NSS Book 6a ch1

1 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences
1 Arithmetic and Geometric 4 x1  10

Sequences (x1)log 4  log10
9.
1
x1 
Review Exercise 1 (p. 1.4) log 4
x 2.66 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
1 1
(3) n  3 3n
27 3 6(7) x  24
1. 3n
 3 7x  4
3 10. xlog 7  log 4
3n 3 log 4
x
log 7
n
1 1 x 0.712 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
 2   2  2 n
4
  2
2. Activity
2
 2 n
2 Activity 1.1 (p. 1.13)
 21 2 n 1. Sequenc T ( 2)  T T
(1()3)  T (T2()4)  T T
(3()5)  T ( 4)
e
( 2, 4, 6, 2 2 2 2
3. 16(2)n1  (2) 4  (2)n1 a 8,
) 10, ...
 (2)n3 ( 2, 5, 8, 3 3 3 3
b 11,
1 ) 14, ...
r3   ( 2, –3, – –5 –5 –5 –5
1000 c 8, –13,
3
4.  1  ) –18, …
r   
3
( 2, 4, 8,    
 10  d 16, 32,
1 ) …
r
10
2. (a) 
3r 5 96 (b) 
5. r 5 32
(c) 
r 5 2 5
r 2 (d) 
Activity 1.2 (p. 1.22)

1
32r 4  1. 2
8
1 2. (a) 4, 6, 8, 10, …
6. r4 
256 (b) Yes, common difference = 2
1 1
r or  3. (a) 4, 12, 20, 28, …
4 4
(b) Yes, common difference = 8
3x1 243
Activity 1.3 (p. 1.28)
7. 3x1 35 1. Sequence T ( 2) T (3) T ( 4) T (5)
x+1 5
T (1) T ( 2) T (3) T ( 4)
x 4
( 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, ... 3 3 3 3
a
1 )
(2) x  
8 ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8. b , , , ,
(2)   2 
x 3
) 2 4 8 16 2 2 2 2
x  3 1
, ...
32
( 1, –4, 16, –64, 256, –4 –4 –4 –4
c …
1
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 6A Full Solutions
) ( 2, –8, –14, –20, … 2 –6 T(n) = 4 – 6n

( 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ... 4 9 16 25 d
d )
) 4 9 16
3. a d T(3) T(8)
2 (a)  ( 3 6 15 45
a
(b)  )
( 12  2 –23
(c)  b
)
(d)  (  –4 –16 –36
Activity 1.4 (p. 1.36) c
1. 3 )
2. (a) 2, 6, 18, 54, … Classwork (p. 1.23)

(a) yes, common difference = d
(b) Yes, common ratio = 3
(b) yes, common difference = 4d
3. (a) –1, –3, –9, –27, …
(c) yes, common difference = –2d
(b) Yes, common ratio = 3
(d) no
Maths Dialogue (e) yes, common difference = –d
Maths Dialogue (p. 1.19) Classwork (p. 1.29)

700 1. (a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
(a) ∵  20.588...
34
2. Geometric sequence a r T(n)
∴ The first multiple of 34 which is greater than 700 is
( 1, 5, 25, 125, … 1 5 T ( n) 5n  1
34 ( 20 + 1) 714. a
)
(b) From (a), the first term is 714 and the common difference is ( 7, –14, 28, –56, … 7 –2 T ( n) 7(  2) n  1
34. b
The 2nd term 714 + 34 748 )
The 3rd term 714 + 2(34) 782 ( 4 8 –2 2 n 1
c –2,  , ,  2
T ( n)  2 
Let k be the number of terms in the required sequence. ) 3 9 3  3
714 + ( k  1)(34) 1900 16
∴
34k 1220
 ,…
27
k 35.8823... ( 1 1 1 1 1 n +1
d , , , 1
Since k is an integer, k = 35. T ( n)  
∴ The last term of the sequence ) 9 27 81 9 3  3
 714  (35 1)(34)  1870 1
, …
∴ The required sequence is 714, 748, 782, …, 1870. 243
Classwork 3. a r T(3) T(8)

( 1 –2 4 –128
Classwork (p. 1.15) a
1. (a)  )
( 81 1 9 1
(b)  b
) 3 27
(c)  ( 25 1 1 1
c  
(d)  ) 5 3125
2. Arithmetic sequence a d T(n) Classwork (p. 1.37)

( 3, 8, 13 18, ... 3 5 T(n) = 5n – 2 (a) yes, common ratio = r
a
) (b) no
( 4, 2, 0, 2, ... 4 2 T(n) = 6 – 2n
b (c) yes, common ratio = r
)
( 7, 3, 1, 5, ... 7 4 T(n) = 4n – 11 1
c (d) yes, common ratio =
)
r
2
1 T ( k )   28
(e) yes, common ratio =
r  2( k  1)   28
k  1 14
Quick Practice
k 15
Quick Practice 1.1 (p. 1.7) ∴ The 15th term of the sequence is equal to –28.
T(1)  3  3 1
Quick Practice 1.4 (p. 1.9)
(a) T(2)  9  3
2 (a) (i)
A(1) 1, A( 2)  4, A(3) 7, A( 4) 10
T(3)  27  33
(ii) A( n) 1 + 3( n  1)
T(4)  81  34 3n  2
∴ T ( n) 3 n
(b) A(8)  3(8)  2  22
1 1 ∴ There are 22 dots in the 8th diagram.
T(1)  
2 11
1 1 (a) Let a and d be the first term and the common difference of
T(2)  
(b) 3 2 1 the sequence respectively.
1 1 ∵ a 11 and d 7  11   4
T(3)   T ( n) 11 + ( n  1)(  4)
4 3 1 ∴ 11  4n + 4
1 1
T(4)   15  4n
5 4 1
1
∴ T ( n) 
n +1 (b) T (11) 15  4(11)
  29
T(1)  5  (1)11  5(1) ∴ The 11th term of the sequence is –29.
(c) T(2)  10  (1)21  5(2)

(c) Suppose the kth term of the sequence is equal to –57.
T(3)  15  (1)31  5(3) T ( k )   57
∵
T(4)  20  (1) 41
 5(4) 15  4k   57
T ( n) (  1) n  1 5n or (  1) n +1 5n k 18
∴
∴ The 18th term of the sequence is equal to –57.
T (1)  2(1)  5   3
(a) T ( 2)  2( 2)  5   1
T (3)  2(3)  5 1
T ( 4)  2( 4)  5 3 Quick Practice 1.6 (p. 1.17)
∴ The first 4 terms of the sequence are –3, –1, 1, 3. (a) Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common difference
and the general term of the sequence respectively.
∵ a 18 and d 14  18   4
(b) T (9) 2(9)  5 13
∴ T(n)  18  (n1)(4)
T (16) 2(16)  5 27
∴ The 9th term and the 16th term of the sequence are 13  22  4n
and 27 respectively. Let k be the number of terms in the sequence.
T ( k )   34
Quick Practice 1.3 (p. 1.8) 22  4k   34
∵
T ( 2)   2
(a) p ( 2  1)   2  4k   56
k 14
p  2
∴ There are 14 terms in the sequence.
(b) From (a), we have T(n)  2(n1). (b) Suppose the mth term of the sequence is –8.
T ( m)   8
T (12)   2(12  1)
22  4m   8
  22
∴ The 12th term of the sequence is –22.  4m   30
m 7.5
(c) Suppose the kth term of the sequence is –28. ∵ m is not a positive integer.
∴ –8 is not a term of the sequence.
3

(a) Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common difference Quick Practice 1.11 (p. 1.22)
and the general term of the sequence respectively. ∵  c, c + 3, 2c + 1 are in arithmetic sequence.
T(4)  6 (c)  (2c1)
c 3 
a 3d  6 ……(1)
∴ 2
T(10)  36 2c 6  c1
a 9d  36 ……(2) c  5
(2) – (1): 6d 42
d 7 Alternative Solution
By substituting d 7 into (1), we have ∵  c, c + 3, 2c + 1 are in arithmetic sequence.
a + 3(7)  6 c 3  (c)  2c1 (c 3)
∴ 2c 3  c 2
a  27
∴ The first term is –27 and the common difference is 7. c  5

(b) T(6)  27  (6 1)(7) 1 A
8 Tn   n
∴ The 6th term of the sequence is 8.
2 4
An 1
Quick Practice 1.8 (p. 1.18)   Tn
(a) Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common difference 4 2
and the general term of the sequence respectively. An 2  4Tn
∵ a   52 and d   49  (  52) 3 ∵ Sequence I is an arithmetic sequence with common
∴ T(n)  52  (n1)(3) difference d.
i.e. Tn  Tn1  d
 3n 55
Let T(k) be the last negative term in the sequence. An  An1  2  4Tn  (2  4Tn1 )
T (k )  0 ∴
 4(Tn  Tn1 )
3k  55  0
∴  4d, which is a constant.
3k  55 ∴ Sequence II is an arithmetic sequence with common
55 difference 4d.
k 18.3333
3
∴ There are 18 negative terms in the sequence.
(a) Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio of the
sequence respectively.
(b) From (a), the first positive term of the sequence is the 19th
term. 1
T (19) 1
∴ The first positive term 3(19)  55 ∵ a  and r  3 3
9 1
2 9
1
T ( n)  (3) n  1
9
Quick Practice 1.9 (p. 1.20) ∴
The integers divisible by 11 between 200 and 500 are: 3 2 (3) n  1
209, 220, 231, …, 495
3n  3
They form an arithmetic sequence with first term 209 and
common difference 11.
Let k be the number of terms in the sequence. (b) Suppose the kth term of the sequence is equal to 81.
T (k) 495
209 + (k  1)(11) 495 T ( k ) 81
11k + 198 495
k 27 3k  3 81
∴ There are 27 integers between 200 and 500 inclusive
divisible by 11. 3k  3 34
k  3 4
Let d be the common difference of the sequence.
k 7
∵ The 6th term of the sequence is –19. ∴ The 7th term of the sequence is equal to 81.
∴ 21 5d  19 Quick Practice 1.14 (p. 1.31)

d  8 (a) Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio and the
∴ The 4 inserted numbers are: general term of the sequence respectively.
21 + (  8) 13 , 21 + 2(  8) 5 , 1
∵ a  16 and T (6) 
21 + 3(  8)   3 2
and 21 + 4(  8)   11
4
1 1
 16r 6 1 
2 (2) ar 5
:  27
∴ 1 (1) ar 2  1
r 5 
32 1
r 3 
1 27
r 
2 1
1 r 
∴ The common ratio of the sequence is  . 3
2 1
By substituting r   into (1), we have
31 3
 1 2
(b) T(3)  16     1
 2 a    1
 3
 4
∴ The 3rd term of the sequence is –4. a  9
1
Quick Practice 1.15 (p. 1.32) ∴ The first term is –9 and the common ratio is  .
3
Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio and the
general term of the sequence respectively. 7 1
112 1  1
∵ a 224 and r   T (7 )  9  
224 2 (b)  3
n 1 1
1 
∴ T ( n) 224  81
 2
Let k be the number of terms in the sequence.
7 Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio and the
T (k ) 
4 general term of the sequence respectively.
k1 6
1 7 ∵ a 2 and r  3
224   2
 2 4
∴ T ( n) 2(3) n  1
k1
1 1 Let T(k) be the required term.
   T(k)  2000
 2 128
∵ 2(3)k1  2000
1 1
(k  1) log log
2 128 3k1  1000
∴
1 (k1) log 3  log1000
log
k  1 128 3
1 k1 
log log 3
2 k  7.2877...
k  1 7 Since k must be a positive integer, the largest term of the
k 8 sequence which is less than 2000 is the 7th term.
∴ There are 8 terms in the sequence. T (7)
∴ The largest term 2(3) 7  1
1458
(a) Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio and the Quick Practice 1.18 (p. 1.35)
general term of the sequence respectively. (a) Let r be common ratio of the sequence.
T (3)  1 ∵ The 4th term of the sequence is 2.
ar 2  1 ……(1) 16r 3  2
1 1
T ( 6)  ∴ r3  
27 8
1 1
5
ar  ……(2) r
27 2
∴ The 2 missing terms are:
2
 1
 16   8 and  16  1   4
 2  2
(b) Let R be the common ratio of the geometric sequence
5
formed. T (10) T (1) + (10  1)( 2)

∵ The 5th term of the sequence is –81.
40 T (1) + 18
 16 R 4  81
T (1) 22
81
∴ R4  ∴ There are 22 employees in the first row.
16
T (n) T (1) + ( n  1)(2)
3 3 (b)
R  or  22 + 2n  2
2 2
The 3 inserted numbers are: 20 + 2n
2 Suppose the kth row, counting from the first row, has 32
3
 16    24,  16 3   36, employees.
2  2 T ( k ) 32
3
 3 20 + 2k 32
 16   54
 2 k 6
2 ∴ The 6th row, counting from the first row, has 32
 3
or  16   24,  16  3   36, employees.
 2  2
3 Quick Practice 1.22 (p. 1.44)
 3 The lengths of P1Q1, P2Q2, P3Q3, … form an arithmetic sequence
 16   54
 2 with the first term 18 cm and common difference –d cm.
Let xn cm be the length of PnQn.
(a) From the question, we have
∵ a  2, a, 2a + 3 are in geometric sequence. xn  18  (n1)(d)
a2  (a 2)(2a 3) ∵ x9 10
18  (9 1)(d)  10
a2  2a2  4a 3a 6
∴ ∴ 18  8d  10
a2  a 6  0
d1
(a 2)(a 3)  0
a 3 or a 2
(b) From (a), x n 18 + ( n  1)(  1) 19  n
Alternative Solution Suppose k triangles can be drawn.
∵ The length of the side of triangle must be positive.
∵ a  2, a, 2a + 3 are in geometric sequence.
xk  0
a 2a 3 ∴
 19  k  0
a 2 a
a2  (a 2)(2a 3) k  19
∴ At most 18 triangles can be drawn.
∴ a2  2a2  4a 3a 6 Therefore, Theresa’s claim is correct.
a2  a 6  0
(a 2)(a 3)  0 (a) W1, W2, W3, … is a geometric sequence with the first term 70
and common ratio (1 ‒ 5%).
a 3 or a 2
W n 70(1  5%) n  1
∴
Quick Practice 1.20 (p. 1.38) 70(0.95) n  1
∵  5b1 , 5b2 ,  5b3 , is a geometric sequence with
common ratio r. (b) Let k be the number of months required.
n
(  1)  5bn Wk  55
∴ r
( 1) n  1  5bn  1 70(0.95) k  1  55
11
bn (0.95) k  1 
 r , which is a constant. 14
bn  1
 11 
∴ b1 , b2 , b3 , is a geometric sequence with common ( k  1) log(0.95)  log 
 14 
ratio r.
k  1  4.7016...
Quick Practice 1.21 (p. 1.42) k  5.7016...
The numbers of employees in different rows form an arithmetic ∴ It will take at least 6 months for Jennifer to attain a
sequence with the 10th term 40 and common difference 2. weight of less than 55 kg.
Let T(n) be the number of employees in the nth row.
(a) From the question, we have Quick Practice 1.24 (p. 1.47)
(a) (i) W1, W2, W3, … form a geometric sequence with common
ratio (1 + r%).
From the question, we have
6
W4  422 T(2)  16

