Senior High

Practical Research 2
Quarter 3 – Module 1:
Nature of Inquiry and Research

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Practical Research 2 – Grade 12
Quarter 3 – Module 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research
First Edition, 2020

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Practical
Research 2
Quarter 3 – Module 1:

Nature of Inquiry and Research

2|P ag e
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome toPractical Research 2 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module 1 on Nature

of Inquiry and Research.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to Practical Research 2 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module 1 on

Nature of Inquiry and Research.

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
are capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

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This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
part.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

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References This is a list of all sources used in developing
this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 THIRD QUARTER
Module 1- Week 1
Nature of Inquiry and Research
Content Standard : The learners demonstrate understanding of the
concepts learned about inquiry and research.

Performance Standard : The learners should be able to decide on suitable

quantitative research in different areas of
interest.

Competency/Code : 1. Explain the meaning of research in relation to

inquiry; and
2. Point out the similarities and differences of
research and inquiry.

CS_RS12-la-c-1

Learning Outcomes : 1. Relate an unfamiliar term with other terms to

discover the meaning of such difficult term; and
2. Speculate about quantitative research;
_______________________________________________________________________________

What I Know
Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your chosen answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. A systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation to answer existing

future problems of man.
a. biology c. natural science
b. research d. sociology

2. Characteristic of a researcher wherein he is always doubtful as to the veracity of

the results is
a. prudence c. intellectual curiosity
b. intellectual honesty d. healthy criticism

3. Refers to explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed

using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics).
a. basic research c. mixed research
b. qualitative research d. quantitative research

4. The following are the characteristics of quantitative research EXCEPT

a. It is reliable and objective.
b. It uses statistics to generalize finding.
c. It tests theories or hypothesis.
d. It prefers collecting data in a natural setting.

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5. A person inclined to do quantitative research and wants to discover truth
in _____.
a. an exact manner c. an indirect way
b. a careful way d. a personal way

6. Quantitative research usually happens in the following hard sciences EXCEPT

a. psychology c. biology
b. physics d. chemistry

7. Problems of any sort can be best solved through

a. computation c. research
b. experimentation d. tabulation

8. Some think of quantitative research as complex because of its use of

a. factual data c. numerical data
b. hypotheses d. theories

9. Characteristic of research that starts with a problem and ends with a problem is
a. analytical c. logical
b. cyclical d. methodical

10. One of the qualities of a good researcher is that he is always precise in

conducting his research. Hence, he is
a. economical c. efficient
b. resourceful d. scientific

11. Quantitative data are the type of information which are

a. the researcher accumulates because of their quantity
b. numerical in nature and have the property of measurability
c. possessing the element of quantity
d. all of the above

12. When the researcher establishes different treatments and studies their effects,
the type of research used should be
a. descriptive research c. experimental research
b. educational research d. survey research

13. An experimental design in which the control and experimental groups are given
tests at the beginning and at the end of the school year is
a. counter balanced c. two-pair group
b. pretest-posttest d. parallel-group
14. A research design in which the study focuses at the present condition is
a. experimental c. case study
b. historical d. descriptive

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15. Type of experimental design which involves one treatment with two or more
levels is
a. single-group c. two-group
b. two-pair group d. parallel group

Inquiry vs. Research:

Lesson 1 A Review

What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

1. Relate an unfamiliar term with other terms to discover the meaning of such
difficult term;
2. Define quantitative research accurately;
3. Explain the meaning of research in relation to inquiry.
4. Judge the applicability of inquiry or research to a given situation; and
5. Point out the similarities and differences of research and inquiry; and
appraise the value of concepts learned about inquiry and research.

What’s In
Vocabulary Improvement
Instructions: Based on your stock knowledge and on the words surrounding the
middle word, define the middle word in each cluster. Construct sentences using the
newly learned words. Write your answer on a piece of paper.

study
inspect
investigate
probe

peruse haphazard
mixed

What’s New
Free Writing

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 Instructions: What do you recall about these two words: Inquiry and
Research? Write them freely on your answer sheet without worrying
about your grammar.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

What else do you know about Inquiry and Research? Expand what you know
about them by reading the following text.

What Is It

Nature of Inquiry and Research

Inquiry, a term that is synonymous with the word investigation. When you
inquire, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something. You do this kind
of examination through your HOST or higher order thinking strategies of inferential,
analytical, critical, creative, and appreciative thinking to discover more
understandable or meaningful things beyond such object of your inquiry. Thinking
in this manner makes you ask open-ended questions to elicit views, opinions, and
beliefs or other concepts in relation to your research (Small in Baraceros, 2016).

What is Research?

Research is a scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of thinking.

Starting from particular to more complex ideas, you execute varied thinking acts that
range from lower-order to higher-order thinking strategies reflected by these research
activities: identifying the topic or problem, gathering data, making theories,
formulating hypothesis, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. Cognitively driven
terms like empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, critical, methodical, and replicable
are the right descriptive words to characterize research. These powerful modifiers
that your previous research subject, Practical Research 1, explained to a certain
extent are the very same terms to characterize any quantitative research you intend
to carry out this time.

