2 Summation of Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences: Activity

2 Summation of Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences
S (10)  T (1)  T (2)  T (3)  T (4)  T (5)  T (6) 

2 Summation of Arithmetic (c) T (7)  T (8)  T (9)  T (10)
and Geometric Sequences

 2  5  8  11  14  17  20  23  26  29
 155
Activity
Activity 2.1 (p. 2.4)

(a) S (5)  1  (3)  (5)  (7)  (9)
S (5)  9  (7)  (5)  (3)  (1)
S (5)  1  (3)  (5)  (7)  (9)
(b)  ) S (5)  9  (7)  (5)  (3)  (1)
2  S (5)  10  (10)  (10)  (10)  (10)
(c) There is a total of (5) 10s in the above expression,
therefore
(5)  (10)
S (5)   (25)
2
(d)
S (10)  1  3  5  7  9  11  13  15  17  19
) S (10)  19  17  15  13  11  9  7  5  3  1
2  S (10)  20  20  20  20  20  20  20  20  20  20
10  20
S (10) 
∴ 2
 100
Activity 2.2 (p. 2.20)

1. Range of r r n rn
8 2.56  102
15 3.28  104
r>1 2
50 1.13  1015
101 2.54  1030
8 3.91  10-3
15 3.05  10-5
1 < r < 1 0.5
50 8.88  10-16
101 3.94  10-31
8 2.56  102
15 3.28  104
r < 1 2
50 1.13  1015
101 2.54  1030
2. (a) very large

(b) very close to zero
(c) sign of rn alternates, the value of rn becomes very
large or very small.
Classwork
Classwork (p. 2.3)

S (3)  T (1)  T ( 2)  T (3)
1. (a)  258
 15
(b)
S (6)  T (1)  T ( 2)  T (3)  T ( 4)  T (5)  T (6)

 2  5  8  11  14  17
 57
1
NSS Mathematics in Action 6A Full Solutions
S (3)  T (1)  T ( 2)  T (3) 25

2. (a) (b) S ( 25)  [ 2( 4)  ( 25  1)(5)]
1 2  4 2
7  1600
(b)
S (5)  T (1)  T ( 2)  T (3)  T ( 4)  T (5)

 1  2  4  8  16
 31
(c) The general term of the sequence is T(n) = 2n–1.
T (8)  2 81
 128
S (8)  T (1)  T (2)  T (3)  T ( 4)  T (5)  T (6) 

T (7)  T (8)
 1  2  4  8  16  32  64  128
 255
Classwork (p. 2.21)

Commo S(∞) exists?
Geometric sequence
n ratio r (Y/N)
(a) 4 4 1
12, 4, , ,… Y
3 9 3
(b) 3, 6, 12, 24, … 2 N
(c) 2, 6, 18, 54, … 3 N
(d) 9 1
36, –18, 9,  ,…  Y
2 2
(e) –10, 2, –0.4, 0.08, … –0.2 Y
Quick Practice
Quick Practice 2.1 (p. 2.6)

(a) Let a, d and n be the first term, the common difference and
the number of terms taken respectively.
∵ a  41, n  11 and d  34 – 41  –7
11
∴ S (11)  2 [ 2( 41)  (11  1)( 7)]
 66
(b) Let a, d, l and n be the first term, the common difference,
the last term and the number of terms respectively.
∵ a  9, d  4 – 9  –5, l  T(n)  –46
and T(n)  a  (n – 1)d
46  9  ( n  1)(5)
∴
 55  5n  5
n  12
12
∴ S (12)  [9  ( 46)]
2
  222

(a) Let a, d and n be the first term, the common difference and
∵ a  4, n  15 and d  9 – 4  5
15
∴ S (15)  2 [ 2( 4)  (15  1)(5)]
 585
2
(c) ∵ 22
S (25)  T (1)  T (2)  ...  T (15)  T (16)  ...  T ( 25) ∴ [ 2a  ( 22  1) d ]  847
2
and S (15)  T (1)  T ( 2)  ...  T (15) 2a  21d  77 ......(2)
∴ S ( 25)  S (15)  T (16)    T ( 25)
∴ The sum from the 16th term to the 25th term
 T (16)  ...  T ( 25)
 S ( 25)  S (15)
 1600  585
 1015

(a) The multiples of 4 between 100 and 400 inclusive are 100,
104, 108, …, 400.
Let k be the number of multiples of 4 between 100 and
400 inclusive.
400  100  ( k  1)(4)
k  76
∴ The sum of all the multiples of 4 between 100 and
400 inclusive
76
 (100  400)
2
 19 000
(b) The multiples of 5 between 100 and 400 inclusive are 100,
105, 110, …, 400.
Let m be the number of multiples of 5 between 100 and
400 inclusive.
400  100  (m  1)(5)
m  61
400 inclusive
61
 (100  400)
2
 15 250
(c) The multiples of 20 between 100 and 400 inclusive are
100, 120, 140, …, 400.
Let n be the number of multiples of 20 between 100 and
400 inclusive.
400  100  ( n  1)(20)
n  16
400 inclusive
16
 (100  400)
2
 4000
∴ The sum of all the multiples of 4 or 5 between 100
and 400 inclusive
 19 000  15 250  4000
 30 250

(a) Let a and d be the first term and the common difference
respectively.
∵ S ( 4)  46
4
∴ [ 2a  ( 4  1) d ]  46
2
2a  3d  23 ......(1)
∵ S ( 22)  847
3
(2) – (1) : 18d  54 2[1  ( 2) 7 ]

S ( 7) 
d 3 1  ( 2)
By substituting d  3 into (1), we have ∴
2[1  ( 128)]
2a  3(3)  23 
3
a7  86
∴ The first term is 7 and the common difference is 3.
(b) ∵ a  7, d  3 and S(m)  472
m
[2(7)  (m  1)(3)]  472
2
m
(3m  11)  472
2
∴ 3m 2  11m  944
3m 2  11m  944  0
(m  16)(3m  59)  0
59
m  16 or  (rejected)
3

Let a, r and n be the first term, the common ratio and the
number of terms taken respectively.
6 2
(a) ∵ a  9, n  6 and r  
9 3
  2 6 
9 1    
S (6)    3  
2
1
3
 64 
91  
∴  729 

1
3
665
 3
81
665

27
5
(b) ∵ a  1, n  7 and r   5
1
1[1  ( 5) 7 ]
S ( 7) 
1  ( 5)
∴ 1  ( 78 125)

6
 13 021
(c) Let k be the number of terms of the given sequence.
∵
4
a  2, r   2 and T ( k )  ar k 1  128
2
128  2(2) k 1
(2) k 1  64
∴
(2) k 1  ( 2) 6
k 1  6
k 7
4
Quick Practice 2.6 (p. 2.16) 4(3k  1)

(a) Let a be the first term. S (k )   4000
3 1
S(4)  1458
3k  1  2000
3k  2001
∴
∵ log 3k  log 2001
k log 3  log 2001
log 2001
k
log 3
a[1  (3) 4 ] k  6.92 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
 1458 ∴ The minimum value of k is 7.
1  (3)
∴
4
a  1458 
 80
 72.9
∴ The first term of the geometric sequence is 72.9.
(b) The sum from the 5th term to the 7th term
 S ( 7 )  S ( 4)
72.9[1  ( 3) 7 ]
  ( 1458)
1  ( 3)
 39 876.3  1458
 41 334.3

Let a be the first term.
∵ T ( k )  162
∴ a (3) k 1  162 ......(1)
∵ S ( k )  242
a (3 k  1)
 242
∴ 3 1 ......(2)
a (3k  1)  484
3k 1 162

3k  1 484
484  3k 1  162(3k  1)
162  3k  484  3k 1  162
486  3k 1  484  3k 1  162
(1)  (2) :
2  3k 1  162
3k 1  81
3k 1  34
k 1  4
k 5

Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio respectively.
12
∵ a  4 and r  3
4
5
Quick Practice 2.9 (p. 2.22) Quick Practice 2.12 (p. 2.24)
Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio respectively. 0.7  0.7777
1  0.7  0.07  0.007  0.0007  
(a) ∵ 4 1
a  1 and r   0 .7
1 4 
(a) 1  0.1
1 0.7
S ( )  
1 0.9
∴ 1
4 7
4 
 9
3
0.32 7  0.327 272 7
5 1  0.3  0.027  0.000 27  0.000 002 7  
(b) ∵ a  10 and r  
10 2
0.027
S ( ) 
10
 0.3 
1  0.01
 1 
1 


2  (b)
∴ 10

3
0.027
20
2
 0.3 

3 0.99
18
Quick Practice 2.10 (p. 2.23) 
Let r be the common ratio.
55
x 0.4 14  0.414 414 414
1  0.414  0.000 414  0.000 000 414  
∵ r  12 
x 3 0.414

4 (c) 1  0.001
x 0.414

4 0.999
S ( )  46
1 
1 111
3
x
∴ 27 4
 ∵ The number of bricks in each step is 10 more than that in
2 2 the step above it.
∴ The numbers of bricks in successive steps counting from
3 the top are in arithmetic sequence with common difference
27 8 10.
x  Let T(k) be the number of bricks in the kth step counting from
2 3 the top.
 36 T (16)  44  (16  1)(10)
∴
 194
Quick Practice 2.11 (p. 2.23) ∴ The total number of bricks required
(a) ∵ k2 – 4, 2k  4, 8 are in geometric sequence.
(2k  4) 2  (k 2  4)  8 16
 ( 44  194)
4k  16k  16  8k  32
2 2 2
 1904
∴ 4k 2  16k  48  0
k 2  4k  12  0 Quick Practice 2.14 (p. 2.28)
(k  6)(k  2)  0 (a) Let T(n) be the number of barrels of oil extracted in the
nth month since January 2009.
k  6 or  2 (rejected)
T (1)  124 000
(b) ∵ First term  k2 – 4  62 – 4  32
T ( 2)  124 000 (1  4%)
8 1
and common ratio    124 000 (0.96)
2( 6)  4 2
T (3)  124 000 (1  4%) 2
32
S ()   124 000 (0.96) 2
1
∴ 1
2 ∴ T ( n)  124 000 (0.96) n 1
 64
T ( n) 124 000 (0.96) n 1
∵ 
T (n  1) 124 000 (0.96) n  2
 0.96, which is a constant.
6
∴ T(1), T(2), T(3),… is a geometric sequence with (b) Let S(n) be the total number of barrels of oil extracted in
common ratio 0.96. the n months since January 2009.
∴ The numbers of barrels of oil extracted each month ∴ The total number of barrels of oil extracted between
form a geometric sequence. January 2010 and December 2010 inclusive
 T (13)  T (14)  T (15)  ...  T ( 24)

 S ( 24)  S (12)
124 000 (1  0.96 24 ) 124 000 (1  0.9612 )
 
1  0.96 1  0.96
124 000 (0.96  0.96 )
12 24

0.04
 735 600 (cor. to the nearest hundred)

Let $x be the amount of money required to be deposited at the
beginning of each year.
∴ The total amount obtained in 12 years’ time
 $[ x (1.04)12  x (1.04)11  x(1.04)10  ...  x(1.04)1 ]

Obviously, the sum is a geometric series with first term
1
x(1.04)12, common ratio and number of terms 12.
1.04
  1 12 
x(1.04) 1  
12
 