W1 (1 r%)  422 ......(1)
3 a b(2)  16
……(2)
W8  664 a 2b 16
b  16  (  9)
(2) – (1):
W1 (1 r%)  664 ......(2)
7
b  7
( 2) W1 (1 + r %) 7 664 By substituting b  7 into (1), we have
: 
(1) W1 (1 + r %) 3
422 a + (  7)  9
a  2
332
(1 + r %) 4 
211 (b) From (a), we have T ( n)  2  7 n.
∵ T (k )  86
332
1 + r % 4 ......(3)  2  7 k  86
211 ∴  7 k  84
r 12.0(cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or  212(rejected) k 12
By substituting (3) into (1), we have
3
 332  T(1)  1  13
W1  4  422
 211  T(2)  8  2 3
  2. (a)
W1 300.380 T(3)  27  33
300 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
T(4)  64  43
9
W10 W1 (1 + r %) ∴ T(n)  n3
9
(ii)  332 
300.380 4  (b) (i) ∵ Each term of the sequence in (b)(i) is less
 211 
  than the corresponding term of the sequence
833 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) in (a) by 1.
∴ The required general term
∴ The weight of used clothes collected by charity A  T(n) 1  n3 1
in the 10th month since the start of the scheme is
833 kg. (ii) ∵ Each term of the sequence in (b)(ii) is 2 times
the corresponding term of the sequence in (a).
(b) Let Gn be the weight of used clothes (in kg) collected by ∴ The required general term
charity B in the nth month since the start of the scheme.  T(n)  2  2n3
G1, G2, G3, … is a geometric sequence with first term 200
and common ratio (1 + 16%).
3. (a) (i) The numbers of dots in successive figures form an
∴
Gn  200(1 + 16%) n  1 arithmetic sequence because each term of the
sequence is greater than its preceding term by 4
 200(1.16) n  1 except the first term.
Suppose the weight of used clothes collected by charity B P(5)  P(4)  4  13  4  17
will just exceed that of charity A in the kth month since the ∴
start of the scheme. P(6)  P(5)  4  17  4  21
Gk  Wk P(1)  1  4(1)  3
(ii) P(2)  5  4(2)  3
k1 k1
200(1.16)  300.380(1.12)
k1 P(3)  9  4(3)  3
 1.16 
   1.5019 P(4)  13  4(4)  3
 1.12 
∴ P(n)  4n 3
 29 
(k  1) log   log(1.5019)
 28  (b) Suppose the kth diagram has 150 dots.
k  1  11.5906... T(k)  150
k  12.5906... 4k 3  150
∴ The weight of used clothes collected by charity B will 4k  153
just exceed that of charity A in the 13th month since the
k  38.25
start of the scheme.
∵ k is not a positive integer.
∴ It is impossible to form a diagram with 150 dots.
Further Practice
Further Practice (p. 1.24)
Further Practice (p. 1.10)
1. (a) T (n) 3n  7
T(1)  9
1. (a) T ( n  1) 3( n  1)  7
a b(1)  9
3n  10
a b 9 ……(1)
7
T ( n)  T ( n  1) 3n  7  (3n  10) 3k104  0

3, which is a constant. 3k104
∴ The sequence is an arithmetic sequence. 104
k  34.6667
3
1 ∴ k = 35
T (n) 
2n ∴ The first positive term 3(35)  104 1
1 1
T (1)   (b) Let m be the number of terms in the sequence.
(b) 2(1) 2
∴ T(m)  43
1 1 3m  104 43
T ( 2)  
2( 2) 4 3m 147
1 1 m 49
T (3)  
2(3) 6 ∴ There are 49 – 35 + 1 = 15 positive terms in the
sequence.
T(2)  T(1)
1 1
 
4 2
1 Further Practice (p. 1.38)
 1. Let T(n) be the general term of the sequence.
4
T(3)  T(2) T ( n ) 6(3) n  1
2(3) n
1 1
  (a) Suppose the mth term of the sequence is 480.
6 4 T (m) 480
1
 2(3) m 480
12
T ( 2)  T (1) T (3)  T ( 2) 3m 240
∵
∴ The sequence is not an arithmetic sequence. m log 3 log 240
log 240
1  5n m
T ( n)  log 3
(c) 4 m 4.9886...
1  5( n  1) ∵ m is not a positive integer.
T ( n  1)  ∴ 480 is not a term of the sequence.
4
6  5n (b) ∵ T ( k )  10 000

4
2(3) k  10000
1  5n 6  5n
T (n)  T (n  1)   3k  5000
4 4
∴ k log 3  log 5000
5
 , which is a constant. log 5000
4 k
∴ The sequence is an arithmetic sequence. log 3
 7.7526...
2. (a) Let d be the common difference of the sequence. ∴ The greatest value of k is 7.
∵ The 7th term of the sequence is 20.
∴  16 + 6d  20 2. ∵ a, 5, b, 45, c form a geometric sequence.
d 6 Let r be the common ratio of the sequence.
∴ The common difference of the sequence is 6. ar 5
∴ ar 2 b
T(5)  T(3)  2(6)
(b) ar 3 45
 12
ar 4 c
3. (a) Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common b(c  a ) bc  ba
difference and the general term of the sequence (ar 2 )(ar 4 )  a (ar 2 )
respectively.
∵ a = 101 and d = 98 – (101) = 3 (ar 3 ) 2  (ar ) 2
∴ T ( n)  101 + ( n  1)(3) (45) 2  (5) 2
3n  104 2000
Let T(k) be the first positive term.
∴ T(k) > 0
Exercise
8
T ( 2) 25 5 2
Exercise 1A (p. 1.10)
Level 1 T (3) 125 53
1. T (1) 2(1) + 3 5
T ( 4) 625 5 4
T ( 2) 2( 2) + 3 7
∴ T ( n) 5 n
T (3) 2(3) + 3 9
T ( 4) 2( 4) + 3 11
7 8
9. (a) The next two terms are and .
8 9
2. T (1) 1  4(1)  3
T ( 2) 1  4( 2)  7
3 1+ 2
T (3) 1  4(3)  11 (b) ∵ T (1)  
4 1+ 3
T ( 4) 1  4( 4)  15 4 2+2
T (2)  
5 2+3
5 3+2
T (3)  
6 3+3
T (1) 12  3  2
6 4+2
3. T (4)  
7 4+3
T ( 2) 2 2  3 1
n+2
T (3) 32  3 6 ∴ T ( n) 
n +3
T ( 4) 4 2  3 13
10. (a) The next two terms are 5 and –6.
3 3
T (3)   (b) ∵ T (1) 1 (  1)1 1 (1)
4. 3+2 5
3 3 T ( 2)  2 (  1) 2 1 ( 2)
T (8)  
8 + 2 10 T (3) 3 (  1) 3 1 (3)
3 T ( 4)  4 (  1) 4 1 ( 4)
∴ The 3rd term and the 8th term of the sequence are
5 ∴ T ( n) (  1) n  1 n or (  1) n +1 n
3
and respectively.
10 11. (a) T (1) 6  5(1) 1
T (6) 6  5(6)  24
5. T (3) 3(3 + 1) 12 ∴ The 1st term and the 6th term of the sequence are
T (8) 8(8 + 1) 72 1 and –24 respectively.
∴ The 3rd term and the 8th term of the sequence are 12
and 72 respectively. (b) ∵ T ( m)  14
6  5m  14
1 ∴  5m  20
T (3)  (  2) 3  1 1
6. 4 m 4
1
T (8)  (  2)8  1  32 T(n)  4
4
∴ The 3rd term and the 8th term of the sequence are 1 12. (a) 4n 8  4
and –32 respectively. 4n 4
7. (a) The next two terms are –20 and –24. n 1
∵ n is a positive integer.
(b) ∵ T(1)  4  4(1) ∴ –4 is a term of the sequence.
T(2)  8  4(2)
T(n)  10
T(3)  12  4(3)
(b) 4n 8  10
T(4)  16  4(4) 4n 18
∴ T(n)  4n
n 4.5
∵ n is not a positive integer.
8. (a) The next two terms are 3125 and 15 625. ∴ 10 is not a term of the sequence.
(b) ∵ T (1) 5 51
9
T(n)  20 (2) – (1): a 9

(c) 4n 8  20 By substituting a 9 into (1), we have
4n 28 9 + b 11
b 2
n 7
∵ n is a positive integer.
∴ 20 is a term of the sequence. (b) (i) ∵ Each term of the sequence in (b)(i) is 2 times
the corresponding term of the given sequence.
F (1) 2 ∴ 2(9n + 2)
The required general term
F ( 2) 5 18n + 4
13. (a) (i)
F (3) 8 (ii) ∵ Each term of the sequence in (b)(ii) is greater
than the corresponding term of the given
F ( 4) 11 sequence by 5.
F (1) 2 3(1)  1 ∴ (9n + 2) + 5
The required general term
F ( 2) 5 3( 2)  1 9n + 7
(ii)
F (3) 8 3(3)  1
T(1)  2
F ( 4) 11 3( 4)  1 17. (a)
F ( n ) 3n  1 a b(1)2  2
∴
a b 2 ……(1)
(b) F (20) 3(20)  1 59 T(2)  11
∴ There are 59 dots in the 20th diagram. a b(2)2  11
……(2)
a 4b 11
3b 9
(2) – (1):
b 3
Level 2 By substituting b 3 into (1), we have

14. (a) ∵ T (5) 40 a + 3 2
2( p + 5)  40 a  1
∴ p + 5  20 (b) From (a), we have T ( n) 3n 2  1.
p 15 Suppose the mth term of the sequence is 242.
T(m)  242
(b) ∵ T(n)  2(15  n) 3m2 1  242
∴ T (18)  2(15 + 18) 66 3m2  243
m2  81
T (1) 24 m 9 or  9 (rejected)
∴ 242 is a term of the sequence.
15. (a) k
24
1 (c) ∵ Each term of the sequence in (c) is greater than the
k 24 product of the corresponding term of the given
sequence and –1 by 2.
24 ∴
∴ T ( n)  The required general term
n
24  1(3n 2  1) + 2
∴ T (6)  4
6  3n 2 + 1 + 2
∴ The 6th term of the sequence is 4. 3  3n 2
(b) ∵ T (6) : T ( m) 2 : 1
D (1) 5
T (6) 2T ( m) 18. (a) (i)
D (6) 40
 24 
4 2  D (1) 5 12 + 4
∴  m 
2( 24) (ii) D (2) 8 2 2 + 4
m
4 D (3) 13 32 + 4
12 D (4) 20 4 2 + 4
∴ D ( n) n 2 + 4
16. (a) T (1) a (1) + b 11 ...... (1)

T ( 2) a ( 2) + b 20 ...... ( 2) (b) Suppose the kth diagram has 125 dots.
10
D(k)  125 T (1) 45  3(1)

22. (a)
k  4  125
2
42
∴ There are 42 logs in the 1st layer.
k2  121
k  11 or 11 (rejected) (b) Let the kth layer be the required layer.
∴ The 11th diagram has 125 dots. ∵ T ( k ) 24
45  3k 24
(c) Suppose the mth diagram has 86 dots. ∴
D (m) 86  3k  21
k 7
m 2 + 4 86
∴ The 7th layer has 24 logs of wood.
m 2 82
(c) Let m be the maximum number of layers of logs.
m 9.0553...
T(m)  0
∵ m is not a positive integer. ∴
∴ It is impossible to form a diagram with 86 dots. 45  3m 0
m 15
T (3) T (1) + T ( 2)
∴ There are at most 14 layers of logs.
19. (a) 2 + 5
7 Exercise 1B (p. 1.25)
Level 1
T ( 4) T ( 2) + T (3) 12  4 8
5 + 7 1. ∵
20  12 8
12
28  20 8
∴ 4, 12, 20, 28,  is an arithmetic sequence with
T (5) 7 + 12 19 common difference 8.
(b) T (6) 12 + 19 31
T (7) 19 + 31 50
T (8) 31 + 50 81 1 1 1
 
∴ The 8th term of the sequence is 81. 3 2 6
2. ∵ 1 1 1 1
  
20. (a) T (1)  41  5(1)  36 6 4 3 12 6
T ( 2)  41  5( 2)  31
1 1 1 1
  
T (3)  41  5(3)  26
5 4 20 6
∴
1 1 1 1
(b) ∵ All the terms of the sequence are real numbers. , , , , ... is not an arithmetic sequence.
41 5n 0 2 3 4 5
∴
5n 41 4  16  12
n 8.2 3. ∵  8  4  12
∴ The greatest possible value of n is 8.
∴ There are 8 terms in the sequence.  20  (  8)  12
∴ 16, 4, 8, 20,  is an arithmetic sequence with
2 common difference 12.
21. (a) T ( n) n  9n + 14
( n  2)(n  7)
63 3
∴ Both the 2nd term and the 7th term of the sequence 4. ∵
are equal to 0. 12  6  6  3
15 12  3
2 ∴ 3, 6, 12, 15, … is not an arithmetic sequence.
(b) T ( n)  n  3n + 2
( n  1)(n  2)
5. T (1) 4(1) + 5 9
Both the 1st term and 2nd term of the sequence are
equal to 0. T (2) 4( 2) + 5 13
Or T ( 2)  T (1) 13  9
T ( n)  n 2  5n + 4
4
( n  1)(n  4) ∴ The first term a is 9 and the common difference d is 4.
Both the 1st term and 4th term of the sequence are
equal to 0. 6. T (1) 7  2(1) 5
(or any other reasonable answers)
T (2) 7  2( 2) 3
11
T (2)  T (1) 3  5 12. Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common difference
 2 a  20 and d  12  (  20) 8
∵
∴ The first term a is 5 and the common difference d is –2.
∴ T ( n)  20 + (n  1)(8)
7. (a) ∵ First term 3 8n  28
and common difference 9  3 6 Let k be the number of terms in the sequence.
T ( n) 3 + ( n  1)(6) T ( k ) 132
∴
 6n  3 ∴ 8k  28 132
8k 160
(b) T (8) 6(8)  3 45 k 20
∴ The 8th term of the sequence is 45. ∴ There are 20 terms in the sequence.
8. (a) ∵ First term   4 13. (a) Let a and d be the first term and the common difference
and of the sequence respectively.
common difference   9  (  4)   5 ∵ a   14 and d   10  ( 14)  4
T ( n )   4 + ( n  1)(  5) T ( n)   14 + ( n  1)( 4)
∴ ∴
1  5n  4n  18
(b) T (8) 1  5(8)  39 (b) Suppose the mth term of the sequence is 22.
∴ The 8th term of the sequence is –39. T ( m) 22
4m  18 22
9. (a) ∵ First term   5
4m 40
and common difference   1  (  5)  4
m 10
T ( n )   5 + ( n  1)(4)
∴ ∵ m is a positive integer.
 4n  9 ∴ 22 is a term of the sequence.
14. (a) Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common
(b) T (8) 4(8)  9 23
difference and the general term of the sequence
∴ The 8th term of the sequence is 23. respectively.
∵ a 5 and d 14  5 9
∴ T (n) 5 + (n  1)(9)
9 n  4
10. (a) ∵ First term 1
∴ T (23) 9( 23)  4 203
3 1 ∴ The 23rd term of the sequence is 203.
and common difference   1 
4 4
 1
T(n)  1 (n1)   
∴  4
5 n

