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    M tech. Geotechnical engineering FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS CONVERGENCE

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    M tech. Geotechnical engineering FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS CONVERGENCE

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    3 views9 pages

    Convergence

    Uploaded by

    Himani
    M tech. Geotechnical engineering FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS CONVERGENCE

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net CHAPTERS — ConTINUUM (2-D & 3-D) ELEMENTS 133 For a plane stress case, stress-strain relationship is given by lov 0 ] vy) [D]=——y]v 1 0 Let B= G-v)}9 0 G-vy/2 Then, with element DOFs arranged in the sequence of [uy > Us vi v2 val" Ba? 0 Rta Ba? -b? b?4Ba? Symmetric Kina ; ab(l-v4)| 0 -vab vab a ~Bab 0 Bab 0 Bb Bab vab -ab(v+P) -a? -Bb? = a*+Pb? If the element DOFs are arranged in the sequence of (u,v) U2 V2 u3 val", the elements of stiffness matrix are rearranged as Ba? 0 a Eta 0 -vab b? Symmetric Kl-Ra-v5|-pab 0 0 Bh —Ba’ vab —b’ Bab b?+Ba? Bab -a? vab -Bb? -ab(v+P) a?+Bb*| 5.4 CONVERGENCE CONDITIONS (To BE SaTIsFIED BY THE DISPLACEMENT FUNCTION) While choosing the function to represent u and v displacements at any point in the element, care should be taken to ensure that the following conditions are satisfied. (i) The function should be continuous and differentiable (to obtain strains) within the element, functions. is is automatically satisfied with polynomial (ii) The displacement polynomial should include constant term, representing rigid body displacement, which any unrestrained portion of a component should experience when subjected to external loads. Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net 134 FINITE’ ELEMENT ANALYSIS Gi) (iv) w) Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net ‘The polynomial should include linear terms, which on differentiation give constant strain terms. Constant strain is the logical condition as the element size reduces to a point in the limit. Compatibility of displacement and its derivatives. up to the required order, must be satisfied across inter-element boundaries. Otherwise the displacement solution may result in separated or overlapped inter- element boundaries when the displacement patterns of deformed elements with a common boundary are plotted separately (explained in more detail in section 5.7). The polynomial shall satisfy geometric isotropy (terms symmetric in terms of coordinate axes x, y and z). Otherwise, different users analysing the same component may get different results by following different node number sequence to define the elements (different local coordinate systems), Terms used in the polynomial, satisfying all the above conditions, are represented by Pascal triangle given below, for a 2-D element. stant term Linear terns Quadratic terms: Cubic terms Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net CHapTER S CONTINUUM (2-D & 3-D) ELEMENTS 135, Similarly, the polynomial for a 3-D element is represented by the terms of Pascal tetrahedron, as given below. Constant term Linear terms Quadratic terms This can also be represented by the odes of a hypercube, as given below. Here, terms with other combinations are on the invisible sides of the cube. Z Eis au 3 ey Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net 1360 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS. 5.5 GEOMETRIC ISOTROPY If all the terms of a particular order are included in the polynomial, it is called the complete set. If the terms are symmetric w.r.t. x and y, it is called geometric isotropy. Based on the terms included in the polynomial, the function may be termed as complete and isotropic complete and non-isotropic incomplete and isotropic ‘or incomplete and non-isotropic ‘As the number of terms in the polynomial depend on the number of DOF and the number of nodes, use of complete set of terms of a particular order may not be possible ia ali cases. But, isotropy can be maintained in all the cases and is preferable so that user of a general-purpose program can start with any particular node of his choice for defining the nodal sequences (which decide the local coordinate systems) of different elements of the structure. For each element, local coordinate system is usually defined with node | as the origin; X-axis along 1-2 and Y-axis perpendicular to X-axis in the plane of nodes 1- ‘The displacement function u(x) = a; + ax + any of a triangular element is complete and isotropic while u(x) = a; + ax + a;.y + ay.xy of a quadrilateral element is incomplete but isotropic. Higher order elements are broadly classified as - © Serendipity elements — These are the elements having no internal nodes Ex: 8-noded quadrilateral, 12-noded quadrilateral, etc. Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Carter § CONTINUUM (2-D & 3-D) ELEMENTS 137 Lagrange elements — These are the elements having internal nodes which can be condensed out at the element level before assembling. Ex : 9-noded quadrilateral, 16-noded quadrilateral, etc. aan La | Ns eee —— Polynomials used for some 2-D ekments (subjected to in-plane loads), satisfying the convergence and isotropy conditions, are given below. Element oxo Ss) Terms included nares Hement | Displacement | nodes | : = ‘ype ‘Triangle Linear 3 ar axtay J Complete & (Figs.2a)_| > | -, _| Isotropic. Triangle Quaaratic 6 axtay sax tary tay? | Complete Figs2b) | & Isotropic “Triangle Cubic 9 | ataxtmytaattmayray | Incomplete ig520) analy ay? t ayy Isowopic artoxtay rant rany tay? — | Incomplete + apey + apy? + aye (Not preferred) | Non-lsotropic_| Triangle * Cubic 10 [ataxrayeartaaye mys | Complete, ig524) ax'taxyt ary taey | Isotropic _| ‘Quadrilateral Linear 4 ara ay Fay Incomplete, ig 520) Isotropic a tax tay tact Incomplete, (ot prefered) Non-lsotopre Quadrilateral | Quadratic 8 [ataxtaytaxttayray + | Incomplete, (ig. analy + xy? Isotropic Quadrilateral Cubic 12 | atantay tat aayt ay + | Incomplete, Fig52.8) awtaxytaaytaeytinx'y | tottopic | any" 7 | Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS » o ® FIGURE 5.2 Some 2-D elements for in-plane loads 5.6 ASPECT RATIO_ In 2-D and 3-D elements, the displacement function is symmetric in x, y and z, whether it is complete or not in terms of coefficients of a particular order as given by Pascal triangle or Pascal tetrahedron. Hence, the shape of the finite element in the idealised structure should also be oriented equally to all the relevant axes. For this purpose, certain conditions are generally specified in the standard packages on the sizes and included angles for various elements. Aspect ratio is defined for this purpose as the ratio of the longest side to the Angle at A < 45" —_——) . | Angle at A< 60" Shapes of elements, not preferred Preferred shapes of elements Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net CHAPTER 5 CONTINUUM (2-D & 3-D) ELEMENTS shortest side. It is usually limited to 5, while the included angle is usually limited to 45° to 135° for a triangular element and to 60° to 120° for a quadrilateral or 3-D element. A few 2-D elements with valid and invalid shapes are shown here, 5.7_INTER-ELEMENT COMPATIBILITY 139 The polynomial used to represent variation of displacement over the element should ensure compatibility of displacement along inter-element boundary. If this condition is not satisfied, inter-element boundary of two adjacent elements may overlap or show void on application of external loads, when the displacement pattern of ‘different elements with a common boundary are (b) Loaded compatible elements (c) Loaded compatible overlapping (d) Loaded incompanble elements with void elements plotted separately. The inter-clement compatibility condition is satisfied when displacement at any point along a common edge, of all elements joining along that edge, is a function of displacements of nodes on that edge only. This concept is demonstrated here for displacement along x axis of a right angled Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS. triangular element, with the two sides of lengths a and b coinciding with the coordinate axes. ‘a;) {u,) fl 0 olfa, u=[l x y]ja,} 4u,}=]1 a 0/a, > by substituting nodal coordinates Pi ita |h O ORS ay 1 0 O)fu, or Jayp=|-Va Ia 0 |Ju, a,} |-I/b 0 I/b|[u; ‘Then, 1 0 0 Jfy, u, us[l_ x y}{-I/a Wa 0 {4u,p=[l-x/a-y/b x/a_ y/b}yu, -ifb 0 Ib] lu, Us * AtR(G,0), u=[I-x,fe xy/a 0] yu, } = [l-x/a aval{n} uy 2 or wat R(x), 0) isa function of u, and a2, displacements of the two end nodes of that edge only. Similarly, at S(x:, y1), 7 uy Then, u=[0 x,/a y,/b]{u,} = fx, /a sf : XN Loe. or wat S(xi, yi) is a function of up and us, displacements of the two end nodes of that edge only. Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net CuaPTerR § CONTINUUM (2-D &3-D) ELEMENTS 144. Similarly, uy uy at T(0, y1), u=[l-y,/b 0 y,/b)4u,p = [l-y,/b wsl{ } u Uy Z or w at T(0, y;) isa function of u, and us, displacements of the two end nodes of that edge only. The same logic holds good for v, displacement at any point of the element in ¥ direction To adequately represent stress concentration in some focal regions, it is a common practice to either increase number of elements or increase the order of the polynomial of the displacement function. The first method ensures inter- element displacement compatibility but at a higher computational cost. The second method may not always ensure inter-clement displacement compatibility. Transition elements are commonly used in such situations. These are covered in more detail in section 7.10 of this book. 5.8 2-D ELEMENTS SUBJE ED TO BENDING LOADS Plate bending element : It is a platz element in X-Y plane subjected to bending load P, and/or bending moments My , My. A thin plate (span > 10 x thickness) with small deflection (

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