  1.04  
S (12) 
1
1
1.04
  1  
12
x(1.04) 1  
12
 
  1.04  
∴ 300 000 
0.04
1.04
0.04
300 000 
x 1.04
  1  
12
(1.04)12 1    
  1.04  
 19 200 (cor. to the nearest $100)
∴ Mrs Yeung should deposit $19 200 at the beginning of
each year.

n 1
 2 
(a) Tn  4  Pn Qn  32  cm
 2 
 
(b) T1, T3, T5, … form a geometric sequence.
First term  T1  32 cm
2
 2
32  cm
Common ratio T3  2  1
    
T1 32 cm 2
∴ The sum of T1  T3  T5  …
32

1
1
2
 64 cm
7
Further Practice 498  300  ( m  1)(3)

m  67
Further Practice (p. 2.10)
1. Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common difference
and the general term respectively.
∵ a  158 and d  153 – 158  –5
∴ T ( n)  158  ( n  1)(5)
 163  5n
Let T(k) be the last positive term.
∵ T (k )  0
163  5k  0
∴
5k  163
k  32.6
∴ The first 32 terms are positive terms.
∴ Sum of the positive terms
32
 [ 2(158)  (32  1)( 5)]
2
 2576
2. (a) Let a, d, l and n be the first term, the common

difference, the last term and the number of terms
respectively.
∵ a  –7, d  –2 – (–7)  5, l  T(n)  103 and
T(n)  a  (n – 1)d
103  7  ( n  1)(5)
∴
103  5n  12
n  23
23
∴ S ( 23)  [( 7)  103]
2
 1104
(b) Let a and d be the first term and the common
difference respectively.
∵ a  –9, d  –2 – (–9)  7 and S(m)  1564
m
[2( 9)  ( m  1)(7)]  1564
2
m
(7m  25)  1564
2
7 m 2  25m  3128
∴
7m 2  25m  3128  0
( m  23)(7 m  136)  0
m  23 or
136
m (rejected)
7
3. Consider the arithmetic sequence: 300, 301, 302, …, 500.

Number of terms
 500  300  1
 201
Sum of all the integers between 300 and 500 inclusive
201
 (300  500)
2
 80 400
(a) The multiples of 3 between 300 and 500 inclusive are
300, 303, 306, …, 498.
Let m be the number of multiples of 3 between 300
and 500 inclusive.
8
∴ The sum of all the integers that are multiples of  90  ( n  1)(4)

3 between 300 and 500 inclusive ∴ The general term
 94  4 n
67
 (300  498)
2
 26 733
∴ The sum of all the integers that are not multiples
of 3 between 300 and 500 inclusive
 80 400  26 733
 53 667
(b) The multiples of 5 between 300 and 500 inclusive are
300, 305, 310, …, 500.
Let n be the number of multiples of 5 between 300
and 500 inclusive.
500  300  ( n  1)(5)
n  41
∴ The sum of all the integers that are multiples of
5 between 300 and 500 inclusive
41
 (300  500)
2
 16 400
of 5 between 300 and 500 inclusive
 80 400  16 400
 64 000
(c) The multiples of 15 between 300 and 500 inclusive
are 300, 315, 330, …, 495.
Let p be the number of multiples of 15 between 300
and 500 inclusive.
495  300  ( p  1)(15)
p  14
∴ The sum of all the integers that are multiples of
3 or 5 between 300 and 500 inclusive
14
 26 733  16 400  (300  495)
2
 26 733  16 400  5565
 37 568
of 3 or 5 between 300 and 500 inclusive
 80 400  37 568
 42 832
4. (a) Let a and d be the first term and the common

∵ S ( 4)  336
4
∴ [ 2a  ( 4  1) d ]  336
2
2a  3d  168 (1)
∵ S (12)  816
12
∴ [ 2a  (12  1) d ]  816
2
2a  11d  136
(2)
(2) – (1) : 8d  32
d  4
By substituting d  –4 into (1), we have
2a  3(4)  168
a  90
9
(b) The sum from the 20th term to the 30th term k 1
1
9  2187 
 S (30)  S (19) 3
k 1
30 19 1 1
 [ 2(90)  (30  1)( 4)]  [ 2(90)  (19  1)( 4)]   
2 2 ∴ 3 243
 960  1026 1
k 1
1
5
  66    
3
  3
k 1  5
1. (a) Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio k 6
respectively.
27 1
∵ a  81 and r  
81 3
  1 n 
811    
  3  
S ( n)  
1
1
3
∴  1 
811  n 
3
  
2
3
243  1 
 1  n 
2  3 
(b) The sum of the first 6 terms
 S (6)
243  1 
 1  6 
2  3 
243  728 
  
2  729 
364

3
(c) The sum from the 7th term to the 10th term
 S (10)  S (6)
243  1  364
 1  10  
2  3  3
40

243
2. (a) Let a, r and k be the first term, the common ratio and
the number of terms respectively.
∵
729 1
a  2187, r   and T (k )  ar k 1  9
2187 3
10

  1 6  1. Let r be the common ratio.
2187 1    
∵ S ()  20
S (6)    3  
1 4
1  20
3 1 r
∴ 4  20(1  r )
 1 
∴ 2187 1   20r  16
 729 
 r  0.8
2
∴ The common ratio is 0.8.
3
3 1 1
 2184  2. (a) ∵ 1, , are in geometric sequence.
2 2k 4k
 3276  1 
2
 1 
   (1) 
(b) Let n be the number of terms taken.  2  k   4k 
1 4  k  (2  k ) 2
∵ S (n)  3280
3 ∴
4  k  4  4k  k 2
 1  n
k 2  5k  0
2187 1    
  3   9841 k (k  5)  0
 k 0 or 5
1 3
1
3 (b) When k  0,
6561  1  9841 1
1    1
 0 
first term  1 and common ratio 2
∴
2  3n  3
1 2
1 19 682
1 n  1
3 19 683 S () 
∴ 1
1 1 1
 2
n
3 19 683 2
1 1 When k  5,
n
 9
3 3 1
n9 1
 5  
first term  1 and common ratio 2
∴ The required number of terms is 9.
1 3
3. (a) Let a be the first term. 1
S ( ) 
∵ S (9)  4088  1
∴ 1  
a (29  1)  3
 4088  0.75
2 1
∴
4088
a 0.2  0.2222...
511
a 8  0.2  0.02  0.002  0.0002  ...
∴ The first term is 8. 0 .2

8(2 k  1) 3. (a) 1  0 .1
S (k )   10 000
2 1 0 .2

2 k  1  1250 0 .9
2 k  1251 2

(b) ∵ 9
log 2 k  log 1251
k log 2  log 1251
log 1251
k
log 2
k  10.29 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
∴ The minimum value of k is 11.
11
0.2 4  0.242 424... Further Practice (p. 2.31)

1. ∵ The number of soft toys in each layer is 3 less than
 0.24  0.0024  0.000 024  ... that in the previous layer.
0.24 ∴ The numbers of soft toys in successive layers are in
 arithmetic sequence with common difference –3.
(b) 1  0.01 Let k be the number of layers.
0.24 ∵ T (k )  1

0.99 19  ( k  1)( 3)  1
8 ∴
 22  3k  1
33
k 7
∴ The total number of soft toys needed
7
 (19  1)
2
 70
2. (a) The $10 000 deposited at the beginning of 2009 has

earned a compound interest for 6 years. Hence, it
amounts to $[10 000(1  5%)6].
The $10 000 deposited at the beginning of 2010 has
earned a compound interest for 5 years. Hence, it
amounts to $[10 000(1  5%)5].
∴ The total amount obtained at the end of 2014
 $[10 000(1.05) 6  10 000(1.05) 5 

10 000(1.05) 4  10 000(1.05) 3 
10 000(1.05) 2  10 000(1.05)]
   1  
6
 10 000(1.05) 6 1    
 
  1.05  
$ 
 1 
1
 1.05 

 

 $71 420 (cor. to the nearest dollar)
(b) Suppose the amount will first exceed $100 000 at the
end of the kth year after 2009.
The total amount at the end of the kth year after 2009
 $[10 000(1.05) k 1  10 000(1.05) k 

10 000(1.05) k 1  ...  10 000(1.05)]
∵
  1  k 1

10 000(1.05) k 1 1    
  1.05 
 
S (k )   100 000
1
1
1.05
∴
12
0.05 3. (a) Perimeter of

10 000[(1.05) k 1  1]  100 000  △ A1 B1C1  (7  5  4) cm  16 cm
1.05
10 Perimeter of
(1.05) k 1  1  1
21 △ A2 B2 C 2  (7  5  4) cm  8 cm
31 2
(1.05) k 1  Perimeter of
21
1 1
 31  △ A3 B3C3   (7  5  4) cm  4 cm
log (1.05) k 1  log   2 2
 21  ∴ The perimeters of△A1B1C1, △A2B2C2,
△A3B3C3, … are in geometric sequence with
 31 
(k  1) log 1.05  log   1
 21  common ratio .
2
 31  ∴ The perimeter of triangle AkBkCk
log  
k 1   21  1
k 1
 16  cm
log 1.05 2
k  6.98 (cor. to 2 d.p.)  2 ( 2)1 k cm
4
∴ The amount will first exceed $100 000 at the  2 5 k cm

end of 2016.
(b) The sum of the perimeters of all the triangles formed
16
 cm
1
1
2
 32 cm
Exercise
Exercise 2A (p. 2.10)

Level 1
1. Let a, d,  and n be the first term, the common difference,
the last term and the number of terms respectively.
(a) ∵ a  9, d  12  9  3,   T(n)  300
and T ( n)  a  ( n  1) d
300  9  ( n  1)(3)
∴ 291  3n  3
n  98
98
S (98)  (9  300)
∴ 2
 15 141
(b) ∵ a  1, d  2  (1)  3,   T(n)  95
and T ( n)  a  ( n  1) d
95  1  ( n  1)(3)
∴ 96  3n  3
n  33
33
S (33)  [(1)  95]
∴ 2
 1551
(c) ∵ a  49, d  45  49  4,   T(n)  1
and T ( n)  a  ( n  1) d
1  49  ( n  1)(4)
∴  48  4n  4
n  13
13
S (13)  ( 49  1)
∴ 2
 325
13
1 1 1 1 12
(d) ∵ a , d    , (b) S (12)  [1  ( 54)]
3 2 3 6 2
5 11   318
  T ( n)  1  and
6 6
T ( n)  a  (n  1) d
11 1 1
  ( n  1) 
6 3 6
∴
3 1
 ( n  1) 
2 6
n  10
10  1 11 
S (10)    
∴ 2 3 6 
65

6
2. Let a, d and n be the first term, the common difference and

(a) ∵ a  2, d  4  2  2 and n  20
20
S ( 20)  [ 2( 2)  ( 20  1)( 2)]
∴ 2
 420
(b) ∵ a  5, d  2  (5)  3 and n  25
25
S ( 25)  [ 2( 5)  ( 25  1)(3)]
∴ 2
 775
(c) ∵ a  78, d  72  78  6 and n  27
27
S ( 27)  [ 2(78)  ( 27  1)(6)]
∴ 2
0
(d) Common difference  (3a  b)  (a  b)  2a  2b
∴
10
S (10)  [ 2( a  b)  (10  1)(2a  2b)]
2
 5( 20a  16b)
 100a  80b
3. Let d be the common difference.