4
5 8 3
(b) T (8)  
4 4
3
∴ The 8th term of the sequence is  .
4
11. Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common difference
∵ a 33 and d  25  33   8
∴ T (n) 33 + (n  1)( 8)
 41  8n
T (k )   55
∴ 41  8k   55
 8k   96
k 12
12
(b) ∵ T ( k ) 104 a + 3(  6)  2
9k  4 104 a 16
∴ 9k 108
T (2) a + d
k 12
16 + ( 6)
15. Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common difference 10
and the general term of the sequence respectively. ∴ The 2nd term of the sequence is 10.
(a) ∵ T (12)  48
19. Let d be the common difference of the sequence.
∴  15 + (12  1) d  48 The 5th term of the sequence is 62.
d  3
∴ The common difference of the sequence is –3. ∴ 86 + 4d 62
d  6
(b) ∵ a  15 and d  3 x 86 + d
∴ T ( n)  15 + ( n  1)( 3) ∴ 86 + (  6)
 12  3n 80
y 86 + 2d
and the general term of the sequence respectively. 86 + 2(  6)
(a) ∵ T(7)  53 74
∴ a + (7  1)(9) 53 z 86 + 3d

a  1 86 + 3(  6)
∴ The first term of the sequence is –1. 68
(b) ∵ a  1 and d 9
20. ∵ 27, k, –5 is an arithmetic sequence.
∴ T(15)  1 (15 1)(9) 27  (5)
k
 125 ∴ 2
∴ The 15th term of the sequence is 125. 2k  22
17. (a) Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common k  11
respectively. Alternative Solution
T (6)  1 ∵ 27, k, –5 is an arithmetic sequence.
a + 5d  1 ……(1) k 27  5  k
∴ 2k  22
T (15) 26
a + 14d 26 ……(2) k  11
(2) – (1): 9d 27 21. (a) ∵ 2 p,  1, p + 1 form an arithmetic sequence.

d 3
2 p ( p1)
By substituting d 3 into (1), we have 1 
a + 5(3)  1 ∴ 2
3  3p
a  16
∴ The first term is –16 and the common difference is p 1
3.
Alternative Solution
(b) From (a), we have a  16 and d 3. ∵ 2 p,  1, p + 1 form an arithmetic sequence.
∴ T ( n)   16 + ( n  1)(3)  1  2 p  p + 1  (  1)
3n  19 ∴  3 p 3
p  1
18. Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common
respectively. (b) From (a), p  1
T ( 4)  2 ∴ Common difference  1 2(1)  1
a + 3d  2 ……(1) The 4th term ( 1 + 1) + 1 1
T (9)  32 The 5th term 1 + 1 2
a + 8d  32 ……(2) ∴ The next two terms of the sequence are 1 and 2.
(2) – (1): 5d  30 x + 2, 2 x, 4 x  8, ... form an arithmetic
22. (a) ∵
d  6
sequence.
By substituting d  6 into (1), we have
13
x + 2 + 4x  8 Alternative Solution
2x  ∵ x + 2, 2 x, 4 x  8, ... form an arithmetic
∴ 2
4 x 5 x  6 sequence.
2 x  ( x + 2) 4 x  8  2 x
x 6 ∴ x  2 2 x  8
x 6
(b) From (a), x 6
∴ First term 6 + 2 8
and common difference  2(6)  8  4

T(n)  8  (n1)(4)
∴
 4n 4
Level 2
2b + 3  (b + 5) b  2
23. ∵ 3b + 1  ( 2b + 3) b  2
4b  1  (3b + 1) b  2
∴ b + 5, 2b + 3, 3b + 1, 4b  1, ... is an
arithmetic sequence with common differenceb 
3x y x  2 x y
24. ∵ 5x 2 y (3x y)  2 x y
7x 3y (5x 2 y)  2 x y
∴ x, 3x y, 5x 2 y, 7x 3y, ... is an
arithmetic sequence with common difference
2 x y.
25. Let d be the common difference of the sequence.
(a) ∵ The 5th term of the sequence is 51.
3 + 4d 51
∴
4d 48
d 12
∴
The 3 inserted numbers are:
3 + 12 15 , 3 + 2(12)  27 and
3 + 3(12) 39
(b) ∵ The 9th term of the sequence is 51.

3 + 8d 51
∴
8d 48
d 6
∴
The 7 inserted numbers are:
3 + 6 9 , 3 + 2(6) 15 ,
3 + 3(6) 21 ,
3 + 4(6) 27 , 3 + 5(6) 33 ,
3 + 6(6) 39
and 3 + 7(6) 45
26. (a) Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common
respectively.
∵ a 86 and d 80  86  6
∴ T ( n) 86 + ( n  1)(  6) 92  6n
14
T ( k )  40 T (k )  1000
∵ 92  6k  40 14k + 101  1000
∴
 6k  132 14k  899
k 22 899
∴ There are 22 terms in the sequence. k 64.2143
14
∴ The 64th term is the largest 3-digit number in the
sequence.
T (64) 14(64) + 101
997
∴ The largest 3-digit number in the sequence is 997.
(b) Let T(m) be the last positive term in the sequence.
T(m)  0
92  6m 0
∴
6m 92
46
m  15.3333
3 29. (a) Let 3k and 3m be the smallest and largest multiple of 3
∴ There are 15 positive terms in the sequence. between 200 and 400 respectively.
3k  200
27. (a) Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common ∴
difference and the general term of the sequence 200
respectively.
k 66.6667
3
∵ a  91 and d  87  (  91) 4 ∴ The smallest multiple of 3 between 200 and 400
T ( n)  91 + ( n  1)(4) 3 67
∴
4n  95  201
Let T(k) be the largest negative term in the sequence. 3m  400
T (k )  0 ∴
400
∴ 4k  95  0 m 133.3333
3
4k  95 ∴ The largest multiple of 3 between 200 and 400
k  23.75 3 133
∴ The 23rd term is the largest negative term of the 399
sequence.
T ( 23) 4(23)  95 (b) The multiples of 3 between 200 and 400 inclusive are:
 3 201, 204, 207, …, 399
They form an arithmetic sequence with first term 201
∴ The largest negative term of the sequence is –3.
and common difference 3.
(b) Let T(m) be the smallest term of the sequence which is
greater than 10. T(k)  399
T ( m)  10 201 (k1)(3)  399
∴ 4m  95  10 3k  201
4m  105 k  67
m  26.25 ∴ There are 67 multiples of 3 between 200 and 400
∴ The 27th term of the sequence is the smallest term inclusive.
of the sequence which is greater than 10.
30. The integers divisible by 8 between 101 and 1000 are:
T ( 27) 4( 27)  95 104, 112, 120, …, 1000
13 They form an arithmetic sequence with first term 104 and
∴ The smallest term of the sequence which is greater common difference 8.
than 10 is 13. Let k be the number of terms in the sequence.
T ( k ) 1000
28. Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common difference 104 + ( k  1)8 1000
∵ a 115 and d 129  115 14 8k + 96 1000
T ( n) 115 + ( n  1)(14) k 113
∴
∴ There are 113 integers between 101 and 1000 inclusive
14n + 101 divisible by 8.
Let T(k) be the largest 3-digit number in the sequence.
31. Let T(n) be the general term of the sequence.
T(13)  7T(2)
a12d  7(a d)
…….(1)
5d  6a
15
T (1) + T (2) 16 p 1 p 1 p 1

i.e. 1 or 2 or 3
a + a + d 16 4 4 4
……(2)
d 16  2a p 5 or p 9 or p 13
By substituting (2) into (1), we have ∴ The possible values of p are 5 or 9 or 13.
5(16  2a)  6a (or any other reasonable answers)
80  16a
34. (a) ∵
a 5
By substituting a 5 into (2), we have log 4  log 2 2 log 2  log 2 log 2
d  16  2(5) log 8  log 4 3 log 2  2 log 2 log 2
6 log16  log 8 4 log 2  3 log 2 log 2
∴ log 2, log 4, log 8, log 16, … is an arithmetic
32. Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common difference sequence.
T (2) a + d log 2k log 2 + log k
T (6) a + 5d (b) (i) log 4k log 4 + log k
T (10) a + 9d log 8k log 8 + log k
log16k log16 + log k
∵ T(2)  T(10)  96
∵ log 2, log 4, log 8, log 16, … is an
a d (a 9d)  96 arithmetic sequence.
∴ 2(a 5d)  96 ∴ log 2k, log 4k, log 8k, log 16k, … is an
arithmetic sequence.
2T(6)  96 3
T(6)  48 k
log   3 log k  3 log 2
∴ The 6th term of the sequence is 48. 2
3
33. (a) Let d be the common difference of the arithmetic
k
log   3 log k  3 log 4
sequence. (ii) 4
The required arithmetic sequence is: 3
1, 1  d, 1  2d, 1  3d, p k
log   3 log k  3 log 8
∵ The 5th term is also given by 1  4d. 8
1 + 4d  p  k 
3
∴ log   3 log k  3 log16
p 1  16 
d
4 ∵ log 2, log 4, log 8, log 16, … is an
∴ The three inserted numbers are: arithmetic sequence.
∴
3 3 3 3
p1 p 3  p1  p1 k k k  k 
1  , 1 2   and log   , log   , log   , log   ,…
4 4  4  2 2
  4
  8
   16 
is an arithmetic sequence.
 p1  3p1
1 3  
 4  4 T2 T1 + d
T3 T1 + 2d
p 1 35.
(b) From (a), we have d  . T4 T1 + 3d
4
 p  1 T5 T1 + 4d
T ( n ) 1 + ( n  1) 
∴  4  T6 T1 + 5d
( n  1)( p  1) T5 + T6 T3 + T4 T1 + T2
1 + Consider the sequence , , .
4 2 2 2
(c) ∵ T(n) is an integer.

T3 + T4 T5 + T6
( n  1)( p  1) 
i.e. 1 + is an integer. 2 2
4
[(T + 2d ) + (T1 + 3d )] [(T1 + 4d ) + (T1 + 5d )]
∴
p 1
must be an integer.  1 
4 2 2
p 1 (2T + 5d )  (2T1 + 9d )
∴ The possible values of are 1 or 2 or 3.  1
4 2
 2 d
16
T1 + T2 T3 + T4  24 1
 
2 2 72 3
[T1 + (T1 + d )] [(T1 + 2d ) + (T1 + 3d )] 8 1
  2. ∵ 
2 2  24 3
(2T + d )  (2T1 + 5d ) 8
 1 3  1
2
8 3
  2d
∴
8
∴   , … is a geometric sequence with
T3 + T4 T5 + T6 T1 + T2 T3 + T4 3
     2d 1
2 2 2 2 common ratio  .
3
T5 + T6 T3 + T4 T1 + T2
∴ , , is an arithmetic
2 2 2 0.12
sequence with common difference –2d. 3. ∵ 0.1
1.2
36. Let the three integers be a – d, a and a  d. 0.012
0.1
( a  d ) + a + ( a + d ) 15 0.12
(a) 0.0012
3a 15 0.1
a 5 0.012
( a  d )(a )(a + d ) 80 ∴ 1.2, 0.12, 0.012, 0.0012, … is a geometric sequence
with common ratio 0.1.
(5  d )(5)(5 + d ) 80
5(52  d 2 ) 80 1
 3
2
d 9 4. ∵ 1
d 3 3
∴ The three integers are 2, 5 and 8. 3
 3
1
3
 3
3
a ( a  d )( a + d ) 11[( a  d ) + a + (a + d )] 1
(b) ∴ , 1, 3 , 3, ... is a geometric sequence with
( a  d )( a + d ) 33 3
∵ 33 1 33 3 11 common ratio 3 .
and a – d and a  d are positive integers.
Suppose the three integers are 1, a1, 33 or 3, a2, 11.
1 + 33
a1  17
∴ 2
a T (1)
3 + 11
a2  7 5. 5(  4)1
2
∴ The three integers are 1, 17, 33 (or 33, 17, 1)  20
or 3, 7, 11 (or 11, 7, 3).
T(2)
r
Exercise 1C (p. 1.39) T(1)
Level 1
5(4)2
12 
2 20
6
18 3 80
1. ∵
 2 
12 2 20
 4
24 4
 2
18 3 a T (1)
∴ 6, 12, 18, 24, ... is not a geometric sequence.
6. 2
 1 2
3
6
17
T ( 2)
r 1
T (1) T ( 6)  (  4) 6  1
(b)
2
2
2 2  512
3 ∴ The 6th term of the sequence is –512.
6
2 11. Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio and the
 general term of the sequence respectively.
6
15
1 ∵ a  5 and r  3
 5
3
∴ T ( n) 5(3) n  1
7. (a) Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio of T ( k ) 3645
the sequence respectively.
4 5(3) k  1 3645
∵ a 1 and r  4
1 ∵ 3k  1 729
n 1
∴ T ( n ) 1( 4) 3k  1 36
n 1
4 k  1 6
k 7
6 1 ∴ There are 7 terms in the sequence.
(b) T (6) 4
1024 12. Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio and the
∴ The 6th term of the sequence is 1024. general term of the sequence respectively.
 128 1
8. (a) Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio of ∵ a 512 and r  
the sequence respectively. 512 4
 10  1
n 1
∵ a 5 and r   2 ∴ T (n) 512  
5  4
∴ T ( n) 5(  2) n  1 Let k be the number of terms in the sequence.
1
6 1
T (k ) 
(b) T (6) 5(  2) 8
k1
 160  1 1
∴ The 6th term of the sequence is –160. 512   
 4 8
k1
9. (a) Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio of ∵  1 1
the sequence respectively.   
5 1  4 4096
∵ a 25 and r   k1 6
25 5  1  1
     
1
n 1
 4  4
T ( n) 25 
5 k  1 6
∴
52 (5)  n +1 k 7
53  n
T (6) 53  6
(b)
1

125
1
∴ The 6th term of the sequence is . 13. Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio and the
125
general term of the sequence respectively.
10. (a) Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio of 1
the sequence respectively. 1
1 2 ∵ a  and r  4  8
a and r   4 32 1
∵ 2 1 
32
2 1
1 T (n)  ( 8) n  1
∴ T (n)  ( 4) n  1 (or ∴ 32
2
( 1) n (2)  5 (2) 3n  3
n 1 2n  3
T ( n) (  1) 2 )
( 1) n (2) 3n  8
18
Let k be the number of terms in the sequence.  1

51
T (k ) 2 100 a   7
 3
(  1) k (2) 3k  8 2100 4
∵  1
3k  8 100 ∴ a    7
 3
3k 108
a
k 36 7
∴ There are 36 terms in the sequence. 81
a  567
T (5)  128 ∴ The first term of the sequence is 567.
14. (a) ∵
n1
 1
k ( 4) 5  2  128 (b) T(n)  567   
∴  3
64 k  128
k  2
17. (a) Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio
(b) ∵ T ( m)  8 ∵ a 2 and T (6) 486
 2( 4) m  2
 8 2r 6  1 486
∴
∴ 4m  2
4 r 5 243
m  2 1 r 3
m 3 ∴ The common ratio of the sequence is 3.
15. (a) Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio
(b) T(4)  2(3)41
 54
12 1 ∴ The 4th term of the sequence is 54.
∵ a 72 and r  
72 6
n 1 18. (a) Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio
∴ 1 and the general term of the sequence respectively.
T ( n) 72 
6 T (3)  4
6 1
1 ar 2  4 ……(1)
T (6) 72 
6 T (6) 32
1
ar 5 32
 ……(2)
108
∴ The 6th term of the sequence is

1
.
( 2) ar 5 32
: 
108 (1) ar 2  4
1 r 3  8
(b) ∵ T (k )  r  2
3888
k1
By substituting r  2 into (1), we have
1 1 2
72   a (  2)  4
6 3888
k1
a  1
1 1 ∴ The first term is –1 and the common ratio is –2.
  
