T. S.

Whone
Engineering and Research Center
Bureau of Reclamation

June 1971
 ,6. PERFORMING O R G A N I Z A T I O N CODE
Baffled Apron Drop as a Spillway Energy
Dissipator-Conconully Dam Spillway-Okanogan
Project, Washington
7. A U T H O R ~ S ~ 8 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
REPORT NO.

T. J. Rhone REC-ERC-71-29
9. PERFORMING O R G A N I Z A T I O N N A M E A t 1 0 A O O R E S S 10 WORK UNIT N O

Engineering and Research Center

11. C O N T R A C T OR G R A N T NO
Bureau of Reclamation
Denver, Colorado 80225
13. T Y P E O F REPORT A N D PERIOD
COVERED
12. S P O N S O R I N G A G E N C Y N A M E A N 0 AOORESS

Same
14 S P O h S O R I N G A G E N C Y CODE

L
15. S U P P L E M E N T A R Y N O T E S

15. A B S T R A C T

-.
Ihe exlstlng spillway structure a t Conconully Dim, Washington, was determined to be structurally unsafe and
Incapable o( dlrcharglng the design flood. Installation of a conventional hydrazlic jump stllllng basin or fli?
bucket to handle the design flood was impractical because of poor foundation cordltions. However.
prelminary tnvestlgations showed that i f the allowable unit discharge of a baffled apron drop couid be
increased from 60 cfslft of width t o about 80 cfs, such a structure could be built on sound rock. Hydraulic
model ctudles were performed to conflrrn a design for a baffled apron drop based on a unit discharge of 77.7
cfslft of width. The t e s t s showed that the hlgher-capaclty structure was an effective and safe energy dissipator.
and couid handle unit discharges up t o twice the design dlscharge. The effect of baffle pier location on the
reservoir elevation for maximum discharge mas determined. An optimum conflguratlon for the channel bed
downstream of the concrete apron was developed to prevent erosion of the apron.

-
17. K E Y WORDS A N 0 DOCUMENT A N A L Y S I S

a . DESCRIPTORS-- Imodel tests1 'hydraulic models1 energy d~ssipationldamslhydraulics1 'spillways1

hydraulic design1 baffle plersl channel erosion1Washington1stllllng baslnsl dlscharge (water11 safety factors1
spillway design flood

b. IDENTIFIERS--/ Conconully Dam, WashIOkanogan Project, W.sh

c. COSATI Fteld/GrouP 13M

18. OISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 19. S E C U R I T Y C L A S S k2I. NO OF PAGES
I T H I S REPORT)
Avarloble from t h e Notronal Technlcol lnforrnor~onServlce. Operations UNCLASSIFIED 5
Division. Sprlngfreld. Vlralnm 72151. 20 S E C U R I T Y C L A S S 22. PRICE
I T H I S PAGEI