∵ S(10)  325
10
[2(7)  (10  1) d ]  325
2
∴ 9d  14  65
17
d 
3
 17 
∴ T (10)  7  (10  1) 
 3 
 58
∴ The 10th term is 58.
4. (a) T (1)  6  5(1)

1
T (12)  6  5(12)
  54
14
5. (a) Let a, d,  and n be the first term, the common

difference, the last term and the number of terms
respectively.
∵ a  14, d  18  14  4,   T(n)  154
and T ( n)  a  ( n  1) d
154  14  ( n  1)(4)
∴ 140  4n  4
n  36
∴ There are 36 terms in the sequence.
36
(b) S (36)  (14  154)
2
 3024
6. (a) Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common

difference and the general term respectively.
∵ a  20 and d  16  20  4
T ( n )  20  ( n  1)(4)
∴
 24  4 n
(b) ∵ T ( k )  72
24  4k  72
∴
k  24
24
(c) S ( 24)  [2( 20)  ( 24  1)( 4)]
2
  624
7. Let a be the first term.

∵ T(4)  10
∴ a  ( 4  1)(2)  10
a4
10
S (10)  [ 2( 4)  (10  1)(2)]
∴ 2
 130

T (4)  a  3d  55  (1)
T (8)  a  7 d  35  ( 2)
(2)  (1) : 4d  20
d  5
By substituting d  5 into (1), we have
a  3( 5)  55
a  70
∴ The first term is 70 and the common difference
is 5.
10
(b) S (10)  [ 2(70)  (10  1)( 5)]
2
 475

∵ S(8)  336
8
[ 2a  (8  1)( 4)]  336
∴ 2
2a  28  84
a  56
∴ The first term is 56.
15
10. (a) ∵ S ( k )  288 (b) ∵ a  21, d  15  21  6 and S(m)  60

k m
[50  ( 18)]  288 [2(21)  (m  1)(6)]  60
∴ 2 2
16k  288 m
(48  6m)  60
k  18 2
∴
(b) Let d be the common difference. 24m  3m 2  60
∵ T (18)  18 m 2  8m  20  0
50  (18  1) d  18 (m  10)(m  2)  0
∴ 17 d  68 m  10 or m  2 (rejected)
d  4
(c) ∵ a  27, d  24  27  3 and S(m)  126
∴ The common difference is 4.
m
[2( 27)  ( m  1)(3)]  126
11. Let a and d be the first term and the common difference 2
respectively.
m
(a) ∵ S (5)  0 (57  3m)  126
2
5 ∴
[ 2a  (5  1) d ]  0 57 m  3m 2  252
2
∴ 2a  4 d  0 m 2  19 m  84  0
a  2d  0 ( m  7)(m  12)  0
m  7 or 12
a  2d
Take d  1, a  2(1)  2 1 4
(d) ∵ a  6, d  7  6  and S(m)  2470
∴ The arithmetic series is 3 3
(2)  ( 1)  0  1  2 .
m  4 
Take d  3, a  2(3)  6 2(6)  ( m  1)   2470
2  3 
∴ The arithmetic series is
( 6)  ( 3)  0  3  6 . m  4m 32 
    2470
(or any other reasonable answers) 2 3 3
(b) ∵ S (5)  15
2m 2 16m
5 ∴   2470
[ 2a  (5  1) d ]  15 3 3
2
∴ 2m 2  16m  7410
2 a  4d  6
m 2  8m  3705  0
a  2d  3
(m  57)(m  65)  0
a  3  2d
Take d  1, a  3  2(1)  1 m  57 or
∴ The arithmetic series is 1  2  3  4  5 . m  65 (rejected)
Take d  2, a  3  2( 2)  1
∴ The arithmetic series is ( 1)  1  3  5  7
.
∵ S (14)  406
(or any other reasonable answers)
14
Level 2 ∴ [ 2a  (14  1) d ]  406
2
12. Let a and d be the first term and the common difference
respectively. 2a  13d  58 (1)
(a) ∵ a  7, d  10  7  3 and S(m)  920 ∵ T ( 4)  T (5)  34
m (a  3d )  (a  4d )  34
[2(7)  (m  1)(3)]  920 ∴
2 2a  7d  34 (2)
m
(3m  11)  920 (1) – (2): 6 d  24
2 d 4
3m 2  11m  1840 By substituting d  4 into (2), we have
∴
3m  11m  1840  0
2 2a  7( 4)  34
(m  23)(3m  80)  0 a3
∴ The first term is 3 and the common difference
m  23 or is 4.
80
m (rejected)
3
16
20 14. (a) Let a and d be the first term and the common
(b) S ( 20)  [ 2(3)  ( 20  1)(4)] difference respectively.
2
∵ a  5.5 and d  7  5.5  1.5
 820
n
S ( n)  [ 2(5.5)  ( n  1)(1.5)]
∴ 2
 0.75n 2  4.75n
(b)
T (11)  T (12)    T ( 20)

 S ( 20)  S (10)
 [0.75( 20) 2  4.75( 20)]  [0.75(10) 2  4.75(10)]
 395  122.5
 272.5
15. (a) First term  T (1)  22  2(1)  20

Common difference
 T ( n  1)  T ( n)
 [ 22  2( n  1)]  ( 22  2n)
 2
(b) Let T(k) be the first negative term.
∵ T (k )  0
22  2k  0
∴ 2k  22
k  11
 T (12)
∴ The first negative term  22  2(12)
 2
(c) ∵ T(n) is negative for n 12.
∴ S(n) is maximum at n  11.
11
S (11)  [ 2( 20)  (11  1)(2)]
2
 110
∴ The maximum value of S(n) is 110.
16. (a) Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common
difference and the general term respectively.
∵ a  99 and d  92  99  7
∴ T ( n)  99  (n  1)(7)
 106  7 n
Let T(k) be the smallest positive term.
∵ T(k) > 0
106  7 k  0
∴ 106  7 k
106
k
7
 T (15)
∴ The smallest positive term  106  7(15)
1
(b) The sum of all the positive terms
 S (15)
15
 (99  1)
2
 750
17
17. Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common difference 19. (a) Let a and d be the first term and the common
and the general term respectively. difference respectively.
∵ a  49, d  46  (49)  3 ∵ S(6)  124
∴ T ( n)  49  ( n  1)(3) 6
[2a  (6  1) d ]  124
 3n  52 ∴ 2
Let T(k) be the last negative term. 124
∵ T(k) < 0 2a  5d   (1)
3k  52  0 3
∴ ∵ S(9)  132
52
k 9
3 [2a  (9  1)d ]  132
∴ 2
 T (17)
∴ The last negative term  3(17 )  52 88
2 a  8d   ( 2)
3
 1 3d  12
(2)  (1):
17
S (17)  [ 49  ( 1)] d  4
2 By substituting d  4 into (1), we have
 425 124
∴ The sum of all the negative terms is 425. 2a  5(4) 
3
18. (a) The integers between 200 and 500 inclusive that are 92
divisible by 5 are 200, 205, 210, ..., 500.
a
3
Let k be the number of integers between 200 and 500
inclusive that are divisible by 5. 92
∴ The first term is and the common
500  200  ( k  1)(5) 3
k  61 difference is 4.
∴ The sum of all the integers between 200 and 500 (b) ∵ S(k)  104
inclusive that are divisible by 5 k   92  
61 2   ( k  1)( 4)  104
 (200  500) 2  3  
2
 21 350 k  196 
  4k   104
(b) The integers between 200 and 500 inclusive that are
2 3 
divisible by 7 are 203, 210, 217, ..., 497. 196k
Let m be the number of integers between 200 and 500  4k 2  208
∴ 3
inclusive that are divisible by 7.
497  203  ( m  1)(7) 49k  3k 2  156
m  43 3k 2  49k  156  0
∴ The sum of all the integers between 200 and 500 ( k  12)(3k  13)  0
inclusive that are divisible by 7
43 k  12 or
 ( 203  497)
2 13
k (rejected)
 15 050 3
(c) The integers between 200 and 500 inclusive that are
divisible by both 5 and 7 (i.e. 35) are 210, 245, k  k 2  k 3    k 64
280, ... , 490.
Let n be the number of integers between 200 and 500  k 1 2  3   64
20. (a)
inclusive that are divisible by both 5 and 7. 64
(1 64 )
490  210  (n  1)(35) k 2
n9  k 2080
∴ The sum of all the integers between 200 and 500
inclusive that are divisible by both 5 and 7 2 2  2 4  2 6    2128
9 (b)  ( 2 2 )1  ( 2 2 ) 2  ( 2 2 ) 3    ( 2 2 ) 64
 ( 210  490)
2  ( 2 2 ) 2080 (from (a))
 3 150
2 4160
(d) The sum of all the integers between 200 and 500
inclusive that are divisible by either 5 or 7
21. (a) First term  2a  b
 21 350  15 050  3150
 33 250 Common difference  (3a  2b )  ( 2 a  b)
 ab
∴
18
18 26  2(10)  6
S (18)  [ 2(2a  b)  (18  1)(a  b)]
2 (b) 42  3(10)  2(6)
 9(21a  19b) 58  4(10)  3(6)
 189a  171b 
∴ 26, 42, 58, ... is an arithmetic sequence in the
given form with a 10 and b  6.
∴ S(18)
 189(10)  171(6)
 2916
22. (a) In the 1st bracket, there is 1 term.

In the 2nd bracket, there are 2 terms.
In the 3rd bracket, there are 3 terms.
∴ Number of terms in the nth bracket  n
 1 2  3   n
(b) Total number of terms n(n  1)

2
(c) Let a and  be the first term and the last term
respectively.
∵ a  1 and   total number of terms in the first
n( n  1)
n brackets 
2
∴ The sum of the terms in the first n brackets
n(n  1)
2  n( n  1) 
 1  
2  2 
n( n  1)  n( n  1) 
 1  
4  2 
(d) The sum of the terms in the first (n  1) brackets
(n  1)(n  1  1)  (n  1)(n  1  1) 
 1 
4  2 
n( n  1)  n( n  1) 
 1 
4  2 
∴ The sum of the terms in the nth bracket
 the sum of the terms in the first n brackets 
the sum of the terms in the first (n  1)
brackets
n( n  1)  n(n  1)  n( n  1)  n( n  1)
 1   1
4  2  4  2
n n(n  1) 2 n( n  1) 2 
 ( n  1)   ( n  1)  
4 2 2 
n n 2 
 2  [( n  1)  ( n  1) ]
2
4 2 
n n 
  2  ( 4n)
4 2 
n
 ( 2 n 2  2)
4
n( n 2  1)

2
19
Exercise 2B (p. 2.18) 2[1  ( 4) 6 ]

Level 1 S (6) 
1. Let a, r and n be the first term, the common ratio and the 1  ( 4)
number of terms taken respectively. ∴
2(1  4096)
2 
(a) ∵ a  1, n  10 and r   2 5
1   1638
1( 2 10  1)
S (10) 
∴ 2 1
 1023
9 1
(b) ∵ a  27, n  7 and r  
27 3
  1 7 
27 1    
  3  
S (7) 
1
1
3
 1 
271  
∴  2187 

2
3
2186 3
 
81 2
1093

27
2. Let a, r and k be the first term, the common ratio and the
number of terms of the given series respectively.
6
(a) ∵ a  2, r   3 and
2
T ( k )  ar k 1  4374
4374  2(3) k 1
3k 1  2187
∴
3k 1  37
k 1  7
k 8
∴ The number of terms is 8.
2(38  1)
S (8) 
3 1
∴ 2(6561  1)