∴ 6 279 936
1 1 (b) T ( n)  1(  2) n  1
(k  1) log log  (  2) n  1
6 279 936
k  1 7
19. Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio and
k 8
the general term of the sequence respectively.
T (2) 4
ar 4 ……(1)
16. (a) Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio T (5)  256
1 ar 4  256 ……(2)
∵ r  and T (5) 7 ( 2) ar 4  256
3 : 
(1) ar 4
r 3  64
r  4
19
By substituting r  4 into (1), we have T (6) 6(  1) 6  1

a (  4) 4  6
a  1 3
∴ The 6th term of the sequence is or –6.
T ( n)  (  4) n  1 32
T (7)  (  4) 7  1
 4096
∴ The 7th term of the sequence is –4096. Level 2
32 x
20. Let r be the common ratio of the sequence. 3 x
The geometric sequence formed is: 3x
243, 243r , 243r 2 , 9
23. ∵ 33 x
3 3 x
243r 9 32 x
1 34 x
∴ r3  3 x
27
33 x
1
r ∴ 3 x , 32 x , 33 x , 34 x , ... is a geometric sequence
3
with common ratio 3 x .
1
x 243 
∴  3  9y 3y
81 
3x x
2
1
y 243  27 y 2
 3 x 3y
27 
24. ∵  9y x
21. ∵ x, 64, 4x is a geometric sequence. 81 y 3

642  x( 4 x) x 2  3 y
27 y 2 x
2
∴ 4 x 4096
x 2 1024 x
x 32 or  32 27 y 2 81y 3
∴ 3 x,  9 y , , , ... is a
x x2
22. (a) ∵ 3k , k  8, 6, ... is a geometric sequence.
3y
(k  8) 2 3k (6) geometric sequence with common ratio  .
x
k 2  16k + 64 18k
∴ 25. Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio and
k 2  34k + 64 0
(k  32)(k  2) 0 T ( 2) 12
k 32 or 2
ar 12 ……(1)
T (6) 972
(b) Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio and
the general term of the sequence respectively. ar 5 972 ……(2)
For k 32, 5
( 2) ar 972
: 
32  8 24 1 (1) ar 12
a 3(32) 96and r    r 4 81

r 3 or  3
96 96 4 ∴ The possible values of the common ratio of the
sequence are 3 or –3.
6 1
1 26. Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio of the
T (6) 96 
 4 sequence respectively.
3 T (3)  6 3

32 ar 2  6 3 ……(1)
For k  2, T (5)   36 3
2 8 ar 4   36 3 ……(2)
a 3(2) 6 and r   1
6
20
( 2) ar 4  36 3  7 R 4  112
:  ∴
(1) ar 2 6 3 R 4 16
2
r 6 R 2 or  2
r  6 or  6 ∴ When R 2,
p  7( 2)
By substituting r  6 into (1), we have
a( 6 ) 2  6 3  14
a  3
By substituting r  6 into (1), we have q  7( 2) 2

 28
a( 6 ) 2  6 3
r  7 ( 2) 3
a  3
 56
∴ When r  6 ,
T ( n)   3( 6 ) n 1
or when r  6, ∴ When R  2,
T ( n)  3 ( 6 ) n 1 p  7(  2)
14
3x q  7(  2) 2
27. (a) ∵ , x + 1 and 5 x + 2 are in geometric
8  28
sequence.
r  7 (  2) 3
3x
(x1)  2
(5x 2) 56
8
15x2  6x 29. Let r be the common ratio of the geometric sequence
x2  2 x1 
8 formed.
∴ The geometric sequence formed is:
8x 16x 8  15x  6x
2 2
3 3 3 3
7x2 10x 8  0 , r , r 2 , r 3 , 12
4 4 4 4
(x 2)(7x 4)  0 ∵ The 5th term of the sequence is 12.
4 3 4
x 2 or  r 12
7 ∴ 4
r 4 16
(b) (i) ∵ x is positive.
r 2 or  2
∴ x 2 The 3 inserted numbers are:
3( 2) 3 3 3
∴ T (1)   ( 2)  , 3 ( 2) 2  3, 3 ( 2) 3  6
8 4 4 2 4 4
T ( 2) 2 + 1 3 3 3
or (  2)  , 3 (  2) 2  3,
T ( 2) 3 4 2 4
 4
T (1) 3 3
(  2) 3  6
4 4
3
T ( n)  ( 4) n  1 30. (a) Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio
∴ 4
3( 4) n  2
4 4
a and r  3
(ii) Suppose the mth term of the sequence is 768. ∵ 3 4
T ( m) 768
3
3( 4) m  2 768 4
T(n)  (3)n1
∴ 4 m  2 256 ∴ 3
 4(3)n2
m 2 4
4 4
m  2 4 Let k be the number of terms in the sequence.
m 6
∵ m is a positive integer.
∴ 768 is a term of the sequence.
28. Let R be the common ratio of the sequence.

The geometric sequence formed is:
 7,  7 R ,  7 R 2 ,  7 R 3 ,  112
21
T ( k ) 972 ar ( ar 2 )(ar 3 )  27
k 2
4(3) 972 a 3 r 6  27
k 2 ∴
∵ 3 243 ( ar 2 ) 3  27
k 2 5
3 3 [T (3)]3  27
k  2 5 T (3)  3
k 7 ∴ The 3rd term of the sequence is –3.
33. Let a and r be the first term and common ratio of the
(b) Suppose there are m terms less than 300. sequence respectively.
T(m)  300 ∵ T1 : T2 2 : 1
4(3)m2  300 1
m2
∴ r
3  75 2
∴ Tk : T10 16 : 1
(m 2) log 3  log 75 ∵
log 75 Tk
m 2  ∴ 16
log 3 T10
m 5.9299... k1
1
∵ m must be a positive integer. a 
∴ There are 5 terms in the sequence less than 300.  2 16
10  1
1
a 
2
1
k  10
16
2
31. Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio and the 210  k 2 4
10  k 4
12
∵ a 6 and r  2 k 6
6
∴ T ( n ) 6( 2) n  1
3( 2) n 34. Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio and the
Let T(k) be the required term. general term of the sequence respectively.
T (k )  1000 T ( 2) + T (3) 48
ar + ar 2 48
3(2) k  1000 ……(1)
ar (1 + r ) 48
1000
2k  T (5) + T (6) 6
3
∴ 1000 ar 4 + ar 5 6
k log 2  log ……(2)
3 ar 4 (1 + r ) 6
log
1000 ( 2) ar 4 (1 + r ) 6
: 
k 3 (1) ar (1 + r ) 48
log 2 1
k  8.3808... r3 
8
Since k must be a positive integer, the greatest term of the
sequence which is less than 1000 is the 8th term. 1
r
T (8) 2
∴ The required term 1
3( 2) 8 By substituting r  into (1), we have
768 2
 1  1 
32. Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio and the a 1  48
 2  2 
T ( 2) ar a  64
∴ The first term and the common ratio of the sequence are
T (3) ar 2
1
64 and respectively.
T ( 4) ar 3 2
∵ T ( 2) T (3) T ( 4)  27
35. The given sequence is: 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, ...
Consider the geometric sequence with negative terms only:
22
3, 12, 48, ... Tn An

Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio and the ∴ r1 r2 , which is a constant.
general term of the new sequence respectively. Tn  1 An  1
 12 ∴ T1 A1 , T2 A2 , T3 A3 , ... is a geometric
∵ a = –3 and r  4
 3 sequence with common ratio r1r2 .
∴ T ( n )  3( 4) n  1
Let T(k) be the last term in the new sequence greater than 38. (a) ∵ a, b, c is an arithmetic sequence with common
6000. difference d.
∵ T ( k )   6000 ∴ b a + d
 3( 4) k  1   6000 c a + 2d b + d
4 k  1  2000 3b 3 a +d
a
 a
3 d
∴ ( k  1)log 4  log 2000 3 3
log 2000 3c 3b + d
k  1  3d
log 4 3b 3b
k  6.4828... ∴ 3a , 3b , 3c is a geometric sequence with
∴ The greatest value of k is 6.
∴ There are 6 negative terms in the sequence greater than common ratio 3 d .
6000.
(b) ∵ x, y, z is a geometric sequence with common
36. (a) Let the original numbers be k, 5k and 11k respectively. ratio R.
∵ k + 3, 5k + 3, 11k + 3 are in geometric sequence. y z
∴  R and R
(5k + 3) 2 (k + 3)(11k + 3) x y
25k 2 + 30k + 9 11k 2 + 36k + 9 y
log 2 y log 2 x log 2  log 2 R
2
14k  6k 0 x
∴ z
7 k 2  3k 0 log 2 z log 2 y log 2  log 2 R
y
k (7 k  3) 0
∴ log 2 x, log 2 y , log 2 z is an arithmetic
3
k 0 (rejected) or sequence with common difference log 2 R .
7
3 15 33
∴ The original numbers are , and . Exercise 1D (p. 1.47)
7 7 7 Level 1
1. The rents of the studio for subsequent hours form an
arithmetic sequence with first term $400 and common
(b) The common ratio of the geometric sequence difference $100.
15 Let $Tn be the rent of the studio for n hours.
+3 From the question, we have
 7 Tn 400 + ( n  1)(100)
3
+3 300 + 100n
7
∴ T9 300 + 100(9) 1200
3
 ∴ The rent of the studio for 9 hours is $1200.
2
2. The numbers of seats in different rows form an arithmetic
T1 , T2 , T3 , ... is a geometric sequence with sequence with first term 24 and common difference 5.
37. ∵
Let Tn be the number of seats in the nth row.
common ratio r1 and A1 , A2 , A3 , ... From the question, we have
is a geometric sequence with common ratio r2 . Tn 24 + (n  1)(5)
Tn An 19 + 5n
i.e. r1 and r2 Suppose there are 144 seats in the kth row.
Tn  1 An  1 Tk 144
∴
Consider the sequence T1 A1 , T2 A2 , T3 A3 , ... 19 + 5k 144
T2 A2 k 25
r1r2 ∴ There are 25 rows in the theatre.
T1 A1
T3 A3 3. The monthly payments in different years form an arithmetic
r1 r2 sequence with first term $160 and common difference $d.
T2 A2 Let $T(n) be the monthly payment of the policyholder in the
nth year since the age of 21, i.e. $T(1) is the monthly
payment for the policyholder at the age of 21.
From the question, we have
23
T ( n) 160 + ( n  1)(d ) ∴ x n 2 + ( n  1)3

∵ The age of 45 is in the 25th year since the age of 21. 3n  1
T(25)  640 ∴ The length of the side of Fn is (3n ‒ 1) cm.
∴ 160  (25 1)d  640
160  24d  640 (b) x9  3(9) 1
d  20  26
∴ The length of the side of F is 26 cm.
9
4. (a) Common ratio (1  20%)
0.8
8. (a) Perimeter of M 4 1 cm
1 4 cm
(b) ∵ W1 = 50(0.8)
and common ratio = 0.8 Perimeter of M 4 2 cm
2 8 cm
∴
Wn 50(0.8)(0.8) n  1
Perimeter of M 4 3 cm
50(0.8) n 3 12 cm
∴ W3 50(0.8) 3
(b) The general term of the sequence of perimeters of
25.6 M1, M2, … , Mn, … is 4n cm.
∴ The weight of the radioactive substances after Perimeter of Mn – perimeter of Mn1
3 months is 25.6 g.
 4n cm – 4(n – 1) cm
5. (a) From the question, we have  4 cm, which is a constant.
∴ The perimeters of M1, M2, M3, … form an
Vn  V1 (1 20%)n1 arithmetic sequence.
 V1 (1.2)n1
(c) Perimeter of M 4 14 cm
∵ V4  3456 14 56 cm
∴ V1 (1.2) 41  3456