-! UNCLASSIFIED $3.00
The studies were conducted to determine the
feas~bil~tyof extend~ngthe standard des~gnllm~tat~ons
of a baffled apron drop as estabhshed in Engineering
Monograph No 25.* from o unit discharge of 60 cfs
per foot ( 5 6 cu mlsec per meter) of width to a larger
unit discharge.'. A larger unit discharge would allow a
baffled apron drop t o be used as a sp~llwayenergy
diss~pator where more conventional structures would
be impractical.
CONCLUSIONS
1. A baffled apron designed according t o the cr~teriain
Engineermg Monograph No. 25, "Hydraulic Design of
Stilling Bas~& and Energy Dissipators," proved to be
an effective spillway energy dissipator.
2. The baffled apron was designed for a unit discharge
of 77.7 cfs (7.2 cu mlsec) of width but the studies
indicated that it would handle a unit discharge as large
as 150 cfs (13.9 cu mlsec)
3. The location of the top row of baffle piers affected
the discharge capacity. With the base o f the upstream
face o f the baffle piers 1 foot ( 0 . L n ) below the
spillway crest, the reservoir head above the crest at
maximum discharge was 14 percent higher than with
the first row removed. Placing the first row of baffle
piers 1.8 feet (0.55 m l below the crest raised' the
reservoir heal only 9 percent. Structural considerations
dictated that the first row of baffle piers be placed 1.8
feet (0.55 m l below the crest.
4. Blocking off the top row of baffle piers to simulate
clogging with debris increased the reservoir elgvation
3.4 feet (1 m) at a unit discharge of 77.7 cfs (7.2 cu
mlsec). This was 2.3 feet (0.7 m) below the crest of the
dam embankment. The baffle piers were 1.8 feet (0.55
m l below the crest.
5. The channel bed downstream was sloped upward
from the end o f the apron t o prevent movement o f the
riprap against the apron and possible erosion damage.
"Bureau of Reclamation Engineering Monograph No. 25, "Hydraulic Design o f Stilling Basins and Energy
Dissipators." by A. J. Peterka.
*.
Subsequent values given for the unit discharge will indicate the discharge per foot of width for English units and
Per meter of width for metric units.
The rewlts of. these studies are considered to be
justification to increase the unit discharge used in the
design of a baffled apron drop from 60 cfs (5.6 cu
mlsec) to at least 78 cfs (7.3 cu mlsecl. The tests elso
confirmed that this type of structure was feasible as a
spillway energy dissipator and would be capable of
handling discharges up t o twice the design value in an
emergency.
INTRODUCTION
Conconully Dam, a part o f the Okanogan Project, is
located in north central Washington about 15 miles
(24.2 k m l northwest of the town of Okanogan. The
dam, used for storing irrigation water, is an earthfill
structure 70 feet (21.3 m) high and 1.OW feet (305 m)
long with a storage capacity of about 13.000acre-feet
116 million cu m). The dam was constructed i n 1910.
The original spi!lwdy, in a saddle near the right
abutment, has progressively deteriorated. I n addlt~on,
completed hydrological studies and reports under the
Safety of Dams program showed that the exlstlng
spillway had inldequate capacity
It was decided t o replace this spillway with one of
adequate capacity. Extremely poor foundofion
conditions dowwtream from the dam precluded the
use of a standard hydraulic jump energy dissipator or
flip bucket as a part o f the spillway. Therefore, a
baffled apron was selected t o pass the flood discharges.
Use of a baffled apron drop as an energy dissipator for
a spillway wasa departure from the usual practice, so'it
was decided to perform a hydraulic model study t o
verify the design.
THE MODEL
A sectional model, on a 1:18 scale ratio, was
constructed in a 30-inch (76-cml wide flume. The
model represented a 45.37-foot (13.8-m) wide section
of the 149-foot (45.4-m) wide spillway. The crest and

