Fundamentals of Geometry

Points, Lines, and Planes

Point

1. A location in space.
2. Has no dimension (no length, no width, no
depth).
3. Usually represented by a dot.
4. Named using one capital letter.
Point

For example:

●B
 Line

1. A series of points that extends in opposite

directions without end.
2. One-dimensional (length).
3. Has an arrowhead on each end
representing the fact that it goes on
forever.
4. Always straight.
5. Named with a lowercase script letter or by
2 points on the line
Line

For example:
Can be called:
C Line C

A Line AB or AB
B
Line BA or BA
Plane

1. A flat surface that extends forever in two

dimensions (length & width).
2. Contains infinitely many points and lines.
3. Usually represented by a four-sided
figure.
4. Named with a capital script letter or 3
points on the surface of the plane
Plane

For example:
A W Can be named:

B
C Plane W
Plane ABC, plane BCA, plane
CBA, etc.
More Definitions

 Collinear points –
points that can lie on the same
line.
More Definitions

 Noncollinear points –

D
More Definitions

 Coplanar points –
points that can lie on the same plane.
More Definitions

 Noncoplanar points –

D
More Definitions

 Equidistant – equally distant

More Definitions

 Intersect –
Two or more figures intersect if they
have one or more points in common.
 Intersection –
All points or sets of points the
figures have in common.
When a line and a point intersect,
their intersection is a point.

l
B
When 2 lines intersect, their
intersection is a point.
When 2 planes intersect, their
intersection is a line.
When a line and plane intersect, their
intersection is a point.
 Line

A line goes on and on in both directions. A

line is drawn with an arrow on each end
 Line Segment

A line segment is a part of a line. It is

drawn with two endpoints
 Ray
A ray goes on and on in one direction.
It is drawn with an arrow on one end
and an endpoint on the other.
 Parallel Lines

Parallel lines are always the same

distance apart. They will never touch.

“Enemy Lines”
Can you find the parallel lines?
 Intersecting Lines

Intersecting lines are two lines that

cross each other
“Friends”
Can you find the intersecting lines?
Perpendicular Lines
90
Perpendicular lines are
two lines that intersect
to form right angles.

“Married”
Can you find the perpendicular
lines?
Perpendicular lines are also intersecting lines
because they cross each other.

Perpendicular lines are a 90

special kind of intersecting
lines because they always
form “perfect” right angles.
Analytic
Geometry
Analytic Geometry

Part 1
Rectangular Coordinates System
( Cartesian Coordinate System )

Analytic Geometry deals with geometric problems using

coordinates system thereby converting it into
Algebraic problems.

- Rene Descartes (1596-1650) the founder of analytic geometry

by introducing coordinates system.
 COORDINATE PLANE
Y-axis

QUAD II QUAD I

Origin ( 0 , 0 ) Parts of a
X-axis plane
1. X-axis
2. Y-axis
3. Origin
QUAD III QUAD IV 4. Quadrants
I-IV
 Plot these 4 points
PLOTTING POINTS A (3, -4), B (5, 6), C (-4, 5)
and D (-7, -5)

B
C

A
D
Distance Between two points
at single Number Line
The distance between two points
The Distance between two points in
the 2 Dimension system.

The Distance Delta x

Naming horizontal and y X=3
vertical lines
5

3 All points on this

line have the x-
2 coordinate ‘3’
1
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2 y = -2
All points on this line -3
have the y-coordinate ‘-2’
-4

-5
 y  x2 , y2 

 x1 , y1 

x
 y  x2 , y2 
d

 x1 , y1 

x
 y  x2 , y2 
d

 x1 , y1 
x2

x
 y  x2 , y2 
d
x1
 x1 , y1 
x2

x
 y  x2 , y2 
d
x1
 x1 , y1   x2  x1 
x2

x
 y  x2 , y2 
d

 x1 , y1 
 x2  x1 
x
 y  x2 , y2 
d

 x1 , y1  y2
 x2  x1 
x
 y  x2 , y2 
d

 x1 , y1  y2
 x2  x1 
y1
x
 y  x2 , y2 
d
 y2  y1 
 x1 , y1  y2
 x2  x1 
y1
x
 y  x2 , y2 
d
 y2  y1 
 x1 , y1 
 x2  x1 
x
 y  x2 , y2 
d
 y2  y1 
 x1 , y1 
 x2  x1 
x
c  a b
2 2 2

d   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2 2
 y  x2 , y2 
d
 y2  y1 
 x1 , y1 
 x2  x1 
x
c  a b
2 2 2

d   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2 2
 y  x2 , y2 
d
 y2  y1 
 x1 , y1  a
 x2  x1 
x
c  a b
2 2 2

d   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2 2
 y  x2 , y2 
d
 y2  y1 
 x1 , y1  a
 x2  x1 
x
c  a b
2 2 2

