Mcv4u CH 4 Nelson Solutions

CHAPTER 4
Curve Sketching
Review of Prerequisite Skills, pp.162–163 x values x * 24 24 * x * 1 x+1
1. a. 2y 2 1 y 2 3 5 0 (x 1 4) 2 1 1
(2y 1 3)(y 2 1) 5 0 2 2
(x 2 1) 1
3
y 5 2 or y 5 1 (x 1 4)(x 2 1) 1 2 1
2
b. x 2 2 5x 1 3 5 17
The solution is x , 24 or x . 1.
x 2 2 5x 2 14 5 0
(x 2 7)(x 1 2) 5 0
3. a. y
3
x 5 7 or x 5 22
c. 4x 2 1 20x 1 25 5 0 2
(2x 1 5)(2x 1 5) 5 0 1
x
5
x52 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
2 –1
d. y 3 1 4y 2 1 y 2 6 5 0 –2
y 5 1 is a zero, so y 2 1 is a factor. After –3
synthetic division, the polynomial factors to
(y 2 1)(y 2 1 5y 1 6). b. y
So (y 2 1)(y 1 3)(y 1 2) 5 0. 8
y 5 1 or y 5 23 or y 5 22 6
2. a. 3x 1 9 , 2 4
3x , 27
2
7 x
x,2
3 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
b. 5(3 2 x) $ 3x 2 1
–4
15 2 5x $ 3x 2 1
–6
16 $ 8x
8x # 16 –8
x#2 –10
c. t 2 2 2t , 3 –12
t 2 2 2t 2 3 , 0
(t 2 3)(t 1 1) , 0 c. y
Consider t 5 3 and t 5 21. 6
t values t * 21 21 * t * 3 t+3 4
2
(t 1 1) 2 1 1 x
2 2 1 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
(t 2 3) –2
(t 2 3)(t 1 1) 1 2 1 –4
–6
The solution is 21 , t , 3.
d. x 2 1 3x 2 4 . 0
(x 1 4)(x 2 1) . 0
Consider x 5 24 and x 5 1.
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 4-1

d. y 2t
!t 2 4
6
d. f(t) 5
4 2t
2 !t 2 4
2"t 2 4 2
2
x f r(t) 5
t24
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 4(t 2 4) 2t
2 !t 2 4 2 !t 2 4
2
–4
–6 f r(t) 5
t24
4(t 2 4) 2 2t
f r(t) 5 3
4. a. lim2 (x 2 2 4) 5 22 2 4 2(t 2 4)2
xS2
50 2t 2 16
5 3
2
x 1 3x 2 10 2(t 2 4)2
b. lim t28
xS2 x22 5 3
(x 1 5)(x 2 2) (t 2 4)2
5 lim x28
xS2 x22
5 lim (x 1 5) 6. a. x 1 3qx2 2 5x 1 4
xS2
x2 1 3x
57
28x 1 4
x 3 2 27
c. lim 28x 2 24
xS3 x 2 3
(x 2 3)(x 2 1 3x 1 9) 28
5 lim 28
xS3 x23 (x 2 2 5x 2 4) 4 (x 1 3) 5 x 2 8 1
x13
5 lim (x 2 1 3x 1 9) x17
xS3
2
53 133319 b. x 2 1qx2 1 6x 2 9
5 27 x2 2 x
d. lim1 "2x 1 1 7x 2 9
xS4
7x 2 7
5 "2 3 4 1 1 22
53 2
1 1 (x 2 2 6x 2 9) 4 (x 2 1) 5 x 1 7 2
5. a. f(x) 5 x 4 1 2x 3 2 x21
4 x
7. f(x) 5 x 3 1 0.5x 2 2 2x 1 3
1 4
5 x 1 2x 3 2 x 21 f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 x 2 2
4
Let f r(x) 5 0:
f r(x) 5 x 3 1 6x2 1 x 22 2
3x 1 x 2 2 5 0
x11
b. f(x) 5 2 (3x 2 2)(x 1 1) 5 0
x 23 2
(x 2 2 3)(1) 2 (x 1 1)(2x) x 5 or x 5 21
f r(x) 5 3
(x 2 2 3)2 The points are ( 23, 2.19) and (21, 4.5).
x 2 3 2 2x 2 2 2x
2
8. a. If f(x) 5 x n, where n is a real number,
5
(x 2 2 3)2 then f r(x) 5 nx n21.
2
2x 2 2x 2 3 b. If f(x) 5 k, where k is a constant, then f r(x) 5 0.
5
(x 2 2 3)2 c. If k(x) 5 f(x)g(x), then
x 2 1 2x 1 3 kr(x) 5 f r(x)g(x) 2 f(x)gr(x)
52
(x 2 2 3)2 f(x)
d. If h(x) 5 g(x), then hr(x)
c. f(x) 5 (3x 2 6x)2
2
f r(x) 5 2(3x 2 2 6x)(6x 2 6) f r(x)g(x) 2 f(x)gr(x)

3g(x)4 2
5 , g(x) 2 0.
4-2 Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

e. If f and g are functions that have derivatives, There is no solution, so there is no x-intercept.
then the composite function h(x) 5 f(g(x)) has a 5
The y-intercept is y 5 0 1 1 5 5.
derivative given by hr(x) 5 f r(g(x))gr(x).
f. If u is a function of x, and n is a positive integer, 4x
ii. y 5
d du x22
then dx (u n ) 5 nu n21dx To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0.
9. a. lim 2x 2 2 3x 1 4 5 ` 4x
50
xS` x22
lim 2x 2 2 3x 1 4 5 ` x50
xS2`
b. lim 2x 3 1 4x 2 1 5 `
xS` 3x 2 5
iii. y 5
lim 2x 3 1 4x 2 1 5 2 ` 6x 2 3
xS2`
To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0:
c. lim 25x 4 1 2x 3 2 6x 2 1 7x 2 1 5 2 `
xS` 3x 2 5
50
lim 25x 4 1 2x 3 2 6x 2 1 7x 2 1 5 2 ` 6x 2 3
xS2`
Therefore, 3x 2 5 5 0
1 1
10. a. 5 5
f(x) 2x x5
3
Let 2x 5 0
The y-intercept is y 5 00 2 5 5
2 3 5 3.
x 5 0, so the graph has a vertical asymptote at x 5 0.
10x 2 4
1 1 iv. y 5
b. 5 5x
f(x) 2x 1 3
To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0.
Let 2x 1 3 5 0
10x 2 4
x 5 3, so the graph has a vertical asymptote at x 5 3. 50
1 1 5x
c. 5 Therefore, 10x 2 4 5 0
f(x) (x 1 4)2 1 1
2
Let (x 1 4)2 1 1 5 0 x5
5
There is no solution, so the graph has no vertical
The y-intercept is y 5 0 20 4, which is undefined, so
asymptotes.
there is no y-intercept.
1 1
d. 5 5
f(x) (x 1 3)2 b. i. y 5
x11
Let (x 1 3)2 5 0 Domain: 5xPR0 x 2 216
x 5 23, so the graph has a vertical asymptote at Range: 5yPR0 y 2 06
x 5 23. 4x
5 ii. y 5
11. a. lim x 1 1 5 0, so the horizontal asymptote x22
xS`
Domain: 5xPR0 x 2 26
Range: 5yPR0 y 2 46
is y 5 0.
4x
b. lim x 2 2 5 4, so the horizontal asymptote is y 5 4. 3x 2 5
xS` iii. y 5
3x 2 5 6x 2 3
c. lim 6x 2 3 5 12, so the horizontal asymptote is y 5 12.
Domain: e xPRZx 2 f
xS` 1
10x 2 4 2
d. lim 5 2, so the horizontal asymptote
5x
Range: e yPRZy 2 f
xS` 1
is y 5 2.
2
5
12. a. i. y 5 x 1 1 10x 2 4
iv. y 5
To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0. 5x
5 Domain: 5xPR0 x 2 06
50
x11 Range: 5yPR0 y 2 26

