LIQUEFACTION

POTENTIAL

PRESENTED BY
SAURABH TAMTA
205709
 CONTENT
 Introduction
 Process of liquefaction
 Liquefaction Zonation
 Effects of liquefaction
 Quick sand condition
 Mitigation
 Conclusion
 Reference
INTRODUCTION
 “A Phenomenon whereby a saturated or partially saturated soil
substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied
stress, usually earthquake shaking or other sudden change in stress
condition, causing it to behave like a liquid” is called soil
Liquefaction.
 Liquefaction is the process that leads to a soil suddenly losing
strength, most commonly as a result of ground shaking during a
large earthquake.
. Liquefaction is the phenomena when there is loss of strength in saturated and cohesion- less
soils because of increased pore water pressures and hence reduced effective stresses due to
dynamic loading
Liquefaction occurs in saturated soils and sub saturated soils. saturated
soils are the soils in which the space between individual particles is
completely filled with water. This water exerts a pressure on the soil
particles. The water pressure is however relatively low before the
occurrence of an earthquake.
Process of soil Liquefaction
 In order to identify liquefaction it is required to recognize the
conditions that exist in a soil deposit before an earthquake. Soil is
basically an assemblage of many soil particles which stay in contact
with many neighbouring soil. The contact forces produced by the
weight of the overlying particles holds individual soil particle in its
place and provide strength.
Occurrence of liquefaction is the result of rapid load application and break down
of the loose and saturated sand and the loosely-packed individual soil particles
tries to move into a denser configuration. However, there is not enough time for
the pore-water of the soil to be squeezed out in case of earthquake. Instead, the
water is trapped and prevents the soil particles from moving closer together.
Thus, there is an increase in water pressure which reduces the contact forces
between the individual soil particles causing softening and weakening of soil
deposit. In extreme conditions, the soil particles may lose contact with each other
due to the increased pore-water pressure. In such cases, the soil will have very
little strength, and will behave more like a liquid than a solid - hence, the name
"liquefaction".
Criteria for evaluating Soils susceptible to
Liquefaction

 Historical criteria

 Composition criteria

 Geological criteria

 State criteria
Historical criteria
 Observations from earlier earthquakes provide a great deal of
information about the liquefaction susceptibility of certain types of
soils and sites

 Soils that have liquefied in the past can liquefy again in future
earthquakes.
Composition criteria

 Soils composed of particles that are all about the same size are more
susceptible to liquefaction than soils with a wide range of particle
sizes.

 Soil deposits with rounded particles.

Geological Criteria

 Saturated soil deposits that have been created by sedimentation in

rivers and lakes.

 deposits formed by wind action.

 deposition of debris or eroded material.

State criteria
 The initial "state" of a soil is defined by its density and effective
stress at the time it is subjected to rapid loading. At a given effective
stress level, looser soils are more susceptible to liquefaction than
dense soils. For a given density, soils at high effective stresses are
generally more susceptible to liquefaction than soils at low effective
stresses. At constant confining pressure, the liquefaction resistance
increases with the relative density, and at constant relative density,
the liquefaction resistance increases with increasing confining
pressure. The higher the initial shear stresses, the greater is the
liquefaction potential and the smaller disturbance is needed to
liquefy the soil.
Liquefaction Zonation
 Areas known to have experienced liquefaction during historical
earthquakes.

 Areas of uncompacted artificial fill that are saturated, nearly

saturated, or may be expected to become saturated.

 Areas where sufficient existing geotechnical data and analyses

indicate that the soils are potentially liquefiable.
Effects of liquefaction
 Loss of support to building foundations.
 The liquefied soil under that weight is forced into any cracks and
crevasses it can find, including those in the dry soil above, or the
cracks between concrete slabs.
 Settlement of the ground surface due to the loss of soil from
underground.
Mitigation of Liquefaction hazards
 Avoid Liquefaction susceptible soils.
 Build Liquefaction restraint structures.
 Improve soils prone to Liquefaction.

Avoid Liquefaction susceptible Soils

 By using Historical, Geological, State and Compositional criteria,
characterise the soil condition, if the soil is susceptible to
liquefaction and therefore unsuitable for the desired structure.
Build Liquefaction restraint structures
 If it is necessary to construct on liquefaction susceptible soil it may
be possible to make the structure to be liquefaction resistant by
designing the foundation elements to resist the effects of
liquefaction.
. To achieve the ductility in a building there are various aspects
to consider these include:
 Shallow foundation aspects
 Deep foundation aspects
 Shallow foundation aspects

 A stiff foundation mat should placed below shallow foundation, which can
transfer loads from locally liquefied zones to adjacent stronger ground.
 It is important that all foundation elements in a shallow foundation are tied
together to make the foundation move or settle uniformly, thus decreasing the
amount of shear forces induced in the structural elements resting upon the
foundation
 Deep foundation aspects

Liquefaction can cause large lateral loads on pile foundations. Piles driven through a
weak, potentially liquefiable soil layer to a stronger layer not only have to carry vertical
loads from the superstructure but must also be able to resist horizontal loads
and bending moments induced by lateral movements if the weak layer liquefies.
Improve soils prone to Liquefaction
Soils prone to liquefaction can be improved by improving
their
strength, density, and drainage characteristics of the soil.
This can be achieved by;
 Dewatering.
 Increasing the in-situ density.
 Making provisions to reduce the time required for relieving
the excess pore water pressures generated by earthquake loading.
Increasing the in-situ density

 In-situ deep compaction.

 Compression.
 Pore pressure relief.
 Injection and grouting.
 Admixture stabilization.
 Soil reinforcement.
Conclusion

 It can clearly be concluded that the ill effects caused by liquefaction

have devastating damages to structures built on liquefied soils.
Hence the various methods in which the severity of damage as a
result of liquefaction can be reduced.
 the behavior of soils under the influence of loading forces and soil-
water interactions.
 REFERENCE

 International Journal of Advanced Research in Basic Engineering

Sciences and Technology (IJARBEST)
Parametric Study on Liquefaction of Aleru River Sand
G. S. Kalyani, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering.,
CMR I nstitute of Technology, Medchal, Telangana (India).
 Youd, T. L., and Hoose, S. N. (1978). "Historic ground failures in
northern California triggered by earthquakes." U.S. Geological Survey
professional paper 993.
 Liquefaction and Deformation of Soils and Foundations Under
Seismic Conditions
Ricardo Dobry Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York.