2
 6560
8
(b) ∵ a  2, r   4 and
2
T ( k )  ar k 1  2048
 2048  2( 4) k 1
( 4) k 1  1024
∴
( 4) k 1  ( 4) 5
k 1  5
k 6
20
3. Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio

respectively.
2
(a) ∵ a  1 and r  2
1
1( 2 m  1)
 511
2 1
2 m  1  511
∴
2 m  512
2 m  29
m9
1
1 3 3
(b) ∵ a and r 
9 1
9
1 m
(3  1)
9 4
 40
3 1 9
1 364
(3 m  1) 
∴ 18 9
3  1  728
m
3 m  729
3 m  36
m6
the number of terms of the given series respectively.
2500 1
∵ a  12 500, r   and
12 500 5
T ( k )  ar k 1  0.8
k 1
 1
0.8  12 500  
 5
k 1
 1 1
  
∴  5 15 625
k 1 6
 1  1
    
 5  5
k 1  6
k 7
  1 7 
12 500 1     
S (7 )    5  
 1
1  
 5
(b)
 1 
12 5001  
 78 125 

6
5
 10 416.8
21
5. Let a be the first term. 8[1  ( 2) 10 ]

∵ T (3)  27 S (10) 
1  ( 2)
31
 2 ∴
8(1  1024)
a    27 
 3 3
∴ 4   2728
a   27
9
243
a
4
243   2  
10
1     
4   3  
S (10) 
 2
1  
 3
243  1024 
1  
∴ 4  59 049 

5
3
58 025 3
 
972 5
11 605

324
6. ∵ S(k)  4088
8( 2 k  1)
 4088
2 1
2 k  1  511
∴
2 k  512
2k  29
k 9

(a) ∵ S(8)  5780
a[1  ( 2)8 ]
 5780
1  ( 2)
∴
255a
  5780
3
a  68
(b) ∵ S(8)  5780
a ( 28  1)
 5780
2 1
∴ 255a  5780
2
a  22
3
2
∴ The first term is  22 .
3
8. (a) Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio
respectively.
16
∵ a  8 and r   2
8
22
(b) Consider the given geometric series with positive 10. Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio
terms only, i.e. 8  32  128  ... respectively.
Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio 60 000 6
respectively. ∵ a  50 000 and r  
50 000 5
32
∵ a  8 and r  4  6  k 
8 50 000   1
8(410  1)  5  
S (10)   496 496
4 1 6
1
∴ 8(1 048 576  1) 5

3  6  k 
50 000   1
 2 796 200  5  
 496 496
1
9. (a) Consider the given geometric sequence with negative
∴ S(k)  5
1
terms only, i.e.  ,  1,  9,  k
9 6 31 031
  1 
Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio 5 15 625
respectively. k
1 9 6 46 656
∵ a and r  9   
9 1 5 15 625
k 6
1 6 6
 (9 5  1)    
5
  5
S (5)  9
9 1 k 6
1
∴  (59 049  1)
Level 2
 9 11. Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio
8 respectively.
1 ∵ S(3)  12
  820
9 a (r 3  1)
∴  12 ...... (1)
r 1
(b) Consider the given geometric sequence with positive
∵ T ( 4)  T (5)  T (6)  96
1
terms only, i.e. , 3, 27,  S (6)  S (3)  96
3
Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio S (6)  12  96
respectively. ∴ S (6)  84
3
1 r  9 a ( r 6  1) ...... (2)
∵ a and 1  84
3 r 1
3
r 6  1  84
1 5 
(9  1) r 3  1 12
S (5)  3 r 6  1  7r 3  7
9 1
(2)  (1): r 6  7r 3  8  0
1
∴ (59 049  1)
(r 3  8)(r 3  1)  0
 3
8 r 3  8 or 1
1 r  2 or 1 (rejected)
 2460
3 By substituting r  2 into (1), we have
a[( 2)3  1]
 12
 2 1
3a  12
a4
∴ The first term is 4 and the common ratio is 2.
23
respectively.
2
2 r 3
∵ a and 2
3
3
2 n
(3  1)
S ( n)  3
3 1
2 n
∴ (3  1)
 3
2
1
 (3n  1)
3
(b) The sum from the 3rd term to the 8th term
 S (8)  S ( 2)
1  1 
  (38  1)   (32  1) 
3  3 
6560 8
 
3 3
 2184
13. Let a, r and k be the first term, the common ratio and the
number of terms respectively.
32
(a) ∵ a  3, r   3 and k = 12
3
3(312  1)
S (12) 
3 1
∴ 3(531 441  1)

2
 797 160
34
(b) ∵ a  32, r  9 and k = 6
32
3 2 (9 6  1)
S (6) 
9 1
∴ 9(531 441  1)

8
 597 870
33
(c) ∵ a  1, r   27 and k = 5
1
1( 27 5  1)
S (5) 
27  1
∴ 14 348 907  1

26
 551 881
24
  3 m 
respectively. 32 1    
∵ a  4 and r 
6 3
   4    124
4 2 3
1
 3  k  4
4   1
 2     3 m 
 800 32 1    
3
1   4    124
2 1
 3  k  4
4   1 m
 2   3 31
 800 1   
1 4 32
∴ S(m) 
2 3
m
1
k   
 3 4 32
   1  100
∴ S(k)   2 3
m
1
k log    log
3 4 32
   101
2 3 1
k m log    log
3 4
  32
log    log 101
2  1 
log  
3  32 
k log    log 101 m
2 3
log  
log 101 4
k
3 m  12.05 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
log  
2 ∴ The maximum value of m is 12.
k  11 .38 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
respectively.
24 3
∵ a  32 and r  
32 4
25
16. (a) Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio   2 12 
respectively. 12151     
T ( 2)  ar  48  (1)   3  
S (12) 
T (6)  ar  768  ( 2)
5
 2
1  
ar 5 768  3

(2)  (1): ar 48 ∴  4096 
12151  
r 4  16  531 441 

r  2 or  2 5
By substituting r  2 into (1), we have 3
a ( 2)  48  723.3813
a  24  723.4 (cor. to 1 d.p.)
By substituting r  2 into (1), we have
(b) The sum from the 7th term to the 12th term
a (2)  48
 S (12)  S (6)
a  24  723.3813  665
∴ The first term is 24 and the common ratio is 2
or the first term is 24 and the common ratio  58.4 (cor. to 1 d.p.)
is 2.
(b) When a  24 and r  2,
24( 2 8  1)
S (8) 
2 1
 6120
When a  24 and r  2,
 24[1  ( 2) 8 ]
S (8) 
1  ( 2)
 24(1  256)

3
 2040
17. (a) Let a be the first term.

∵ S (6)  665
  2 6 
a 1     
  3    665
 2
1  
 3
 64 
∴ a1  
 729   665
5
3
133a
 665
243
a  1215
26
18. (a) Let r be the common ratio. ∴ Number of terms in the first n brackets
∵ S (3)  292  1 2  3   n
4(r  1) 3
n(n  1)
 292 
r 1 2
r 3 1 n n
2
∴  73 
r 1 2
(r  1)(r 2  r  1)  73(r  1) and a  1, r  2
n2  n
(r  1)[(r 2  r  1)  73]  0 1( 2 2
 1)
(r  1)(r  9)(r  8)  0

∴ The required sum 2 1
r  1 (rejected) or  9 or 8 n2  n
∴ The possible values of the common ratio are – 9 2 2
1
and 8.
(b) ∵ Common ratio is negative.
∴ r  9 a (r n  1)
20. S1  a  ar  ar 2    ar n 1 
4[1  ( 9) 6 ] r 1
S ( 6) 
1  ( 9)
∴
4(1  531 441) a 2 [(r 2 ) n  1]
 S 2  a 2  a 2 r 2  a 2 r 4    a 2 r 2( n1) 
10 r 2 1
  212 576
a 2 (r 2 n  1)

19. (a) First term in the 1st bracket  1  20 r 2 1
2
First term in the 2nd bracket  2  20  1 ( r  1) S1  2aS1
First term in the 3rd bracket  23  20  1  2 2
∴ First term in the nth bracket  a ( r n  1)   a ( r n  1) 
 2 0  1  2    ( n 1)  ( r  1)    2a  
n ( n 1)
 r 1   r 1 
2 2
a 2 ( r n  1) 2 2a 2 ( r n  1)
 
Last term in the nth bracket r 1 r 1
a ( r  1) n
2 n
1  ( r  1)
  first term in the (n  1) th bracket r 1
2 a 2 ( r 2 n  1)
1
( n 1)( n 11) 
 2 2 r 1
2 a ( r 2 n  1) ( r  1)
2
n ( n 1)
1  
2 2 r 1 ( r  1)
n2  n2 a 2 ( r 2 n  1)
 ( r  1)
2 2
r2 1
(b) Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio  ( r  1) S 2
respectively.
Number of terms in the 1st bracket  1
Exercise 2C (p. 2.25)
Number of terms in the 2nd bracket  2 Level 1
Number of terms in the 3rd bracket  3 1. Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio
∴ Number of terms in the nth bracket  n respectively.
n ( n 1)
and a  2 6 2
2 ,r2 (a) ∵ a  9 and r  
9 3
n ( n 1)
9
2 2
( 2 n  1) S ( ) 
 2
∴ The required sum 2 1 ∴ 1
n ( n 1)
3
 ( 2 n  1) 2 2  27
(c) Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio 2 1
(b) ∵ a  4 and r  
respectively. 4 2
Number of terms in the first bracket  1
Number of terms in the first 2 brackets  1  2
Number of terms in the first 3 brackets  1  2  3
27
4 2
S ( ) 
 1 (c) ∵ a  1 and 2
1   r 5 
 2 1 5
4 1
∴  S ( ) 
3 2
∴ 1
2 5
8 5
 
3 3
5

(d) ∵ a  5 and 1
r 3 
5 3
5
S () 
 1
1  
 3
∴ 5

4
3
15

4
2. Let r be the common ratio.

∵ S ( )  8
3
8
1 r
∴ 3  8  8r
8r  5
r  0.625
∴ The common ratio is 0.625.