Best & Khan (1989) defined research as the systematic and objective analysis
and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of
generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate
control of events. For example, Moral’s (2019) Theory on Creative Pedagogy in
Research states that “Teachers’ attributes and their creative teaching practices lead
to students’ positive attitudes and research productivity.” Based on systematic review,

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the construction of the generated theory underwent an intensive process of carrying
on a scientific method of analysis.

Methods of Research

To be a researcher is to be scientist, who must think logically or

systematically; that is, your research activities must follow a certain order, like doing
inductive thinking that makes you ponder on specific ideas first, then move to more
complex concepts like conclusions or generalizations. Or, do the opposite of inductive
thinking which is deductive thinking that lets you start from forming generalizations
to examining details about the subject matter. These are not only the approaches,
though, that you can adhere to in planning your research work. Depending on your
topic and purpose, you are free to choose from several approaches, methods, and
types of research you learned in your previous research subject, Practical Research
1.

Inquiry vis-à-vis Research

Inquiry is a learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or

information about people, things, places, or events. You do this by investigating or
asking questions about something you are inquisitive about. Research is analogous
to inquiry, in that, both involve investigation of something through questioning.
However, the meaning of research is more complicated than inquiry because it does
not center mainly on raising questions about the topic, but also on carrying out a
particular order of research stages. Each stage of research process is not an
individual task because the knowledge you obtain through each stage comes not only
from yourself but other people as well. Thus, similar to inquiry, research involves
cooperative learning.

Both inquiry and research encourage you to formulate questions to direct you
to the exact information you want to discover about the object of your curiosity. Your
questions operate like a scrutiny of a person’s attire to find out what are hidden
between or among the compartments or folded parts of his/her clothes. Although the
core word for both inquiry and research is investigation or questioning, they are not
exactly the same in all aspects. Research includes more complex acts of investigation
than inquiry because the former follows a scientific procedure of discovering truths
or meanings about things in this world (Mujis&Ransome in Baraceros, 2016).

Based on types of data needed, the kind of data you want to work on reflects
whether you wish to do a quantitative or a qualitative research in general.

Qualitative research requires non-numerical data, which means that the

research uses words rather than numbers to express the results, the inquiry, or
investigation about people’s beliefs, feelings, views, and lifestyles regarding the object
of the study. These opinionated answers from people are not measurable; so, verbal
language is the right way to express your findings in qualitative research.

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 Meanwhile, quantitative research involves measurement of data. Thus, it
presents research findings referring to the number or frequency of something in
numerical forms (i.e., using percentages, fractions, and numbers).

What’s More

Enrichment Activity #1

Instructions: Explain your understanding of inquiry and research by answering

the following questions. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

1. Compare and contrast Inquiry and Research.

2. Which is easier to carry out: Inquiry or Research? Give reasons for your
answer?
3. How can a researcher be a scientist?
4. What if you do things randomly in research, what will be the
consequences?
5. Should you immediately concern yourself with data analysis prior to
research approach?Why? Why not?

Enrichment Activity #2

Instructions: Prove how inquisitive you are by raising investigative questions

about these topics:

1. COVID 19
2. Email vs. Postal Mail
3. Anti-Terrorism Law
4. Carcinogenic Foods
5. Era of Globalization
6. Social Networking
7. Social Amelioration Program (SAP)

What I have Learned

Instructions: Use percentage grade (50% to 100%) to indicate the extent of your
learning about each of the following topics:

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 1. Differences and similarities between Inquiry and Research

2. Definition of research

3. Nature of Inquiry

4. Nature of research

5. Moral’s Theory

What I Can Do

Instructions: Examine the setup of your family, your school, or any organization
you are a member in. Which aspect of each group do you want to know more through
inquiry or research? Present your answers to this question in a tabular form.
The first example is done for you. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

Example:
Inquiry question: Who broke your pot?
Research question: Why are some graduating senior high school students not
willing to wear togas?

Social Institutions Inquiry Research

Family

School

Organization

Assessment

Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

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1. A term that is synonymous with the word investigation.
a. manner c. identical
b. inquiry d. preserve

2. A systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation to answer

existing future problems of man.
a. biology c. natural science
b. research d. sociology

3. Which of the following does not belong to the group?

a. methodical c. cyclical
b. empirical d. conceptual

4. The first step in research process is the identification of the

a. data c. method
b. hypothesis d. problem

5. The researchers’ attitudes, traits, and abilities affect both the product
and the ____of research.
a. process c. goal
b. plan d. result

6. The last step of the research revolves around

a. explaining occurrences c. analyzing information
b. collection of information d. none of the above

7. Problems of any sort can be solved through

a. computation c. research
b. experimentation d. tabulation

8. Characteristic of research that starts with a problem and ends with a

problem.
a. logical c. methodical
b. analytical d. cyclical

9. Which of the following does not belong to the group?

a. critical c. theoretical
b. logical d. replicability

10. What are the two types of research?

a. basic and applied c. maximum and minimum
b. theory and hypothesis d. quantitative and qualitative

11. The type of research describing events, persons, and so on without the
use of numerical data is called
a. quantitative research c. qualitative research

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 b. theoretical research d. hypothetical research

12. The researcher’s attitudes, traits and abilities affect both the product as
well as the ____ of research.
a. process c. goal
b. plan d. result

13. Research is the process of gathering data to solve a particular problem.

By this definitionthe phrase that is closely synonymous with research is
a. collecting data c. refuting theories
b. scavenging information d. solving conflicts

14. Research should follow an orderly and sequential procedure. This

characteristic of research means that
a. Research should be empirical. c. Research should be analytical.
b. Research should be systematic.d. Research should be objective.