4.1 Increasing and Decreasing b. i. 21 , x , 1
ii. x , 21, x . 1
Functions, pp. 169–171 iii. (21, 2), (2, 4)
1. a. f(x) 5 x 3 1 6x 2 1 1 c. i. x , 22
f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 12x ii. 22 , x , 2, 2 , x
Let f r(x) 5 0: 3x(x 1 4) 5 0 iii. none
x 5 0 or x 5 24 d. i. 21 , x , 2, 3 , x
The points are (0, 1) and (24, 33). ii. x , 21, 2 , x , 3
b. f(x) 5 "x 2 1 4 iii. (2, 3)
1 4.
5 (x 2 1 4)2
1 1
f r(x) 5 (x 2 1 4)22 (2x)
2
x
!x 1 4
5 2
Let f r(x) 5 0: a. f(x) 5 x3 1 3x2 1 1

x f r(x) 5 3x2 1 6x
!x 1 42
50
Let f r(x) 5 0
So x 5 0. 3x2 1 6x 5 0
The point is (0, 2). 3x(x 1 2) 5 0
c. f(x) 5 (2x 2 1)2 (x 2 2 9) x 5 0 or x 5 22
f r(x) 5 2(2x 2 1)(2)(x 2 2 9) 1 2x(2x 2 1)2
Let f r(x) 5 0: x x , 22 22 22 , x , 0 0 x.0
2(2x 2 1)(2(x 2 2 9) 1 x(2x 2 1)) 5 0
f9(x) 1 0 2 0 1
2(2x 2 1)(4x 2 2 x 2 18) 5 0
2(2x 2 1)(4x 2 9)(x 1 2) 5 0
Graph Increasing Decreasing Increasing
1 9
x 5 or x 5 or x 5 22.
2 4 b.
This points are ( 12, 0) , (2.25, 248.2) and
(22, 2125).
5x
d. f(x) 5 2
x 11
5(x 2 1 1) 2 5x(2x) 5(1 2 x 2 )
f r(x) 5 5 f(x) 5 x 5 2 5x 4 1 100
(x 2 1 1)2 (x 2 1 1)2
Let f r(x) 5 0: f r(x) 5 5x 4 2 20x3
5(1 2 x 2 ) Let f r(x) 5 0:
50 5x 4 2 20x 3 5 0
(x 2 1 1)2
5x 3 (x 2 4) 5 0
Therefore, 5(1 2 x 2 ) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 4.
(1 2 x)(1 1 x) 5 0
x5 61 x x,0 0 0,x,4 4 x.4
The points are ( 1, 52) and ( 21, 2 52) . f9(x) 1 0 2 0 1

2. A function is increasing when f r(x) . 0 and is
decreasing when f r(x) , 0. Graph Increasing Decreasing Increasing
3. a. i. x , 21, x . 2
ii. 21 , x , 2
iii. (21, 4), (2, 21)

c. e.
1 y 5 3x 4 1 4x 3 2 12x 2
f(x) 5 x 1
x yr 5 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x
1 Intervals of increasing: Intervals of decreasing:
f r(x) 5 1 2 2
x 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x . 0 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x , 0
Let f r(x) 5 0 x(x 2 1 x 2 2) . 0 x(x 2 1 x 2 2) , 0
1 x(x 2 1)(x 1 2) . 0 x(x 2 1)(x 1 2) , 0
12 250
x
x * 22 22 * x * 0 0*x*1 x*1
x2 2 1 5 0
x 5 21 or x 5 1 x 2 2 1 1
Also note that f(x) is undefined for x 5 0. x21 1 2 2 1
x x , 21 21 21 , x , 0 0 0,x,1 1 x.1 x12 2 1 1 1
y9 1 1 2 1
f9(x) 1 0 2 undefined 2 0 1
Intervals of increasing: 22 , x , 0, x . 1
Graph Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing Intervals of decreasing: x , 22, 0 , x , 1
f.
d.
y 5 x4 1 x2 2 1
x21 yr 5 4x 3 1 2x
f(x) 5
x2 1 3 Interval of increasing: Interval of decreasing:
x 2 1 3 2 2x(x 2 1) 4x 3 1 2x . 0 4x 3 1 2x , 0
f r(x) 5 2
(x 2 1 3)2 x(2x 1 1) . 0 x(2x 2 1 1) , 0
2
Let f r(x) 5 0, therefore, 2x 2 1 2x 1 3 5 0. But 2x 1 1 is always positive.
Or x 2 2 2x 2 3 5 0 Interval of increasing: x . 0
(x 2 3)(x 1 1) 5 0 Interval of decreasing: x , 0
x 5 3 or x 5 21 5. f r(x) 5 (x 2 1)(x 1 2)(x 1 3)
Let f r(x) 5 0:
x x , 21 21 21 , x , 3 3 x.3 Then (x 2 1)(x 1 2)(x 1 3) 5 0
x 5 1 or x 5 22 or x 5 23.
f9(x) 2 0 1 0 2
23 , x
x x , 23 23 22 22 , x , 1 1 x.1
, 23
Graph Decreasing Increasing Decreasing
f9(x) 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
Graph Decreasing Increasing Decreasing Increasing

6. y y
5 3
4 (2, 5) 2
3 1
x
2
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
1 –1
x
–2
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
(–1, 0) –1 –3
–2
c. i. 22 , x , 3
7. f(x) 5 x 3 1 ax 2 1 bx 1 c ii. x , 22, x . 3
f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 2ax 1 b iii. x 5 22, x 5 3
Since f(x) increases to (23, 18) and then y
decreases, f r(3) 5 0. 5
Therefore, 27 2 6a 1 b 5 0 or 6a 2 b 5 27. (1) 4
Since f(x) decreases to the point (1, 214) and then 3
increases f r(1) 5 0. 2
Therefore, 3 1 2ab 1 b 5 0 or 2a 1 b 5 23. (2) 1
Add (1) to (2) 8a 5 24 and a 5 3. x
When a 5 3, b 5 6 1 b 5 23 or b 5 29. –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
Since (1, 214) is on the curve and a 5 3, b 5 29,
then 214 5 1 1 3 2 9 1 c
d. i. x . 2
c 5 29.
ii. x , 2
The function is f(x) 5 x 3 1 3x 2 2 9x 2 9.
iii. x 5 2
8. y
8 y
(–5, 6) 5
4
4
3
(1, 2)
x 2
–4 0 4 1
x
–4 0 1 2 3 4 5
9. a. i. x , 4 10. f(x) 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c
ii. x . 4 f r(x) 5 2ax 1 b
iii. x 5 4 2b
Let f r(x) 5 0, then x 5 2a .
y 2b
3 If x , 2a , f r(x) , 0, therefore the function is
2 decreasing.
1 2b
x If x . 2a , f r (x) . 0, therefore the function is
˛
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 increasing.
–1
–2 11. f(x) 5 x 4 2 32x 1 4
–3 fr(x) 5 4x 3 2 32
Let fr(x) 5 0:
b. i. x , 21, x . 1 4x 3 2 32 5 0
ii. 21 , x , 1 4x 3 5 32
iii. x 5 21, x 5 1