V1  2000 9. (a) (i) ∵ △ An BnCn is drawn by joining the mid-
points of sides of △ An  1 Bn  1Cn  1 .
(b) From (a), Vn  2000(1.2) n1
∴ Each side of △AnBnCn is half of that of
△An–1Bn–1Cn–1.
6 1
∴ V6 2000(1.2) P1 8 3
∴
4977 (cor. to the nearest integer) 24
∴ The value of the painting 6 years after it was P2 (8 2) 3
bought is $4977.
12
6. (a) ∵ The number of yeast cells doubles every P3 ( 4 2) 3
5 minutes.
6
T (n)
∴ 2, which is a constant. (ii) The perimeters of the triangles formed are in
T ( n  1)
geometric sequence.
∴ T(1), T(2), T(3), … is a geometric sequence.
∵ P1 = 24
∵ T(1)  3  2 = 6 and common ratio  2
∴
T ( n) 6( 2) n  1 P2 12 1
and common ratio   
3( 2) n
P1 24 2
(b) Number of 5-minute intervals in 1 hour 1
n1
60 1 Pn  24  
 ∴ 2
5
 3(2)3 (2)1n
12
 3(2)4n
∴ T (12) 3( 2)12
12 288
3
∴ There are 12 288 yeast cells after 1 hour. (b) The perimeter of △ Ak Bk C k is cm.
4
7. Let xn cm be the length of the side of Fn.
(a) ∵
x1 6 3
2
and common difference (15  6) 3
3
24
3
Pk  13. (a) Let $T(n) be the selling price of the watch on the nth
4 day.
3 The selling prices of the watch on successive days form
3(2) 4k
 an arithmetic sequence with first term $(x – 50) and
4
common difference ‒$50.
(2) 4k
 (2)2 ∴ T(n)  (x 50)  (n1)(50)
4  k  2 T(10)  (x 50)  9(  50)
k 6 ∴ (110%)x x 500
x 5000
10. Let d cm be the common difference of the arithmetic
sequence formed by AB, AC and BC.
i.e. AC = (20 ‒ d) cm ……(1) (b) The selling price on the 30th day
BC = (20 ‒ 2d) cm ……(2)  $T(30)
∵ △ ABC is a right-angled triangle.  $[5000  50  (30 1)(  50)]
2 2 2
∴
AC + BC  AB ( Pyth. theorem )  $3500
2
AC + BC 400 cm 2 2
......(3) Since the selling price on the 30th day ($3500) is larger
than the cost ($1000), the shop owner will not suffer a
By substituting (1) and (2) into (3), we have loss.
(20  d )2 + (20  2d ) 2 400
14.(a) ∵ P1, P2, P3, … form a geometric sequence with first
5d 2  120d + 800 400
term 250 000(1 + 4%) and common ratio (1 + 4%).
d 2  24d + 80 0 Pn 250 000(1 + 4%)(1 + 4%) n 1
∴
(d  4)(d  20) 0 250 000(1.04) n
d 4 or 20 (rejected)
∴ AC = (20 ‒ 4) cm 16 cm (b) Population of the city at the end of 2011
and BC = [20 ‒ 2(4)] cm  12 cm P3
 250 000(1.04)3
11. Let d  and An  be the common difference and the nth  281 216
largest angle in the hexagon respectively, i.e. A1 = 220.
∴ An 220 + ( n  1)d (c) Let k be the required number of years.
∵ Pk  400 000
250 000(1.04)k  400 000
A1  A2 ...  A6  (6  2)180 ( sum of polygon)
1.04 k 1.6
6(220) 15d  720
klog 1.04  log 1.6
d  40
log 1.6
∴ An 220 + ( n  1)( 40) k
log 1.04
260  40n
k11.98 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
∴ A6 260  40(6) 20 Since k is an integer, the smallest value of k is 12.
∴ The smallest angle of the hexagon is 20 . ∴ The population will just exceed 400 000 at the end
of 2020.
Level 2
12. (a) Let d cm and Tn cm be the common difference and the 15. (a) Let T(n) minutes be the time Joe spent on cycling on
length of the nth stick respectively. the nth day.
T1 35 The times Joe spent on cycling on successive days form
∵
a geometric sequence with first term x minutes and
and d 31  35  4 5
Tn 35 + ( n  1)(  4) common ratio .
∴ 6
39  4n  5
n 1
Let k be the maximum number of sticks. ∴ T ( n)  x 

 6
∵ Tk  0
3 1
39  4k  0 5
T (3)  x 
∴ 6
4k  39
∴
k  9.75  25 
75  x 
Since k is an integer, the greatest value of k is 9.  36 
∴ The maximum number of sticks is 9.
x 108
(b) ∵ T9 39  4(9)
3 (b) Suppose the time Joe spent on cycling on the kth day
∴ The shortest possible length of a stick is 3 cm.
25
1 Tk  0.1
will be just less than of that on the first day.
3 k1
 3
108 7.5   0.1
T(k)   5
3 k1
k1
 5  108  3 1
108     
5
  75
6 3
k1  3 1
 5 1 (k  1) log   log 
log    log   5
   75 
6  3
1
 5 log 
(k1)log   log3 75
6 k    +1
 3
log3 log 
k1 5
 5
log   k  9.45 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
6 Since k is an integer, the minimum value of k is 10.
log3 ∴ The minimum number of rebounds required is
k 1 10.
 5
log  
6 17. (a) (i) P1, P2, P3, … is a geometric sequence with first
term 148 and common ratio (1 + 5%).
k 7.03 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
Pn 148(1 + 5%) n  1
Since k is an integer, the smallest value of k is 8. ∴
∴ On the 8th day, the time that Joe spends on cycling 148(1.05) n  1
1 (ii) D1, D2, D3, … is an arithmetic sequence with first
will be just less than of that on the first day.
3 term 152 and common difference 5.
∴ D n 152 + 5( n  1)
16. (a) ∵ Each time the ball reaches the ground, it rebounds 147 + 5n
3
to a height of its previous height.
5 (b) (i) The maximum height that David can jump
∴ The heights after rebounds are in geometric  D7 cm
sequence.  [147  5(7)] cm
i.e. T1, T2, T3, T4, … is an geometric sequence.
 182 cm
 3 3 (ii) Suppose Pauline completes her kth jump
(b) (i) ∵ T1  h , common ratio = and successfully, but fails in the (k + 1)th jump.
 5 5
Pk 182
T4 1.62
41 148(1.05) 182
k1
 3  3 
∴ h    1.62 91
 5  5  (1.05)k1 
74
h  12.5
 91 
 3 3 (k1)log1.05  log  
(ii) ∵ T1  h  12.5  7.5  74 
 5  5
 91 
 3
n1
log  
Tn  7.5    74 
∴  5 k1
log1.05
Let k be the minimum number of rebounds
required. k 5.24 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
Since k is an integer, the greatest value of k is 5.
∴ The maximum height that Pauline can jump
 P5 cm
 148(1.05)51 cm
 180 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
18. (a) Tn [ M (1 + r %) n  1 ] 20%

0.2 M (1 + r %) n  1
26
(b) (i)
T2 0.2 M (1 + r %) 2160 ......(1) A1 ( 2)16  1  A
∴
T4 0.2 M (1 + r %)3 2520 ......(2) A
A1 
215
0.2M(1 r%)3 2520 Suppose it takes k weeks for the leaves to cover one-eighth
(2)  (1) :  of the pond.
0.2M(1 r%) 2160 1
7 A1 ( 2) k  1  A
(1 r%)2  8
6 A A
∴ ( 2) k  1  3
7 215
2
1 r%  ......(3)
6 2 k1
212
7 k  1 12
r%  1
6 k 13
r  8.01 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) ∴ It takes 13 weeks for the leaves to cover one-eighth of
the pond.
 7 20. (a) (i) Let Pn cm be the perimeter of Sn.
0.2 M   2160
P1 cm, P2 cm, P3 cm, … form an arithmetic
 6
  sequence with first term P1 cm and common
6 difference 2 cm.
M 10 800 ∵ P16 36
7
M 10 000 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) P1 + 2(16  1) 36
∴
P1 6
Pn 6 + 2( n  1)
∴
Pn 4 + 2n
(ii) Suppose Mr Chan’s monthly savings will first
exceed $3100 in the kth year. ∴ The perimeter of Sn is (2n + 4) cm.
Tk  3100 Pk 12
(ii) 4 + 2k 12
k1
 6  7 
0.2 10800     3100 k 4
 7   6 
 (b) (i) ∵ S1, S2, S3, … are similar figures.
k 2
 6 7  Area of S 2  P2 
0.2 (10800)      3100  
 7   6  Area of S1  P1 
k 2
 7  1085 ∴  4 + 2(2) 
    
 6
  648  4 + 2(1) 
16
 7  1085  
k log   log  9
 6  648 
  2
 1085  Area of S 3  P3 
log   
648  Area of S 2  P2 
k 
 7 2
log   4 + 2(3) 
 6  
  (ii) ∵
 4 + 2( 2) 
 6.69 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
Since k is an integer, the minimum value of k is 7.
25

∴ Mr Chan’s monthly savings will first exceed 16
$3100 in the 7th year, i.e. 2020. area of S 2

19. Let A be the area of the pond. area of S1
Let An be the area covered by the lotus leaves after n weeks. ∴ The areas of S1, S2, S3, … do not form a
∵ The area covered by the lotus leaves is doubled each geometric sequence.
week.
∴ A1, A2, A3, … form a geometric sequence with common
ratio 2.
A1 B1  A1 C1 (propertie s of square)
∵ It takes 16 weeks for the lotus leaves to cover the entire 21. (a) (i)
 BC1 tan 45
pond.
 BC1
∵
27
A1 B1 C1 C (properties of square) Cn 2Rn


BC Cn  1 2Rn  1
∴
A1 B1 
2
Rn
 5 cm 
Rn  1
A1 B1
Similarly,
A2 B 2  r , which is a constant.
2
∴ C1, C2, C3, … is also a geometric sequence.
2.5 cm
1 1 (b) From (a), the common ratio of the geometric sequence
BC 1 C1, C2, C3, … is r.
A1 B1  5  cm
2  2 C3 C1r 2 4 ......(1)
(ii) ∵ 2 1
A1 B1 1 5
C6 C1r 0.0625 ......(2)
A2 B2  5  cm
2  2 5
C1r 0.0625
 2

1
n1 (2)  (1) : C1r 4
An1 Bn1
AnBn   5  cm r 3 0.015 625
∴ 2 2
r 0.25
(b) (i) ∵ Length of AnBn is half of length of An‒1Bn‒1. By substituting r  0.25 into (1), we have
i.e. The sides of the square is half of that of the C1 (0.25) 2  4
preceding one.
∴ Area of square with side AnBn C1 64
2
( An B n )
2 AB
A B  R1 O1B 
 n  1 n  1  2
 2 
O1B AB
(A B )2 R2 O2 B   2
 n 1 n 1 2 2
4 23. (a)
O B AB
R3 O3 B  2  3
1 2 2

= 4 area of square with side A n‒1Bn‒1

∴ The areas of squares A1B1CC1, A2B2B1C2, AB
A3B3B2C3, … form a geometric sequence with Rn On B 
2n
1
common ratio . AB
4
Rn n
 2
∴ Rn  1 AB
Area of square A4 B4 B3C 4 2n  1
3
1 1
  Area of square A1 B1CC1  , which is a constant.
4 2
(ii)
1 ∴ R1, R2, R3, … is a geometric sequence.
 (5 2 ) cm 2
64
25
 cm 2
64
22. (a) Let r be the common ratio of the geometric sequence 1

P1  ( 2 O1B ) + 2O1B
R1, R2, R3, … 2
C1 2R1 (b) ( + 2)O1B
C2 2R2  +2
  AB
C3 2R3  2 
∴ Cn 2Rn
28
1 $ I 7
P2  (2 O2 B ) + 2O2 B
2 $4 590 000(1 + 2%)7
( + 2)O2 B $5 270 000 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
 +2
 2  AB (c) Let $Gn be the value of vase Y n years after the
 2  beginning of 2007.
G1, G2, G3, … is a geometric sequence with first term
1
P3  ( 2 O3 B ) + 2O3 B 3 000 000(1 + 10%) and common ratio (1 +
2 10%).
( + 2)O3 B Gn 3 000 000(1 + 10%)(1 + 10%) n  1
∴
 +2 3 000 000(1 + 10%) n
 3  AB
 2  Suppose the value of vase Y will just exceed that of
 vase X k years after the beginning of 2007.
I k  Gk
 +2
Pn  n  AB 4 590 000(1 + 2%)k  3 000 000(1 + 10%) k
 2  k
153  1.1 
 +2  
 n  AB 100  1.02 
Pn 2 
  153   1.1 
∴ Pn  1   + 2  log   k log 
 n  1  AB  100   1.02 
 2 
k  5.6321...
1 Since k is an integer, the minimum value of k is 6.
 , which is a constant. ∴ The value of vase Y will first exceed that of vase X
2 6 years after the beginning of 2007, i.e. 2013.
∴ P1, P2, P3, … is a geometric sequence.
1 Check Yourself (p. 1.54)

(c) ∵ P6  ( + 2) 1. (a) 
8
5
1 1 (b) 
∴ P1    ( + 2)
2
  8
(c) 
P1 4( + 2)
∴ The perimeter of the semi-circle with centre O1 is (d) 
4(  2).
2. The nth term of the arithmetic sequence is a + ( n  1) d .
I1 V (1 + r %)
I 2  I1 (1 + r %) V (1 + r %) 2 3. The nth term of the geometric sequence is ar n  1 .
24. (a) I 3  I 2 (1 + r %) V (1 + r %)3
T(1)  12  2(1)  1

4. T(2)  2 2  2(2)  0
I n V (1 + r %)n
T(3)  32  2(3)  3
T(4)  4 2  2(4)  8
(b) V (1 + r %) 4 681 800 …… (1)
The first 4 terms are: ‒1, 0, 3, 8
V (1 + r %)3 4 870 944.72 …… (2)
6  12  6
V (1 + r %)3 4 870 944.72 5. (a)
 0  6  6, which is a constant.
V (1 + r %) 4 681 800
(2) ∴ The sequence 12, 6, 0, ‒6, … is an arithmetic
: (1 + r %) 2 1.0404 sequence.
(1)
1 + r % 1.02
(b) Ler T(n) be the general term of the arithmetic sequence
r 2 with first term 12 and common difference ‒6.
By substituting r = 2 into (1), we have ∴ T ( n) 12 + ( n  1)( 6) 18  6n
V (1 + 2%) 4 681 800 ∴ T (10) 18  6(10)  42
V 4 590 000 ∴ The 10th term of the sequence is –42.
The value of the vase at the beginning of 2014
a  2 and d  8  (  2)  6
29
T ( n)  2 + ( n  1)( 6)
10. ∵ The birth rate increases by 5% each year.
4  6 n ∴ The birth rates in successive years form a geometric
Let k be the number of terms in the sequence. sequence with first term 16 000(1 + 5%) and common
T ( k )  788 ratio (1 + 5%).
4  6k  788 Let T(n) be the birth rate in the nth year after 2010.
∴
T(n)  16 000(1 5%)(1 5%)n1
k 132
∴ There are 132 terms in the sequence.  16 000(1.05)n
7. (a) Let r be the common ratio of the sequence.
ar 4 81 ……(1)
1
ar  ……(2)
9
(1) 1
: r 3 81 
(2) 9
r 3 729
r 9
∴ The common ratio of the sequence is 9.
1
a (9)
9
1
a
(b) 81
1
b (9) 2 1
81
1
c  (9) 3 9
81
8. (a) x 2 8(18)
x 12 or  12 (rejected)
12
(b) From (a), common ratio  1.5
8
∴ The general term of the sequence = 8(1.5) n1
The mth term of the sequence is less than 500.
8(1.5)m1  500
1.5m1  62.5
(m1)log1.5  log 62.5
log 62.5
m1 
log1.5
m 11.20 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
Since m is an integer, the greatest value of m is 11.
9. 13  10 3
16  13 3, which is a constant.
∴ The numbers of cans in different layers form an
arithmetic sequence with first term 10 and common
difference 3.
Let T(n) be the number of cans in the nth layer.
∴ T(n)  10  (n1)(3)
 7  3n
Suppose there are 37 cans in the kth layer.
∵ T ( k ) 37
∴ 7 + 3k 37
k 10
∴ There are 10 layers of cans.
30
∴ Number of babies born in 2015

T (5) (b) T ( 20) 5( 20) + 18
5
16 000(1.05) 118
20 421 (cor. to the nearest integer) ∴ The 20th term of the sequence is 118.
Revision Exercise 1 (p. 1.55)