15. What is the type of analysis on the construction of the generated theory
which underwent an intensive process of carrying on a scientific
method?
a. breakdown review c. systematic review
b. marathon review d. extensive review

Additional Activity

Speculation
Instructions: Recall the hottest issue in town. Prove how inquisitive you are by
raising top-level probing questions about it.

Example: Police authorities investigating a criminal case / suspected law violators.

Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

Answer Key
Module 1; Lesson 1

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 Characteristics, Strengths and Weaknesses of
Lesson 2 Quantitative Research

What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

1. Familiarize themselves with vocabulary terms to clarify things about
quantitative research;
2. Find out the characteristics of research and the researcher;
3. Define quantitative research accurately;
4. Follow the steps in using quantitative research; and
5. Uncover the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research.

What’s In

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 Vocabulary Improvement

Instructions: To acquire substantial knowledge on some topics in this lesson,

activate your schemata about the underlined word in each sentence. Get clues
from its use in the sentence.

1. Demonstrate through a hand gesture the magnitude of the screen that

you think is enough to block the window.
Meaning:
__________________________________________________________________
2. In looks, Malaysians are analogous to Filipinos, but in language, they are
not.
Meaning:
__________________________________________________________________
3. Please use precise words to explain your point for the listeners’ quick
understanding of your ideas.
Meaning:
__________________________________________________________________
4. The plastic bag becomes inflated with much air blown into it; deflated,
with air released from such container.
Meaning:
_________________________________________________________________
5. A person experiences moral instability if he does not pattern his life after
Jesus Christ, the way, the truth, and the life.
Meaning:
__________________________________________________________________

What’s New

Image Intensifier

Instructions: Choose one from among the situations which for you is easy to
justify. Why?

Set A- Ninety percent (90%) of the examinees passed the college

entrance exams.
Twenty pages of the book contain grammatically incorrect
sentences.

Set B- A big number of examinees passed the college entrance exams.

Several pages of the book contain grammatically incorrect
sentences.

What do you think? Does your choice between Set A and B align itself to the
content of the following selection or run counter to the text? Read the text to find
out the truth.

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 What Is It

Characteristics of Research

According to Calmorin&Calmorin (2007), there are seven characteristics of

research. These are (1) empirical, (2) logical, (3) cyclical, (4) analytical, (5) critical, (6)
methodical, and (7) replicability.
1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.
The collection of data relies on practical experience without giving consideration
to scientific knowledge or theory.
2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles. Scientific study
is done in an orderly manner so that the investigator has confidence on the
results.
3. Cyclical. Research is cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends
with a problem.
4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data,
whether historical, descriptive, experimental, and case study.
5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. A higher level of
confidence must be established.
6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using
systematic method and procedures.
7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated
to enable the researcher to arrive at valid conclusive results. Similarities and
differences of replicated researches can be compared.

Qualities of a Good Researcher

There are 10 qualities of a good researcher. These qualities are (1) research-
oriented, (2) efficient, (3) scientific, (4) effective, (5) active, (6) resourceful, (7) creative,
(8) honest, (9) economical, and (10) religious. The 10 qualities of a good researcher
have the acronym RESEARCHER. A researcher who possesses these qualities is the
kind of investigator the government needs because he can respond to the
socioeconomic development problems of the country and can compete globally.

Characteristics of the Researcher

There are five characteristics of a researcher. These are (1) intellectual

curiosity, (2) prudence, (3) healthy criticism, (4) intellectual honesty, and (5)
intellectual creativity.
1. Intellectual curiosity. A researcher undertakes deep thinking and inquiry of
the things, problems, and situations around him.
2. Prudence. The researcher is careful to conduct his research study at the right
time and at the right place wisely, efficiently, and economically.

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3. Healthy criticism. The researcher is always doubtful as to the truthfulness of
the results.
4. Intellectual honesty. An intelligent researcher is honest to collect or gather
data or facts in order to arrive at honest results.
5. Intellectual creativity. A productive and resourceful investigator always creates
new researches.

Quantitative research, according to Aliaga and Anderson (2000), is “explaining

phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically
based methods (in particular statistics).” This type of research utilizes numbers and
statistical analysis. It is ideal in studying phenomenon which must contend with the
problems of measurement.