x3 5 8 Therefore, f(x2 ) ? g(x2 ) , f(x1 ) ? g(x1 ).
x52 But LS . 0 and RS . 0.
Therefore, the function fg is strictly decreasing.
x x,2 2 x.2
f (x) 2 0 1
4.2 Critical Points, Relative Maxima,
Graph Dec. Local Min Inc and Relative Minima, pp. 178–180
Therefore the function is decreasing for x , 2 1. Finding the critical points means determining the
and increasing for x . 2. The function has a local points on the graph of the function for which the
minimum at the point (2, 244). derivative of the function at the x-coordinate is 0.
2. a. Take the derivative of the function. Set the
derivative equal to 0. Solve for x. Evaluate the
original function for the values of x. The (x, y)
pairs are the critical points.
b. y 5 x 3 2 6x 2
dy
5 3x 2 2 12x
12. y dx
4 5 3x(x 2 4)
dy
x Let 5 0.
dx
–2 0 2 4 3x(x 2 4) 5 0
x 5 0, 4
–4
The critical points are (0, 0) and (4, 232).
y
13. Let y 5 f(x) and u 5 g(x).
20
Let x1 and x2 be any two values in the interval
a # x # b so that x1 , x2.
x
Since x1 , x2, both functions are increasing:
–4 0 4 8
f(x2 ) . f(x1 ) (1)
g(x2 ) . g(x1 ) (2)
yu 5 f(x) ? g(x). –20
(1) 3 (2) results in f(x2 ) ? g(x2 ) . f(x1 )g(x1 ).
The function yu or f(x) ? g(x) is strictly increasing.
–40
y
f(x)
3. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2
dy
g(x) 5 4x 3 2 16x 5 4x(x 2 2 4)
dx
x 5 4x(x 1 2)(x 2 2)
dy
a x1 x1 b Let 50
dx
4x(x 1 2)(x 2 2) 5 0
x 5 0, 6 2.
The critical points are (0, 0), (22, 16), and
(2, 216).
14. Let x1, x2 be in the interval a # x # b, such that
x1 , x2. Therefore, f(x2 ) . f(x1 ), and g(x2 ) . g(x1 ). x x , 2 2 2 2 22 , x , 0 0 0,x,2 2 x,2
In this case, f(x1 ), f(x2 ), g(x1 ), and g(x2 ) , 0. dy

2 0 1 0 2 0 1
dx
Multiplying an inequality by a negative will reverse Local Local Local
its sign. Graph Dec. Inc. Dec. Inc.
Min Max Min

Local minima at (22, 216) and (2, 216) y
Local maximum at (0, 0) 20
2x
b. f(x) 5 2
x 19
10
2(x 2 1 9) 2 2x(2x)
f r(x) 5
(x 2 1 9)2
x
18 2 2x 2
5 2 –4 –2 0 2 4
(x 1 9)2
Let f r(x) 5 0
–10
Therefore, 18 2 2x 2 5 0
x2 5 9
x 5 63. –20
23 , 3
x x , 23 23 x.3
x,3 2x
f9(x) 2 0 1 0 2 b. f(x) 5 2
x 19
Local To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0.
Graph Decreasing Local Min Increasing Decreasing
Max 2x
2 50
x 19
Local minimum at (23, 20.3) and local maximum
Therefore, 2x 5 0
at (3, 0.3).
x50
c. y 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1
To find the y-intercepts, let x 5 0.
dy
5 3x 2 1 6x 5 3x(x 1 2) 0
dx y5 50
9
dy
Let 50 y
dx 0.5
3x(x 1 2) 5 0
x 5 0, 22
x
–4 –2 0 2 4
x x , 22 22 22 , x , 0 0 x,0
–0.5
dy
1 0 2 0 1
dx
c. y 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1
Local Local
Graph Inc.
Min Max
Inc. To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0.
0 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1
Local maximum at (22, 5) The x-intercept cannot be easily obtained algebraically.
Local minimum at (0, 1) Since the function has a local maximum when
4. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2 x 5 22, it must have an x-intercept prior to this
To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0. x-value. Since f(23) 5 1 and f(24) 5 215, an
x 4 2 8x 2 5 0 estimate for the x-intercept is about 23.1.
x (x 2 2 8) 5 0
2
x 5 0, 6 "8 y51
y50

y The critical point is at (5, 0), but is neither a
6 maximum or minimum. The tangent is not parallel
5 to the x-axis. 1
4 d. f(x) 5 (x 2 2 1)3
3 1 2
fr(x) 5 (x 2 2 1)23 (2x)
2 3
Let fr(x) 5 0:
1
x 1 2 2
0
(x 2 1)23 (2x) 5 0
–4 –2 2 4 3
–1 x50
–2 There is a critical point at (0, 21). Since the
derivative is undefined for x 5 61, (1, 0) and
5. a. h(x) 5 26x 3 1 18x 2 1 3 (21, 0) are also critical points.
hr(x) 5 218x 2 1 36x
Let hr(x) 5 0: x x , 21 21 21 , x , 0 0 0,x,1 0 x,1
218x 2 1 36x 5 0 dy
2 2
DNE 0 1 DNE 1
18x(2 2 x) 5 0 dx
x 5 0 or x 5 2 Graph Dec. Dec.

Local
Inc. Inc.
Min
Local minimum at (0, 3) Local minimum at (0, 21)
Local maximum at (2, 27) The tangent is parallel to the horizontal axis at (0, 21)
Since the derivative is 0 at both points, the tangent because the derivative is 0 there. Since the derivative is
is parallel to the horizontal axis for both. undefined at (21, 0) and (1, 0), the tangent is not
b. g(t) 5 t 5 1 t 3 parallel to the horizontal axis at either point.
gr(t) 5 5t 4 1 3t 2 6. a.
Let gr(t) 5 0:
5t 4 1 3t 2 5 0
t (5t 2 1 3) 5 0
2
t50
x x,0 0 0,x,2 0 x.2 b.
dy
1 0 2 0 1
dx
Local Local
Graph Inc. Dec. Inc.
Min Max
The critical point is (0, 0). c.

t t,0 0 t.0
g9(x) 1 0 1
Graph Inc. Local Min Inc.
(0, 0) is neither a maximum nor a minimum d.

Since the derivative at (0, 0) is 0, the tangent is
parallel to the horizontal axis there.
1
c. y 5 (x 2 5)3
dy 1 22
5 (x 2 5) 3
dx 3
1 7. a. f(x) 5 22x 2 1 8x 1 13
5 2 f r(x) 5 24x 1 8
3(x 2 5)3
Let f r(x) 5 0:
dy
20 24x 1 8 5 0
dx x52
The critical point is (2, 21). c. f(x) 5 2x 3 1 9x 2 1 12x
Local maximum at (2, 21) f r(x) 5 6x 2 1 18x 1 12
x x,2 2 x.2 Let f r(x) 5 0:
f9(x) 1 0 2 6x 2 1 18x 1 12 5 0
Graph Inc. Local Max. Dec. 6(x 1 2)(x 1 1) 5 0
x 5 22 or x 5 21
y
20 The critical points are (22, 24) and (21, 25).
x x , 22 22 22 , x , 21 21 x . 21
dy
10 dx
1 0 2 0 1
Local Local
x Max Min
–8 –4 0 4 8 Local maximum at (22, 24)

Local minimum at (21, 25)
–10 y
8
–20
4
1
b. f(x) 5 x 3 2 9x 1 2 x
3
–4 –2 0 2 4
f r(x) 5 x 2 2 9
Let f r(x) 5 0: –4
x2 2 9 5 0
x2 5 9 –8
x5 63
The critical points are (23, 20) and (3, 216)
d. f(x) 5 23x 3 2 5x
Local maximum at (23, 20)
f r(x) 5 29x 2 2 5
Let fr(x) 5 0:
x x , 23 23 23 , x , 3 3 x.3 29x 2 2 5 5 0
dy
1 0 2 0 1 5
dx
Local Local x2 5 2
Graph Inc. Dec. Inc. 9
Max Min
This equation has no solution, so there are no
y critical points.
20 y
8
10
4
x x
–8 –4 0 4 8 –2 –1 0 1 2
–4
–10
–8
–20
e. f(x) 5 "x 2 2 2x 1 2
2x 2 2 x21
!x 2 2x 1 2
fr(x) 5 2
5 2
2!x 2 2x 1 2