The channel approaching the c est was also included
but the curved sidewalls of the approach channel and
the wing walls a t the downstream end of the apron
were not modeled. The channel bed downstream from
the apron was formed in sand. The baffle arrangement
on the apron represented the portion of the apron
adjacent to the left sidewall. The sidewall baffle
arrangement was used because the action of the
flowing water at the baffles and sidewall is important
in determining the effectiveness of the design. It was
alsn necessaw to determine whether the sidewall height
was adequate.
THE INVESTIGATION
Design Criteria
Usually. a baffled apron drop i s limited to a maximum
design unit dischaige of 60 cfs (5.6 cu mlsec),
Engineering Monograph No. 25. Section 9, page 153.
The design unit discharge for Conconully spillway is
77.7 cfs (7.2 cu mtrec). or a total discharge of 11.580
cfs (328 cu mlsec). The design methds outlined in
EngineeringjMonagr,aph , No., 25 were used in
determining affle prer d~mens~ons and arrangement,
Figure 1. However, the standard design specifies that
the first row of baffle piers should be placed not more
than 1 foot (0.3 m) below the crest. A construction
joint near the crest made it necessary to place the first
row of baffle piers either 1.8 feet (0.55 m) below the
crest or almost on the crest For the initial tests the
first row of baffle piers was placed 1.8 feet (0.55 m)
below the crest. To provide for future channel bed
degradation, the downstream end of the apron
extended below the channel bed sufficiently so that
the last two rows of baffle piers were buried.
Flow on Apron
Flow conditions on the apron were satisfactory for all
unit discharges up to and including the maximum of
77.7 cfs (7.2 cu mlsec). With the lowest test unit
discharge of 15 cfs (1.4 cu mlsec). the flow appeared
to accelerate slightly down the chute as shown by the
higher rise of the water surface ar the flow impinged on
the lower baffle piers. Figure 2. However, the flow did
not penetrate very far into the tailwater and there was
no movement of the channel bed material.
With 3 0 and 45.cfs (2.6- an0 4.2-cu m/sec) unit
discharges, there was no noticeable increase in the
height of the water surface and the flow did not
penetrate the tailwater pool to an appreciable extent.
to 18 inches (30 to 46 cm) high. There was no
movement of the riverbed mater~al.
With unit discharges of 60 and 77.7 cfs (5.6 and 7.2 cu
mlsec) the apron baffle piers were completely
submerged but they retarded the flow sufficiently that
there was no deep penetration into the tailwater and
only very slight movement of the channel bed, Figuie
3. Waves on the water surface were about 38 to 24
inches (46 to 61 cm) high.
Tests were also run with unit discharges of 100 and
150 cfs 19.3 and 14.0 cu mlsec). Although there was
considerable splash and spray from the flow coming
down the apron, flow conditions at the end of the
apron were satisfacton/ and there was only a small
amount of channel bed erosion.
The test confirmed that the baffled apron drop was an
effective energy dissipator for the design discharge and
was also capable of handlino flcws up to almost twice
the design discharge.
Channel Bed Modifications
For the initial tests the channel bed downstream from
the apron was horizontal. The apron extended below
the channel bed and the last two rows of baffle piers
were covered with backfill. During operation at near
maximum discharge it was noticed that there wassome
movement of the fill material adjacent to the apron.
This type of action could abrade the concrete;
therefore, the channel bed was modified to prevent the
erosive action. The channel bed was doped upward on
a 2-1/2:1 slope from the end of the apron to the
original bed level. The sloped surface was covered with
12. to 24-inch (30. to 61.cm) nprap. Subsequent tests
at unit discharges up to 150 cfs (14.0 cu mlsec)
showed that there war no riprap movement in the
excavated area at any discharge.
Discharge Capacity
The discharge capacity of the structure was determined
for four conditions: with the first row of baffle piers
1.8 feet (0.55 m) below the crest (the design location),
with the first row of baffle piers in the design location
but completely blocked off to simulate clogging with
debris, with the first row of baffle piers 1 foot (0.3 ml
below the crest, and with the first row of baffle piers
removed.
With the design config.mtion the design discharge of
11,580 cfs (328 cu mlsec) was obtained at rerervoir
elevation 2295.3 (699.6 m), Figure 4. When the top
 Ftgure 2. Un~td~scharge= 15 cfr 11 4 ct: mlscl. Top
Photo PX.D.69W8 and bortom Phoro PX-D.69006
row o f baffle piers was blocked off to simulate
clogging, the reservoir water surface rose to elevation
229E.E. (71M.E.). 3 A f e ~ r( 1 m) below the crest of the
dam embankment
F~gure4 also shows how the locat~onof the first row
of baffle piers affects the discharp capacity. The
reservoir elevations obtained with the first row of
baffle piers removed were used as a bas15 for
cornparlson. The tests showed that near the design
discharge the baffle piers installed 1 foot (0.3 m) below
Flgure 3 U m i dircharge = 77.7 cfs (7.2 cu mlsecl Top
r'hoto PXC-69009 and bortom Photo PX-D 69007
the crest raised the reservoir eleveA~ona b u t 14
percent. and with the baffle piers 1.8 feet (0.55 rn)
below the crest the rexrvoir elevation increased about
9 percent. A t about 25 percent of the design d~scharge
the baffle piers in the h~gher posi*on ratsed the
:c%cc:r e!:v:tion about 17 percent while the baffle
piers 1.8 feet (0.55 m) below tho crest raised the
reservoir only about 4 percent. I n the final design the
baffle piers were placed 1.8 feet (0.55 m) below the
crest.
 --
OUANTlTlES AND UNITS OF MECHANCS -- hlulliply
~
8" To o.i,ain

-- MuIIpIV
_-_ L To obtain WJRK AND ENERGY.

