SIMPLE GUIDE TO MIND MAP IN HOMEOSTASIS - 5 STEPS

1. Homeostatic Problem Example:

Patients with acute asthma characteristically hyperventilate (rapid deep
breathing). The increased respiratory drive in patients with asthma is due to air-flow
obstruction resulting in decreased breathing/ventilation. Draw a concept map

2. Research on the topic, online or use the Course

textbook
Chemoreceptor Regulation of Breathing (from Tortora)
Certain chemical stimuli modulate how quickly and how deeply we breathe. The
respiratory system functions to maintain proper levels of CO2 and O2 and is very
responsive to changes in the levels of these gases in body fluids. Chemoreceptors in
two locations of the respiratory system monitor levels of CO2, H+, and O2 and provide
input to the respiratory center Central chemoreceptors are located in or near the
medulla oblongata in the central nervous system. They respond to changes in H+
concentration or PCO2, or both, in cerebrospinal fluid. Peripheral chemoreceptors
are located in the aortic bodies, clusters of chemoreceptors located in the wall of the
arch of the aorta, and in the carotid bodies, which are oval nodules in the wall of the
left and right common carotid arteries. Because CO2 is lipid-soluble, it easily diff uses
into cells where, in the presence of carbonic anhydrase, it combines with water (H2O)
to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). Carbonic acid quickly breaks down into H+ and HCO3.
Thus, an increase in CO2 in the blood causes an increase in H+ inside cells, and a
decrease in CO2 causes a decrease in H+. The central chemoreceptors are
stimulated and respond vigorously to increase in H+ level. The peripheral
chemoreceptors also are stimulated by both the high PCO2 and the rise in H+. In
addition, the peripheral chemoreceptors (but not the central chemoreceptors) respond
to a deficiency of O2. When PO2. The chemoreceptors participate in a negative
feedback system that regulates the levels of CO2, O2, and H+ in the blood. As a result
of increased PCO2, decreased pH (increased H+), or decreased PO2, input from the
central and peripheral chemoreceptors causes the Dorsal Respiratory Group in the
medulla oblongata to become highly active, and the rate and depth of breathing
increase. Rapid and deep breathing, called hyperventilation, allows the inhalation
of more O2 and exhalation of more CO2 until PCO2 and H+ are lowered to
normal.

3. GIVEN: Format and legend

COMPONENTS
(a) Stimulus – red
Sensory receptor – pink
Sensory neuron – orange
Integrating center – yellow
 Autonomic neurons – green
Effectors – blue
Responses – purple
Final result – black

(b)

4. Identify whether negative feedback or positive feedback.

Identify the components from your research
(a) Positive or negative feedback? – negative feedback
(b) Identify components
COMPONENT COLOR IDENTIFICATION
Stimulus RED Decreased ventilation
(increased PCO2,
decreased pH
(increased H+), or
decreased PO2)
Sensory receptor PINK Central and peripheral
chemoreceptors
Sensory neuron ORANGE Sensory neurons
 Integrating center YELLOW Dorsal respiratory Group
in the Medulla
Oblongata
Autonomic neurons GREEN Autonomic neurons –
increased sympathetic
nervous system activity
(only single arm)
Effectors BLUE Muscles of
inhalation and
exhalation
– IMPLIED
Responses PURPLE Rapid and deep
breathing
Final result BLACK Decrease in arterial
blood PCO2
increase in pH, and
increase in PO2

5. Fill up the Mind Map

 STIMULI
Decreased ventilation (increased PCO2,
decreased pH (increased H+), or
decreased PO2)

CENTRAL PERIPHERAL
CHEMORECEPTORS CHEMORECEPTORS
Aortic and Carotid
Medulla Oblongata Bodies

SENSORY NEURON

DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP

Medulla Oblongata

AUTONOMIC NEURONS
Increased Sympathetic Nervous System Activity

Muscles of inhalation and

exhalation

Rapid and Deep Breathing

Decrease in arterial blood PCO2,

increase in pH, and increase in PO2