∵ S ()  90
a
 90
1  0. 2
∴
a
 90
0.8
a  72

respectively.
T ( 2)  ar  6 (1)
∵ S ( )  24
a
∴  24 (2)
1 r
From (1), we have
6
r ……(3)
a
By substituting (3) into (2), we have
28
a 5. Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio

 24 respectively.
6
1 ∵ S(3)  21
a
a (1  r 3 )
a 2  24(a  6) ∴  21 (1)
1 r
a 2  24a  144  0 ∵ S()  24
(a  12)  0
2 a
∴  24 (2)
a  12 1 r
∴ The first term is 12. 7
1 r3 
8
(1)  (2): 1
r3 
8
1
r
2
1
By substituting r  into (2), we have
2
a
 24
1
1
2
a  12
∴ The first 3 terms are 12, 6, and 3.

respectively.
x
(a) ∵ a  1, r  x
1
1
∴ S ( ) 
1 x
1
(b) ∵ S ( )  1
8
1 1
1
1 x 8
8
∴  1 x
9
1
x
9
0.4  0.4444
 0.4  0.04  0.004  0.0004  
0. 4

7. (a) 1  0.1
0.4

0.9
4

9
29
0.5  0.5555 0.4 7  0.474 747

 0.5  0.05  0.005  0.0005    0.47  0.0047  0.000 047  
0 .5 0.47
 
(b) 1  0 .1 (c) 1  0.01
0 .5 0.47
 
0 .9 0.99
5 47
 
9 99
Level 2
T (1)  a  211 ar 11
8. (a)
T ( 2)  2ar  2 21 ar 21
T (3)  4ar 2  2 31 ar 31
∴ T ( n)  2 n 1 ar n 1
T (n) 2 n1 ar n1

 n2 n2
T (n  1) 2 ar
 2r , which is a constant.
∴ a, 2ar, 4ar2, are in geometric sequence.
(b) For the sum to infinity exists,
1  2 r  1
∴
 0.5  r  0.5
∴ The required range of values of r is
0.5 < r < 0.5.
0.2
9. (a) Common ratio

0.04
5
0.04(5 4  1)
S ( 4) 
5 1
0.04(625  1)

4
(b)
 6.24
0.04(510  1)
S (10) 
5 1
0.04(9 765 625  1)

4
 97 656.24
0.04(5 n  1)
S (n) 
(c) ∵ 5 1
5 1
n

100
∴ S(n) will become infinitely large when n tends to
infinity.
respectively.
1

∵ a = 1 and 1
r 3 
1 3
30
1 (b) (i) ∵ Each term in the sequence is the negative of

S ( )  the corresponding term in the sequence of
 1 (a).
1  
 3 ∴ S ( )  0.75
∴ 1 (ii) ∵ Each term in the sequence is the product of
 4 and the corresponding term in the
4 sequence of (a).
3 ∴ S ()  0.75  4
 0.75 3
11. (a)
0.23 4  0.234 343 4

 0.2  0.034  0.000 34  0.000 003 4  
0.034
 0.2 
1  0.01
0.034
 0.2 
0.99
116

495
(b)
2.7 47  2.747 747 747 

 2  0.747  0.000 747  0.000 000 747  
0.747
 2
1  0.001
0.747
 2
0.999
83
2
111
12a
12. (a) First term  12 and common ratio  a
12
∵ S ( )  84
12
 84
1 a
∴ 12  84  84a
84a  72
6
a
7
1
(b) ∵ Each term in the sequence is times the
4
corresponding term in the given sequence.
84
∴ S ()   21
4
respectively.
T ( 2)  ar  12 (1)
∵ S ( )  64
a
∴  64 ............(2)
1 r
31
3 1
r (1  r )  By substituting r  into (1), we have
16 4
16r  16r 2  3 1
(1)  (2): a   12
16r  16r  3  0
2
4
(4r  1)(4r  3)  0 a  48
1 3 3
r or By substituting r  into (1), we have
4 4 4
3
a   12
4
a  16
∴ The first term is 48 and the common ratio is 0.25
or the first term is 16 and the common ratio is 0.75.
respectively.
T (5)  ar 4  48 (1)
T (8)  ar 7  6 (2)
1
r3 
(2)  (1): 8
1
r
2
1
By substituting r  into (1), we have
2
4
1
a   48
2
a  768
∴ The first term is 768 and the common ratio is
0.5.
768
(b) S ( ) 
1  0.5
 1536
(c) (i) Let t1,t2, t3,  be the given sequence.
11
1
t1  T (1)    T (1)
2
2 1
1 1
t2  T ( 2)    T ( 2)
2 2
2 3 1
1 1
t3    T (3)    T (3)
2 2
n 1
1
∴ tn    T (n)
2
32
n 1
1 T (1)
  T ( n) S ( ) 
tn 2 1
  n 2 1
4
tn 1 1
  T ( n  1) (ii) 768
2 
3
 1  T (n) 4
 
 2  T (n  1)  1024
 1  1 
    15. Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio
 2  2 
respectively.
1 ∵ S ( )  21
 , which is a constant.
4 a
1 2 ∴  21 (1)
1 1 r
∴ T(1), T ( 2),   T (3),
2 2 All the odd terms T(1), T(3), T(5),  are in geometric
3 sequence with common ratio r2.
1 63
  T ( 4), are in geometric ∵ S ( ) 
2 4
sequence.
a 63
∴  ..........(2)
1 r 2
4
1 r 2 4

1 r 3
4(1  r )  3(1  r 2 )
(1)  (2): 4  4r  3  3r 2
3r 2  4r  1  0
(3r  1)(r  1)  0
1
r  or 1 (rejected)
3
1
By substituting r  into (1), we have
3
a
 21
1
1
3
a  14
1
∴ The first term is 14 and the common ratio is
3
.
1 1
16. (a) ∵ 1, , ,  is a geometric sequence.
k k 2
2
1  1 
   (1) 
k
  k 2
1 1

∴ k 2
k 2
k2  k 2
k2 k 2  0
(k  1)(k  2)  0
k   1 or 2
(b) For k  1,
the geometric sequence is 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 
when n is even,
1 + (1) + 1 + (1) +  + 1 + (1) = 0
when n is odd,
33
1 + (1) + 1 + (1) +  + 1 + (1) + 1= 1 1

∴ S ( ) does not exist. For k  2, common ratio 1
 2 
1 2
1
S () 
∴ 1
1
2
2
Exercise 2D (p. 2.31)

Level 1
1. ∵ The number of cans in each layer is 2 less than the
previous layer.
∴ The numbers of cans in successive layers counting
from the bottom are in arithmetic sequence with
common difference 2.
Let k be the total number of layers.
T (k )  1
∵ 23  ( k  1)( 2)  1
25  2k  1
k  12
12
∴ Total number of cans  2 ( 23  1)
 144
2. ∵ The amount of money Angel saves in each week is

$10 less than the preceding week.
∴ The amount of money Angel saves in successive
weeks are in arithmetic sequence with common
difference $10.
∴ Total amount of money Angel saves after 7 weeks
7 
 $ [ 2(100)  (7  1)( 10)]
 2 
 $490
 $480
∴ She has enough money to buy the watch.
3. (a) ∵ The number of students in each row is 7 fewer

than the preceding row.
∴ The numbers of students in successive rows are
in arithmetic sequence with common difference
7.
∴ The total number of students
12
 [ 2(88)  (12  1)( 7)]
2
 594
(b) ∵ Boys are arranged in the even rows.
∴ There are 6 rows of boys only.
∴ The numbers of boys in successive (even) rows
are in arithmetic sequence with first row
88 – 7  81 and common difference
–7  2  –14.
∴ The total number of boys
6
 [ 2(81)  (6  1)(14)]
2
 276
34
4. (a) ∵ The number of seats in each row is 3 more than ∴ The total amount of money in his bank account at the
the preceding row. end of the nth year
∴ The numbers of seats in successive rows are in = $[4000(1.035)n  4000(1.035)n-1  4000(1.035)n-2
arithmetic sequence with common difference 3.  …  4000(1.035)]
Let T(k) be the number of seats in the last row. Obviously, the sum is a geometric series with first term
∵ T ( k )  12  6 1
4000(1.035)n, common ratio and number of
12  ( k  1)(3)  72 1.035
∴
9  3k  72 terms n.
∴ The total amount of money at the end of the nth year
k  21
∴ There are 21 rows.    1  
n
 4000(1.035) n 1    
21   
 1.035   
(b) Total number of seats  2 (12  72)

 $ 
 1 
 882 1
 1.035 

 

5. The $5000 deposited at the beginning of the 1st year has
earned compound interest for 10 years. Hence, it amounts  
 4000(1.035 n  1) 
to $[5000(1  6%)10].  $ 
The $5000 deposited at the beginning of the 2nd year has  0.035 
earned compound interest for 9 years. Hence, it amounts  1.035 
to $[5000(1  6%)9]. ∴ The required increase in money
The $5000 deposited at the beginning of the 3rd year has  the total amount at the end of the 10th year –
earned compound interest for 8 years. Hence, it amounts the total amount at the end of the 5th year
to $[5000(1  6%)8].

The $5000 deposited at the beginning of the 10th year has  
earned compound interest for 1 year. Hence, it amounts to
 4000(1.03510  1) 4000(1.0355  1) 
$  
$[5000(1  6%)].  0.035 0.035 
∴ The total amount received at the end of the 10th year 
 1.035 1.035 

 $[5000(1.06)10  5000(1.06)9  5000(1.06)8  … 
5000(1.06)]   1.035  5 
 $  4000 (1.035  1.035 ) 
10
Obviously, the sum is a geometric series with first term   0.035  
1  $26 367 (cor. to the nearest dollar)
5000(1.06)10, common ratio and number of terms
1.06
10. 7. ∵ The output of the gold mine in each month is 80% of
∴ The total amount received at the end of the 10th year that in the previous month.
  1  
10 ∴ The output of the gold mine in successive months are
 5000(1.06)10 1  
   in geometric sequence with common ratio 0.8.

 
  1.06   
 ∴ The total possible output of the gold mine
 $ 
1  1000 
 1    kg
 1.06   1  0.8 

 
  5000 kg
   1  
10
 5000(1.06)10 1    

 
  1.06   
 8. (a) (i) Perimeter of △A B C  3  12 cm
 $  1 1 1  36 cm
 0 . 06 
 1.06  1

 

A2 B2  A1 B1 (mid-pt. theorem)
2
 $69 858 (cor. to the nearest dollar)  6 cm
 3  6 cm
6. At the end of the nth year: ∴ Perimeter of △A B C
2 2 2  18 cm
The $4000 deposited on 1st January of the 1st year has
earned compound interest for n years. Hence, it amounts (ii) Area of △A B C
to $[4000(1  3.5%)n]. 1 1 1
The $4000 deposited on 1st January of the 2nd year has 1

 (12)(12) sin 60 cm 2
earned compound interest for (n – 1) years. Hence, it 2
amounts to $[4000(1  3.5%)n-1].
The $4000 deposited on 1st January of the 3rd year has  36 3 cm 2
earned compound interest for (n – 2) years. Hence, it Area of △A B C
amounts to $[4000(1  3.5%)n-2]. 2 2 2
 1
 (6)(6) sin 60 cm 2
The $4000 deposited on 1st January of the nth year has 2
earned compound interest for 1 year. Hence, it amounts to
$[4000(1  3.5%)].  9 3 cm 2
35
(b) (i) Similarly,

  1 n 
1000(1.04) n 1    
  1.04  

1 S ( n)   15 000
A3 B3  A2 B2 (mid - pt. theorem) 1
2 1
1.04
1
A4 B4  A3 B3 (mid - pt. theorem) 1000(1.04 n  1)
2  15 000
0.04

The lengths of the side of the triangles formed 1.04
are in geometric sequence with common ratio 15
1 1.04 n  1 
. 26
2 41
∴ Sum to infinity of the perimeters of all 1.04 n 
triangles formed 26
 (36  18  ) cm  41 
log 1.04 n  log  

36
cm  26 
1  41 
1 n log 1.04  log 
2 
 26 
 72 cm
(ii) Similarly, the areas of the triangles formed are
also in geometric sequence with common ratio
1  41 
log  
.  26 
4 n
∴ Sum to infinity of the areas of all triangles log 1.04
formed n  11 .61
 (36 3  9 3  ) cm 2 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
36 3 ∴ The minimum number of years needed is 12.
 cm 2
1
1 10. The height reached by the ball just after the 1st rebound
4
 10 m  75%
 48 3 cm 2
 7.5 m
∵ The ball rebounds to 75% of the height it falls.
Level 2 ∴ The distances travelled in successive upwards (or
9. At the end of the nth year: downwards) are in geometric sequence with common
The $1000 deposited at the beginning of the 1st year has ratio 0.75.
earned compound interest for n years. Hence, it amounts ∴ Total distance travelled before the ball comes to rest
to $[1000(1  4%)n].  7.5 
The $1000 deposited at the beginning of the 2nd year has  10   2 m
earned compound interest for (n – 1) years. Hence, it  1  0.75 
amounts to $[1000(1  4%)n1].  (10  60) m
The $1000 deposited at the beginning of the 3rd year has  70 m
earned compound interest for (n – 2) years. Hence, it
amounts to $[1000(1  4%)n2].
11. (a) (i) Total value at the end of the 1st year