Brit%>lhrrmal onitL1EfuI .... '0.252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kilogamcaiories

Brilirh lharmrl unit- i i l t u l . . . . . 1,05506 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Joules
Gminr 1117.OW lbl ....... 847n891 IDX~CIIYI ....................... Mllligrrmr 81,. per pound . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.328 leraruy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ~ u l r r p gram
or
T o w ounmr 1480grrlnil ...... 31.1035 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Joules
Omms l a d p l . . . . . . . . .
.. 28 3695 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grrmr .-. -
~ o o t p o u o d r . . . . . . . . . . -.-. . '1.35582..
Pwodr l a d p l ........... 0.45358237 Icrrcrlyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KtLograms
Shon tuns l2.WO lbl ........ 907.185 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I(8lqramr
Short tons U.OW Ibl . . . . . .. 0,907785 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meviclonr i~onspawn.. . . . . . . . . . . . 745.708 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wrrrr
Longtons12.2401bl ........ 1,01505 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -
.-
. Kilwram3 Otu p. hour . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.293071 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Watfr
Fool pnrrnii @erm o d . . . . . . 1.35582 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WYC'I
-- - ~--. -
HEAT TRANSFER-. --
pounds per rqurn inch ....... 3.070307 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ilogram.per au~recsntinxeier
~ o ~ n per
l i r souare inrn ....... 0.689476 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ e w t o n xper murrecerrin,erer B B inlhr n2licljrneF lk.
.
PwndloC;YJudre . ha! . . . . 4.88243 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kiln9crmSpWlWaremrrsr ,:,ermrl rondllclivilyl . . . 1.142 ....................... Millwanricmde~reeC
Pounds per lqvrrr loo1 ....... 47.8803 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nawtonl psi ~ l u e r omswi
-- -- 6," i".!h. (22 Lie3.e F Ih,
,l,nrm.l rorxlvcrivilyl . . . 0.1240 .................... Kgcalihrm d w m C
B l u n m r 112 dC""E F . . . . . . .1,488P .................. Kgral mlhr rn2dWaoC
B ~ v l nti7
r d w e e F IC.
ovnrerpercub~cm n ........ 1.72043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grams ~crcuhircenlmsler iharmul mnduclancsl . . . . . . . 0 568 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h ~ i l l i w t r % k md2w e e c
........
~ ~ ~ n d ~ ~ f uw3 x c ~ b i c 16.0185 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ i l o p r r m i ~cubic
er m l e r Brn!)u li2 *"FLY F IC.
~ ~ ~ , ~ d , ~ lair
o r c ~ b h ....... 0.0160185 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grami perrubiccenr8iieter lhelnulmr,durlanrei . . . . . 4.882 ....................... Kg crllhr m z d c~ ~
TO, ilmgi cubic yard . . . . . 1.32804 . . ................. ramsp per c u b i c c e n t i k r r opgm F nr it%u in.
- ,helms1 1 n 1 5 f a n ~ d. . . . . . I 761 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ e l r e e
cem2imi11iwan
--- MAsYz"rv 8lullll deljrm F IC. beat c w i r i l v l 4 1868 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jig degree C
Blulih *onen F . . . . . . . . '1.~0 .......................... cavgram d w e e c
Ounrm oer gallon l U S l ...... 7.4893 .......................... Gram, pri liter r121blr i d w n ~ adiffuliviwl
i . . . 0.2581 ............................~ r n ~ l ~
m m e s p e r tgallon IU.K.1 . . . 6.23liZ ............................ G r m s w Gtcr :121hr !thermal diflulivilyl ... :.- .O.CS?SO.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ---
............. M 2 p
Pwndlper gallon IU.S.l .... 119.82!1............................ Glaml oer lilcr
Pounds[lcrplloo 1U.K.l ...... 99.7711. .-
- .......................... Gramrper bier

