز‬ They were attempting to unravel the
Or
cause of death.
Investigate and solve
or explain (something
complicated or puzzling).

56
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(U)
To use something in an The vitamins come in a form that is
Utilize ‫يستخدم‬
effective way. easily utilized by the body.

Designed to be useful Like many factories, it's a very ugly

Utilitarian ‫هادف لملنفعة‬
rather than decorative. utilitarian building.

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(V)
The characteristic of often When planning meals, you need to
Variety ‫تنوع‬ changing and being think about variety and taste as well
different. as nutritional value.
If things of the same type
vary, they are different Salary scales vary between states/
from each other, and if you
Vary ‫يتنوع‬ from state to state/ according to state/
vary them, you cause them
to be different from each with each state.
other.
A machine, usually with
wheels and an engine,
A truck driver died last night when his
Vehicle ‫مركبة‬ used for transporting
people or goods on land,
vehicle overturned.
especially on roads.
Going through or stopping
Via ‫بواسطة‬ at a place on the way to The london-addis flight goes via rome.
another place.
To break or act against
something, especially a
They were charged with violating
Violate ‫ينهتك‬ law, agreement, principle,
or something that should
federal law.
be treated with respect.
You can use virtual to
indicate that something
is so nearly true that for
most purposes it can be He claimed to be a virtual prisoner in
regarded as true. his own home.
Virtual ‫افرتايض‬
Or
Up to four players can compete in a
Virtual objects and virtual world of role playing.
activities are generated
by a computer to simulate
real objects and activities.

57
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(V)
You should wear something light-
Visible ‫مريئ‬ Able to be seen. coloured when you're cycling at night
so that you're more visible.
We see in his novels his sinister,
An idea or mental image
Vision ‫رؤية‬ almost apocalyptic, vision of the
of something.
future.
A book forming part of a
work or series.

OR

The amount of space There was huge, leather bound series

that a substance or of volumes of Encyclopaedia Celtica.
object occupies, or
that is enclosed within a
Volume ‫ جحم‬/‫الصوت‬ The sewer could not cope with the
container, especially when
great. volume of rainwater.

OR He turned the volume up on the radio.

Quantity or power
of sound; degree of
loudness.

Done, made, or given

She does voluntary work for the red
Voluntary ‫تطويع‬ willingly, without being
forced or paid to do it.
cross two days a week.

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(W)
Existing or happening
There are reports of widespread
Widespread ‫ واسع االنتشار‬in many places and/ or
among many people.
flooding in northern france.

Physical and mental

health and happiness,
especially of a person. These organizations have fought very
hard for the rights and welfare of
/‫رفاهية‬ Or immigrants.
Welfare ‫الرعاية‬ Help given, especially
‫االجمتاعية‬ by the state or an Your taxes pay for welfare benefits
organization, to people such as unemployment and sickness
who need it, especially pay.
because they do not have
enough money.

58
 Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(W)
They've set up a plan whereby you
Whereby ‫بواسطة‬ By which way or method. can spread the cost over a two-year
period.
a particular amount
of money that is paid,
usually every week, to an
employee, especially one The job pays very low wages.
Wage ‫أجر‬
who does work that needs
physical skills or strength,
rather than a job needing
a college education

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(Y)
A young animal
(especially a sheep, calf, The horse sold for $20,000 as a
Yearling ‫حيوان رضيع‬
or foal) passed its first year yearling.
and not yet two years old.

Meaning
Word Meaning in English Example
in Arabic

(Z)
One who espouses a cause
or pursues an object in an The horse sold for $20,000 as a
Zealot ‫متعصب‬
immoderately partisan yearling.
manner.
The intellectual and
moral tendencies that The story captured the zeitgeist of the
zeitgeist ‫روح العرص‬
characterise any age or late 1960s.
epoch.
The culminating point of
zenith ‫ذروة‬ prosperity, influence, or His career is now at its zenith.
greatness.
Anything less than a wind of 30 miles
zephyr ‫نسمي عليل‬ Any soft, gentle wind. per hour is considered but a gentle
zephyr .

59