 $ x (1  4%)
The $1000 deposited at the beginning of the nth year has
earned compound interest for 1 year. Hence, it amounts to  $1.04 x
$[1000(1  4%)]. (ii) Total value at the end of 2nd year
∴ The total amount obtained at the end of the nth year
 $[ x (1  4%) 2  x (1  4%)]
= $[1000(1.04)n  1000(1.04)n1  1000(1.04)n2
 …  1000(1.04)]  $(1.0816 x  1.04 x )
Obviously, the sum is a geometric series with first term  $2.1216 x
1 (b) Total value at the end of the nth year
1000(1.04)n, common ratio and number of terms
1.04  $[x(1  4%)n  x(1  4%)n1  x(1  4%)n2  … 
n. x(1  4%)]
∴  $[x(1.04)n  x(1.04)n1  x(1.04)n2  …  x(1.04)]
Obviously, the sum is a geometric series with first
1
term x(1.04)n, common ratio and number of
1.04
terms n.
Total value at the end of the nth year
36
 12. (a) (i) The distance travelled in the nth second

  1  
n
 x (1.04) n 1      20  0.8n 1 m

  
 1.04    (ii) The total distance travelled in the first n seconds
 $ 
 1   (20  20  0.8  20  0.82  …  20  0.8n–1) m
1
 1.04  Clearly, the sum is a geometric series with first

 
 term 20, common ratio 0.8 and number of terms
n.
  ∴ The total distance travelled in the first
 x (1.04 n  1)  n seconds
 $ 
 0.04   20(1  0.8n ) 
 1.04   m
 1  0.8 
  1.04  
 $  x (1.04 n  1)   20(1  0.8n ) 
  0.04    m
 0 .2 
 $26 x (1.04 n  1)
 100(1  0.8n ) m
(c) Total value at the end of the 6th year
(b) The total distance travelled
 $[ 26( 20 000)(1.04  1)]
6  20 
(from (b))  m
 $137 966 (cor. to the nearest dollar)  1  0 .8 
 20 
 m
 0 .2 
 100 m
 101 m
∴ The train can stop successfully without hitting
the obstacle.
2
13. (a) ∵ The angle formed in each swing is of the
3
previous swing.
∴ The angles formed in successive swings are in
2
geometric sequence with common ratio .
3
∴ The total angle the pendulum swings through
before it comes to rest
120

2
1
3
120

1
3
 360
(b) The total distance the pendulum swings through
before it comes to rest
 360 
 2 (10 cm)  
 360 
 20 cm
14. (a) BD  AB sin 

∴ d1  x sin 
DE  BD cos EDB
∴ d 2  x sin  cos 
(b) (i)
d 3  EF  DE cos FED  x sin  cos 2 

d 4  FG  EF cos GFE  x sin  cos3 
37
d 2 x sin  cos 
  cos 
d1 x sin 
d 3 x sin  cos 2 
  cos 
d2 x sin  cos 
  cos 
d2 d3 d4
∴  
d1 d 2 d 3
∴ d1, d2, d3, d4 are in geometric sequence with
common ratio cos .
x sin  (1  cos 4  )
d1  d 2  d3  d 4 
1  cos 
(ii) x sin  (1  cos 2  )(1  cos 2  )

1  cos 
 x sin  (1  cos  )(1  cos 2  )
d1  d 2  d 3  d 4
 20 sin 30(1  cos 30)(1  cos 2 30)
  
2
 1  3 
 1   3  
 20 1 
(c)  2 
 2 
 2  
  

35  2 3 


2  2 

35
 (2  3 )
4
1
15. (a) (i) The portion that P gets the first time 
4
(ii) The portion that P gets the second time alone
 1  1  1
    
4
   4 16
(iii) The portion that P gets the nth time alone
n 1
1 1
   
4 4
1
 n
4
(b) The portion that P will get in the first n times
1 1 1 1
    ... 
4 16 64 4n
1 1 1 1
  2  3  ... 
4 4 4 4n
Obviously, the sum is a geometric series with first
1 1
term , common ratio and number of terms n.
4 4
∴ The portion that P will get if they divide the
cake an infinite number of times
38
1
 4
1
1
4
1
 4
3
4 16. (a)
1 ∵ △ABC is an equilateral triangle.

3 ∴ ABC  60
∵ Area of △ABC  3  area of △OAB
∴
1 1
( AB )( BC )(sin ABC )  3  ( AB )(OD)
2 2
1 1
(8)(8)(sin 60)  3  (8)(r1 )
2 2
4
r1 
3
Consider △OEF.
FOE  60
OE  OF cos FOE
r1  r2  ( r1  r2 ) cos 60
1
r2  r1
3
4
r2 
3 3
1 4
Similarly, r3  3 r2 
9 3
(b) From (a), we know that r1, r2, r3,  are in geometric
4 1
sequence with first term and common ratio
3 3
.
Sum of the circumferences of these circles
 ( 2r1  2r2  2r3   ) cm
 2 ( r1  r2  r3   ) cm
 4 
 
 2  3  cm
 1 
1 
 3 
 4 3 cm
(c) Consider the sequence r12, r22, r32, 
2
r2
2
 r2  1
   
r1  r1  9
2
∴ r12, r22, r32,  are in geometric sequence with

16 1
first term and common ratio .
3 9
Sum of the areas of these circles
39
2 2 2 Revision Exercise 2 (p. 2.36)

 (r1  r2  r3   ) cm 2 Level 1
2 2 2 1. Let a, d and n be the first term, the common difference and
  (r1  r2  r3   ) cm 2 the number of terms taken respectively.
(a) ∵ a  3, n  20 and d  2  (3)  5
 16 
  S ( 20) 
20
[ 2( 3)  ( 20  1)(5)]
 3  cm 2 ∴ 2
1 1   890
 
 9  (b) ∵ a  65, n  15 and d  62  65  3
 6 cm 2
S (15) 
15
[ 2(65)  (15  1)( 3)]
∴ 2
 660
(c) ∵ a  7, n  12 and d  4  7  3
12
∴ S (12)  [ 2(7)  (12  1)( 3)]
2
  114
2. Let a, r and n be the first term, the common ratio and the
number of terms taken respectively.
5 1
(a) ∵ a  10, n  6 and r  
10 2
  1 6 
101    
  2  
S ( 6)  
1
1
2
∴  1 
101  
 64 

1
2
11
 19
16
24
(b) ∵ a  8, n  8 and r   3
8
8[1  ( 3)8 ]
S (8) 
1  ( 3)
∴
8(1  6561)

4
  13 120
6 1
(c) ∵ a  18, n  12 and r  
 18 3
  1 12 
 181     
S (12)    3  
 1
1  
 3
∴  1 
 181  
 531 441 

4
3
265 720

19 683
40
3. Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio 2

respectively. ∴ The common difference is .
3
14 1
(a) ∵ a  28 and r  
28 2
28
S () 
∴ 1
1
2
 56
18 2
(b) ∵ a  27 and r  
27 3
27
S ( ) 
 2
1  
∴  3
81

5
9

3 25 3
(c) ∵ a  and r  
5 3 5
5
3
S ( )  5
 3
∴ 1  
 5
3

8
4. (a) Let k be the number of terms in the sequence.

S ( k )  10 100
k
∵ ( 200  2)  10 100
2
101k  10 100
k  100
∴ There are 100 terms in the sequence.
(b) Let d be the common difference.
∵ T (100)  2
200  (100  1)d  2
∴
99d  198
d  2
∴ The common difference is 2.

∵ S (9)  90
9
∴ [ 2a  (9  1) d ]  90
2
a  4d  10 (1)
∵ T (11)  14
∴ a  10d  14 (2)
6d  4
(2)  (1): 2
d 
3
41
2 2 k
(b) By substituting d  into (1), we have (4  1)
3 S (k )  3  3650
2 4 1
a  4   10 4k  1  16 425
3
22 4k  16 426
∴
a
3 log 4k  log 16 426
50   22   2  k log 4  log 16 426
S (50)   2   (50  1)  
2   3   3  log 16 426
∴ k
3550 log 4

3 k  7.0018 (cor. to 4 d.p.)
∴ The maximum value of k is 7.
6. (a) The sum of all the integers between 1 and 50
inclusive
50
 (1  50)
2
 1275
(b) The sum of all the even integers between 1 and 100
inclusive
 2  4  6    100
 2(1  2  3    50)
 2(1275) (from (a))
 2550

respectively.
3
∵ a  1 and r  3
1
1(3k  1)
S (k )   2000
3 1
3k  1  4000
3k  4001
∴
log 3k  log 4001
k log 3  log 4001
log 4001
k
log 3
k  7.55 (cor. to 2 d.p.)

respectively.
2 8
2
2 3
∵ a and r   3 4
3 2 2
3 3
42
0.5  0.5555... 3 1
∵ a  9 and r  
 0.5  0.05  0.005  0.0005  ... 9 3
0.5 9
 S () 
9. (a) 1  0.1 1
∴ 1
0.5 3

0.9 27
5 
 2
9
(b)
2.41 4  2.414 141 4...

 2.4  0.014  0.000 14  0.000 001 4  ...
0.014
 2.4 
1  0.01
0.014
 2.4 
0.99
239

99
41
2
99
(c)
10.4 14  10.414 414 414...