Let fr(x) 5 0: x x , 26 26 26 , x , 21 21 21 , x , 2 2 x,2
Therefore, x 2 1 5 0 dy
x51 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
dx
The critical point is (1, 1). Local Local Local
"x 2 2 2x 1 2 is never undefined or equal to zero,
Graph Dec. Inc. Dec. Inc.
Min Max Min
so (1, 1) is the only critical point. Local minima at x 5 26 and x 5 2

x x,1 1 x.1
Local maximum at x 5 21
9. f(x)
f9(x) 2 0 1 (–1, 6)
6
Graph Dec. Local Min Inc. 5
Local minimum at (1, 1) 4
3
y
8 2
1
(3, 1) x
4
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–1
x
–4 –2 0 2 4
10. y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c
dy
5 2ax 1 b
f. f(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 dx
fr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 Since a relative maximum occurs at x 5 3, then
Let fr(x) 5 0: 2ax 1 b 5 0 at x 5 3. Or, 6a 1 b 5 0. Also, at
(0, 1), 1 5 0 1 0 1 c or c 5 1. Therefore,
12x 3 2 12x 2 5 0
y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 1. Since (3, 12) lies on the curve,
12x 2 (x 2 1) 5 0
12 5 9a 1 3b 1 1
x 5 0 or x 5 1
9a 1 3b 5 11
x x,0 0 0,x,1 1 x.1 6a 1 b 5 0.
dy
2 0 2 0 1 Since b 5 26a,
dx
Then 9a 2 18a 5 11
Graph Dec. Dec. Local Min Inc. 11
or a 5 2
There are critical points at (0, 0) and (1, 21). 9
Neither local minimum nor local maximum at (0, 0) 22
b5 .
y 11
The equation is y 5 2 9 x 2 1 3 x 1 1.
22
8
11. f(x) 5 x 2 1 px 1 q
fr(x) 5 2x 1 p
4
In order for 1 to be an extremum, f r(1) must equal 0.
x 2(1) 1 p 5 0
–4 –2 0 2 4 p 5 22
To find q, substitute the known values for p and x
8. fr(x) 5 (x 1 1)(x 2 2)(x 1 6) into the original equation and set it equal to 5.
Let fr(x) 5 0: x x,1 1 x.1
(x 1 1)(x 2 2)(x 1 6) 5 0 2
f9(x) 0 1
x 5 26 or x 5 21 or x 5 2
The critical numbers are 26, 21, and 2. Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.

(1)2 1 (1)(22) 1 q 5 5 b. f '(x)
q56 6
This extremum is a minimum value. 4
12. a. f(x) 5 x 3 2 kx 2
x
fr(x) 5 3x 2 2 k
In order for f to have no critical numbers, fr(x) 5 0 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
must have no solutions. Therefore, 3x 2 5 k must –4
have no solutions, so k , 0. –6
b. f(x) 5 x 3 2 kx
fr(x) 5 3x 2 2 k c. f '(x)
In order for f to have one critical numbers, 6
fr(x) 5 0 must have exactly one solution. 4
Therefore, 3x 2 5 k must have one solution, which 2
occurs when k 5 0. x
c. f(x) 5 x 3 2 kx –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
fr(x) 5 3x 2 2 k
–4
In order for f to have two critical numbers,
–6
fr(x) 5 0 must have two solutions. Therefore,
3x 2 5 k must have two solutions, which occurs
d. f '(x)
when k . 0.
6
13. g(x) 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d
4
gr(x) 5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c
Since there are local extrema at x 5 0 and x 5 2, 2
x
0a 1 0b 1 c 5 0 and 12a 1 4b 1 c 5 0 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
Therefore, c 5 0 and 12a 1 4b 5 0 –2
Going back to the original equation, we have the –4
points (2, 4) and (0, 0). Substitute these values of x –6
in the original function to get two more equations:
8a 1 4b 1 2c 1 d 5 4 and d 5 0. We now know 15. f(x) 5 3x 4 1 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d
that c 5 0 and d 5 0. We are left with two equa- a. f r(x) 5 12x 3 1 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c
tions to find a and b: At x 5 0, f r(0) 5 0, then f r(0) 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 c
12a 1 4b 5 0 or c 5 0.
8a 1 4b 5 4 At x 5 22, f r(22) 5 0,
Subtract the second equation from the first to get 296 1 12a 2 4b 5 0. (1)
4a 5 24. Therefore a 5 21, and b 5 3. Since (0, 29) lies on the curve,
14. a. f '(x) 29 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 d or d 5 29.
6 Since (22, 273) lies on the curve,
4 273 5 48 2 8a 1 4b 1 0 2 9
2 28a 1 4b 5 2112
x or 2a 2 b 5 28 (2)
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 Also, from (1): 3a 2 b 5 24
–2
–4
2a 2 b 5 228
a 5 24
–6
b 5 236.

The function is f(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 36x 2 2 9. (x 2 2 2)(x 2 1 1) 5 0
b. f r(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 72x x 2 5 2 or x 2 5 21
Let f r(x) 5 0: x 5 6"2; inadmissible
x 3 2 x 2 2 6x 5 0 dy
x(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 5 0. At x 5 100, dx . 0.
Third point occurs at x 5 3, Therefore, function is increasing into quadrant one,
f(3) 5 2198. local minimum is at (1.41, 239.6) and local
c. maximum is at (21.41, 39.6).
Local minimum is at (22, 273) and (3, 2198). y
22 , 0,
60
x x , 22 22 0 3 x.3
x,0 x,3 40
f9(x) 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 20
x
Decreas- Local Increas- Local Decreas- Local Increas- –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
Graph
ing Min ing Max ing Min ing –20
–40
Local maximum is at (0, 29). –60
16. a. y 5 4 2 3x 2 2 x 4
dy f(x)
5 26x 2 4x 3 17. h(x) 5
dx g(x)
dy Since f(x) has local maximum at x 5 c, then
Let 5 0:
dx f r(x) . 0 for x , c and f r(x) , 0 for x . c.
26x 2 4x 3 5 0 Since g(x) has a local minimum at x 5 c, then
22x(2x 2 1 3) 5 0 gr(x) , 0 for x , c and gr(x) . 0 for x . c.
3 f(x)
x 5 0 or x 2 5 2 2; inadmissible h(x) 5
g(x)
fr(x)g(x) 2 gr(x)f(x)
3g(x)4 2
x x,0 0 x.0 hr(x) 5
dy
1 0 2 If x , c, f r(x) . 0 and gr(x) , 0, then hr(x) . 0.
dx
If x . c, f r(x) , 0 and gr(x) . 0, then hr(x) , 0.
Graph Increasing Local Max Decreasing Since for x , c, hr(x) . 0 and for x . c,
hr(x) , 0.
Local maximum is at (0, 4). Therefore, h(x) has a local maximum at x 5 c.
y
6 4.3 Vertical and Horizontal
4
Asymptotes, pp. 193–195
2
x 1. a. vertical asymptotes at x 5 22 and x 5 2;
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 horizontal asymptote at y 5 1
–2
–4 b. vertical asymptote at x 5 0; horizontal asymptote
–6
at y 5 0
g(x)
2. f(x) 5
b. y 5 3x 5 2 5x 3 2 30x h(x)
dy Conditions for a vertical asymptote: h(x) 5 0 must
5 15x 4 2 15x 2 2 30 have at least one solution s, and lim f(x) 5 `.
dx xS`
dy Conditions for a horizontal
Let 5 0: asymptote: lim f(x) 5 k, where kPR,
dx xS`
15x 4 2 15x 2 2 30 5 0 or lim f(x) 5 k where kPR.
xS2`
x4 2 x2 2 2 5 0
Calculas and Vectors Solutions Manual 4-13

