: INTRODUCTION

Definition and description

Conductivity of a substance is defined as 'the ability or power to
conduct or transmit heat, electricity, or sound'. Its units are
Siemens per meter [S/m] in SI and millimhos per centimeter
[mmho/cm] in U.S. customary units. Its symbol is k or s. 
Water conductivity
Pure water is not a good conductor of electricity. Ordinary distilled
water in equilibrium with carbon dioxide of the air has a
conductivity of about 10 x 10-6 W-1*m-1 (20 dS/m). Because the
electrical current is transported by the ions in solution, the
conductivity increases as the concentration of ions increases.
Thus conductivity increases as water dissolved ionic species.

TDS and Electrical Conductivity

Since the electrical conductivity is a measure to the capacity of
water to conduct electrical current, it is directly related to the
concentration of salts dissolved in water, and therefore to the
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Salts dissolve into positively
charged ions and negatively charged ions, which conduct
electricity. 

Since it is difficult to measure TDS in the field, the electrical

conductivity of the water is used as a measure.
  
The electrical conductivity of the water can be determined in a
quick and inexpensive way, using portable meters. 
 
Distilled water does not contain dissolved salts and, as a result,
it does not conduct electricity and has an electrical conductivity
of zero.
 
Nevertheless, when the salt concentration reaches a certain
level, electrical conductivity is no longer directly related to salts
concentration. This is because ion pairs are formed. Ion pairs
weaken each other's charge, so that above this level, higher
TDS will not result in equally higher electrical conductivity.
OBJECTIVE OF EXPERIMENT :
to determine the conductivity of a given water sample

Why is Conductivity Important?

Conductivity, in particular specific conductance, is one of the most useful and

commonly measured water quality parameters 3. In addition to being the basis of
most salinity and total dissolved solids calculations, conductivity is an early indicator
of change in a water system. Most bodies of water maintain a fairly constant
conductivity that can be used as a baseline of comparison to future measurements 1.
Significant change, whether it is due to natural flooding, evaporation or man-made
pollution can be very detrimental to water quality.

Seawater cannot hold as much dissolved oxygen as freshwater due to its high salinity.

Conductivity and salinity have a strong correlation 3. As conductivity is easier to

measure, it is used in algorithms estimating salinity and TDS, both of which affect
water quality and aquatic life.
Salinity is important in particular as it affects dissolved oxygen solubility 3. The higher
the salinity level, the lower the dissolved oxygen concentration. Oxygen is about 20%
less soluble in seawater than in freshwater at the same temperature 3. This means
that, on average, seawater has a lower dissolved oxygen concentration than
freshwater sources. The effect of salinity on the solubility of dissolved gases  is due
to Henry’s Law; the constant used will changes based on salt ion concentrations 

APParatus :
1-conductivity meter
2-Beaker
3-Flask
4- KCL
5-FECL3

Calculations :
SAMPLE # EC (ms) TDS(mg/l) TDS FACTOR
1 2.38 0.5 0.21
2 2.52 0.5 0.20
3 4.74 1.0 0.21
4 4.90 1.0 0.20
 
TDS FACTOR = mass of tds added/ EC
Quantity of dissolve TDS = TDS factor * EC
Tds : KCL , FECL3

: Conclusion
: we note that
the second sample – h2o+fecl2- has greater conductivity from
. sample 1 ( KCL) Although we have added the same amount
the reason is FECL2 when dissolve in water give more ions from
KCL and that produce the fecl2 will give more conductivity
because increase in TDS in water
- TDS factor of any substance is constant whatever increase quantity