Level 1
1. (a) 26  34  8
18  26  8, which is a constant.
∴ It is an arithmetic sequence with common
difference –8.
6
 2
(b)  3
 12
 2, which is a constant.
6
∴ It is a geometric sequence with common ratio –2.
 1 1
0   
(c)  2 2
1 1
 0  , which is a constant.
2 2
1
difference .
2
T ( n)  T ( n  1)
2. (a) ( 4n + 6)  [ 4( n  1) + 6]
4 n + 6  4 n  2
4, which is a constant.
difference 4.
n +2
 1
 
T ( n) 5
  n  1+ 2
(b) T (n  1)  1 
 
 5
1
 , which is a constant.
5
∴ It is a geometric sequence with common ratio
1
 .
5
T ( n) 2(3)1 n
 1 ( n  1)
(c) T ( n  1) 2(3)
1
 , which is a constant.
3
1
∴ It is a geometric sequence with common ratio .
3
3. (a) Common difference 28  23

5
T ( n) 23 + ( n  1)(5)
5n + 18
31
4. (a) Common difference 10  16  6 T6 44

∵
T ( n) 16 + ( n  1)( 6)
a + 5d  44
22  6n ∴
a + 5( 4)  44
a  24
T ( 20) 22  6( 20)
(b) T n 24 + ( n  1)(4)
 98 ∴
4n + 20
∴ The 20th term of the sequence is 98.
(b) ∵ Tm 136
5. (a) First term T (1) 14  4(1) 10 4m + 20 136
∴
 T(2)  T(1) m 29
Common difference  14  4(2) 10
 4 9. (a) T ( n)  4(5) n  1
(b) Suppose the kth term of the sequence is 22. (b) The 6th term of the sequence
T ( k )  22 T (6)
14  4k  22  4(5) 6  1
k  2  12 500
Since k must be a positive integer, 22 is not a term of
the sequence.
24
6. Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common difference 10. (a) Common ratio  12
2
∵ a 83
T ( n) 12( 2) n  1
and d 81  83  2 ∴
3( 2) n +1
∴ T ( n) 83 + ( n  1)(  2)
85  2n
Let k be the number of terms in the sequence. (b) ∵ T ( k ) 384
∵ T ( k )  19 3( 2) k +1 384
85  2k  19 2 k +1 128
∴ ∴
 2k  104 2 k +1 2 7
k 52 k + 1 7
∴ There are 52 terms in the sequence. k 6
and the general term of the sequence respectively.  3 2
3 11. (a) Common ratio  3
∵ a 
5  2
1  3 2 T ( n ) 3(  2 ) n 1
and d        ∴
5  5 5
3 2 (b) ∵ T ( k ) 384
T(n)    (n1)  
∴ 5  5 3(  2 ) k  1 384
2 ( 2 ) k  1 128
 n1 ∴
5 ( 2 ) k  1 (  2 )14
Let k be the number of terms in the sequence. k  1 14
∵ T ( k ) 45 k 15
2
∴ k  1 45
5 12. Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio and
k 115 the general term of the sequence respectively.
∴ There are 115 terms in the sequence. ∵ a2
6
8. Let a and d be the first term and the common difference of and r  3
2
(a) ∵ T3  T4  4 ∴ T ( n) 2(3) n  1
∴ T4  T3  4 T ( k ) 4374
∵
d 4
32
2(3) k  1 4374 13. Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio and
3k  1 2187 ∵ a  3.2
∴
3k  1 37  1.6
and r   0.5
k  1 7 3.2
k 8 ∴ T ( n) 3.2(  0.5) n  1
∴ There are 8 terms in the sequence. Let k be the number of terms in the sequence.
∵
T ( k )  0.006 25
3.2(  0.5) k  1  0.006 25

(  0.5) k  1  0.001 953 125
∴
(  0.5) k  1 (  0.5)9
k  1 9
k 10
14. Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio of the
sequence respectively.
T (1)  a 144  (1)
4
T (5)  ar 9  ( 2 )
4
ar 9

a 144
(2) 1
: r4 
(1) 16
1 1
r  or 
2 2
1
When r  ,
2
n 1
1
T ( n) 144 
 2
9(16)(2)1 n
 9( 2) 5  n
1
When r   ,
2
n 1
 1
T ( n) 144  
 2
9(16)( 2)1 n
9(  2)5  n
15. (a) Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio of
1
T (2)  ar   (1)
9
T (7)  ar 6  27  ( 2)
ar 6 27

ar 1
(2)
: 9
(1)
r 5  243
r 3
By substituting r = 3 into (1), we have
33
1
a (3)  19. (a) Let R be the common ratio of the geometric sequence to
9 be formed.
1 The geometric sequence formed is:
a 3, 3R, 3R2, 192
27
∵ The 4th term is also given by 3R3.
1
∴ T ( n)  (3) n  1 3 n  4  3R 3  192
27 ∴
R 3 64
(b) Suppose the kth term of the sequence is 486. R 4
T ( k ) 486 ∴ The two inserted numbers are:
k 4  3 4   12 ,  3 4 2   48
3 486
(k  4) log 3 log 486
log 486
k 4
log 3
k 9.6309...
∵ k is not a positive integer.
∴ 486 is not a term of the sequence.
16. (a) ∵ k + 15, 4, k ‒ 3 are in arithmetic sequence.

( k + 15) + (k  3)
 4
∴ 2
 4 k + 6
k   10
(b) From (a), the arithmetic sequence is

5, ‒4, ‒13, …
Common difference = ‒4 ‒ 5 = ‒9
∴ T ( n) 5 + ( n  1)(  9)
14  9n
17. (a) ∵ x, 3, 2x + 3 are in geometric sequence.

32  x ( 2 x + 3)
0 2 x 2 + 3 x  9
∴
0 ( 2 x  3)( x + 3)
3
x  3 or
2
(b) When x = ‒3,

3
common ratio   1
 3
3
When x = ,
2
3
common ratio  2
 3
 
 2
∴ Possible common ratios of the sequence are ‒1 or
2.
18. Let d be the common difference of the arithmetic sequence.

The arithmetic sequence formed is:
‒24, ‒24 + d, ‒24 + 2d, ‒24 + 3d, ‒24 + 4d, 56
∵ The 6th term is also given by ‒24 + 5d.
∴ 24  5d  56
d  16
∴ The four inserted numbers are:
 24 + 16  8,  8 + 16 8, 8 + 16 24, 24 + 16 40
34
(b) Let r be the common ratio of the geometric sequence to

be formed.
The geometric sequence formed is:
3, 3r, 3r2, 3r3, 3r4, 3r5, 192
∵ The 7th term is also given by 3r6.
 3r 6  192
∴
r 6 64
r 2 or  2
When r = 2, the five inserted numbers are:
 3 2  6 ,  3 2 2  12 ,
 3 23  24 ,
 3 2 4  48 ,  3 25  96
When r = 2, the five inserted numbers are:
 3 (  2) 6 ,  3 (  2) 2  12 ,
 3 (  2) 3 24 ,  3 (  2) 4  48 ,
 3 (  2) 5 96
20. (a) Let d be the common difference of the sequence.

T (1)  10
∵
T ( 25) 38
T(1)  (25 1)d  38
∴
10  24d  38
d 2
∴ The common difference of the sequence is 2.
b T (1) + d
 10 + 2
 8
(b)
c 38 + d
38 + 2
40

T (1) 32
∵
729
T (7 ) 
2
729
32r 7  1 
2
∴ 729
r6 
64
3 3
r  or 
2 2
3 3
∴ Possible common ratios are or  .
2 2
3
(b) When r  ,
2
 3
p 32 
 2
48
729 3
q 
2 2
 243
35
22. (a) 42 ‒ 45 = ‒3
39 ‒ 42 = ‒3, which is a constant.
∴ The numbers of statues in different rows form an
arithmetic sequence with first term 45 and
common difference ‒3.
∴ The number of statues in the nth row
 45 + ( n  1)(  3)
 48  3n
(b) Suppose there are 18 statues in the kth row.

18 48  3k
k 10
∴ There are 10 rows of statues.
23. ∵ The number of spectators doubles every minute.

∴ The numbers of spectators in successive minutes form a
geometric sequence with first term 5  2 = 10 and
common ratio 2.
Let T(n) be the number of spectators in the nth minute.
The increase in the number of spectators from the 4th minute
to the 5th minute
T (5)  T ( 4)
10( 2) 5  1  10( 2) 4  1
80
24. (a) T (1)  28 + 4

32
T ( 2) 28 + 2( 4)
36
T (3)  28 + 3( 4)
 40
T ( 4)  28 + 4( 4)
 44
(b) ∵ It costs $4 more for each extra pound of clothes.

∴
T ( n)  T ( n  1)  4, which is a constant.
∴ T(1), T(2), T(3), T(4), … is an arithmetic sequence.
T ( n) 32 + ( n  1)( 4) 4n + 28
(c) 16 pounds = (7 + 9) pounds

T (9) 4(9) + 28 64
∴ The cost of washing 16 pounds of clothes is $64.
25. (a) Let r% be the percentage decrease in the number of

passing candidates from one level to the next level.
The numbers of candidates passing the successive
levels form a geometric sequence with first term 1000
and common ratio (1 – r%).
Let T(n) be the number of candidates passing the nth
level.
∴ T ( n) 1000(1  r %) n  1
∵ T ( 4) 216
1000(1  r %) 3 216
∴ (1  r %) 3 0.216
1  r % 0.6
r 40
∴ The required percentage decrease is 40%.
36
(b) From (a), W ( n)  28( 4) n  1  7( 4) n

n 1 n 1
T ( n) 1000(1  40%) 1000(0.6) . Let k be the number of negative terms greater than
T ( 2) 1000(0.6) 600 1 ‒10 000.
∴ i.e. W(k) is the smallest negative term greater than
T (3) 1000(0.6) 2 360 ‒10 000.
∴ 600 candidates and 360 candidates pass the level 2 W ( k )   10000
and level 3 examination respectively.
 7( 4) k   10000
26. The lengths of the line segments form an arithmetic 10000
sequence with first term 10 cm and common difference 4k 
(9.2  10) cm  0.8 cm . 7
Let xn cm be the length of the nth line segment in the figure. ∴ 10000
k log 4  log
xn 10 + ( n  1)( 0.8) 7
∴
10.8  0.8n 10000
log
Suppose there are k line segments in the figure. k 7
∵ xk  0 log 4
10.8  0.8k  0 k  5.2401...
∴ Since k is an integer, the greatest value of k is 5.
10.8  0.8k
∴ The number of negative terms greater than
k  13.5 –10 000 is 5.
Since k is an integer, the greatest value of k is 13.
∴ There are at most 13 line segments in the figure. (b) ∵ T(1), T(3), T(5), … also form a geometric
sequence with first term 14 and common ratio
Level 2 56
27. (a) Let T(n) be the general term of the sequence.  4 .
First term = 101 14
Common difference = 92 ‒ 101 = ‒9 ∴ We can form a new geometric sequence.
T ( n ) 101 + ( n  1)( 9) G ( n) 14( 4) n  1
∴
110  9n Let G(m) be the largest positive term less than 5000.
Let T(k) be the first negative term of the sequence. G (m)  5000
T(k)  0
14(4) m  1  5000
∴ 110  9k 0
10 000
9k110 4m 
7
k12.2222...
Since k is an integer, the smallest value of k is 13. ∴  10 000 
m log 4  log 
∴ The first negative term of the sequence  7 
110  9(13)
 10 000 
 7 log 
m  7 
(b) Let T(m) be the smallest term greater than –100. log 4
∵ T ( m)   100 m  5.2401...
110  9m   100 Since m is an integer, the greatest value of m is 5.
∴ ∴ The largest term 14( 4)
5 1
3584
 9m   210
m  23.3333... 29. (a) Let T(n) be the general term of the arithmetic sequence
Since m is an integer, the greatest value of m is 23. that formed by the multiples of 3 between 100 and 1000
110  9( 23)  97 inclusive.
∴ The smallest term
∴ First term = 102 and common difference = 3
Let k be the number of term in the sequence.
28. (a) Let a, r and T(n) be the first term, the common ratio and
T(k)  1000
∵ a  14 102  (k1)(3)  1000
 28 3k  901
and r   2
14 k  300.3333...
T ( n) 14(  2) n  1 Since k is an integer, the largest value of k is 300.
∴ ∴ There are 300 multiples of 3 between 100 and
  7(  2) n 1000 inclusive.
∵ T(2), T(4), T(6), … also form a geometric
sequence with first term ‒28 and common ratio (b) Let U(n) be the general term of the arithmetic sequence
that formed by the multiples of 7 between 100 and 1000
 112 inclusive.
 4 .
 28 ∴ First term = 105 and common difference = 7
∴ We can form a new geometric sequence. Let k be the number of term in the sequence.
37
U(k)  1000 (c) Let V(n) be the general term of the arithmetic sequence
that formed by the integers which are divisible by both
105  (k1)(7)  1000 3 and 7 between 100 and 1000 inclusive, i.e. multiples
7k 902 of 21.
∴ First term = 105 and common difference = 21
k 128.8571... Let k be the number of term in the sequence.
Since k is an integer, the largest value of k is 128.
V(k)  1000
∴ There are 128 multiples of 7 between 100 and
1000 inclusive. 105  (k1)(21)  1000
21k  916
k  43.6190...
Since k is an integer, the largest value of k is 43.
∴ There are 43 integers which are divisible by both 3
and 7 between 100 and 1000 inclusive.
Tn  Tn  1 (rn + s )  [ r (n  1) + s ]
30. (a) rn + s  r ( n  1)  s
r
(b) ∵ Tn  Tn  1 r , which is a constant.

∴ The sequence is an arithmetic sequence.
Tn x n +1  y1  n
 ( n  1) +1
Tn  1 x  y1 ( n  1)
n +1
31. (a) x y 1 n

xn  y 2 n
x

y
Tn x
(b) ∵  , which is a constant.
Tn 1 y
∴ The sequence is a geometric sequence.

T(1)  T(6)  72
[T(1)]2 r 5  72 ......(1)
T(2)  3
T(1)r  3 ......(2)
2 5
[T (1)] r  72
2
 2
(1) [T (1) r ] 3
:
( 2) 2 r 3  8
r  2
By substituting r = ‒2 into (2), we have
[T (1)]( 2) 3
3
T (1) 
2
3
∴
T(n)   (2)n1
2
 3(2) n2
T (3) + T (5) 3(  2)3  2 + 3(  2)5  2

(b)
 6  24
 30
∴ The sum of the 3rd term and the 5th term is –30.
38
T(3)  T(4)  12
a 2d a 3d  12
(a) (i) 2a 5d  12 ......(1)
T(2)  T(7)  16
a d a 6d  16
2a 7d  16 ......(2)
2a + 7 d  ( 2a + 5d ) 16  12
(2) ‒ (1):
2 d 4
d 2
By substituting d = 2 into (1), we have
2a + 5( 2) 12
a 1
∴ The first term is 1 and the common difference
is 2.
(ii) From (a)(i), T ( 4) 1 + ( 4  1)(2)
7
T ( 4) a + 3d
4( a + 3d )

4
( 2 a + 5d ) + ( 2 a + 7 d )

(b) 4
[T (3) + T ( 4)] + [T ( 2) + T (7)]

4
12 + 16

4
7
34. (a) ∵ 150 + k, 100 + k, 60 + k are in geometric sequence.