 10  0.414  0.000 414  0.000 000 414  ...
0.414
 10 
1  0.001
0.414
 10 
0.999
46
 10
111
10. (a) First term  a – b

 (3a  b)  ( a  b)
Common difference
 3a  b  a  b
 2a  2b
∴
10
S (10)  [ 2( a  b)  (10  1)(2a  2b)]
2
 5( 2a  2b  18a  18b)
 5( 20a  16b)
 100a  80b
(b) Consider a  10 and b  1.
9  10  1
31  3(10)  1
53  5(10)  3(1)

∴ The sum of the first 10 terms
 100(10)  80(1) (from (a))
 1080
respectively.
43
  1 5  18
9 1     
∵
a  6 and r  5 3
  3  
S (5)   6 5
1
1 S ( ) 
6
3  3
1  
 1  ∴  5
91  
 243  15
 
2 4
3
121

9
∴ The absolute error in her answer
 S ()  S (5)
27 121
 
2 9
1

18
(b) Percentage error
1
 18  100%
27
2
 0.412% (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
S1 (3)  T1 (1)  T1 (2)  T1 (3)

1 2 3
 1  1  1
12. (a)         
 3   3   3
7

27
S 2 (3)  T2 (1)  T2 (2)  T2 (3)
1  1   1 
1 2 3
              
 3    3     3  
13

27
1

S1 ()  3
 1
(b) 1  
 3
1

4
1

S 2 ( )  3
1
1
3
1

2
respectively.
44
(b) Consider the even terms of the sequence:

18 162
 , , ...
5 125
Let T1(n) be the nth term of the given sequence and
T2(n) be the nth term of the new sequence with even
terms.
T2 (n) T ( 2 n)
 1
T2 (n  1) T1 (2n  2)
2 n 1
 3
6  
5
   2 n 3
 3
6  
 5
2
 3
  
 5
9
25
∴ The even terms of the sequence form a
geometric sequence.
(c) The sum of the even terms of the sequence
18

 5
9
1
25
18

 5
16
25
45

8
the number of terms of the given sequence.
∵
3
a  1, r   3 and T ( k )  ar k 1  729
1
729  (1)(3) k 1
3k 1  729
∴
3k 1  36
k 1  6
k 7
1(37  1)
S ( 7) 
3 1
∴ 2187  1

2
 1093
21  23  29  ...  2729  4 x
21 3 9 ...  729  ( 22 ) x
(b)
21093  22 x
(from (a))
2 x  1093
x  546.5
45
15. Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio 20. (a) 1, 2, 4 or 1, 3, 9 or 1, 4, 16
respectively. (or any other reasonable answers)
7 (b) By multiplying the corresponding terms of 1, 2, 4 and
∵ S ( )  a 1, 3, 9, we have 1, 6, 36, which is a geometric
9 sequence with common ratio 6.
a 7 The common ratio of the new sequence is equal to
 a the product of the common ratios of the two former
1 r 9 sequences.
1 7
 Level 2
∴ 1 r 9
 T (1)
9
1 r  21. (a) The first term
 S (1)
7
 16(1)  12
2
r   15
7
2 T ( 2)  S ( 2)  S (1)
∴ The common ratio is  .
7  [16( 2)  22 ]  15
 28  15
16. ∵ The time David spent on reading each day was
4 minutes more than that in the preceding day.  13
∴ The time David spent on reading in successive days  T ( 2)  T (1)
are in arithmetic sequence with common difference 4. ∴ The common difference  13  15
∴ Total time that David spent on reading in the first  2
3 weeks of the holiday
21  15  ( n  1)(2)
 [ 2( 20)  ( 21  1)( 4)] minutes (b) The general term
2  17  2n
 1260 minutes
22. (a) First term  a
17. ∵ The length of each part is 1 cm less than the Common difference  (a  2d) – a  2d
preceding part. ∵ T (8)  2  T (3)
∴ The lengths of successive parts are in arithmetic a  (8  1)( 2d )  2( a  4d )
sequence with common difference 1 cm. ∴
Let a cm be the length of the longest part. a  14 d  2a  8d
∵ S ( 26)  429 a  6d
26 100
[ 2a  (26  1)( 1)]  429 S (100)  [ 2a  (100  1)( 2d )]
∴ 2 2
2a  25  33 (b)  50( 2a  198d )
a  29  50(12d  198d )
∴ The length of the longest part  29 cm  50( 210d )
∴ The length of the shortest part
 10 500d
 T ( 26)
50
 [ 29  ( 26  1)(1)] cm S (50)  [ 2a  (50  1)(2d )]
2
 4 cm
 25(2a  98d )
18. ∵ The number of citizens infected each day is increased  25(12d  98d )
by 7%.  25(110 d )
∴ The number of citizens infected in successive days
are in geometric sequence with common ratio  2750d
1  7%  1.07. ∴
∴ The total number of citizens infected after one week
S (100) : S (50)  10 500d : 2750d
120(1.07 7  1)
  42 : 11
1.07  1
 1038 (cor. to the nearest integer)
a  a 2  a 3    a10
19. (a) 1, 2, 3 or 2, 4, 6 or 3, 6, 9  a1 2  3  10
(or any other reasonable answers) 23. (a) 10 (110 )
(b) By adding the corresponding terms of 1, 2, 3 and a 2
2, 4, 6, we have 3, 6, 9, which is an arithmetic
sequence with common difference 3.  a 55
The common difference of the new sequence is equal
to the sum of the common differences of the two
former sequences.
46
(b)  156 000( 20%)(1.0511  1) 

(2  log 2)  (4  log 4)  (8  log 8)  ... to 10 terms  $ 
 1.05  1 
 (2  log 2)  ( 22  log 22 )  (23  log 23 )  ... to 10 terms
 $443 000 (cor. to the nearest $1000)
 (2  log 2)  ( 22  log 22 )  (23  log 23 )  ...  (210  log 210 )
 (2  2 2  23  ...  210 )  (log 2  log 22  log 23  ...  log 210 )
2( 210  1)
  log(2  22  23  ...  210 )
2 1
 2046  log 255 (from (a))
 2046  55 log 2
10a
24. (a) (i) Common ratio  a
 10
a (10 n  1)
S ( n) 
(ii) 10  1
a
 (10 n  1)
9
(b) (i) Let T(n) be the nth term of the sequence.
T (1)  log a
T ( 2)  log 10a  log 10  log a  1  log a
T (3)  log 100a  log 100  log a  2  log a
∴ T ( n)  ( n  1)  log a
T ( n)  T ( n  1)
 [( n  1)  log a ]  [( n  2)  log a ]
 1, which is a constant.
∴ log a, log 10a, log 100a, … are in
arithmetic sequence.
n
S ( n)  [ 2 log a  ( n  1)(1)]
(ii) 2
n( n  1)
 n log a 
2
sin 2  cos 2 
25. (a) Common ratio  sin 2 
 cos 2 
sin 2 
S ( ) 
1  cos 2 
(b)
sin 2 

sin 2 
1
26. John’s total savings at the end of 2019

 savings at the end of 2009  savings at the end of 2010
 savings at the end of 2011  …  savings at the end
of 2019
 $[156 000(20%)  156 000(1  5%)(20%) 
156 000(1  5%)2(20%)  …  156 000(1  5%)10
(20%)]
Obviously, the sum is a geometric series with first term
$156 000(20%), common ratio 1.05 and number of
terms 11.
∴ John’s total savings at the end of 2019
47
27. ∵ The length of the pile driven into the ground in each The 2nd deposit has earned compound interest
blow is 90% of that in the previous blow. for 19 times. Hence, it amounts to
∴ The lengths of the pile driven into the ground in 19
 6% 
successive blows are in geometric sequence with $ x1    $ x (1.03)19 .
common ratio 0.9.  2 
(a) The depth after 6 blows The 3rd deposit has earned compound interest
 S ( 6) for 18 times. Hence, it amounts to
18
2(1  0.96 )  6% 
 m $ x1    $ x (1.03)18 .
1  0 .9  2 
∴ The required sum
2(1  0.96 )
 m
0 .1  $[ x (1.03) 20  x (1.03)19  x (1.03)18 ]
 9.37 m (cor. to 2 d.p.)
 $ x (1.0320  1.0319  1.0318 )
(b) The depth after 7 blows
(ii) The last deposit has earned compound interest
 S (7) for 1 time. Hence, it amounts to
2(1  0.97 )  6% 
 m $ x1    $ x (1.03) .
1  0. 9  2 
2(1  0.97 ) ∴ The total amount he will get
 m  $[ x (1.03) 20  x(1.03)19 
0.1
 10.43 m (cor. to 2 d.p.) x(1.03)18  ...  x (1.03)]
Obviously, the sum is a geometric series with
 10 m
∴ The pile can be completely driven into the 1
the first term x(1.03)20, common ratio
ground with one more blow. 1.03
and number of terms 20.
28. (a) ∵ The weight loss in each month is 80% of that in ∴ The total amount he will get
the previous month.
  1  
20
 x (1.03) 20 1  
∴ The weight losses in successive months are in
geometric sequence with common ratio 0.8.  

 
 
 1.03   
∴ The weight loss in the nth month  $ 
 2(0.8) n 1 kg  1 
1
 1.03 
2 
 

 kg
1  0 .8  
(b) The total weight loss  x (1.0320  1) 
2
 kg  $ 
0.2  0.03 
 10 kg  1.03 
∴ She weighs (80  10) kg  70 kg eventually. 103x (1.03  1)
20
$
3
29. ∵ The diameter of each semi-circle is 60% of that of the
previous semi-circle. 103x(1.0320  1)
∴ The diameters of successive semi-circles are in  500 000
geometric sequence with common ratio 0.6. 3
∴ The lengths of successive semi-circles are in (b) 1 500 000
geometric sequence with first term x
103(1.0320  1)
1
(8 ) mm  4 mm and common ratio x  18 066 (cor. to the nearest integer)
2
0.6.
∴ Maximum length of the spiral curl of the snail shell
31. (a)
C1C  B1C1  b
4 AC1  AC  C1C  3a  b
 mm
1  0. 6
∵ △AB1C1 ~△ABC (AAA)
4
 mm AC1 BC
0. 4  1 1
AC BC
 10 mm
3a  b b

3a a
30. (a) (i) From 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2019, ∴
there are 20 half-years. 3a  b  3b
The 1st deposit has earned compound interest 3a  4b
for 20 times. Hence, it amounts to
20 3
 6%  b a
$ x 1    $ x (1.03) 20 . 4
 2 
48
3
(b) (i) From (a), we have B1C1  BC
4
Similarly, we have
3
B2 C 2  B1C1
4
3
 b
4
3
B2 C 2  b
4
(ii) 33 
  a
44 
9
 a
16
3
B1C1  a
4
2
9 3
B2 C 2  a  a
16 4
(c) (i) 3
∵ B3C3  B2 C 2
4
2
3 3
   a
4 4
3
 3
  a
 4
n
 3
BnCn    a
∴  4
n
3
  a
BnCn 4
  n 1
Bn 1Cn 1 3
  a
4
3
4
∴ B1C1, B2C2, B3C3,  are in geometric
sequence.
4
3
B4C4    a
(ii) 4
81
 a
256
(iii) The areas of the squares are in geometric
9 2
sequence with first term a and common
16
9
ratio .
16
∴ The required sum of areas
49
32. (a) ∵ The speed of Ken is twice that of Angel.

 ( B1C1 ) 2  ( B2 C 2 ) 2  ( B3C3 ) 2   ∴ The distance travelled by Ken is twice that of
 9 2  Angel in the same time.
 a  1 1
  16  ∴ BC 
2
AB  (24 m)  12 m
2
 9 
 1  Similarly,
 16 
1 1
9 CD  BC  (12 m)  6 m
 a2 2 2
7 1 1
and DE  CD  (6 m)  3 m
2 2
BC 12 1
 
(b) AB 24 2
CD 6 1
 
BC 12 2
∴ AB, BC, CD, … are in geometric sequence with
1
common ratio .
2
(c) ∵ Ken can overtake Angel.
∴ Total distance Ken must run
24
 m
1
1
2
 48 m
(d) Only with r > 1, Ken can eventually catch up with
Angel.
∵ The speed of Ken is r times that of Angel.
∴ The distance travelled by Ken is r times that of
Angel in the same time.
BC 1

∴ AB r
CD 1

BC r
∴ AB, BC, CD, … are in geometric sequence with
1
common ratio .
r
∴ Total distance Ken must run
24
 m
1
1
r
24
 m
r 1
r
24r
 m
r 1
24 r
∴ They will meet at m away from A.
r 1
33. (a)
8 8 8
8 (9)  (10  1)  (101  1)
9 9 9
8 8 8
88  (99)  (100  1)  (10 2  1)
9 9 9
8 8 8
888  (999)  (1000  1)  (10 3  1)
9 9 9
50
8 (b)
∴ T ( n)  (10 n  1)
9
T (1)  T ( 2)  T (3)    T ( n)
8 8 8
 (101  1)  (10 2  1)    (10 n  1)
9 9 9
8
 (10  1  10  1    10  1)
1 2 n
9
8
 [(101  102    10n )  n]
9
8  10(10 n  1) 
   n
9  (10  1) 
8  10(10 n  1) 
   n
9 9 
OA2  OB1 cos 

