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    3+5 (Drip Design+Distributor)

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    Arnab Mondal

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    CHAPTER -3 Drip Design Procedure 3.1 Crop Water Requirements he primary objective is to know the water at of erops are determined either by In designing an imgation syste requirement of crops, Water requuren field cultivation or by estum Such as Blaney Crnddle, radiation, Penman or pan evaporation method Definitions yi Temay be de Crop water requirement or evapotranspiration (ET as the rate of evapotranspiration of a disease free crop sowing aia theld of not tat full Tess than one hectare uncer adequate fertility and waver supply productive potential can be achieved in prevailing environment Evapotranspiration requirement ot a op refers the ET and expressed an munday Reference crop evapotranspiration (FT, 1: [Le cate of evapotranspiration from an extended surface of Sto [Sem tall green gross of unstonn height actively growing, completely shachng the ground and rot short ot watet. ET he empirical formulae snd meteorological data for may be computed by us the specific period i Crop coefficient (K,): Its the ratio of crop evapotransjaratton, ET und the reference crop evapotranspiration, ET. when both apply to large tield under ‘optimum growth condition y used to mrigate orchard or Ground Cover: Pap irrigation systers is m 109 crops. At the soung stage of crops the mast of fields remain unshaded more uswal 10 wide spaced crops. During this perio! thers is litte toss 0f water in the form of evaporation and transpiratlon from the unsha Is im Surface or sprinkler irigation, Thus occur consider in crops in conventional method includes the non-benefict Drip and Sprinkler Iigation| transpiration from the unshaded or uncovered areas 1 the fie. This is taken tito account in calculating the water requirement of erop in drip irrigation and ts modified by introducing the reduction factor called ground coverage factor (6). The method of accurate estimation of x, itll to be developed. However the following relationships may be used for approximate estimation ie which the sround cover, GC, is the fraction of the total surface area actually covered by the foliage ofthe plants when viewed from directly above (FAOW1980) 1 tran Kame (1978 Lye) : i in GC)or I ichever the salle i The value of 0.10 includes the oasis effect, which 1s very important when the overage is small With the consideration of above terms and relationships. the water requirement cof ecop in drip irrigation is EP =K xk xET, Ray We know the pan evaporation (E,.)is very elose to ET. Therefore, ET otter estimated by a multipheation factor catled pan factor 1K +t E Theretor the Fy. becomes, FT, = Ky xk aK ab aS Example 3.1 The following are the pan evaporations (F,,.), reference ctop evapotranspirations (ET, and crop coefficients of af arbitrary Focation and crop. May, June og Sep Oet_ Nov Des Bommity 262 Sroay a Wisma UTS pon sa 328 aT S28 ‘ | no Design Procedure Determine the K, valles and water requirement of crop (ET) at different months. Assume 4S*e ssound coverage from January to March and 60% tor the remaining months Solution: Using Deeror assunption, K,=014G¢ = 0.14085 = 0.88, when GC is 45% & = 0,140.65 117. when GC is 60%. EP, many month = KK, xK XBT, ET = @7xD.6W5S 0.58 mm ths or calculate an tiated as below: Is the ET, of whe han Fe Mar April May June July Aug. Sep Oct Nov Dee Fo mmiy 25 26 41 43 S282 S149 48 aS bteamiay 178 (9 19 325 41 42 39 37 3328 19 18 0.76 0.79 O81 0.76 0.76 069 OS 6x 067 k ay oars a 06 Nu 07 075 OR OX 09 09 08 07 D6 06 ‘ uss os6 ss 07 07 07 07 07 07:07 OF OF Ht jmmiday 058 O08 LIS 17223 236 244 238 1.85 137 Example 3.2 The following information were obtained in a research of papaya cultivation under drip inigation at Gayeshpur, West Bengal (Biswas etal, 1999); vf a plant was determined by, V= Ex K, x Kx A The daily requiremens Where. V = volume of « ater applied to each plant, Vday E.,, = pan evaporation x 1.0, 0.8 and 0.6 atthe irigation fevel off, 1, and respectively. mnvday PPPPPPPPPNAID HD ODN ARAAAO + - ip and Sprinter Ingation ctor (assumed 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 at 4-6, 9 and 10-12 months Fespectvely of the crop age K,= pan factor =0.8 AS area under a plant ‘Yield = 36225, 40200. 