of what's been said), collaborative completions (Finishing 4, speaker’s sentence). A: Where have you put the book? Ex: B: On the shelf. A: uh huh. B: Ihave read it. A says “uh huh” to encourage B to continue the conversation. Ex2: A: Actually I didn’t use, uh... B: chopstick? A: chopstick In this example , A has trouble speaking as he/she could not find the exact word needed, so he/she tries to initiate repair by the pause “uh”... and the hearer (B) helps him/her to solve this problem. 2.2.5. Given & new information Ina standard sentence, the information that has been already known to the reader or listener is referred as given information, The information that is introduced for the first time is known as new information. The new information in a sentence or utterance in English generally comes last. Ex: — The cat ate the rat, The assumed knowledge is that the cat ate something and the new information is that it was the rat that got eaten. Exercise 8: Analyze the following conversation to identify adjacency pairs, Preferred, dispreferred and repairs. 52a eg 9 Cindy: Heard from Jill recently g| he hasn’ ae n't written of called in Larry: Yeah, she sent me a postcard from Enea pm England Barb: From England? Larry: Oh, maybe it was from France, I can't remember, Cindy: What's she doin_? Barb: No, I know it must’ve been from Fi Tance ‘cus s} gonna stay there all year. cus she was Cindy: What's she doin’ in France? Larry: Why are you asking about her? Cindy: I dunno. I’ve jus’ been thinkin’ about ‘er. Lary: She's on some sort of exchange program. Studyin’ French or somethn’. Cindy: Sounds pretty nice to me. Larry: Yeah. Well, I dunno. She said she was tired of Europe and she wants to come home. a Exercise 9: Analyze the adjacency pairs, inserted sequences in the following conversations and decide whether the second pair part is a preferred or dispreferred responses. Conversation 1: A: Where's the milk I bought this morning? B: The skim milk? A: Yeah. B: On the counter, Conversation 2: A: I really enjoyed the movie last night. Did you? B: No, I thought it was pretty crummy, though I can see how you could've liked certain part of it. 53