In scientific usage, a phenomenon is any event that is observable, however

common it might be, even if it requires the use of instrumentation to observe, record,
or compile data concerning it. In natural science, it can be questions like, “why is
the sky blue?” or in social sciences it can be, “what is the effect of television viewing
to the academic performance of a child?”(Chico &Matira, 2016).

Standards of Quantitative Research

Here are some standards or criteria in quantitative research (Mujis& Sharp in

Baraceros, 2016).
Standards Quantitative Research

Mental survey of reality Exists in the physical world

Cause-effect relationships Revealed by automatic descriptions of

Researcher’s involvement with the
object or subject of the study
Expression of data, data analysis, and
findings
Research plan
circumstances or conditions
Objective; least involvement by the researcher
Numerals, statistics
Plans all research aspects before collecting
data

Behavior toward research aspects/ Control or manipulation of research conditions

conditions by the researcher
Obtaining knowledge Scientific method

Purpose Evaluates objectives and examines cause-effect

relationships
Data-analysis technique Mathematically based methods

Style of expression Impersonal, scientific. Or systematic

Sampling technique Random sampling as the most preferred

Steps in Doing Quantitative Research

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 The way to undertake research is very simple. There are only three steps
that you will follow. These are (Chico &Matira, 2016):

1) Observing and explaining occurrences. This is where you will apply the four
“W”; Who, What, Where, and Why. The answer for these “Ws” can be
presented in the form of a question. It can also be expressed as a hypothesis.
2) The collection of information in quantitative research is what makes it
different from qualitative research. Quantitative research is focused
specifically on numerical information.
3) Using mathematics to analyze the data collected. This is done with statistics.

List of the Advantages of Quantitative Research

1. The quantitative approach allows you to reach a higher sample size.
2. You can collect information quickly when using quantitative research.
3. Quantitative research uses randomized samples.
4. Results duplication is possible when using quantitative research.
5. Quantitative research can focus on facts or a series of information.
6. The research performed with the quantitative approach is anonymous.
7. Quantitative research doesn’t require direct observation to be useful.

List of the Disadvantages of Quantitative Research

1. This method doesn’t consider the meaning behind social phenomena.
2. Every answer provided in this research method must stand on its own.
3. Quantitative research sometimes creates unnatural environments.
4. Some efforts at randomization will not create usable information.
5. There is no access to specific feedback.
6. Quantitative research studies can be very expensive.
7. Answer validity always creates a cloud of doubt on the final results.
8. Individual characteristics don’t always apply to the general population.

What’s More

Enrichment Activity #1
Instructions: Answer the following questions based on your knowledge gained
from the discussion. Write it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Define quantitative research.

2. Explain at least two (2) characteristics of a good researcher.
3. Explain at least (2) advantages and disadvantages of quantitative
research.

Enrichment Activity #2

Instructions: Analyze the following research titles. State your reason why you will
use or will not use quantitative types of research.

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 Research Title Reason

1. Cultural Diversity, Attitudes, and

Values of Radio Soap Opera
Listeners
2. A Narrative-Developmental
Approach to Early Emotions
3. A Sketchbook of Memories

4. Design and Analysis of the

Student Strengths Index (SSI) for
Non-traditional Graduate Student
5. The Effectiveness of Integrative
Approach in Social Studies
through Contextualization

What I Have Learned

Instructions: Write a short essay about things you learned the most and the
least through the topics dealt with in this lesson. Give your essay an
interesting title. Do it on separate sheet of paper.

What I Can Do

Instructions: Examine the setup of your family, your school, or any organization
you are a member in. Which aspect of each group do you want to know more through
inquiry or research? Present your answers to this question in a tabular form.

Social Institutions Inquiry Research

Family

School

Organization

Assessment

Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your chosen answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

19
1. Characteristic of a researcher wherein he is always doubtful as to the veracity of
the results is
a. prudence c. intellectual curiosity
b. intellectual honesty d. healthy criticism

2. One of the qualities of a good researcher that he keeps on inventing unique, new
and original researches is
a. efficient c. resourceful
b. creative d. scientific

3. Refers to explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed

using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics).
a. basic research c. mixed research
b. qualitative research d. quantitative research

4. The first step in research process is the identification of the

a. data c. method
b. hypothesis d. problem

5. The last step of the research revolves around

a. observing and explaining occurrences
b. collection of information
c. analyzing the information
d. none of the above

6. The following are the characteristics of quantitative research EXCEPT

a. It is reliable and objective.
b. It uses statistics to generalize finding.
c. It test theories or hypotheses.
d. It prefers collecting data in a natural setting.

7. One of the qualities of a good researcher that he keeps on inventing unique,

newand original researches is that of being
a. efficient c. creative
b. resourceful d. scientific

8. Characteristics of the researcher wherein he is careful in conducting his study

and starts at the right time and right place is
a. prudence c. healthy criticism
b. intellectual creativity d. intellectual honesty
9. Some think of quantitative research as a complex process because of its use of
a. hypotheses c. factual data
b. numerical data d. theories

10. A quantitative research presents research findings in this manner

a. Many prefer to study with online learning during the pandemic.
b. Student find modules indispensable or necessary.