d   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2 2
 y  x2 , y2 
d
b y 2  y1 

 x1 , y1  a
 x2  x1 
x
c  a b
2 2 2

d   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2 2
 y  x2 , y2 
d
b y 2  y1 

 x1 , y1  a
 x2  x1 
x
c  a b
2 2 2

d   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2 2
d   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2 2

d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2
d   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2 2

d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2
  x1 , y1   x2 , y2 

d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2
  x1 , y1   x2 , y2 

d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 3, 1   2 , 4 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

d  2  3   4  1
2 2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 3, 1   2 , 4 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

d  2  3   4  1
2 2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 3, 1   2 , 4 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

d  2  3   4  1
2 2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 3, 1   2 , 4 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

d  2  3   4  1
2 2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 3, 1   2 , 4 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

d  2  3   4  1
2 2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 3, 1   2 , 4 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

d  2  3   4  1
2 2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 3, 1   2 , 4 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

d  2  3   4  1
2 2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 3, 1   2 , 4 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

d  2  3   4  1
2 2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 3, 1   2 , 4 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

d  2  3   4  1
2 2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 3, 1   2 , 4 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

d  2  3   4  1
2 2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 3, 1   2 , 4 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

d  2  3   4  1
2 2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 3, 1   2 , 4 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

d  2  3   4  1
2 2
d  1    
2 2
3

d 1  9
d  1    
2 2
3

d 1  9

d  10
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 2,  7   2 ,  1 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

 2  2   1   7  
2
d
2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 2,  7   2 ,  1 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

 2  2   1   7  
2
d
2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 2,  7   2 ,  1 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

 2  2   1   7  
2
d
2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 2,  7   2 ,  1 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

 2  2   1   7  
2
d
2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 2,  7   2 ,  1 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

 2  2   1   7  
2
d
2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 2,  7   2 ,  1 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

 2  2   1   7  
2
d
2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 2,  7   2 ,  1 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

 2  2   1   7  
2
d
2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 2,  7   2 ,  1 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

 2  2   1   7  
2
d
2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 2,  7   2 ,  1 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

 2  2   1   7  
2
d
2
 x1 y1 x2 y2
 2,  7   2 ,  1 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

 2  2   1   7  
2
d
2
d     
2 2
0 6

d 0  36
d     
2 2
0 6

d 0  36

d  36

d 6
 Problem Solving
1. The linear distance between -4 and 17 on the
number line is?
2. Find the distance between A(4,-3) and B(-2,5).
3. If the distance between points (3,y) and (8,7) is
13, then y is equal to?
 Plot the Points and find the distance in
each segments

1. A(-2,-3), B(6,1), and C(-2,5)

2. A(-3,-3), B(3,3), and C(-4,4)

 ASSIGNMENT #3
Direction: Solve the following problems. Write your
solutions on a long bond paper. Emphasize your final
answer by writing it inside a box.
1. Find the distance between the points (4,-2) and (-5,1).
2. If the point (x,3) is equidistant from (3,-2) and (7,4), find x.
3. A(-1,2), B(2,4), and C(0,5) Plot the points and find the line
segment on each side of the triangle.
4. A(1,4), B(10,6), and C(2,2) Plot the points and find the line
segment on each side of the triangle.
5. Given the points A(1,0), B(5,3), C(2,7), and D(-2,4), show
that the sides of the equilateral ACBD are equal.
6. A line of slope 3 passes through the point (7,10). If a point
on the line has an abscissa of 2, find the ordinate.
 Slope of a line (m)
- The slope of a line is a number that measures
its "steepness", usually denoted by the letter m. It
is the change in y for a unit change in x along the
line.
 Problem Solving
1. What is the slope of the line joining the points (4,-3)
and (-1,3)?
2. The slope through the points (-4,-5) and (2,7) is?
3. Find the value of k given that the slope of the line
joining (3,1) and (5,k) is 2.
Division of a line Segment
The Midpoint
Ratio (r)


Find the midpoint of the line
segment joining each of the ff.

1. (-3,4) , (3,-4)
2. (9,1), (6,4)
 Find the coordinates of the midpoint
of the sides of the triangle whose
vertices are:

1. (-1,-2), (5,2), (1,6)

Find the coordinates of the point which
is 2/3 of the distance from the first to
the point in each of the ff:
1. (-1,-2), (5,4)
 ASSIGNMENT #3
Direction: Solve the following problems. Write your
solutions on a long bond paper. Emphasize your final
answer by writing it inside a box.
7. If point (3,2) and (x,-5) lie on a line whose slope is -7/2,
then what is the value of x?
8. Find the midpoint of (-8,-5) & (-3,-7).
9. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the sides of the
triangle whose vertices are (1,1), (3,4), & (0,6).
10. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the sides of the
triangle whose vertices are (0,-6), (-2,-1), & (-5,7).
11. Find the coordinates of the point which is 2/3 of the distance
from the first to the point of (4,-1) & (-1,5).
12. Find the coordinates of the point which is 2/3 of the distance
from the first to the point of (1,6), & (8,12).
Equation of a LINE

