dependent upon the same semantic relationship but Tather the tend to occur within the same lexical sp The f i lexical items are to each other beeen § ; es, the tong the cohesive effect. Collocation differs M reiteration in thay ; refers not to a semantic relationship between words but Tathey i refers to the tendency of words to “share the same lexi environment” (Halliday and Hasan, 1976). xl: The three words “Air, land and water” share 1, lexical environment of “transportation systems”, Ex2; The vehicles “Car, train, bicycle, subway, 4, motoreycle” share the same lexical environmen Same Uck, tof “transportation on land”. Exercise 4: Name the cohesive devices for the underlined worg, in the following sentences. 1. I went out with Mary on Sunday. She looked awful. When he arrived, John noticed that the door was open. My mother loves me a lot. Her car makes me happy, ‘We grew up in the 196Us. We were idealistic then, oS) I bought a lot of books when I was in England. There were many bookshops there, I went there for working. — We did the same. These biscuits are stale. Get some fresh ones, A: Have you called the doctor? et oa B: I haven’t done it yet, but I will do it. “Don't you ever read the Times, Watson? I've often advised you to do so if you want to know something.” Will they be coming to our Party? I expect so. He bought a red car, but I like the blue,13, like strong tea. I suppose weak is bett 14, He participated in the debate, but y 4 ee : but you didn 15, _ Is John going to come? — He shoula = 16. Are you coming? - Yes, 7 17. Who wants to go shopping? Your 1s. Mary applied for a job last year and now sh and now s job. ie has a very good 19. Hes poor but he is honest. 20. After the car had been x aw repaired, joumey. ed, we were able to continue ou. 21. He isnot going to school today because he is sick. Exercise 5: Name the cohesive devie es for the i i the following conversation. et Norman: _ Is it true that you’ i ia Ree yow’re going on a camera safari in East Yes, it is! | travel to Africa frequently. Julie: Norman: I didu’t know that’, Do your trips require a lot of preparation prior to departure? Julie: Oh, yes, but it’s well worth if. Norman: Where will you be staying? Julie: I'll stay a few days in Nairobi, then P'll set off for the Northern Frontier District. E ventually’, Tl make my way to Southwestern Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro. What will the weather be like? Norman: _ It sounds exciting. balmy, aS Tm going at the Julie: For the most part it should be in " end of the rainy season. However’, conditions will often depend upon where I am at the time. another? Norman: You mean it'll be different from one place to 45,h, yes. For example, the savannas, or plains, wi 4. Oh, yes. Julie: d the heat absolutely scorching on some days, While cn ieee it will be quite chilly. Meanwhile’, on th, ast at Malindi the weather will be sultry’ ang the ap co: sutry’ humid. Norman; Tell me about the anitals. lie: They’re magnificent. In the Rift Valley, as far as the oe me can see, the land is flat, the grass parched, there _ immense herds of animals — zebras, giraffes, and Bazelleg : At night, one can hear the hyenas’ and the occasional Toa of alion. Norman: It sounds wonderful and I hope I get to go to Afticg someday!. Julie: Well, if you really want to’, then eventually you will, Im sure of it", Exercise 6: Analyze the cohesive devices in the following sentences, 1. 2. 3. 4 5 6. 7. 8. 9 10. If. 46 He was sitting there, thinking. “Tom, come into the room.” Jack fell in the river and was all right. Mary is very weak, - I don’t think so, Henry bought a book. It has beautiful pictures, She took some pictures, None is nice, He bought a house. It has four rooms, He loves Mary and she loves another man, He is very Poor, - I don’t think so. He sold a car because he didn’t like it, Do you like music? — No, I don’t, Jack would like to STOW some trees, He is interested in flowers.12. He fell in the river and caught . a 13. He is very strong. - I don’t th; a ink so, 14, She chose a Japanese car, and I ch Ose an Ameri, rican, 15. Do you like Hoa Sen University N | ?—No, Miki Exercise 7: Read the following text 1 © SGU. and identify 'y devices in it. the cohesive The student signed as sh F . ¢ handed in th a ane me was the most difficult — oe At last, it vA aaa ee . ut she had completed it. Th aes which she 0, Is long. This project, though not quit agnum opus” was still the longest piece of academic writing she ey a had thought she would never complete it and i ever written, She strength to do so. it had taken all her 2.2. Units of analysis in discourse 2.2.1. Adjacency pairs Adjacency pairs are fundamental units of conversation anization and a key way in which meanings are communicated and interested in conversation. Adjacency pairs are utterances produced by two successive speakers in a way that the second utterance is identified as related to the first one as an that utterance. Adjacency pairs include org: expected follow-up to question-reply, introduction-greeting, praising-thank, blaming- excusing and so on. Ex: A: How much is the car? B: Two billion dong. C: My name is Jack. D: Hi, Jack. Pleased to meet you. accomplished throug) Many actions in conversation are" ee S, examples of which # established adjacency pair