38550 and 31200kgiha tor, 1.1, and conventional ‘method of irrigation respectively 2) Determine the volume of water applied at each plant at different irrigation levels for a pan evaporation of Smm in 4 day at $” month of cxop age "—s——>— force. The soil texture, the soil horizonta: and cd Vertical permeability. capillary suction, presence rates of peru yer ICO co) Covume of water applied per mignon rate of application and the initial moisture viv content influence the wetting pattern of soil, 7S ‘The fine textured soii such as clay and clay \ / 4 \ Tout the capillary forces ve srong and HK gravity force can be considered neghpble. jp mnecm sol) ‘he horizontal movement maybe fs than the downwarl. The weting pater ial taker he shape of mb Pig. 31a) In ight Sol the capliary foresee small and the foree has some influence on The downward gravits movement of water. movement is faster than horizontal. which causes a wetting pattem of more elongetion todownvard (Fig. 3.16) The soils in betwee the fine and light soils the influence of Fig. 34 Drip water penevation capillary suction and gravity are almost equal pater ‘Therefore, the wetting pattern will have more or less equal horizontal and vertical elongation leads to pear shape (Fig.3.1c1 However, the soils are very complicated in nature. Soil characteristics are seldom homogeneous. Therefore. i is very difficult to predict the exact shape / } Ly night soil (c} of the wetting pattern i Schwarzman and Zur (1985) proposed the following empirical equations correlating depth and width of the wetted soil volume to emitter discharge. saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil and volume of water in the soil volume cy q) c= kV) pip ang SpanlerWigaton, get the tullowng relations egy 3 Tan 48 08 6 Bo ra) sistance wo wetting fro" hero, 2 = vertical di ter of wetting front, cuted wilh or dia m= 29.2 pirical cefFicien colume of water applied. | stic conductivity ot the son ns C= saturated hye ficient K.= empirical co-e jon on the radial and vertical movement Singh et al, (2000) stated the invest Sinah eroticy and chy loam sos ut Raut Maharashtra using tere erates 12.4 6.8, 10 and 12 Va) and dierent AsO schetules that wetting. Se ay day rwcvand trea days interval). Hh as abet ampement in vertical as well as adil plane sa dt Mon reetyge and irrigation schedues. The average depth ern pum racial spread wecurs Fopad 0 be 40 co bem respect’ reccomend volume of water applied. The fudings of the mvestsstion SAN the following relationships for estimating the maximum Lateral myvement of sat ht for different hat which 1 emitter al an vertical front: sia For clay loam soil. 2 =0.48y""4r Bor clay soil w= 0.509 0, y sal movement, ma.imum vertical movement, m ge. TA colume of warer added. 1 «= emitter discha on rip Dasign Provedre Tete are sso some srephical representations ard charts to estimate the exte t of wetting, which as developed by limited numberof field experiments Fis. 2 wong 13) GFAO. 1980) Therefore, the values are suggested to use with easton va irst spprosimation (FAO, 1980), Singh et al (2000) conducted the Experiment ith three types of soil, viz loam, sandy loam and sand with three “Sscharges for determining the horizontal and vertical movement of water font from a point source. The relation thus developed are stated below, aug +or Gs) Where, , = vertical advance, em appiteation, min Jithmotic lope of the straight Hine liven advance of mistute