General Equation:
Standard Form
 Problem Solving
1.The y-intercept of the line is -3. If (5,2) is a point on the
line, determine the slope of the line.
2.What is the x- intercept of the line passing through (1,4)
and (4,1)?
3.Find the equation of a line through (-2,-3) with slope ½.
4. What is the equation of a line that has a slope of -2
and intercepts the x-axis at x = 2?
5. If the points (x,y), (2,-5) and (7,1) lie in a line, find the
equation of the line.
 ASSIGNMENT #3
Direction: Solve the following problems. Write your
solutions on a long bond paper. Emphasize your final
answer by writing it inside a box.
13. The y-intercept of the line through the two points whose
coordinates are (5,-2) and (1,3) is?
14. What is the distance between the intercepts of the line x +
2y – 6 = 0.
15. Determine the equation of a line passing through the origin
with a slope of -2.
16. A line passes trough the points A(2,3) and B(-4,-1). If a point
with abscissa 8 is on this line, find its ordinate.
17. The line whose equation is kx + 3y = 13 passes through
point (8,-1). What is the value of k?
18. The slope of the line whose equation is 5x + 3y = 9.
System of Linear Equations

Consistent Inconsistent Dependent

One solution No solution Infinite number of

solutions
Lines intersect Lines are parallel
Coincide-Same
line
Line Relationships
Intersecting lines

Intersecting lines are lines that cross at some

point. They share one point which is called
the point of intersection. It does not matter
what angle the lines meet at, if two lines cross at
a point then they are considered intersecting
lines.
 Problem Solving

1. Find the solution of the

system
3x + y = 1 and 3x + 2y = 6
Standard Equation and Slope Formula
Problem Solving
1. Find the acute angle between the lines having slopes
of 2 and 5.
2. Find the acute angle formed by the lines 2x + 3y + 5
= 0 and 3x – 5y + 8 = 0.
Perpendicular Lines
A line is considered perpendicular to another line
if it meets or crosses the line at a right angle, or
90 degrees.
Standard Equation and Slope Formula
Problem Solving
1. Determine k so that the line 2x – ky + 2 = 0 is
perpendicular to the line 3x + 2y – 7 = 0.
2. For what value of k will the line kx + 5y = 2k be
perpendicular to the line 2x – 3y = 1?
Parallel Lines
Parallel lines are two or more lines that are the
same distance apart. These lines will never
intersect. There are many examples of parallel
lines in the world.
Standard Equation and Slope Formula
 Problem Solving

1. Determine k so that the

line y + 3 = kx will be
parallel to the line 4x +
12y = 12.
 ASSIGNMENT #3
Direction: Solve the following problems. Write your
solutions on a long bond paper. Emphasize your final
answer by writing it inside a box.

19. Find the solution of the system 3x – y = 6 and -4x + 2y = -8

20. Find the angle between the lines 3x + 2y = 6 and x + y = 6.
21. Find the equation of the line passing through (0,2) and
perpendicular to the line 3x + y = 7.
22. Find the x- intercept of the line passing the point (3,4) and
perpendicular to the line 4x – 5y + 7 = 0.
23. What is the equation of the line that is parallel to y – 3x + 5
= 0 and has the same y-intercept as y = -2x + 7?
24. What is the equation of a line through (1,2) parallel to the
line 3x – 2y + 4 = 0?
Distance between a Point and a Line
 Problem Solving

1. Find the distance

from the point
(2,1) to the line
4x – 3y + 5 = 0.
Distance between Parallel Lines

d
 Problem Solving

1. Find the distance

between two parallel
lines 4x – 3y – 9 =0
and 4x – 3y – 24 = 0.
 ASSIGNMENT #3
Direction: Solve the following problems. Write your
solutions on a long bond paper. Emphasize your final
answer by writing it inside a box.
25. Find the distance from the point (6,-2) to the line 3x + 4y +
10 = 0.
26. The distance from a point (2,k) to the line 4x + 3y – 7 = 0 is
equal to 5. Find the value of k.
27. If point P(m,2m) is 5 units from the line 12x + 5y =1, what
is the value of m?
28. The distance between the lines 15x + 8y + 68 = 0 and 15x +
8y – k = 0 is 7. Determine the value of k.
29. Solve the distance between two parallel lines having
equations 3x – 4y – 10 = 0 and 3x – 4y – 20 = 0.
30. Find the equation of the line parallel to 3x + 4y + 2 = 0 and -
3 units from it.