Condition for an oblique asymptote is that the 5
52
highest power of g(x) must be one more than 2
the highest power of h(x). 25x 2 1 3x
Similarly, lim 5 2 52.
2x 1 3 x21x ( 3
)
2
xS2` 2x 2 5
3. a. lim
xS` x 2 1
5 lim
xS` 1
xx2x ( ) 2x 5 2 3x 2 1 5
d. lim 4 5 lim
x5 2 2 x3 1 x5 ( 3 5
)
xS` 3x 1 5x 2 4
1 1 2x
3
xS` 4 5 4
x 3 1 x3 2 x4 ( )
5 lim
xS`
12x
1
5 lim
(
x 2 2 x3 1 x5
3 5
)
5 4
( 3)
lim 2 1 x
xS`
xS`
3 1 x3 2 x4
5
lim (1 2 x)
1 ( ( x3 1 x5 ))
lim x 2 2
xS`
3 5
xS` 5
lim (3 1 x 2 x )
5 4
210
5 xS`
3 4
120
lim (x) 3 lim (2 2 x 1 x )
52 3 5
3 5
2x 1 3 xS` xS`
Similarly, lim 5 2. 5
xS2` x 2 1
lim (3 1 x 2 x )
5 4
3 4
b. lim 2
2
5x 2 3
5 lim
x 5 2 x2
3
(
2
) 5 lim (x) 3
xS`
22010
xS` x 1 2 31020
xS` 2
x 1 1 x2
2
( ) 5`
xS`
3 2x 5 2 3x 2 1 5
5 2 x2 Similarly, lim 3x 4 1 5x 2 4 5 lim (x) 5 2 ` .
5 lim 2
xS2` xS`
xS`
1 1 x2 4. a. This function is discontinuous at x 5 25. The
numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function
( )
3
lim 5 2 x 2
xS`
has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the
5 function near the asymptote is:
lim (1 1 )
2
2 x-values x x15 y lim y
xS` x xSc
520 x S 252 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
5
110 x S 25 1 ,0 .0 ,0 2`
55
5x 2 2 3 b. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2. The
Similarly, lim x 2 1 2 5 5.
xS2` numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function
c. lim
25x 2 1 3x
5 lim
x 2 25 1 x ( 3
) function near the asymptote is:
2
xS` 2x 2 5 xS` 2 5
x 2 2 x2 ( ) x-values x12 x22 f(x) lim f(x)
xSc
3 x S 22 ,0 ,0 ,0 2`
25 1 x
5 lim x S 21 .0 .0 .0 1`
5
xS`
2 2 x2
c. This function is discontinuous at t 5 3. The
xS`
( 3
lim 25 1 x ) numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function
5
lim (2 2 x )
2
xS` t-values 1 (t 2 3)2 s lim s
tSc
25 1 0 2
1`
5 xS3 .0 .0 .0
220 1
xS3 .0 .0 .0 1`

d. This function is discontinuous at x 5 3. At a point x, the difference between the function
x
However, the numerator also has value 0 there, y 5 x 1 4 and its asymptote y 5 1 is
since 32 2 3 2 6 5 0, so this function has no x x 2 (x 1 4)
vertical asymptotes. 215
x14 x14
e. The denominator of the function has value 0
4
when 52 .
(x 1 3)(x 2 1) 5 0 x14
When x is large and positive, this difference is
x 5 23 or x 5 1. The numerator is non-zero at these negative, which means that the curve approaches the
points, so the function has vertical asymptotes there. asymptote from below. When x is large and negative,
The behaviour of the function near the asymptotes is: this difference is positive, which means that the
x-values 6 x13 x21 f(x) lim f(x)
xSc
curve approaches the asymptote from above.
x S 232 .0 ,0 ,0 .0 1` 2x 2x
b. lim 2 5 lim
xS` x 2 1
x S 231 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
xS` 2
x 12 2( 1
x )
2
xS1 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2` 2
5 lim
( )
1
xS1 .0 .0 .0 .0 1` xS` 1
x 1 2 x2
f. This function is discontinuous when lim (2)
x2 2 1 5 0 5 xS`
(x 1 1)(x 2 1) 5 0
x 5 21 or x 5 1. The numerator is non-zero at these
(
lim x 1 2 x 2
xS`
1
)
points, so the function has vertical asymptotes there. lim (2)
xS`
The behaviour of the function near the asymptotes is: 5
x-values x2
x11 x21 y lim y
xSc
lim (x) 3 lim 1 2
xS` xS`
( 1
x2
)
x S 212 .0 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
1 1
5 lim 3
xS` x 120
x S 21 1 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
50
x S 12 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2` 2x
Similarly, lim x 2 2 1 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal
x S 11 .0 .0 .0 .0 1` xS2`
asymptote of the function.
x x
5. a. lim 5 lim At a point x, the difference between the function
xS` x 1 4 xS` 4
x11x( ) 2x
f(x) 5 x 2 2 1 and its asymptote y 5 0 is x 2 2 1.
2x
1
5 lim 4 When x is large and positive, this difference is
xS`
11 positive, which means that the curve approaches the
x
lim (1) asymptote from above. When x is large and nega-
xS`
5 tive, this difference is negative, which means that
lim 1 1 x
xS`
( 4
) the curve approaches the asymptote from below.
5
1 3t 2 1 4
c. lim 2 5 lim
(
t2 3 1 t2
4
)
110 xS` t 2 1
51
xS` 2
( 1
t 1 2 t2 )
x 4
Similarly, lim x 1 4 5 1, so y 5 1 is a horizontal 3 1 t2
xS2` 5 lim 1
asymptote of the function. xS`
1 2 t2
( 4)
lim 3 1 2
xS` t
5
lim (1 2 t )
1
2
xS`

310 To check for a horizontal asymptote:
5
120
53 lim
x23
5 lim
x12x ( 3
)
xS` x 1 5
3t 2 1 4
Similarly, lim t 2 2 1 5 3, so y 5 3 is a horizontal
xS2`
xS` 5
x11x ( )
3
asymptote of the function. 12x
5 lim 5
At a point x, the difference between the function xS`
11x
3t 2 14
g(t) 5 t 2 2 1 and its asymptote y 5 3 is
( 3x)
lim 1 2
3t 2 1 4 3t 2 1 4 2 3(t 2 2 1) 5 xS`
2 3 5
lim (1 1 x)
5
t2 2 1 t2 2 1
xS`
7
5 2 . 120
t 21 5
When x is large and positive, this difference is 110
positive, which means that the curve approaches 51
x23
the asymptote from above. When x is large and Similarly, lim x 1 5 5 1, so y 5 1 is a horizontal
xS2`
negative, this difference is positive, which means
that the curve approaches the asymptote from
At a point x, the difference between the function
above. x23
y 5 x 1 5 and its asymptote y 5 1 is
d. lim
3x 2 2 8x 2 7
5 lim
x2 3 2 2 2
x x
( 8 7
) x23
215
x 2 3 2 (x 1 5)
52
8
.
x24 x15 x15 x15
xS` xS`
x12x
4
( ) When x is large and positive, this difference is
5 lim
(8 7
x 3 2 x 2 x2 ) negative, which means that the curve approaches
the asymptote from below. When x is large and
4
xS`
12x negative, this difference is positive, which means
((
lim x 3 2 2 2
xS` x x
8 7
)) above.
y
5
6
)
lim 1 2 x
xS`
( 4
4
2
lim (x) 3 lim (3 2 2 )
8 7
2
x
x x
–10–8 –6 –4 –2 0
xS` xS`
5
–2
lim (1 2 x)
4
xS` –4
32020 –6
5 lim (x) 3
xS` 120
5` b. This function is discontinuous at x 5 22. Since
3x2 2 8x 2 7
Similarly, lim 5 lim (x) 5 2 `, so this the numerator is non-zero there, the function has a
xS` x24 xS`
function has no horizontal asymptotes. vertical asymptote at this point. The behaviour of
6. a. This function is discontinuous at x 5 25. the function near the asymptote is:
Since the numerator is not equal to 0 there, the x-values 5 (x 1 2)2 f(x) lim f(x)
xSc
function has a vertical asymptote at this point. The 2
xS2 .0 .0 .0 1`
behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
xS2 1
.0 .0 .0 1`
x-values x23 x15 y lim y
xSc
x S 252 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
To check for a horizontal asymptote:
x S 25 1 ,0 .0 ,0 2`