front, em a & b= constant Fable 3.2 Vernal ath ances Sand elapsed cme (for dferent soils and flow cate Ihpeofsol Qushupe ats Obverved vemieal Equation Corelation Samy tow Loam i » Ss =2ise™ 099s ca ‘ w 8, = essa 900" 5 38 Sabra ape level a soe Sigh tm HNO OH HF AAS OE =s 3 - oe 2g ume (t) for different > 7 ae > > Soe ~ : 2 - ‘Loan Dinette) : so BAO L980 ig. 32 Approximate guide for estnating > 3 = 3 > 3 2 > 2 > J > > 2 , , Drip Desian Proce 44 Drip isigation is done from a point source a a rate of 2 Ub and § FP arvetated hydraulic conductivity of the soil is 1.2nvbsy in of wetting Example : luplantéay’ 1 dewermaine the width and dept Solution Using Sehwareman & Zur (1986) [B4.3.7 & 3.8)) on(C.)" so28| 2 244360082 29.22.7604.7710" Width of wering porns’? | <2 Thao0012 0080 e1.4207.53 osm of Example 3.4 and assuming 5, 10. 15. 20. Example 25 In continuation he relation between water frat and 30) Iplanviday water application, deyplop th advance and volume of water application. Solutio Schwarzman & Zar (1985) equation the depthy of wetting (2) and the Usi culated are listed below widths of wet ‘Water fo alba Von ot water applica Vanuiday Vertical 2). 19 Hori is __0¢p a Spanier pation | 5 = | E | Tims the following two equations ane developed for different application oF the application rate ff Uh and at saturated hydrate conductivity Depth of wetting. = = 0.1 ring to Example 34. assuming poin. souree discharge tute Example 3.6 Re oF 12, 3.4, 5,78 10 Uh and water application of 5, 10. 15. 20 & 30Vplanu 1 wetting and develop the relations diay, aleulate the vertical and horizon hetween water spreading and rate of application. Solution: Say using the Schwarzman & Zor 1985) equation. the 1 to Example (2) nd the widths of wetting (6) calealated are listed below depths of wert simi For 30 Uplanviay Rate of discharge, Un a (@. vison wim I 102 ome : Mo bas 039 os a 089 036 07 038 8 oa 039 68 061 0 ot By computer analysis of the data the following charts and equations were obtained for water front advances towards vertical and horizontal at different application volume. Vertical advance of water front Horizontal advance of water ront at ferent water Spaton (Log ] | rsa? € i 7 | e-tor| | 10, weo.seaset™ z 05 — | 181) asweosrne 3 | fo | ea 20| 3 03) ies | foo at Boot Bok ee 3g 0 10 8 \ [Rate of water application, plantsay i Horior Drip Design Procedure _— “ 4 ‘Example 3.7 Five liter water has been applied trom point source at arate of Tits in clay and clayey loam soil, Estimate the possible width and depth of wetting of soil Solution: Using the empirical equation as stated by Singh et al (2000)IE4. 310 & 3.11] For clay soil: Width of wett Depth of westing p.48s1" 0.6m For clayey loam soil: Width of werting.w = 050g" = 050x105" a = 0.S0xLx1.47 = 0.74 Depth of wetting, ¢ ott" S0a8 TT A139 = 0.64m Example 3.8 Referring the Example 3 in clay and clayey loam soil 7 estimate the hydraulic conductiy es Solution The w th and depth has been calculated a (0.8 and 0.6L respectively tsample 3.7. cop ana Senne gation wing Sehwaezmau && Zur 1985) exten Foe clay soi cw ment KU ES8C pr M1 = 29.2097 ACL O61 75710" oC 50.488 Cet 195n10-inds = 169miday (vertical) 0.8 = 0.03145 Co a1 © = 3.99M 0 m/s = SATO ne 3.3 Selection of Number of Distributors per Plant Proportion of area to be wetted The percentage o area or soi volume.ot potential roet zone whist oy he were 's important in designing drip system, The percentage of wettins caries widely crop to crop. Ibis reported that the percentage of wetting. mss he as 25 percent (ree plants) to hundred percent to very close growing. sablest Keller ancl Karmel (1974) developed a guide for estimating th hums is represented in Table 3.4, This table is made with the assumption of approximately 40mm of water application per irrigation with 0.3m fairly uniform penetration of water beneath the soil. minimum percentage of wetting as 33 percent for