BENDING M O M ~ N TOH r o R o u E

Inch-pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 01 1511 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meter-kilogruml

Inch pound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 120B5 r lo8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cenlirnolrrdyne~
Fmt.pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1311255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mrterkiloglanlr
Foot-pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.36582 x to7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Centimeerdynen
por . . . . . . . .
~ , m t - w ~ n d ~ inch 5.MJ1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceotimet~rkilolrumspclcentimeter
Ouni:nrhsr
- ............. 72008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gram c m r i m c e r r
-.
--- VELOClTY .-
~~et~errecond ........... 30181cxrcllyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conlimstcnmr ecrrnd
F e l DOC ~ ~ ..........
n d 0 3018 lexurllyl' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mewrlper scond
P e t p r yea, . . . . . . . . . . . . . '0,W?5873 x 10-0 .............. . Cenlinelerlper mend
Miles per hour . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609244 lexacllyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kdomelml per hour
~i1.r oer hour ............ O.44lM lrxactlyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Melerr mr w a n d Table I l l
' ACCELERATION'
OTHER OUANIITIES A N 0 UNITS
Fnet ~ a semd2
r ........... .0.3048 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meterr
. prlccond2 Muldoly BY To obmin

Cubis l e t wr i w n d
(wand-feel) ............
cuwc teef per minute . .
G~II~~IU.S.I per minute
Cvbis 1-t ller rquare loot w r aay l x ~ p w l . . . . '301.8 . . . . . . . . . . . Liters llnrnuarrnteterw day
~a~d-wmod p sr muare ram lviko6cyl . . . . -4.8924 ....... ~impm p m n d per mum m n e r
Square l e a p r vcond l u i u o n w l . . . . . . . . . . '0.097903 . . . . . . . . . . . S w a e m r t e r r p r m o n d
'0.028317 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cubic
. meter5 psr r s o n d F a h r n n h P : t d ~I r~h ~ mml- . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8 l e r x t l y . . . Cel?iuror Kelr8s degrnlrhangel'
..... 04719 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L i t s r r w r sand Volt. pl mil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 003931 . . . . . . . . . . . . Kiiorolrrper millimeter
. . . 008303 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L i t r n p e r wmnd ~ u m o n r n elqurre
r loot l l u a i w d e d . . . . . . . . 107% . . . . . . . . . . . ~ u m e npr r w a r e meter
ohm-circular mils p r loor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 Wt68Z . . . . . o h m - w a r e mmilimttenwr meter
~bit:. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M i l l i ~ u l i B l p ~ r ~ fool '35.3147 ........... hlillirvri~ prevbicmeter
~
M i l l i s m ~ perrquarc
r fml . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '10.7659 ........... Milliamprprqurnmeler
G a l l o n l p e r q ~ a r eyard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '4.621219 ............ L i E r l p f musremsler
Pounds per inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '011B58 . . . . . . . . . . . K i l q m n r p r centimnlW
G P O 838 - 6 8 1
 CONVERSION FACTORb,-BRITISHTO METRIC UNITS OF hlEASUKEMCN1'
8 ,

The following conversion facrorr ad; ;fed by the Bureau of Re~lamationare tho* published by the Ameriwn
Society tor Testing and Matcrialr I/,STM Metric Practice Guide. E 380.681 except that additionalfactors i')
commonly uted in the Bureau have t'En added. Fvrther discussion of delinitions of quarltiries and u n i u i r given in
111s ASTM M?tris Practice Guide. :,(
The metrlc u n m and converrion farlorr adopted bv the ASTM are bared on the "lnternat~onalSvrtem of Umtr"
lderignalea S. for S,r!ome .nter lt~onsl o'Un.lrn 1 . m 0 ) the I n w r n d onr Cumm !we f i r Kc g t r and
Mea:ur: th r r > w m or a 'r> r n o n ar ine G orai cr k?l:Sr\ Imoter-*. orlrr.n i m ~iccono
~ ~ mi p r c grim Tn,l
w l e m nor been d o w e 3 OY !ne In1 rnationdl Orqanirati,n for Sxlndlro 12: ~n n IS0 Recumncnoat;on R31.