5 5 So g(t) can be written in the form
lim 2 5 lim 2 g(t) 5 t 2 3
xS` (x 1 2) xS` x 1 4x 1 4
5 y
5 lim 8
xS` 2 4 4
x 1 1 x 1 x2 ( ) 6
lim (5) 4
xS`
5 2
x
xS`
( ( 2
lim x 1 1 x 1 x 2
4 4
)) –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
lim (5)
xS` –4
5
–6
xS`
2
(
lim (x ) 3 lim 1 1 x 1 x 2
xS`
4 4
) –8
1 5
5 lim 2 3
xS` x 11010 d. This function is discontinuous when
50 x 2 2 3x 5 0
5 x(x 2 3) 5 0
Similarly, lim (x 1 2)2 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal
xS2` x 5 0 or x 5 3
asymptote of the function. The numerator is non-zero at these points, so the
At a point x, the difference between the function function has vertical asymptotes at both of them. The
5 behaviour of the function near these asymptotes is:
f(x) 5 (x 1 2)2 and its asymptote y 5 0 is
x-values 21x 3 2 2x x x23 y lim y
5 xSc
(x 1 2)2
. When x is large and positive, this 2
xS0 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
difference is positive, which means that the curve xS0 1
.0 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
approaches the asymptote from above. When x is
x S 32 .0 ,0 .0 ,0 .0 1`
large and negative, this difference is positive, which 1
xS3 .0 ,0 .0 .0 ,0 2`
means that the curve approaches the asymptote
from above. To check for horizontal asymptotes:
y (2 1 x)(3 2 2x) 22x 2 2 x 1 6
10 lim 5 lim
xS` x 2 2 3x xS` x 2 2 3x
8
6
5 lim
(
x 2 22 2 x 1 x 2
1 6
)
4
2
xS`
(
x2 1 2 x
3
)
x 1 6
22 2 x 1 x 2
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 5 lim
–2 3
xS`
12x
c. This function is discontinuous at t 5 5. However,
the numerator is equal to zero there, since
(
lim 22 2 1 2
xS` x x
1 6
)
5
52 2 2(5) 2 15 5 0, so this function has no vertical
asymptote. lim 1 2 x
xS`
( 3
)
To check for an oblique asymptote: 22 2 0 1 0
t23 5
120
t 2 5qt2 2 2t 2 15 5 22
t2 2 5t (2 1 x)(3 2 2x)
Similarly, lim 5 22, so y 5 22 is
x 2 2 3x
0 1 3t 2 15 xS2`
a horizontal asymptote of the function.
0 1 3t 2 15
01010

At a point x, the difference between the function c. x22
22x 2 2 x 1 6 2 3 2
x 1 2xqx 1 0x 1 0x 2 1
y5 and its asymptote y 5 22 is
x 2 2 3x
2 x3 1 2x2
22x 2 x 1 6 22x 2 2 x 1 6 1 2(x 2 2 3x)
1 2 5 2 2x2 1 0x 2 1
x 2 2 3x x 2 2 3x
27x 1 6 2 2x2 2 4x
5 2 . 4x 2 1
x 2 3x
When x is large and positive, this difference is So f(x) can be written in the form
negative, which means that the curve approaches the 4x 2 1
asymptote from below. When x is large and negative, f(x) 5 x 2 2 1 x 2 1 2x. Since
this difference is positive, which means that the curve
approaches the asymptote from above. 4x 2 1
lim 2 5 lim
x42
x
( 1
)
xS` x 1 2x
8
y xS` 2 2
x 11x ( )
6 1
42x
4 5 lim
2
x
xS`
( )
x11x
2
0
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 lim (4 2 )
1
–2 x
xS`
–4 5
lim (x(1 1 ))
2
–6 x
xS`
–8
lim (4 2 )
1
xS`x
7. a. 3x 2 7 5
lim (x) 3 lim (1 1 x)
2
x 2 3q3x2 2 2x 2 17 xS` xS`
3x2 2 9x
5 lim a b 3
1 420
7x 2 17 xS` x 110
7x 2 21 5 0,
4 4x 2 1
and similarly lim x 2 1 2x 5 0, the line y 5 x 2 2 is
So f(x) can be written in the form xS2`
4 4 an asymptote to the function f(x).
f(x) 5 3x 2 7 1 . Since lim x 2 3 5 0 and
x23 xS`
4
d. x13
lim 5 0, the line y 5 3x 2 7 is an asymptote x2 2 4x 1 3qx3 2 x2 2 9x 1 15
xS` x 2 3
to the function f(x). x3 2 4x2 1 3x
b. x13 3x2 2 12x 1 15
2
2x 1 3q2x 1 9x 1 2 3x2 2 12x 1 9
2x2 1 3x 6
6x 1 2 So f(x) can be written in the form
6 6
6x 1 9 f(x) 5 x 1 3 1 x 2 2 4x 1 3. Since lim x 2 2 4x 1 3
xS`
27 6
and lim x 2 2 4x 1 3 5 0, the line y 5 x 1 3 is an
xS2`
So f(x) can be written in the form
asymptote to the function f(x).
7 7
f(x) 5 x 1 3 2 2x 1 3. Since lim 2x 1 3 5 0 and 8. a. At a point x, the difference between the
xS` 4
7 function f(x) 5 f(x) 5 3x 2 7 1 x 2 3 and its
lim 5 0, the line y 5 x 1 3 is an asymptote
xS2` 2x 13 oblique asymptote y 5 3x 2 7 is
to the function f(x). 4 4
3x 2 7 1 x 2 3 2 (3x 2 7) 5 x 2 3. When x is