34. (a)  OA1 cos 
 k cos 
OA3  OB2 cos 
 OA2 cos 
 k cos 2 

A1B1  2 (OA1 )

(b) (i)
360
k

180

A2 B2  2 (OA2 )

360
k cos 

180

A3 B3  2 (OA3 )

360
k cos 2 

180

An Bn 
k  cosn 1 
180
 k  cosn 1 
(ii)

An Bn
 180n 2
An 1Bn 1 k  cos 
180
 cos  , which is a constant.
51
∴

A1B1, A2 B2 , A3 B3 ,  is a 1
Area of △OA B
 (OB2 )(OA3 ) sin 

3 2
2
geometric sequence with common ratio
cos. 1
 (k cos  )(k cos 2  ) sin 
∴ The required sum 2
k  1 2
 k cos 3  sin 
 180  2
1  cos  Area of △OA B
k 
 4 3
180(1  cos  ) 1
 (OB3 )(OA4 ) sin 
2
1
 (OB1 )(OA2 ) sin  1
2  (k cos 2  )(OB3 cos  ) sin 
2
(c) Area of △OA B  1 ( k )( k cos  ) sin  1
2 1 2  (k cos 2  )(k cos 2  cos  ) sin 
1
2
 k 2 cos  sin  1 2
2  k cos 5  sin 
2
(d) The areas of the triangles are in geometric sequence
1 2
with first term k cos  sin  and common
2
ratio
cos2 .
∴ The sum to infinity of the series
1 2
k cos  sin 
 2
1  cos 2 
k 2 cos  sin 

2 sin 2 
k 2 cos 

2 sin 
k2

2 tan 
a 4  1  2(1)  2( 2)  2(3)
35. (a) (i)
 13
a5  1  2(1)  2( 2)  2(3)  2( 4)
 21
(ii) l  2( n  1)
a n  1  2(1)  2(2)    l
 1  2(1)  2(2)    2(n  1)
 1  2[1  2    (n  1)]
 n(n  1) 
 1  2
 2 
 1  n(n  1)
1  2(1)  1
(b) (i) 5  2(1  2)  1
11  2(1  2  3)  1
19  2(1  2  3  4)  1
52
L  2(1  2  3    n)  1 (ii) The terms in bn are in arithmetic sequence with

first term  an  1  n(n  1) and common
 n( n  1)  difference  2.
∴  2  1
 2  The number of terms  n
 n( n  1)  1 ∴ The sum of the terms in bn
 an  (an  2)  ( an  4)  ...  L
n
 [1  n(n  1)]  [n(n  1)  1]
2
n
 (1  n 2  n  n 2  n  1)
2
 n3
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 2.41)

1. Answer: A
Let a, d and n be the first term, the common difference and
the number of terms in the sequence.
∵
a  3, d  5  3  2 and T ( n)  a  ( n  1) d  99
99  3  (n  1)(2)
∴
2n  1  99
n  49
49
∴ S ( 49)  [ 2(3)  ( 49  1)(2)]
2
 2499
2. Answer: C
T (1)  17  6(1)
 23
T (50)  17  6(50)
 317
50
S (50)  ( 23  317)
∴ 2
 8500
3. Answer: C
Let a and d be the first term and the common difference
respectively.
∵ S (8)  16
8
[2a  (8  1)d ]  16
∴ 2
4(2a  7d )  16
2a  7 d  4 ......(1)
T (9)  a  8d  16 ......( 2)
(1)  8  ( 2)  7 : (16a  56d )  (7 a  56d )  32  112

9a  144
a  16
4. Answer: C
S (7 )  3(7) 2  2(7)
 133
S (6)  3(6) 2  2(6)
 96
53
T (7)  S (7)  S (6) 5. Answer: C

∴  133  96 10  102  103    10n  1050
 37 101 2  3   n  1050
1  2  3    n  50
n(n  1)
 50
2
n(n  1)  100
n 2  n  100  0
   1  401     1  401 
n    n     0
  2   
   2 

 1  401  1  401
n or n  (rejected)
2 2
 1  401
n  9.51
2
∴ The smallest value of n is 10.
6. Answer: D
92
Common ratio   92
1
2n
Number of terms  1  n 1
2
1[(9 2 ) n 1  1]
1  9 2  9 4    9 2n 
92 1
(3 2 ) 2 n  2  1
∴ 
80
4 n 4
3 1

80
7. Answer: B
8. Answer: D
Let a be the first term.
∵ S ( )  100
a
 100
1  0.25
∴
a
 100
0.75
a  75
9. Answer: C
1 1
First term  a and common ratio  
a a
54
a 10. Answer: D
S ( )  Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio
 1 respectively.
1   
 a 25
∵ S ( 2) 
a 3
 25
1 a  ar  (1)
1 ∴
∴ a 3
a ∵ S ( )  15

a 1 a
∴  15 (2)
a 1 r
a2 25  1 
 (1)  ( 2) : 1  r 2   
a 1 3  15 
5
1 r2 
9
4
r2 
9
2 2
r   or r 
3 3
2 2
∴ The common ratio is  or .
3 3
HKMO (p. 2.45)

1. Consider the triangular numbers.
The kth triangular number is
k (k  1)
1  2  3  ...  k  .
2
Let T(k) be the largest triangular number that is smaller
than or equal to 2003.
∵ T (k )  2003
∴
k ( k  1)
 2003
2
k 2  k  4006
k 2  k  4006  0
 1  12  4(1)(4006) 1 12  4(1)(4006)
k 
2(1) 2(1)
 1  16 025  1  16 025
k 
2 2
 1  5 641  1  5 641
k 
2 2
∴ The largest value of k is 62.
∴ The largest triangular number that is smaller than or
equal to 2003
62  (62  1)

2
 1953
∴ 2003 is in row (2003 – 1953)  50 and column
[62  1 – (50 – 1)]  14.
∴ x  50 and y  14
∴ xy  (50)(14)  700
55
2.
1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
x                 ...
2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5
 1 2 99 
   ...  
 100 100 100 
1 1 2  1 2  3  1 2  3  4 
      ...
2  3   4   5 
 1  2  ...  99 
 
 100 
2  3  4 
1  2 (1  2)   2 (1  3)   2 (1  4) 
      ...
2  3   4   5 
     
 99 
 2 (1  99) 
 
 100 
 
2  3  4   99 
(3)   (4)   (5)   2 (100) 
1 2 2 2
      ...   
2  3   4   5   100 
       
1 2 3 4 99
     ... 
2 2 2 2 2
99  1 99 
   
2 2 2 
99
 (50)
2
 2475
3. Suppose the first term is n.

The sum of R consecutive positive integers
 n  (n  1)  (n  2)  ...  ( n  R  1)
R
 [n  ( n  R  1)]
2
R
 ( 2n  R  1)
2
R( R  1)
 Rn 
2
R ( R  1)
∵ Rn   1000
2
R  1 1000
n 
2 R
∴
(2  5)3 R  1
n  ,
R 2
which is a positive integer.
Obviously, the least value of R is 5.
56
3 For 0° <  < 90°, consider the right-angled △ABC as

1  sin   sin 2   ...  shown.
2
1 3

4. 1  sin  2
2
1  sin  
3
1
sin   BC 2  AC 2  AB 2 (Pyth. theorem)
3 BC 2  12  32
BC  9 1
2 2
y  tan 
1

∴ 2 2
2

4
5. R  1  2  2  22  3  23  ...  10  210
 ( 2  2 2  2 3  ...  210 ) 
( 2 2  2 3  ...  210 ) 
( 2 3  ...  210 ) 

(2 9  210 ) 
210
2( 210  1) 2 2 ( 2 9  1) 2 3 ( 2 8  1) 2 9 ( 2 2  1)
    ...  
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
210 ( 2  1)
2 1
 ( 2  2)  ( 211  2 2 )  ( 211  2 3 )  ...  ( 211  2 9 ) 
11
( 211  210 )
 10( 211 )  ( 2  2 2  ...  210 )
2( 210 1)
 10( 211 ) 
2 1
 10( 211 )  ( 211  2)
 9( 211 )  2
 18 434
57
58

2 Summation of Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences: Activity

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2 Summation of Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

S (10)  T (1)  T (2)  T (3)  T (4)  T (5)  T (6) 

and Geometric Sequences

Activity 2.1 (p. 2.4)

Activity 2.2 (p. 2.20)

2. (a) very large

Classwork (p. 2.3)

S (6)  T (1)  T ( 2)  T (3)  T ( 4)  T (5)  T (6)

S (3)  T (1)  T ( 2)  T (3) 25

S (5)  T (1)  T ( 2)  T (3)  T ( 4)  T (5)

S (8)  T (1)  T (2)  T (3)  T ( 4)  T (5)  T (6) 

Classwork (p. 2.21)

Quick Practice 2.1 (p. 2.6)

Quick Practice 2.2 (p. 2.7)

Quick Practice 2.3 (p. 2.8)

Quick Practice 2.4 (p. 2.10)

(2) – (1) : 18d  54 2[1  ( 2) 7 ]

Quick Practice 2.5 (p. 2.15)

Quick Practice 2.6 (p. 2.16) 4(3k  1)

Quick Practice 2.7 (p. 2.16)

Quick Practice 2.8 (p. 2.17)

 T (13)  T (14)  T (15)  ...  T ( 24)

Quick Practice 2.15 (p. 2.29)

 $[ x (1.04)12  x (1.04)11  x(1.04)10  ...  x(1.04)1 ]

Quick Practice 2.16 (p. 2.31)

Further Practice 498  300  ( m  1)(3)

2. (a) Let a, d, l and n be the first term, the common

3. Consider the arithmetic sequence: 300, 301, 302, …, 500.

∴ The sum of all the integers that are multiples of  90  ( n  1)(4)

4. (a) Let a and d be the first term and the common

Further Practice (p. 2.24)

0.2 4  0.242 424... Further Practice (p. 2.31)

2. (a) The $10 000 deposited at the beginning of 2009 has

 $[10 000(1.05) 6  10 000(1.05) 5 

 $[10 000(1.05) k 1  10 000(1.05) k 

0.05 3. (a) Perimeter of

∴ The amount will first exceed $100 000 at the  2 5 k cm

Exercise 2A (p. 2.10)

2. Let a, d and n be the first term, the common difference and

3. Let d be the common difference.

4. (a) T (1)  6  5(1)

5. (a) Let a, d,  and n be the first term, the common

6. (a) Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common

7. Let a be the first term.

8. (a) Let a and d be the first term and the common

9. Let a be the first term.

10. (a) ∵ S ( k )  288 (b) ∵ a  21, d  15  21  6 and S(m)  60

T (11)  T (12)    T ( 20)

15. (a) First term  T (1)  22  2(1)  20

22. (a) In the 1st bracket, there is 1 term.

Exercise 2B (p. 2.18) 2[1  ( 4) 6 ]

3. Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio

5. Let a be the first term. 8[1  ( 2) 10 ]

7. Let a be the first term.

17. (a) Let a be the first term.

2. Let r be the common ratio.

3. Let a be the first term.

4. Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio

a 5. Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio

6. Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio

0.5  0.5555 0.4 7  0.474 747

T (n) 2 n1 ar n1

1 (b) (i) ∵ Each term in the sequence is the negative of