single, straight, equally spaced lateral lines. uniformly spaced distributors for coarse, medium and light soils and for various slscharzes SES lUlUl— wp oeeon oeedg ste be uc by eter fem he Jf cun whete PRES Be a Se thee inc aera SNE he ae fon of cen che and SOU OTE SOF Tiatapacing beeen he laters 1%. sng weed peeentages itera paing eet tenes and 13,20 and 401M incase Double lateral foreach fw of plants ve required tobe used in pals taking the dee es ond in cluster around the plant instead athe teal CPig3-4) bn such situation the ve ‘june using the following equation plat ons im beaver he Chasing the equally spaced 0 Se abeeined Irn Tobie 4 may Dea eu6) the inner spacing 1m) Fetween the prs of Tatras which show er. the value for given emitter Where 5, be taken trom Table 34 corresponding discharge rte 0 pe and spacing P= is cake from Table 34 tor S, P= is taken from Table 34 10". = the sping between the mows of ants S.= spacing between ner rows of Tater ds 5, = spacing between cater res of laterals 5, = spacing between tie distbuors in lateral = spacing between the plants 4 eo ppppppppeps¢fofIfF5Fia pp a” rmgaon : ‘np Design Procedire e ks. 4 Kos ‘ f-4 = Fig. 34 Daiabbis Drip and Sprinkler tigation ws of laterals and find the Example 3.8. Design the spacing of inner r0% ‘6mx6min medium textured percentage of wetting of field for tree plants spaced soil. The available discharge rate of distributors is 8 Uh Solution: Using the Table 34. the spacing of inner rows of laterals (S,)'s 1-5 fora valve of P=100% at medium textured soil withthe discharge rate of 8 of the distributors, Therefore, P.=100% 45m 16% from Table 3-4 for S,=4.5m xj wut with 6.5mx6.5m0 and Example 39 Tiee plants are cultivate! at coarse texture “The distributors fitted te the jaterals pass throug the plant rows: plants ifthe discharge rate oF the distributors 1s spaced 1.5mm use co irigate tl SIPs find the percentage of area of wetin n: The inner spacing of pair of laterals, §,=1.Sm1 ‘The spacing between the rss. S= 6.5m S.= 65m. Sm=sm Assuming P,=80% (Using textured soil Similarly, P=24% for S. The pereemtage of wettin PS +P ps SOx S+ 5 ~ 65 20 = 92% Ee np Design Procedure se of mulpl emissions oo ‘heal foted of Sor dain rps sr water Deng SPR TOT Tope ibn Te vcore mprant © He ae APPS A NERS te pant at carly stage may be suitable by the si ae eros her common sense suggests that water shouldbe PPT oe ee ends plant botom for thr uniformeevelopment of 9k SS aor pu and pow ides better anchorage. Tis may done By Fnereasing atc of the suibutors one to two and wo 10 fe! and making the {Tsbutoes pointing progressively outward mating withthe g veo ie tru to encourage spreading ofthe roots, There may be different {eo senent of dstbutor around the plant bottom. The Fig 3.5 ilustrates 9 semeeTle anangement, The number of emission points and their pacing felt by the Following equation WSS, es var 103, Where, ne the number of emission points per tree S = the spacing between emission points S = the width of wetted strip. which corresponds to the S, value taken trom Tble 3.4, giving P=100% for the given emission discharge and sol type the spacing between tees in the rows. S.= the spacing benweor tree rows Example 3.10 Find out the wetted area in a tree cultivation spaced 7mx7: ‘with 3 numbers of distributors per plant, e spacing of distributors 2m and the discharge rate AV of such distributor asume widlinm textured sol Solution Spacing beinven trees, $= 7m Spacing between tree rows, S=7m Number of disteibutors, a = 3 Spacing between emission points, S_= 2m S,= 1.2m from Table 5.4 for emitter discharge oF 41%, medium textured sort said P=L00°% 20 eee 787 = 0.1469 4.60% Irrigation interval sn irigation aa be © “The net tigation water peli in, (rc-wowr here, IR, = depth of FC = the volumetric moisture contents field capaci fontent at wiltme pont, mat WP the volumstric moisture & = the moisture depletion allowed or desire. oot zone depth to be considered. 