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 c. Perhaps, 40% consider module unnecessary in their studies.
d. Out of 100 senior high school students, 85 find modules beneficial to their
studies.

11. What makes a quantitative research different from a qualitative one?

a. It uses statistics in the treatment of data.
b. It establishes facts and make predictions.
c. It uses deductive method analysis.
d. It is objective.

12. You tend to inflate something in quantitative research because of your

a. objective views c. personal traits
c. teacher’s influence d. mathematical skills

13. What is the most preferred sampling in quantitative research?

a. random sampling c. purposive sampling
b. cluster sampling d. stratified sampling

14. Obtaining knowledge in quantitative research is through the use of

a. multiple methods c. scientific method
b. objective method d. natural method

15. The following are the advantages or strengths in quantitative research EXCEPT
a. You can collect information quickly.
b. Quantitative research uses randomized samples.
c. Results duplication is possible when using quantitative research.
d. It doesn’t consider the meaning behind social phenomena.

Additional Activity
Instructions: Formulate a quantitative research question about the following
topics:

a. Gender (male and female)

b. Learning Styles (visual, audio, kinesthetic, etc.)

c. Communication media (TV, newspaper, cellphones, email, Facebook)

d. Public order and safety (labor strikes, drug addiction, crime, robbery, etc.)

e. Home quarantine (Enhanced Community Quarantine, Modified Enhanced

Community Quarantine, General Community Quarantine)

Answer Key

21
Module 1; Lesson

Experimental Research
Lesson
3

What I Need To Know

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Increase your vocabulary by giving the meanings, characteristics, and
examples of terms used to explain some concepts about experimental
research;
2. Obtain a thorough understanding of experimental research;
3. Justify the link between scientific thinking and experimental thinking; and

What’s In
Instructions: Using your experience or background knowledge about the given
words that were used in the reading selection for this lesson, know the meaning of
such words situated in the middle of the Frayer Model Map. Explain your
understanding of the word by writing some details about it in each quadrant of the

22
map. Be guided also by the clues in the sentences below each graph. The first one
serves as an example.

Definition Characteristics
manage, guide, direct Depends on the doer's leadership, directions,
author

Conduct

Non-examples
Examples
soldiers obeying their head, servants following
organizing seminars, managing class
orders

Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Definition Characteristics

Absolute
Examples Non-examples

What’s New
Image Intensifier

Instructions: Name some famous and great inventions you have known since birth.
What makes you say they are great? How do you think did the inventors come to
discover the value or greatness of their creations?

Could the following selection give you the answer to your questions about the
inventors? Read the text to discover answers to your questions.

What Is It

Definition of Experimental Research Design

23
 Experimental design is a quantitative research that treats or deals with the
object or subject of the research in a definite or exact manner and determines the
extent of the effects or influence of the treatment of the object/subject, then discovers
the causes of such effects. The term “experiment” requires manipulation of variables
to observe effects or results. (Baraceros 2016; Vizcarra 2003).

This design describes what will be. It means that a researcher has to
determine the effects of variables being manipulated together with the main
objectives of the study. The main objectives of the study are the dependent variables
or the output of the study. The factors that influence dependent variables are the
independent variables.

In conducting an experimental research, first, give a pre-test to examine the

initial condition of both groups in relation to the variable, condition or factor; second,
apply to the control group a new condition; and third, give the latter group a post-
test to determine the effects or influence or condition applied on them.
The validity and reliability of the output are dependent on the types of
experimental design used by the researcher. There are two types of experimental
designs: theWeak Experimentalcomprising:1) one-shot case study, 2) one-group
pretest and post-test, and 3) static group pre-test-post-test design.

True Experimental designs are more complex and rigid because they
attempt to include or treat other factors that might influence dependent variables. It
uses random selection in determining who among the participants should compose
the experimental group or the control group The commonly used designs are
classified into:1) randomized post-test only, 2) randomized pre-test post-test control
group, and 3) randomized Solomon four-group.

Quasi-Experimental Designs include: 1) Time-series experimental design,

2) matching- only design, and 3) counter balanced design. No randomization is done
among the designs; instead, the employment of several techniques is the bases for
controlling possible treats. These designs adopt a comparative technique in choosing
the subjects.

In which field of knowledge does true experimental research usually take

place? People in hard sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacy, and the like)
love to do this kind of research; those in soft sciences (Psychology, Sociology,
Humanities, Literature, and other subjects falling under Social Sciences) usually do
quasi-experimental research.

What’s More
Enrichment Activity #1

24
Instructions: Explain your understanding about the text by answering the
following questions on the given lines.

1. Compare and contrast the basic types of experimental research.

2. What is the primary factor in determining whether a research is true
experimental or quasi experimental
3. What are the implications of declaring what is true by means of a quasi-
experimental research?
4. Which is better between the two types of experimental research? Justify your
choice.
5. Do you know somebody who has already done an experimental research?
Describe this person including how he/she carried out his/her research work.