The metric technical unit of foisi is tho kilogram-force; this is the force which, when aoalied toabodv huuinq s

,tat forre ... . ... o f 1 <1

-~~ i.?:

body is that force with which a 'lady ir attracted to the earth and eq;al;o
.
:-r-?'..?

b
3- ..
mars of I kg gnus ;t an urce era! 1 of 9.80555 m.rdrec. Ine rlanvJro : i c e cratim 01 I r e ti1 lonarc the earth's
renlCr fur Y1 I R ? a! 45 deq lati d c . The merr.? .no1 31 force n 5 r n t r is me nw.u.lon IN.. n h r h .r d e f h c ~ a ~
v.nen aool.ad r ood" waul .. m3rr ..................................... !r n ' v
must be dirringuirh~dfrom the Iinconr&t: local wclaht of s body haws a m a s of 1 ko. !hat is. theweiaht of a
~ , T"...

the mars of abo* mu1cip;icdby the

....
acceleration due to gravity. Ho:lever, because it is general practice t?,use "pound" ruther than 1t.e technically
corrwt term "pound.force." tbi term "kilogram" (or derived mars unit) has been uwd in tllir guide instead o f
"kilcgram.force" in exprevinglhe converrion facrorr far forcer.The &ton unit o f farcewiil:fiod iocrearingur.
a n d is eaential in SI units. ,' I
, ,

Where approximate or namin,iI Englirh unirr are used to erprcrs a v d i e or range of valuer. the converted metric
units i n pareothers are a l r o , , p p x i m a t e or nominal. Where precise .llnglirh unit$ are ursd. the conuer:rd inarric
units are exprerred ar equally iignilican: value$.

Table I

OU4NTITIES AND ~ O I SPACE

' -
M~iftply -- TO Obmn

-- - --
LENGTH

Mil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.4 iexact!!d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,Micron

Inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.4iexactly) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Millinvrerr
inch- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
................. 0,0003048 (exactly)' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kilometers
~

Feet
Yardr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miles (rtaiutcl . . . . . . . . . .
Miler . . . . . . . : .......
0.9144 iexaetlyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meters
.. 1,609,344 iaxsctlvl' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meterr
-- leracrly) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kilometerr
1.609344

AREA

Square inches . . . . . . . . . . . 6.45i6 ( e x m l y i . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equare cenlimetcrr

Square feet . . . . . . . . . . . . -929.03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Square eenlinieter:
Square fret . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.092903 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Square meters
Square yards . . . . . . . . . . . 0.836127 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 o u a , e m i a r r
Acres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O.dM69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hectares
Acres ................ '4,046.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Square mclerr
Acrer . . . .
............ '0.0MM69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Square kilometerr
Squre mlcs ........... 2.58999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Square kilomoterr

VOLUME

Cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3871 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cubic centimeters

Cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0283158 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cubic meterr
Cubic &di ............ 0.764555 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cubic meterr