1 percent of verted sol to total snl volume P vanes much erop to erop. The «rps also E40 The root zone depth range of soil condition ppronimation the Table 3,583.6 respectively ms In absence of information in ties way be used for the purpose. Tomanes Mogens Giroe ‘ Decks rat O_—"S—SSsWMH’sS eae Don Oesign Procedure + of some soil _ te 36 Physical properties ee = a Tp ecighy Water hong capacity By Soi enue Available moisture percentage ral tc wr He : = whe «7 100) oa oe 120 Sandy oan ao aed 10581 el a sum 2 a 1901 wegen si ae team z ie ay 1 20 ae assim nisy 82300 ¢ 0 1% 7 | asi / eam «209250 No design is suggested where the moisture status 1s maintained tor maximum potential evapotranspiration. Again the crop should not go uncler water stress. ‘There are some crops. which are very much sensitive to water stress. These crops are designed for the irrigation at 30% depletion of the moisture und the ed for 640% moisture crops that are less sensitive to Water stress are desi depletion i, Evapotranspiration rate and soil moisture Evapotranspiration uccurs by overcoming the resistance to movement of Water depends on the particular plant, the type of scil, soil moisture content and the evapotranspiration isself, Denmead & Shaw (1962) stated that st a lower eapotranspiration rate the movement of water through the soil is litte restricted. Uunul the moisture content is very low {ig.. close to wilting ports On the other band at high evapotranspiration rate'a small reduction m sot) uiorsture corresponding (0 small change in soil sho'sture significantly atfects the transprration rate, The inference can be male from this stds that there is no Field optinun imigation interval nor any fided suetion at which to arrugates but ‘rather irigation should be made at low soil moisture suetion so that transpiration scan occurs at the designed rate under the prevailing «amospheric conditi ‘Thy means that imgation should be frequently in hiot period al low suction and long interval at considerable suction iy cooler period. Demean and S' ‘sted some values of soil suction at various pan evaporation (Table opp and Sprinkler Irogaton Sing Clase A pa sprain (nay 3 20 mars 3 Laban 5 Datars Seunce FROA980) ‘gation at fixed deficit determines the time of wrigation when the seit ‘The inmgation at fixed deti thas reached to a predetermined water deficit or otherwise after the fixed amount ‘evaporation, That means the cumulative evaporation 16 be dived by PUR iv Jon interval. However, pulse irrigation may be requntes 1 ht soil.yUsually two-d:y consumption Soul b efore. pro nly Fin! ont the ieriga minimize the Losses an I considered tor designed deticit for heavy soil. This method, the freyment irrigation during high evapotranspiration and less trequent durin loss jevupotranspiration and using same volume of water in such irrigation to brine 1 in field condition. This situation gives advantage in automation ion by connecting the pan and the sensor to the s ion at fixed interval iti, Tevign In fixed irrigation interval the predetermined frequency is such that 1) sill ‘meet up the maximum water tequirement of the plants. Of course. the irris.ation shouhd be frequent in hot atmosphere and less frequent in cool atmosphere light soils the frequency will be more frequent to heavs soils. In shallow soote ‘craps like vegetables the irrigation interval will he much closer ¢ imzanon rnterval to deep rooted plants like trees. The Table 3.8 suggests the irrigation interval for different crops. sor atmospheric conditions, _ sty ‘eave bes an <9F : T day etceveh or 2 2003 dye snterval a sesame stone Duration of each irrigation sou 0" invigation shoukd be as Long as possible, whieh susgests seen flow rate, In vwarse soil the application rate should be Kept close 10 Jinkumptive rate to the purpose of avoiding application loss due w deep ervotation and it should be