Enrichment Activity #2

Instructions:Using the Venn diagram, present the major and minor classifications
of experimental research. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

Weak
Experimental

True Quasi
Experimental Experimental

What I Have Learned

Instructions: Make a written outline of all the ideas you have discovered from the
reading selection of this lesson. Rank them in order on the lines provided. See to
it that the topics you have learned the most are in the higher rank, and those you
have learned the least, are in the lower rank.

3rd Rank ________________________________________________________________

2nd Rank ________________________________________________________________
1st Rank ________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

25
Instructions: Show trough a PowerPoint presentation a flow chart showing the
sequential occurrence of the research stages in each type of quasi- experimental
research. For those without computer, use a separate sheet of bond paper.

Assessment
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. A quantitative research that treats or deals with the object or subject of the
research in a definite or exact manner and determines the extent of the effects or
influence of the treatment of the object.
a. experimental research c. basic research
b. non-experimental research d. natural research

2. What is the first step in conducting an experimental research?

a. Give a post-test to examine the initial condition of both groups in relation
to variable.
b. Give a pre-test to examine the initial condition of both groups in relation
to variable.
c. Apply to the control group a new condition.
d. Give the latter group a post-test to determine the effects of the treatment
applied.

3. In which field of knowledge does a true experimental research usually takeplace?

a. hard sciences c. soft sciences
b. literal sciences d. purposive sciences

4. If a senior high school teacher wants to improve the morale of his students, the
best way he can do is to conduct a/an
a. descriptive research c. experimental research
b. correlational research d. all of the above

5. A quantitative mode of research involving investigation of dependent and

independent variables through control and manipulation is a
a. feasibility study c. correlational study
b. experimental study d. trend analysis

6. Which is an example of quasi-experimental design?

a. randomized pre-test & posttest c. time series
b. single-subject/ one shot case study d. correlational
7. The researcher introduces multi-media-assisted instruction in a biology class
and after one week of instruction, the post-test is given. The use of multi-media-
assisted instruction is
a. research design c. treatment
b. qualitative treatment d. moral design

26
8. After selecting the participants or subjects in an experimental research, the next
thing to do is to
a. conduct an experiment c. determine the variables
b. specify the problem or topic d. decide on the specific type of
experimental research

9. Sociology, Psychology, Economics and other subjects tend to conduct

a. quasi-experimental research c. weak experimental research
b. descriptive research d. true experimental research

10. When the researcher establishes different treatments and studies their effects,
the type of research used should be
a. descriptive research c. experimental research
b. educational research d. survey research

11. An experimental design in which the control and experimental groups are given
tests at the beginning and at the end of the semester/ school year is
a. counter balanced c. two-pair group
b. pretest-posttest d. parallel-group

12. What is the primary factor in determining whether a research is true

experimental or quasi-experimental?
a. selecting the participants c. conditioning applied
b. sources of data d. technique adopted

13. What are the two general types of experimental designs?

a. hard and soft experimental designs
b. weak and true experimental designs
c.. hard and weak experimental designs
d. specific and genera experimental designs

14. The weak experimental design is divided into three EXCEPT

a. one-shot case study c. one group pre-test and post-test
b. static-group pre-test-post-test d. time-series experimental

15. Which is an example of quasi-experimental design?

a. time-series design c. randomized pretest-post-test control group
b. one-shot case study d. static-group pre-test-post-test

Additional Activity

27
Instructions: Present graphically the major and minor classifications of
experimental research on a sheet of paper.

Answer Key

Non- Experimental Research

Lesson 4

What I Need To Know

At the end of the lesson the learners are expected to:

1. Increase their vocabulary in English;

2. Familiarize with the nature of non-experimental research;
3. Trace the development of survey research; and
4. Present a good plan of survey research.

What’s In

28
Instructions: Give the meaning of the underlined word in each sentence. Be guided
by the context clues. Use the underlined words in a meaningful sentence. Write your
answer on a sheet of paper.

1. How could light be diffused all over the place, if it was placed between two posts?
2. Give me a concrete evidence of itsveracity to make me say yes to your offer right
away.
3. A greedy man ends to manipulate things for his own benefit.
4. Being a versatile actor, he is able to give an excellent portrayal of various
character roles.
5. Try to understand the poem in conjunction with the picture near its title.

What’s New
Instructions: Accomplish the following KWL Chart to form mental pictures about
the reading material titled, Non-Experimental Research that you are about to read
a few minutes from now. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

What I already know What I want to know What I learned

(Do this after reading the
text)

What Is It
WHAT IS NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH?

Non-experimental research is a research that lacks the manipulation of an

independent variable. Rather than manipulating an independent variable,
researchers conducting non-experimental research simply measure variables as they
naturally occur (in the lab or real world).

Most researchers in psychology consider the distinction between experimental

and non-experimental research to be an extremely important one. This is because
although experimental research can provide strong evidence that changes in an
independent variable cause differences in a dependent variable, non-experimental
research generally cannot. As we will see, however, this inability to make causal
conclusions does not mean that non-experimental research is less important than
experimental research.

What is Descriptive Research?

29
 Descriptive research is a type of research that describes a population,
situation, or phenomenon that is being studied. It focuses on answering the how,
what, when, and where questions in a research problem, rather than the why.