large and positive, this difference is positive, which x 2 1 3x 2 2 x 2 1 3x 2 2
means that the curve approaches the asymptote lim 2 5 lim 2
xS` (x 2 1) xS` x 2 2x 1 1
from above. When x is large and negative, this
difference is negative, which means that the curve
5 lim
( 3
x
2 )
x2 1 1
2
x 2
approaches the asymptote from below.
x (1 2 x 1 x )
xS` 2
2 1
b. At a point x, the difference between the function 2
7
f(x) 5 x 1 3 2 2x 1 3 and its oblique asymptote 3 2
1 1 x 2 x2
7
y 5 x 1 3 is x 1 3 2 2x 1 3 2 (x 1 3) 5 2 2x 1 3.
7 5 lim 2 1
xS`
1 2 x 1 x2
negative, which means that the curve approaches the
asymptote from below. When x is large and
( 3 2)
lim 1 1 2 2
xS` x x
5
lim (1 2 x 1 x )
negative, this difference is positive, which means 2 1
2
that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. xS`
9. a. This function is discontinuous at x 5 25. The 11020
5
numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function 12010
has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the 51
function near the asymptote is: x 2 1 3x 2 2
Similarly, lim (x 2 1)2 5 1, so y 5 1 is a
xS`
x-values 3x 2 1 x15 f(x) lim f(x)
xSc horizontal asymptote of the function.
x S 25 2
,0 ,0 .0 1` c. This function is discontinuous when
x S 25 1
,0 .0 ,0 2` x2 2 4 5 0
x2 5 4
To check for a horizontal asymptote: x 5 6 2.
lim
3x 2 1
5 lim
x32x ( 1
) At x 5 2 the numerator is 0, since
22 1 2 2 6 5 0, so the function has no vertical
xS` x 1 5 xS` 5
x11x ( ) asymptote there. At x 5 22, however, the
numerator is non-zero, so the function has a vertical
1
32x asymptote there. The behaviour of the function
5 lim 5 near the asymptote is:
xS`
11x
lim h(x)
( 1)
lim 3 2 x
xS`
x-values x2 1 x 2 6 x2 2 4 h(x) xSc
5 x S 22 2
,0 .0 ,0 2`
lim (1 1 x)
5
x S 22 1 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
xS`
5
110
51 2
x 1x26
1
(
x2 1 1 2 x2
x
6
)
3x 2 1 lim 5 lim
Similarly, lim 5 3, so y 5 3 is a horizontal x2 2 4
xS` x 1 5
xS` xS` 4
x2 1 2 x2 ( )
asymptote of the function. 1 6
b. This function is discontinuous at x 5 1. The 1 1 x 2 x2
numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function 5 lim 4
xS`
1 2 x2
function near the asymptote is:
To check for a horizontal asymptote: (
lim 1 1 2 2
xS` x x
1 6
)
5
x-values
x S 12
x 2 1 3x 2 2 (x 2 1)2 g(x) lim g(x)
xSc
lim 1 2 x 2
xS`
( 4
)
.0 .0 .0 1`
x S 11 .0 .0 .0 1`

11020 Horizontal asymptote is at y 5 2 12.
5
120 2 (2x 1 5) 2 2(3 2 x) 211
51 f r(x) 5 5
(2x 1 5)2 (2x 1 5)2
x2 1 x 2 6 Since f r(x) 2 0, there are no maximum or
Similarly, lim 5 1, so y 5 1 is a
xS2` x 2 4
2
minimum points.
3
horizontal asymptote of the function. y-intercept, let x 5 0, y 5 5 5 0.6
d. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2. The 32x
numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function x-intercept, let y 5 0, 2x 1 5 5 0, x 5 3
has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the f(x)
function near the asymptote is: 4
x-values 5x 2 2 3x 1 2 x22 m(x) lim m(x)

xSc 2
xS2 2
.0 ,0 ,0 2`
x
x S 21 .0 .0 .0 1`
–4 –2 0 2 4
–2
x 2 1 3x 2 2 x 2 1 3x 2 2
lim 2 5 lim 2
xS` (x 2 1) xS` x 2 2x 1 1
–4
5 lim
(
2 3 2
x 1 1 x 2 x2 )
b. This function is a polynomial, so it is continuous
xS` 2
( 2 1
x 1 2 x 1 x2 ) for every real number. It has no horizontal, vertical,
3 2 or oblique asymptotes.
1 1 x 2 x2 The y-intercept can be found by letting t 5 0, which
5 lim 2 1 gives y 5 210.
xS`
1 2 x 1 x2
hr(t) 5 6t 2 2 30t 1 36
Set hr(t) 5 0 and solve for t to determine the critical
( 3 2)
lim 1 1 x 2 x 2
xS` points.
5 6t 2 2 30t 1 36 5 0
lim (1 2 x 1 x )
2 1
xS`
2 t 2 2 5t 1 6 5 0
11020 (t 2 2)(t 2 3) 5 0
5 t 5 2 or t 5 3
12010
51
t t,2 t52 2,t,3 t53 t.3
x 2 1 3x 2 2
xS` (x 2 1)
2
h9(t) 1 0 2 0 1
horizontal asymptote of the function.
Graph Inc. Local Max Dec. Local Min Inc.
32x
10. a. f(x) 5
2x 1 5
The x-intercept cannot be easily obtained
Discontinuity is at x 5 22.5. algebraically. Since the polynomial function has a
32x
lim 2 5 2` local maximum when x 5 2, it must have an
xS225 2x 1 5
x-intercept prior to this x-value. Since f(0) 5 210
32x and f(1) 5 13, an estimate for the x-intercept is
lim 1 5 1`
xS225 2x 1 5 about 0.3.
Vertical asymptote is at x 5 22.5.
Horizontal asymptote:
32x 1
lim 52 ,
xS` 2x 1 5 2
32x 1
lim 52 .
xS2` 2x 1 5 2

h(t) y
24
20 4
16
12 2
8
x
4
t –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 0 2 4 6
–2
c. This function is discontinuous when
x2 1 4 5 0 1
x 2 5 24 d. s(t) 5 t 1
t
This equation has no real solutions, however, Discontinuity is at t 5 0.
so the function is continuous everywhere.
lim at 1 b 5 1`
1
To check for a horizontal asymptote: tS0 1 t
20 20
lim 2 5 lim
lim2 at 1 b 5 2 `
xS` x 1 4
1
xS` 2
x 1 1 x2
4
( ) tS0 t
lim (20) Oblique asymptote is at s(t) 5 t.
5 xS` 1
sr(t) 5 1 2 2
( (
lim x 2 1 1 x 2
xS`
4
)) t
Let sr(t) 5 0, t 2 5 1
lim (20) t 5 61.
xS`
5 Local maximum is at (21, 22) and local minimum
lim (x 2 ) 3 lim 1 1 x 2
xS` xS`
( 4
) is at (1, 2).
1 20 21 , 0,
5 lim 2 3 t t , 21 t 5 21 t51 t.1
xS` x 110 t,0 t,1
50 s9(t) 1 0 2 2 0 1
20
Similarly, lim 2 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Local Increas-
xS2` x 1 4 Graph
ing Max ing ing Min ing
The y-intercept of this function can be found by s(t)
20 4
letting x 5 0, which gives y 5 0 2 1 4 5 5.
Since the
numerator of this function is never 0, it has no 2
x-intercept. The derivative can be found by rewriting
the function as y 5 20(x 2 1 4)21, then t
yr 5 220(x 2 1 4)21 (2x) –4 –2 0 2 4
40x –2
52 2
(x 1 4)2
Letting yr 5 0 shows that x 5 0 is a critical point of –4
the function.
x x,0 x50 x.0
y9 1 0 2
Local
Graph Inc. Dec.
Max

2x 2 1 5x 1 2 There is no vertical asymptote. The function is the
e. g(x) 5 straight line s 5 t 1 7, t $ 27.
x13
Discontinuity is at x 5 23. 10 s(t)
2x 2 1 5x 1 2 5 8
5 2x 2 1 1
x13 x13 6
Oblique asymptote is at y 5 2x 2 1. 4
lim 1 g(x) 5 1`, lim 2 g(x) 5 2 ` 2
xS23 xS23 t
(4x 1 5)(x 1 3) 2 (2x 2 1 5x 1 2) –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
gr(x) 5 –2
(x 1 3)2
2x 2 1 12x 1 13 a
5 11. a. The horizontal asymptote occurs at y 5 c .
(x 1 3)2
Let gr(x) 5 0, therefore, 2x 2 1 12x 1 13 5 0: b. The vertical asymptote occurs when cx 1 d 5 0
212 6 "144 2 104
d
or x 5 2 c .
x5
4
x 5 21.4 or x 5 24.6.
24.6 , 23 ,
t x , 24.6 24.6 23 x 5 1.4 x . 21.4
x , 23 x , 21.4
s9(t) 1 0 2 Undefined 2 0 1
Local Vertical Local