preterably applied during the day time when PMnsumption rate is high, The time of dura‘ion is influenced by any linderestimate of crop requirements, abnormal peak requirement. breakdowns, ttoneral maintenance nd slow decrease in average distributor discharge with time. For porous soils the suggested application time is 6 to 10 hours per day ial HOta [8 houts pet cay For soils of good water holding capacity. During the period of peak slemu! the duration may be inereased to 20 to 22 houry per slay Io genera the dh Discharge per distributor or set of di tributors, When the amount ot water and the duration of application are selected. the discharge per distributor of group of distributors can be automatically found Dy the equation, : IRA AR, 2 yy Lod Annan Ss ve Vueveuevus ‘Dep and Senekler Iagation Where y= the discharge of «sri or group oF EDO, . J water considered! for the In, = gross irsigation requirement or the depth 0 period of irrigation interval the period of each irrigation the area al spacing between the distributor pacing between the laterals. al between two consecutive ip Example 3.11 Determine the maximum iter iemigations from the following dat: PIR=6.2mm/day FC=16% PWP=5% BD=I.35g/em* Root zone dept Maximum allowable soil moisture depletion sm Design objective isto wet the potential root Zn P Loe oF Solution: Volumetric moisture content of FC=16xBD=16x1 35 21.6crm/m, . 4. WP=SxBD=Sx1.3526,79% oF 6 P Fe-WPM,Z ( Ma 100 We know. JR, 2.670 ——E__—s—‘—sts toe the inedp np Design Procedure a _ Ro Maximum interval = pre 26Tem 6.2mm i day ‘ 24.3 days 7 ssibutors to be used, the frequency of [Example 3.12 Determine the type of dsribators (0 bs ‘Pigutlon the spacing of distributors on he laterals, the spacing between the raseate the number of distributors per ree and the duration of each irigation from the following data Spacing of crop = SmxSm Plant coverage = 75% Sandy seu, E,= 906 and = 40% FC 4 by weight basis Br Seem ‘Maximum allowable soil moisture depletion = 336 fective root zone dep EI S.8mmiday Design objective of wetting=35 to 40% of potential root zone Noninal discharges of the distfbutors availabl 4 and Uh Solution: (i) Net water eequirement of crop (ET,,,,) is 5.8inm/day or 5.8m dayxSmxSm=L45iday/plant Gi) Maximum net depth of water to be applied in each irrigation metre weyazb io CETTE LT AH vt o 2 oe iat td woe we £ sf . ss aistributor or group of distibuors the depth of water com" = gross isgation requirement o eno of tigation interval iy irrigation tne period of eac the area allocated to each plant sibutor 5,= spacing between the 5,= spacing between the laterals Example 3.11 Determine the ms Tmigations fromthe following dat smmiay ise dep simu interval berween 880 600 BD=1.35¢/ern Root zone depth=1 Sm fe soil moisture depletion = Maximum allowable Design objective is to wet the potential foot 1 ot FC=16xBD= 10% Solution: Volumetric moisture conten ecm WresxpD= fort Wennon: IR, =(C-WPM AZo i00 = (21.66.75 .m/ mx 22 sh. i005" 100 51200 = 2.670m Mt pot pasion interval = Fre ~ 6.2mm day = 4.3 days Example 3.12 Determine the yp of gbulon ws a of reluaton, the spacing of distributors one laterals the spacing Detvcen Paeaie the number of distnbutors per tree and the duration of each iigation from the following data Spacing of erop = Smx "et a PP eps eLbLit Dip and Spent eigaton 5 ours, Assume requirement as Trunlday. (Number of rotational units «_ Lx2thours 1 (ia) System capacity Onn: _ 25haxTmm | dayx3day ~ 4x5h _5250m" a =87.5m' Ih (i) System capacity and week-end consideration |A peak period operation hour ‘system may even works for re is a great chank eserves more system CAPs ined sinpoia wea 40 uss £08) 6 pe pp PSSSS. up and Spanier gation Questions & Problems Bab Discuss the an the impact of rate of evapotrans inthe influenée of wee!end on system capacity, 1e method of determining the system capacity in i dip irrigation. lhe scope and