What Are The Types of Descriptive Research?

Descriptive research is classified into different types according to the kind of
approach that is used in conducting descriptive research. The different types of
descriptive research are highlighted below:

Descriptive-survey research uses surveys to gather data about varying

subjects. This data aims to know the extent to which different conditions can be
obtained among these subjects.

For example, a researcher wants to determine the qualifications of employed

professionals in Maryland. He uses a survey as his research instrument, and each
item on the survey related to qualifications is subjected to a Yes/No answer.

Descriptive-normative survey is an extension of the descriptive-survey, with

the addition being the normative element. In the descriptive-normative survey, the
results of the study should be compared with the norm.

For example, an organization that wishes to test the skills of its employees by
a team may have them take a skills test. The skills tests are the evaluation tool in
this case, and the result of this test is compared with the norm of each role.

Descriptive-status is a quantitative description technique that seeks to

answer questions about real-life situations.

For example: a researcher researching on the income of the employees in a

company and the relationship with their performance.

Descriptive-analysis method of research describes a subject by further

analyzing it, which in this case involves dividing it into 2 parts.

For example, the HR personnel of a company that wishes to analyze the job
role of each employee of the company may divide the employees into the people that
work at the Headquarters in the US and those that work from Oslo, Norway office.A
questionnaire is devised to analyze the job role of employees with similar salaries and
work in similar positions.

Descriptive classification. This method is employed in biological sciences for

the classification of plants and animals.

For example, a researcher who wishes to classify the sea animals into different
species will collect samples from various search stations, and then classify them
accordingly.

Descriptive-comparative. The researcher considers 2 variables which are not

manipulated, and establish a formal procedure to conclude that one is better than
the other.

30
 For example, an examination body wants to determine the better method of
conducting tests between paper-based and computer-based tests.

WHEN TO USE NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH?

There are many times in which non-experimental research is preferred, including

when:

1. The research question or hypothesis relates to a single variable rather than a

statistical relationship between two variables (Example: How accurate are
people’s first impressions?).

2. The research question pertains to a non-causal statistical relationship

between variables (Example: Is there a correlation between verbal intelligence
and mathematical intelligence?).

3. The research question is about a causal relationship, but the independent

variable cannot be manipulated or participants cannot be randomly assigned
to conditions or orders of conditions for practical or ethical reasons (Example:
does damage to a person’s hippocampus impair the formation of long-term
memory traces?).

4. The research question is broad and exploratory, or is about what it is like to

have a particular experience (Example:what is it like to be a working mother
diagnosed with depression?).

TYPES OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Non-experimental research falls into three broad categories: cross-sectional

research, correlational research, and observational research.

First, cross-sectional research involves comparing two or more pre-existing

groups of people. What makes this approach non-experimental is that there is no
manipulation of an independent variable and no random assignment of participants
to groups. Cross-sectional designs are commonly used by developmental
psychologists who study aging and by researchers interested in sex differences.

Second, Correlational research is considered non-experimental because it

focuses on the statistical relationship between two variables but does not include the
manipulation of an independent variable. More specifically, the researcher measures
two continuous variables with little or no attempt to control extraneous variables and
then assesses the relationship between them.

Third, Observational research is non-experimental because it focuses on

making observations of behavior in a natural or laboratory setting without
manipulating anything.

What’s More
Enrichment Activity #1

31
Instructions: For each of the following studies, decide which type of research design
it is and explain why. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A researcher conducts detailed interviews with unmarried teenage fathers to

learn about how they feel and what they think about their role as fathers
and summarizes their feelings in a written narrative.
2. A researcher measures the impulsivity of a large sample of drivers and looks
at the statistical relationship between this variable and the number of traffic
tickets the drivers have received.
3. A researcher randomly assigns patients with low back pain either to a
treatment involving hypnosis or to a treatment involving exercise. She then
measures their level of low back pain after 3 months.
4. A college instructor gives weekly quizzes to students in one section of his
course but no weekly quizzes to students in another section to see whether
this has an effect on their test performance.

Enrichment Activity #2

Sample Survey
Instructions: Put an X over the number that best corresponds to your answer
based on the degrees of your agreement. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

Sample Question Strongly Moderately Neither Moderately Strongly

Agree Agree Agree nor Disagree Disagree
Disagree
I like to read
newspapers like Sun 5 4 3 2 1
Star or Freeman.
I spent 2 hours every
day reading books. 5 4 3 2 1

I love to visit libraries.

5 4 3 2 1

My favorite place in
school is the library. 5 4 3 2 1

I have a collection of
books at home. 5 4 3 2 1

What I Have Learned

Instructions: Based on the extent of your understanding of non-experimental
research, rank the following from 1 to10, with 1 being the most learned and 10, not
learned well. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

32
 _____Meaning of non-experimental research
_____Relation between non-experimental research and quasi-
experimental
_____Meaning of quasi-experimental research
_____Ethics in social research
_____Pluses and minuses of survey research
_____Survey research design
_____Purposes of survey research
_____Characteristics of non-experimental research
_____Data-gathering techniques of a sociology researcher
_____Nature of survey research

What I can Do

Instructions: Prepare a short survey form that you will send via email or messenger
to the households/ senior high school students. It can be a topic about home
quarantine or blended learning. Write your introductory letter instruction in
answering the survey on a separate sheet of paper and then questions that you would
like to ask about the respondents. Limit your questions to only five items.