(100 + k ) 2 (150 + k )(60 + k )
∴ k 2 + 200k + 10 000 k 2 + 210k + 9000
 10k  1000
k 100
(b) From (a), 250, 200, 160 are in geometric sequence.

200 4
∴ Common ratio of the sequence  
250 5
Besides, 160, 200, 250 are also in geometric sequence.
200 5
∴ Common ratio of the sequence  
160 4
4
∴ Possible values of the common ratio are or
5
5
.
4
35. ∵ 6, p, q are in arithmetic sequence.

6+q
∴ p ……(1)
2
∵ p, q, 27 are in geometric sequence.
39
q 2  p ( 27) By substituting (1) into (2), we have

∴
 6+q 
q 2 27 p ……(2) q 2 27 
 2 
2q 2 162 + 27q
2q 2  27q  162 0
(2q + 9)(q  18) 0
9
q or 18
2
9
By substituting q  into (1), we have
2
 9
6   
 2
p
2
3

4
By substituting q  18 into (1), we have
6 18
p
2
 12
3 9
∴ p , q  p 12 , q 18
4 2 or
T1 a a 101 1
36. (a) (i)
T2 10a a 102  1
T3 100a a 103  1
∴ Tn a (10) n  1
Tn a (10) n  1
(ii) T

n 1 a (10) n  2
10 , which is a constant.
∴ Sequence I is a geometric sequence.
(b) (i)
G1 log a 1 + log a  1
G2 log (10a ) log 10 + log a 2 + log a  1
G3 log (100a ) log 100 + log a 3 + log a  1
∴ Gn n + log a  1
(ii)
Gn  Gn  1 ( n + log a  1)  [(n  1) + log a  1]

n + log a  1  ( n  1)  log a + 1
1 , which is a constant.
∴ Sequence II is an arithmetic sequence.
37. ∵ ax2 + 2bx + c  0 has equal roots.

∴ 0
40
38. (a) ∵ log a, log b, log c are in geometric sequence.

2
(2b)  4ac 0 log b log c

log a log b
4b2  4ac 0
3 3
log b log c
2  2
3 3
i.e. log a log b
b 2 ac ∴ 2 2
3 3
log b 2 log c 2

b c log a
3
2
log b
3
2

a b
3
log b log c 3

∴ a, b, c are in geometric sequence.
log a 3 log b 3
∴ log a 3 , log b 3 , log c 3 are also in
geometric sequence.
(b) ∵ log a, log b, log c are in arithmetic sequence.

2 log b log a + log c
log b 2 log ac
b 2 ac
b c

a b
3 3
∴  b 2  c 2
   
a b
3 3
b2 c2
3
 3
a 2 b2
b3 c3

a3 b3
∴ a3 , b3 , c 3 are in geometric sequence.
39. (a) T1, T2, T3, … is an arithmetic sequence with first term
(10 + 3) and common difference 3.
∴ Tn (10 + 3) + ( n  1)(3) 3n + 10
H1, H2, H3, … is an arithmetic sequence with first term
(17 + 2) and common difference 2.
∴ H n (17 + 2) + ( n  1)( 2) 2 n + 17
(b) Let the two plants be of the same height after k weeks.
Tk  H k
3k + 10 2k + 17
k 7
∴ The two plants will be of the same height after
7 weeks.
40. (a) Let $T(n) be the sales in the nth month of 2011.
i.e. $T(1) is the sales in January 2011.
∵ T (1) 300 000
T (6) 232 134
41
300 000(1  x%) 5 232 134 (b) Sales in December 2011

$T (12)
232 134
∴ (1  x%) 5  $300 000(0.95)11
300 000
$170 640 (cor. to the nearest integer)
1  x% 0.949 999...
x 5 (cor. to the nearest integer)
(c) Percentage decrease in sales
T (1)  T (12)
 100%
T (1)
300 000  300 000(0.95)11
 100%
300 000
43% (cor. to the nearest integer)
41. (a) ∵ The fee per minute decrease every subsequent 10-
minute interval.
∴ The fee per minute in successive 10-minute
intervals form an arithmetic sequence with first
term $a and common difference ‒$k.
Let $T(n) be the fee per minute in the nth 10-minute
interval, i.e. from the (10n ‒ 9)th minute to the 10nth
minute.
T (5) a  4k 1 ......(1)
T (9) a  8k 0.8 ......(2)
a  4k  ( a  8k ) 1  0.8
(1) ‒ (2): 4k 0.2
k 0.05
∴ By substituting k = 0.05 into (1), we have
a  4(0.05) 1
a 1.2
(b) From (a),

T ( n) 1.2  0.05( n  1) 1.25  0.05n
Suppose Chris does not have to pay any extra charge in
the kth 10-minute interval upwards.
∵ T ( k ) 0
1.25  0.05k 0
∴
0.05k 1.25
k 25
∴ Chris does not have to pay any extra charge from
the (10(25) ‒ 9)th = 241st minute onwards.
∴ Chris’ claim is correct.
42. (a) Common ratio = 1 + r%

M 3 M 1 (1 + r %) 2 2 701 125
M 5 M 1 (1 + r %) 4 2 977 990
...... (1)
...... ( 2)
M 1 (1 + r %)4 2 977 990

M 1 (1 + r %)2 2 701125
(2)
: 2 977 990
(1) 1 + r%  ...... (3)
2 701125
r 5.00 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
42
 2 977 990  (b) Suppose Mr Leung will sell his flat k years later.
M1  2 701125 In order to make a profit per cent of more than 40%,
 2 701125  M k  M 0 (1 40%)
M 1 2 450 000 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
M1
M1 (1.05)k1  (1 40%)
1.05
1.05k  1.4
klog 1.05  log 1.4
log 1.4
k
log 1.05
 6.8963...
Since k is an integer, the smallest value of k is 7.
∴ Mr Leung should sell his flat at least 7 years later.
43. (a) ∵ The sum of distances swum in the first day and the
last day = 2k m.
∴
Total distance swum in the three days  2k k

4500  3k
k  1500
(b) Suppose Felix swims a m in the first day.

 4
(a1500)  m in the last day.
i.e. Felix swims
 5
4
a1500  (a1500)   4500
 5
∴
9
(a1500)   4500
 5
a  1000
∴ Felix swims 1000 m in the first day and
 4
(1000 + 1500)  m = 2000 m in the last
5
day.
2
 4% 
A1  30 000  1 
44. (a) (i)  2 
 30 000  (1 2%)2
 31 212
(ii) A1, A2, A3, … is a geometric sequence with first
term 30 000(1 + 2%) 2 and common ratio
(1 + 2%) 2 .
∴
An 30 000(1 + 2%) 2 [(1 + 2%) 2 ]n  1

30 000(1.0404) n
(b) Suppose Tony invested the money k years ago.
43
Ak 35 000 45. (a) (i) ∵ The number of households increases by 6%

per year.
k
30000(1.0404) 35000 ∴ The numbers of households in successive
years form a geometric sequence with first
7
1.0404k  term 2 000 000 and common ratio (1 + 6%).
6 Let T(n) be the number of households in the nth
year since 2001.
7 ∴ Number of households in 2006
k log1.0404 log  
6
7 T (6)
log  
6 2000000(1 + 6%)6  1
k
log 1.0404 2000000(1.06) 6  1
3.8921... 2676451(cor. to the nearest integer)
Since k is an integer, the smallest value of k is 4. (ii) ∵ The annual amount of food waste increases
∴ Tony invested the money at least 4 years ago. by 100 tonnes per year.
∴ The annual amounts of food waste in
successive years form an arithmetic sequence
with first term 2400 tonnes and common
difference 100 tonnes.
Let F(n) tonnes be the annual amount of food
waste in the nth year since 2001.
∴ Annual amount of food waste in 2006
F (6) tonnes
[ 2400 + (6  1)(100)] tonnes
2900 tonnes
(b) Number of households in 2011

T (10)
2 000 000(1.06)10  1
Annual amount of food waste in 2011
F (10) tonnes
[2400 + (10  1)(100)] tonnes
Annual food waste per household in 2011
F (10)
 tonnes
T (10)
2400 + (10  1)(100)
 tonnes
2 000 000(1 + 6%)10  1
0.000977 tonnes (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
 0.001
∴ The food waste management is successful in 2011.
T (1) 1
46. (a) (i) T ( 2) 2
T (3) 3
T ( 4) 4
∴ T ( n ) n
T (1) 1 2(1)  1
(ii) T ( 2) 3 2( 2)  1
T (3) 5 2(3)  1
T ( 4) 7 2( 4)  1
∴ T ( n) 2n  1
G1 4 2 1 + 2 1
(b) (i)
G 2 10 2 2 + 2 3
G3 16 2 3 + 2 5
44
G n 2 n + 2 ( 2n  1) A1B1  r1 + r1
2 2
cm (Pyth. theroem)
From (a), 2n + 4n  2
 2 cm
6n  2
G n  G n  1 (6n  2)  [6( n  1)  2] A1B1 2
r2 cm   cm
(ii)
6n  2  6( n  1) + 2 2 2
r1
6, which is a constant. r2 
∴ G1, G2, G3, ... is an arithmetic sequence. 2
2 2
A2 B2  r2 + r2 cm (Pyth. theroem)
(c) Perimeter of U1 4 cm G1 cm
1 cm
Perimeter of U2 10 cm G 2 cm
A1B1
Perimeter of U3 16 cm G3 cm ∴ A2 B2 
2
∴ Perimeter of Un G n cm
G8 cm
A2 B2 1
r3 cm   cm
∴ Perimeter of U [6(8)  2] cm 2 2
8
46 cm r1
r3 
( 2 )2
47. (a) (i)
2 2
A3 B3  r3 + r3 cm (Pyth. theroem)
Perimeter of rectangle AB1C1 D1 2( AB1 + AD1 )
1
P (1) 2( 25 + 13)  cm
76
2
A1B1
∴ A3 B3 
Perimeter of rectangle AB2C2 D2 2( AB2 + AD2 ) ( 2 )2
n 1
P ( 2) 2[( 25  3) + (13  2)] r1  2 
∴ rn   
66 ( 2 )n  1  2 
 
A1B1
Perimeter of rectangle AB3C3 D3 2( AB3 + AD3 )
An Bn  ( 2 ) 2  n cm
( 2 )n 1
P (3) 2[(25  3 2) + (13  2 2)]
56 2
(a) (i) ∵ The radius of circle AnBnCnDn is times
2
(ii) ∵ When forming a new rectangle, P(n) is that of circle An‒1Bn‒1Cn‒1Dn‒1.
smaller than the preceding one by: ∴ The circumference of circle AnBnCnDn is
(3 + 2)  2  10
∴ P(1), P(2), P(3), … form an arithmetic 2
times that of circle An‒1Bn‒1Cn‒1Dn‒1.
sequence. 2
∴ ∴ The circumferences of circles A1B1C1D1,
P ( n) 76 + ( n  1)(  10) 86  10n A2B2C2D2, … form a geometric sequence.
Circumference of circle AnBnCnDn
(b) ∵ The length and width of a rectangle must be 2rn cm
positive. n 1
 2 
∴ Both ABn and ADn must be positive. AB1, AB2, AB3, 2   cm
… and AD1, AD2, AD3, … are arithmetic  2 
 
sequences.
25  (n1)(3)  0 (ii) Circumference of circle A7B7C7D7
71
28  3n 0  2
∴  2 
 2 
 cm
28  
n
3 
 cm
13  (n1)(2)  0 4
and 15  2n 0
15 2
(b) (i) ∵ AnBn is times An‒1Bn‒1.
n 2
2
Since n is a positive integer, the greatest value of n is 7. 1
∴ The area of square AnBnCnDn is times that
∴ The required maximum number of rectangles is 7. 2
of square An‒1Bn‒1Cn‒1Dn‒1.
48. Let rn cm be the radius of circle AnBnCnDn. ∴ The areas of square A1B1C1D1, A2B2C2D2, …
r1 1 form a geometric sequence.
45
Area of square AnBnCnDn 49. (a) Let r be the common ratio of the geometric sequence
 An Bn
2 R1, R2, R3, …
2
2 2  n cm 2 An Rn
n 2 2
1 An R
  cm 2  n2
 2 An  1 Rn  1
(ii) Area of square A5B5C5D5 2
5 2  R 
1
  cm 2
 n 
2
   Rn  1 
1
 cm 2 r 2 , which is a constant.
8 ∴ A1, A2, A3, … is a geometric sequence.
Let q be the common ratio of the geometric sequence
A1, A2, A3, …
A2  A1q 5 ......(1)
3
A4  A1q 405 ......(2)
( 2) A1q 3 405
: 
(1) A1q 5
q 2 81
q 9 or  9 (rejected)
By substituting q  9 into (1), we have
A1 (9) 5
5
A1 
9
A5  A1q 4
∴ 5
 (9) 4
9
3645
5
∴ The areas of circles C1 and C5 are cm2 and
9
3645 cm2 respectively.
U n  An +1  An
Un A  A
 n +1 n
U n  1 An  An  1
A1q n  A1q n  1
(b) 
A1q n  1  A1q n  2
A1q n  1 ( q  1)

A1q n  2 ( q  1)
q
9, which is a constant.
∴ U1, U2, U3, … is a geometric sequence.
50. (a) Consider the triangle above the square with side a cm.
b a
tan  
a
∴ b ……(1)
tan  + 1
a
Consider the triangle above the square with side
b cm.
46
c b
tan   3. Answer: C
b First term  2
11
 1
∴ c ……(2)
tan  + 1 1
b 1 2 
 2 1
From (1) and (2), we have
Common ratio   2 
1 1 2
b c

a b
4. Answer: C
∴ a, b, c are in geometric sequence.
Common difference  (x y)  (3x 2 y)
tan  + 1  2 x y
 3x 2 y 5(2 x y)
(b) Common ratio tan 30 + 1 ∴ The 6th term
 3y 7x
1
 +1
3
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 1.62)