jon of yuideline 1974) in designing the lateral spa Jan Feb Mar Apnl May Jone Ju yls 28 39 41 49 50 47 46 48 k 20% ae os 06 065 07 075 08 Oss 08s Determine the water requirement of crop (ET. Assume 40% ground coverage from January t2 ‘August and 80% for the rest of the months, ee CHAPTER -5 Distributors 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Types of Distributors A. Small diameter tube or long path dist (a) Micro tubes _Dtip and Spin 162 163 Distributors micro tubes of diameter 0.5mm at 20, 50 te of 0.5 with pressure Example §.1 Determine the length of ‘charging. at a rat Initial pressure head of the lateral = {1m 2035 0, pressure at 20m length of lateral = 15g = 10" So. p 20m length of lateral = 115 50m 80m. qzal WD 5 = 0.861) °*x7.07390.1167 os os © 0186) 7.0730.1167 0.704 0.5 = 0.860% *e8.5"x0.5"! 1=1.33m At 80m length of lateral 0.5 =0.86x1"°" 7.03" x05"! oe os 05 Logs 9 86x5.22840.1167 05256 = 2954059 «8m T57ai02 Using Hazen-William equation (Eq.4.14) for energy gradient in where, R,= energy drop ratio = length ratio VL. 1 = length of the lateral measured from head endl of the lateral 1. = total length of lateral * 0.25, = head at head end-head lost up t 101K, = 1-0-0. bead at 10m length (i = 0. =15~4.12540.2535 7 =13.930 ly heads at other length ratios are val We have, g = 18 =— ——=1.92 (0.869.380.1167 = 0.43. LF = - =1.106 x8.67x0.205 = 0.86 sat i= 0.1 & dia, of micro tube = 1 049 1.0227.0x0.33 — = 167A . Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation 168 pews 8_ saa 114x7.21x05 or. =3.37m the length of the micro tubes of other diameters have been calculated lated as below. a 0s 03K 035 ‘ose 81 0.76 0.73 he? 1s? a8 1 7320 30028 ¢ flow path integrated distributors jcro tubes has the the lateral with 82) ox) inserted (ii) Internal spiralMabyrinth distributors ing the spiral pa clogging to tiny passa by flushing at the heginning In self-flushing, at low pressure the water flo 167 ) seated against the omer we stage. The elastomer ball the pressure increases inthe inet, the e reduces the cross-section of flow. Thus, higher ‘ausing some flow in the passage, wh ing other principle of operation are also of which may be obtained from the rovide almost rated discharge at wide ibutors. Since the discharge of the ‘of pressure, the exponent x in Figs 7 Fig $ Fat ita harges through the holes. Due to variation in 168 Drip. and Spe eral should pressure along the lateral and thereby the discharges t! bbe more than 60m. tb) Calibrated orifice To overcome the problem of poor application efficiency due to improper diameters and control in perforated laterals. brated orifice distributors are made inserted and have fixed geometry (Fig,5.6). ‘The incoming water jet through the orifi is broken by a baffling action allowing the wwater to drips, The discharge through these are invariably turbulent and may be expressed by = Ca/Zgi7 im which ‘a’ is cross-sectional area of je to clogging. because they are cheap, easy to insert an not very sensitive to pressure change. some orifice distributors provisions are there for variable cross-sectional passageways 12.5.7). This provision helps in flushing -n at the beginning and end of the ‘watering. Atlow pressure the comparatively large cross-section passageways op-ns and flushing and as the pre: a spring closes to deform at higher on the orifice or distributors then adapt the characteristics of compensating distributor. C. Vortex distributors It is a simple device in resistance to flow (Fig. 5.8). The water is allowed to enter chamber where whirling motion | id. The whirled causing much loss 0 second chamber ice. Vortex further development 10 fhe supply chamber for ‘chamber that emits the be used for very low 5.9 the flow equation are given bel refined method s suggested (FAO. 1980) covers, H. = pressure pressure (H 1-H Soltttion: The ‘The values Sd,

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