Template for Transmittal Letter

Date:

Inside Address:

Greetings/Salutation:

Body:

Complimentary Close:

Signature:

Sample Survey Form

Name (Optional): ______________________________________________
Grade Level: ___________________

Sample Strongly Moderately Neither Agree Moderately Strongly

Question Agree Agree nor Disagree Disagree Disagree

5 4 3 2 1

33
 5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

Assessment
Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your final answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. A type of research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable.

a. experimental research c. correlational research
b. non-experimental research d. naturalistic research

2. Focuses on the statistical relationship between two variables but does not include
the manipulation of an independent variable.
a. experimental research c. correlational research
b. non-experimental research d. naturalistic research

3. What is the type of research when a researcher who wishes to classify the sea
animals into different species will collect samples from various search stations,
and then classify them accordingly
a. descriptive classification c. descriptive normative
b. descriptive comparative d. descriptive qualitative

4. A study on the “relationship between the value orientation of radio soap opera
listeners and their socioeconomic status” is an example of a
a. feasibility study c. anthropological study
b. experimental study d. correlational study

5. Which of the following research designsaims to obtain data to determine specific

characteristic of a group?
a. descriptive-comparative c. qualitative research
b. correlational research d. survey research

6. A descriptive design which is made to determine the normal or typical conditions

and compare them with the national standard is
a. descriptive-analysis c. descriptive-comparative
b. descriptive –normative d. descriptive –evaluative

7. A descriptive design which determines the psychological side of research and the
social aspect by which application or implementation of evidence to recognize the
difference between facts and influences is
a. descriptive-analysis c. descriptive-status
b. descriptive-evaluative d. descriptive-survey

34
8. Type of descriptive design which describes the nature of a thing by separating it
into parts is
a. descriptive- classification c. descriptive-evaluative
b. descriptive- comparative d. descriptive-analysis

9. A quantitative description technique that seeks to answer questions about real-

life situations
a. descriptive- classification c. descriptive-status
b. descriptive- comparative d. descriptive-analysis

10. A non-experimental research because it focuses on making observations of

behavior in a natural or laboratory setting without manipulating anything
a. observational research c. correlational research
b. historical research d. phenomenological research

11. What type of research involves comparing two or more pre-existing groups of
people?
a. observational research c. correlational research
b. historical research d. cross-sectionalresearch

12. The researcher wishes to determine the magnitude of association between Social
Studies and English grades of his students. The best research design is
a. experimental c. historical
b. correlational d. quasi-experimental

13. What is the most used non-experimental research in the field of humanities and
social sciences?
a.observational research c. correlational research
b. historical research d. survey research

14. The data it collects from these people in a descriptive-survey research serves as
a. representatives c. population
b. households d. society

15. The following are characteristics of non-experimental research EXCEPT

a. It is incapable of cause-effect relationships.
b. It involves various ways of data analysis.
c. It is applicable to both quantitative and qualitative data.
d. It undergoes in depth analysis of being bias.

Additional Activity
Research Virtual Conference

Instructions: Pretend you are a guest speaker in a research conference. Take turns
in discussing about one topic on non-experimental research through Google meet.
For those without computer, you may write your speech on a sheet of paper.

35
 Answer Key

Module 1; Lesson 4

References

Books

Aquino, G.V. (1992). Fundamentals of Research.Mandaluyong City: National Book

Store.

Baraceros, E.L. (2016). Practical Research 2 (First Edition). Quezon City: Rex
Bookstore.

Calmorin, L.P. &Calmorin, M.A. (2007). Research Methods and Thesis

Writing(Second Edition). Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.

Chico, A.M. &Matira, M.D. (2016). Practical Research for the 21 st Century Learners
(Quantitative Research), Sampaloc, Manila: St. Augustine Publications, Inc.

Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2.
Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.

Vizcarra, F.O. (2003). Introduction to Educational Research. Quezon City: Great

Books Trading

Moral, R.V. (2019). Moral’s Theory on Creative Pedagogy in Research. PhD diss., CNU Cebu City.
Vizcarra, F.O. (2003). Introduction to Educational Research. Quezon City: Great Books Trading.

Internet Sources

https://greengarageblog.org/15-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-quantitative-
research

https://csus.libguides.com/res-meth/quant-res

https://www.deped.gov.ph/2020/05/06/official-statement-2/

36
https://opentext.wsu.edu/carriecuttler/chapter/overview-of-non-experimental-
research/

https://www.formpl.us/blog/descriptive-research

https://greengarageblog.org/15-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-quantitative-
research

https://csus.libguides.com/res-meth/quant-res

https://www.deped.gov.ph/2020/05/06/official-statement-2/

37