- CAPACiTY

Fluid ounces 1U.S.i ....... 29.5737 . . . . . . . . . . . Cubic centimeters

Fluid ounces IU.S.1 . . . . . . . 29.5729 . . . . . . ............. Milliliterr
Liquid p i n s iU.S.i . . . . . . . . 0.473179 . . . ........ Cvitic d%imererr
Liquid piny5 iU.Z.i ........ 0.473166 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Literr
nuan: (u.s.) . . . . . . . . . . . '945.358 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cubic centinleterr
k a n r tUS.1 ........... '0.946331 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Literr
Gallons 1U.i.I . . . . . . . . . . . '3.785.43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cubic ceniimererr
GlIo1U.S.. . . . . . . . . . 3.78543 . . , . . . . . . . . . . . Cubic decimel~rl
Gailonr(L~.S.l . . . . . . . . . . . 3.78533 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liferr
Gallans1U.S.l ........... *0.00378613 . . . ........... Cubx melrrr
Gailonr (U.K.1 .......... 4.546ffi . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cubic dffimeler$
Gallons 1U.K.i .......... 4.54596 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Literr
Cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.3160 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liters
Cubic yards . . . . . . . . . . . . '764.55 ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iilers
Acre-feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . '1.233.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cubic meterr
Acrefeet . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1.233.500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liters
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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hfi~auaebcspur an!i=ap ue reM a ~ n : ~ Ai!~ede~aqFI!q
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l))r)a L.LL 40 &laq3r!ll i!un e uo pareq dalp uolds palllcq e lo1 u6!rp 8 wr!jual 01 p a w m j ~ a d
amw re!pnir lapow q n e l p A n ' y = o ~punor uo u!nq aq p1no3 a ~ n r 3 n me q3nr ' r p 08 inaqe
~ up1309 UIOAJ p a s w w aq pin03 d o ~ p"old* p a l l p q e lo X ~ n q s ! pi!un alqcrnolle
01 q i p ! 10
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Rhooe. T J Rhone. T J
STUDIES T O DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF A BAFFLED APRON DROP AS A STUDIES TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF A BAFFLED APRON DROP AS A
SPILLWAY ENERGY DISSIPATOR-CONCONULLY D A M SPII LWAY. OKPNOGAN SPILLWAY ENERGY DISSiPATOR-CONCONULLY D A M . SPILLWAY: OKANOGAN
PROJFCT, WASHINGTON PROJECT. WASHINGTON
Bur Reclam Rep REC ERC 71 29. D w Gen Rer. June 1971 Bureau o f Reclamat~on. Denver. 5 Bur Reclam Rep REC-Ei'C-71-29. Div Gen Rer. June 1971. Bureau of Rcclamatian. Denver. 5
p. 4 fog 3 tab. 1 wf p, 4 fig. 3 tab. 1 rol

DESCRIPTORS-/ model t e r l 4 'hydraulic models1 energy dirripationl damd hydraulicrl DESCRIPTORS-I model tertrl 'hydraulic modt?lsl energy dissipation1 darns: hydrauiicd
'spillway$/ hyilroulic d a i g n l baffle p i e d channel erorianl Washington/ rtiliin!~ basins1 'spiiiwaysl hydraulic derignl baffle pierr1 charmel erosion1 Warhingtonl stilling barinrl
d i w h a r p (waterl/ safety factord spillway dcrign flood dircharge iwaterll safety factord spillway design flood
IDENTIFIERS-/ Conconully Dam. Wash/ Ckanogan Pmject. Wash IDENTIFIERS-/ Conconully Dam. Warhl Okanogzn Project. W s h

REC ERC 71-29 REGERC-71-29

Rhone, T J Rhone. T J
STUDIES T O DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF A BAFFLED APRON DROP AS A STUDIES T O DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF A BAFFLED APRON DROP AS A
SPILLWAY ENERGY DISSIP4TOR-CONCONULLY DAM SPILLWAY. OKANOGAN SPILLWAY ENERGY DISSIPATOR-CONCDNULLY D A M SPILLWAY. OKANOGAN
PROJECT. WASHINGTON PROJECT. WASHINGTON
Bur Reclem Rep REC ERC 71 29. D8v Gcn RPS,June 1971 Bureau o l Reclarnat8on. Denver. 5 Bur Reclam Rep REC-ERC-71-29. Div Gen Rer. June 1971. Bureau of Reclamation. Denver, 5
p. 4 f~ 3 tab. 1 ref p.4 fig. 3 tab. 1 ref

DESCRIPTORS-/ m o d 4 test4 'hydraulic rnodclr/ energy dirripationi dams/ hydmulicd DESCRIPTORS-/ model tertrl 'hydraulic models/ energy dirripation/ dams/ hydraulic4
'rpillwavs/ hydraulic design1 bafflc piers1 channel erorianl Warhingtanl stilling barinrl 'rpillways/ hydraulic -design/ bafflc piers1 channel erosion1 Washington1 $tilling barind
discharge lwaterll safety factor4 rpillwsy derign flood discharge Iwateill safety factor4 spillway derign flood
IDENTIFIERS-IConcanully Dam, Worhl Okanogan Project. Wash IDENTIFIERS-IConconuliy Dam. Wash1 Oksnogan Project, Wash