1. Answer: D
For I,
1
33  1
1 11
3
1
333  11  1
1 111 11
33
1
3333  111  1
1 1111 11
333
∴ I is not a geometric sequence.
For II,
0.04
 0.1
 0.4
 0.004
 0.1
0.04
0.0004
 0.1
 0.004
∴ II is a geometric sequence.
For III,
2 20
10
2 10
2
2 30
20
2 10
2
2 40
30
2 10
2
∴ III is a geometric sequence.
∴ The answer is D.
2. Answer: D
First term  3
Common difference  7  (  3)  4
∴  3 + ( n  1)(  4)
The nth term
1  4n
47
5. Answer: B 9. Answer: D
∵ The number of dots in Fn is 4 more than that of Fn  1. Let r be the common ratio of the geometric sequence.
∴ The numbers of dots in F1, F2, F3, … form an arithmetic 1
sequence with first term 1 and common difference 4. ∵ 64, x, y, z, are in geometric sequence.
4
Let T(n) be the number of dots in Fn.
T (9) 1 + (9  1)( 4) 1
∴ 64r 4 
33 ∴ 4
∴ The number of dots in F9 is 33. 1 1
r  or 
4 4
6. Answer: C 2
T3  2T1  T2  2(3)  5  1 1
∴ y 64   4
4
T4  2T2  T3  2(5) 1  9
1
T5  2T3  T4  2(1)  9  7 When r  ,
4
T6  2T4  T5  2(9)  (7)  25
1
x 64  16
7. Answer: D  4
Let d be the common difference of the arithmetic sequence. 3
1
For I, z 64  1
T10 T1 + 9d 35 ......(1)  4
∴ x + y + z 16 + 4 + 1 21
T14 T1 + 13d 51 ......(2)
1
T1 + 13d  (T1 + 9d ) 51  35 When r  ,
(2) ‒ (1): 4
4d 16
 1
d 4 x 64     16
By substituting d = 4 into (1), we have  4
3
T1 + 9( 4) 35  1
z 64     1
T1  1  4
0 ∴ x + y + z   16 + 4  1   13
∴ I is true. ∴ x y z  13 or 21
For II,
T1  T2  d 10. Answer: B
(3n2  1)  (3n1  1)
 4
0 Common difference 3n2  3n1
∴ II is true. 3( n2  n1 )
For III,
3d
T6  T5  d
4 11. Answer: C
∴ III is true. 4b 2
∴ The answer is D. 
4a 2
2
8. Answer: A Common ratio b
1  
∵ x, , y are in geometric sequence. a
10
r 2
2
 1 
   xy
∴  10  12. Answer: D
1 ∵ a, b, c are in arithmetic sequence.
xy  ∴ bacb
100 For option A,
log x + log y log( xy ) b c  (c b)
 1  a b (b a)  (c b)
∴ log 
 100  ∴ c, b, a is an arithmetic sequence.
 2 For option B,
48
(1 b)  (1 a)  a b For option C,

 (b a) b a b a
 
(1 c)  (1 b)  b c 2 2 2
c b c b b a
 (c b)   
2 2 2 2
 (b a)
∴ 1 – a, 1 – b, 1 – c is an arithmetic sequence. a b c
∴ , , is an arithmetic sequence.
2 2 2
For option D,
2 2 2a  2b 2( a  b)
  
b a ab ab
2 2 2b  2c 2(b  c)
  
c b bc bc
∵ a c
2( a  b) 2(b  c)
∴ 
ab bc
2 2 2 2
i.e.   
b a c b
2 2 2
∴ , , is not an arithmetic sequence.
a b c
13. Answer: C
Let r be the common ratio of the geometric sequence.
For I,
d ar 3
 r
c ar 2
2
 c   ar 2 
2
     r r
4
 a  a 
2
d c
∴  
c a
∴ I is false.
For II,
c ar 2 1
 4  2
e ar r
a a 1
 2  2
c ar r
∴ e, c, a are in geometric sequence.
∴ II is true.
For III,
ac  b2  0
∴ III is true.
∴ The answer is C.
14. Answer: B
∵ a, b, c are in geometric sequence.
b c
∴ 
a b
Let r be the common ratio of the geometric sequence.
For I,
b
log b  log a log 
a
c
log 
b
log c  log b
∴ log a, log b, log c are in arithmetic sequence.
49
For II, 3
b a ar a a r Volume of C2  h2 
2  2 2  2 2 ( 2  1)  
Volume of C1  h1 

c b ar 2
2  2 2  2 ar 2 ar (2 r  1) 2 a (2 r  1) 3
6
∴ 2 a , 2 b , 2 c are not in arithmetic sequence. Volume of C2   volume of C1
For III,  4
27
b b  (16 )cm 3
 8
a a
54 cm 3
c c b
  (ii) ∵
b b a
∴ a, b, c are in geometric sequence. 3
∴ The answer is B.
Volume of C3  h3 
 
Volume of C2  h2 
Exam Focus 3
6+2
Volume of C3   volume of C2
Exam-type Questions (p. 1.65)  6 
1. (a) a + b 64 ......(1) 64
a + 3b 72 ......(2)  (54 )cm3
27
a + 3b  ( a + b) 72  64
(2) ‒ (1): 128 cm3
2b 8
Volume of C 2  volume of C1
b 4
By substituting b = 4 into (1), we have (54  16 ) cm 3
a + 4 64 38 cm 3
a 60 ∴ Volume of C 3  volume of C 2
(b) Expenditure on 31st January
(128  54 ) cm 3
$( a + 30b)
$[60 + 30( 4)] 74 cm 3
$180 38 cm 3
 $200 ∴ Betty’s claim is not correct.
∴ Amy did not spend more than $200 on 31st
3. (a) (i) ∵ The number of flights increases by x% every
January.
year.
2. (a) Let hn cm be the height of Cn and d cm be the common ∴ T(1), T(2), T(3), … is a geometric sequence
difference of the arithmetic sequence. with first term T(1) and common ratio
(1 + x%).
h2 h1 + d 6 ......(1)
T ( 4) T (1)(1 + x %) 3 30 388
h10 h1 + 9d 22 ......(2)
T (8) T (1)(1 + x %) 7 36 936
h1 + 9d  ( h1 + d ) 22  6
(2) ‒ (1): ......(1)
8d 16 ......(2)
d 2 (2)
By substituting d = 2 into (1), we have :
h1 + 2 6 (1)
h1 4 T (1)(1 + x%)7 36 936

∴ The height of C1 is 4 cm. T (1)(1 + x%)3 30 388
36 936
(1 + x%) 4 
30 388
(b) (i) ∵ Cylinders C1, C2, C3, … ,C10 are similar. x 5 (cor. to the nearest integer)
∴
or  205 (rejected)
3
T (1)(1 + 5%) 30 388
∴
30 388
T (1) 
(1 + 5%) 3
50
T (10) T (1)(1 + 5%)9 T (16) T (1)(1 + 5%)15

30 388(1 + 5%)6 30388(1 + 5%)12
40 723 (cor. to the nearest integer) 54572 (cor. to the nearest integer)
∴ The number of flights in the 10th year since
the operation of airport X is 40 723.
(ii) Percentage increase in the number of flights in the P (6) 30 000(1 + 10%)5
first 10 years 48 315 (cor. to the nearest integer)
T (10)  T (1)  54 572
 100%
T (1) ∴ The claim is not correct.
9 (ii) Total number of flights in the 10th years since the
T (1)(1 + 5%)  T (1) operation of airport Y
 100%
T (1)
[(1 + 5%)9  1] 100% T ( 20) + P (10)
55% (cor. to the nearest integer) T (1)(1 + 5%) 20  1 + P (1)(1 + 10%)10  1
30 388(1 + 5%)16 + 30 000(1 + 10%)9
(b) (i) The numbers of flights of airport Y in successive
137 072 (cor. to the nearest integer)
years form a geometric sequence with first term
30 000 and common ratio 2(5%) = 10%.  130 000
Let P(n) be the number of flights of airport Y in Total number of flights in the 9th years since the
the nth year since its operation, i.e. in the operation of airport Y
(n + 10)th year since airport X’s operation.
T (19) + P (9)
T (1)(1 + 5%)19  1 + P (1)(1 + 10%)9  1
30 388(1 + 5%)15 + 30 000(1 + 10%)8
127 482 (cor. to the nearest integer)
 130 000
∵ The total number of flight first exceed
130 000 in the 10th year since the operation
of airport Y.
∴ The estimation is correct.
4. Answer: B
∵ The number of dots in the nth pattern is 3 more than
that of the (n – 1)th pattern.
∴ The numbers of dots in successive patterns form an
arithmetic sequence with first term 4 and common
difference 3.
∴ Number of dots in the 18th pattern
 4  (18 1)(3)
 55
5. Answer: D
Let T(n) be the general term of the sequence.
2 1 +1
T (1)  (  1) 1+1
3 2(1) + 1
3 2 +1
T ( 2)  (  1) 2 +1
5 2( 2) + 1
4 3 +1
T (3)  (  1) 3+1
7 2(3) + 1
5 4 +1
T ( 4)  (  1) 4 +1
9 2( 4) + 1
n1
∴ T(n)  (1)n1
2n1
6. Answer: A
Let d be the common difference of the arithmetic sequence.
51
a 3 a1 + 2d 16 ......(1) By substituting d = –6 into (1), we have

a1 + 2(  6) 16
a 8 a1 + 7 d  14 ......(2)
a1 28
a1 + 7 d  ( a1 + 2d )  14  16
(2) ‒ (1): ∴ a n 28 + (n  1)( 6) 34  6n
5d  30
For I,
d  6
a 5 34  6(5) 4  0
∴ I is true.
For II,
a1  a 2 a1  ( a1 + d )  d 6  0
∴ II is true.
For III,
a 20 34  6(20)  86   100
∴ III is false.
∴ The answer is A.
7. Answer: C
∵ a, 3, b, ... is an arithmetic sequence.
∴ a + b 2(3) 6
∵ a, 2, b, ... is a geometric sequence.
∴ ab 2 2 4
a b a2  b2
 
b a ab
(a b)2  2ab
∴ 
ab
6  2(4)
2

4
7
8. Answer: C
∵ k  3, k , k + 2, ... is a geometric sequence.
k 2 ( k  3)( k + 2)
∴
k 2 k 2  k  6
k  6
For I,
k

k 3
 6
common ratio 
 6 3
2

3
 6
∴ I is false.
For II,
first term k  3  6  3  9
∴ II is true.
For III,
k k +2
∵ 
k 3 k
k 3 k
∴ 
k k +2
∴ III is true.
∴ The answer is C.
52
Investigation Corner (p. 1.68) B3  C3

(a) For Company A, 98 500 + 2000(3)  16(3) d + 100000  10d
∵ There is an increment of $2000 for each successive 4500  38d
year.
∴ The annual salaries of different years are in arithmetic 2250
d
sequence. 19
∴ A1, A2, A3, ... is an arithmetic sequence.  118 .4210...
For Company B,
∴ The greatest possible value of d is 118.
∵ There is an increment of $500 for each successive half
year.
i.e. There is an increment of $1000 for each successive
year.
∴ The annual salaries of different years are in arithmetic
sequence.
∴ B1, B2, B3, ... is an arithmetic sequence.
An  100 000  (n1)  2000
 98 000  2000n
B1  50 000  (50 000  500)
 100 500
B2  (50 500  500)  (50 500  500  2)
 102 500
∴
Bn  100 500  (n1)(102 500 100 500)

 98 500  2000n
(b)
Bn  An (98 500 + 2000n)  (98 000 + 2000n)

500
∴ Company B offers Mr Lee a higher annual salary.
(c) (i)
C1 25 000 + ( 25 000 + d ) + ( 25 000 + 2d )

+ ( 25 000 + 3d )
100 000 + 6d
C2  [(25 000  3d)  d]  [(25 000  3d)  2d] 

[(25 000  3d)  3d]  [(25 000  3d)  4d]
 100 000  22d
C3  [(25 000  7d)  d]  [(25 000  7d)  2d]

[(25 000  7d)  3d]  [(25 000  7d)  4d]
 100 000  38d
Note that C1, C2, C3, ... is also an arithmetic sequence.
Cn  (100 000  6d)  (n1)(16d)
 100 000  (16n10)d
 16dn100 000 10d
(ii)
53

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NSS Book 6a ch1

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1 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

1 Arithmetic and Geometric 4 x1  10

Activity 1.2 (p. 1.22)

) ( 2, –8, –14, –20, … 2 –6 T(n) = 4 – 6n

2. (a) 2, 6, 18, 54, … Classwork (p. 1.23)

Maths Dialogue (e) yes, common difference = –d

Maths Dialogue (p. 1.19) Classwork (p. 1.29)

Classwork 3. a r T(3) T(8)

2. Arithmetic sequence a d T(n) Classwork (p. 1.37)

(c) T(2)  10  (1)21  5(2)

Quick Practice 1.7 (p. 1.18)

Quick Practice 1.12 (p. 1.24)

∴ 21 5d  19 Quick Practice 1.14 (p. 1.31)

(b) Let R be the common ratio of the geometric sequence

formed. T (10) T (1) + (10  1)( 2)

W4  422 T(2)  16

T ( n)  T ( n  1) 3n  7  (3n  10) 3k104  0

(b) ∵ T (1) 5 51

T(n)  20 (2) – (1): a 9

Level 2 By substituting b 3 into (1), we have

16. (a) T (1) a (1) + b 11 ...... (1)

D(k)  125 T (1) 45  3(1)

∴ a + (7  1)(9) 53 z 86 + 3d

(2) – (1): 9d 27 21. (a) ∵ 2 p,  1, p + 1 form an arithmetic sequence.

(b) From (a), x 6

and common difference  2(6)  8  4

(b) ∵ The 9th term of the sequence is 51.

T (1) + T (2) 16 p 1 p 1 p 1

(c) ∵ T(n) is an integer.

Let k be the number of terms in the sequence.  1

∴ The 6th term of the sequence is

By substituting r  4 into (1), we have T (6) 6(  1) 6  1

a 3(32) 96and r    r 4 81

By substituting r  6 into (1), we have q  7( 2) 2

28. Let R be the common ratio of the sequence.

3, 12, 48, ... Tn An

T ( n) 160 + ( n  1)(d ) ∴ x n 2 + ( n  1)3

∴ V1 (1.2) 41  3456

Let k be the maximum number of sticks. ∴ T ( n)  x 

18. (a) Tn [ M (1 + r %) n  1 ] 20%

A1 B1 C1 C (properties of square) Cn 2Rn

22. (a) Let r be the common ratio of the geometric sequence 1

1 Check Yourself (p. 1.54)

∴ Number of babies born in 2015

Revision Exercise 1 (p. 1.55)

3. (a) Common difference 28  23

4. (a) Common difference 10  16  6 T6 44

3.2(  0.5) k  1  0.006 25

16. (a) ∵ k + 15, 4, k ‒ 3 are in arithmetic sequence.

(b) From (a), the arithmetic sequence is

17. (a) ∵ x, 3, 2x + 3 are in geometric sequence.

(b) When x = ‒3,

18. Let d be the common difference of the arithmetic sequence.

 24 + 16  8,  8 + 16 8, 8 + 16 24, 24 + 16 40

(b) Let r be the common ratio of the geometric sequence to

20. (a) Let d be the common difference of the sequence.

21. (a) Let r be the common ratio of the sequence.

(b) Suppose there are 18 statues in the kth row.

23. ∵ The number of spectators doubles every minute.

24. (a) T (1)  28 + 4

(b) ∵ It costs $4 more for each extra pound of clothes.

(c) 16 pounds = (7 + 9) pounds

25. (a) Let r% be the percentage decrease in the number of