Graph Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing
Max Asymptote Min
Local maximum is at (24.6, 210.9) and local

minimum is at (21.4, 20.7). 12. a. Since f is defined for all values of x, f r and f s
are also defined for all values of x. f has a horizontal
g(x)
16 asymptote at y 5 0. So f r and f s will have horizontal
asymptotes there. f has a local maximum at (0, 1) so
8 f r will be 0 when x 5 0. f has a point of inflection at
(20.7, 0.6) and (0.7, 0.6), so f s will be 0 at
x x 5 6 0.7. At x 5 0.7, f changes from concave up
–16 –8 0 8 16 to concave down, so the sign of f s changes from
positive to negative. At x 5 0.7, f changes from
–8 concave down to concave up, so the sign of f s
changes from negative to positive there. f is
–16 increasing for x , 0, so f r will be positive. f is
decreasing for x . 0, so f r will be negative. The
t 2 1 4t 2 21 graph of f is concave up for x , 20.7 and x . 0.7,
f. s(t) 5 , t $ 27 so f s is positive for x , 20.7 and x . 0.7. The
t23
(t 1 7)(t 2 3) graph of f is concave down for 20.7 , x , 0.7, so
5 f s is negative for 20.7 , x , 0.7.
(t 2 3)
Discontinuity is at t 5 3. Also, since f s is 0 at x 5 6 0.7, the graph of f r will
(t 1 7)(t 2 3) have a local minimum or local maximum at these
lim1 5 lim1 (t 1 7) points. Since the sign of f s changes from negative
xS3 (t 2 3) xS3
5 10 to positive at x 5 0.7, it must be a local minimum
lim2 (t 1 7) 5 10 point. Since the sign of f s changes from positive to
xS3 negative at x 5 20.7, it must be a local maximum
point.

y 13. a. If f(x) is increasing, then fr(x) . 0. From the
6 graph of fr, fr(x) . 0 for x , 0. If f(x) is decreas-
4 ing, then fr(x) , 0. From the graph of fr, fr(x) , 0
2 y = f''(x) for x . 0. At a stationary point, fr(x) 5 0. From the
x
graph, the zero of fr(x) occurs at (0, 0). At x 5 0,
–4 –2 0 2 4 The graph changes from positive to negative, so f
–2
–4 has a local maximum there. If the graph of f is con-
–6 cave up, fs (x) is positive. From the slope of fr, the
graph of f is concave up for x , 20.6 and x . 0.6.
If the graph of f is concave down, fs (x) is negative
b. Since f is defined for all values of x, f r and f s are
and concave down for 20.6 , x , 0.6. Graphs will
also defined for all values of x. f has a horizontal
vary slightly.
asymptote at y 5 0 so f r and f s will have a horizon-
tal asymptote there. f has a local maximum at An example showing the shape of the curve is
(1, 3.5) so f r will be 0 when x 5 1. f has a local min- illustrated.
imum at (21, 23.5) so f r will be 0 when x 5 21. y
f has a point of inflection at (21.7, 23), (1.7, 3) and 2
(90, 0) so f s will be 0 at x 5 6 1.7 and x 5 0. At 1
x
x 5 0, f changes from concave up to concave down,
–4 –2 0 2 4
so the sign of f s changes from positive to negative. –1
At x 5 21.7, f changes from concave down to con- –2
cave up, so the sign of f s changes from negative to
positive. At x 5 1.7, f changes from concave down b. If f(x) is increasing, then fr(x) . 0. From the
to concave up, so the sign of f s changes from nega- graph of fr, fs (x) . 0 for x , 1 and x . 5. If f(x)
tive to positive. f is decreasing for x , 21 and is decreasing, then fr(x) , 0. From the graph of fr,
x . 1, so f r will be negative. The graph of f is fr(x) , 0 for 1 , x , 3 and 3 , x , 5. At a sta-
concave up for 21.7 , x , 0 and x . 1.7, so f s is tionary point, fr(x) 5 0. From the graph, the zeros
positive for 21.7 , x , 0 and x . 1.7. The graph of fr(x) occur at x 5 1 and x 5 5. At x 5 1, the
of f is concave down for x , 21.7 and 0 , x , 1.7, graph changes from positive to negative, so f has a
so f s is negative for x , 21.7 and 0 , x , 1.7. local maximum there. At x 5 5, the graph changes
Also, since f s is 0 when x 5 0 and x 5 6 1.7, the from negative to positive, so f has a local minimum
graph of f r will have a local maximum or minimum there. If the graph of f is concave up, fs (x) is posi-
at these points. Since the sign of f s changes from tive. From the slope of fr, the graph is concave up
negative to positive at x 5 21.7, f r has a local mini- for x . 3. If the graph of f is concave down, fs (x)
mum at x 5 21.7. Since the sign of f s changes is negative. From the slope of fr, the graph of f is
from positive to negative at x 5 0, it must be a local concave down for x , 3. There is a vertical asymp-
maximum point. Since the sign of f s changes from tote at x 5 3 since fr is not defined there. Graphs
negative to positive at x 5 1.7, it must be a local will vary slightly. An example showing the shape of
minimum point. the curve is illustrated.
y y
8 4
6
y = f'(x)
4 2
2
x x
–4 –2 0 2 4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
–2
–4

14. a. f(x) and r(x): lim f(x) and lim r(x) exist. x 2 1 2x 1 1 (x 1 1)(x 1 1)
xS` xS` lim 5 lim
b. h(x): the highest degree of x in the numerator is xS` x11 xS` (x 1 1)
exactly one degree higher than the highest degree of 5 lim (x 1 1)
xS`
x in the denominator. 5`
b. lim c d
c. h(x): the denominator is defined for all xPR. x2 1 1 x 2 1 2x 1 1
2
2x 2 3 xS` x 1 1 x11
f(x) 5 has vertical asymptotes at
(x 2 7)(x 1 2) x 2 1 1 2 x 2 2 2x 2 1
x 5 7 and x 5 22. f(22.001) 5 2110.99 so as 5 lim
xS` x11
x S 222, f(x) S 2 `
22x
f(21.999) 5 111.23 so as x S 22 1 , f(x) S ` 5 lim
xS` x 1 1
f(6.999) 5 111.12 so as x S 72, f(x) S `
f(7.001) 5 2111.10 so as x S 7 1 , f(x) S 2 ` 22
5 lim 1 5 22
f(x) has a horizontal asymptote at y 5 0. xS`
11x
g(x) has a vertical asymptote at x 5 3.
2x 2 2 2x
g(2.999) 5 23 974.009 so as x S 32, g(x) S ` 17. f(x) 5
x2 2 9
g(3.001) 5 224 026.009 so as x S 3 1 , g(x) S 2 `
Discontinuity is at x 2 2 9 5 0 or x 5 63.
By long division, h(x) 5 x 1 a 2 b so y 5 x
24x 2 1 lim1 f(x) 5 1`
x 11 xS3
is an oblique asymptote. lim f(x) 5 2 `

xS32
(x 1 3)(x 2 2) lim f(x) 5 2 `
r(x) 5 has vertical asymptotes at xS23 1
(x 2 4)(x 1 4)
lim f(x) 5 1`
x 5 24 and x 5 4. xS232
r(24.001) 5 750.78 so as x S 242, r(x) S ` Vertical asymptotes are at x 5 3 and x 5 23.
r(23.999) 5 2749.22 so as x S 24 1 , r(x) S 2 ` Horizontal asymptote:
r(3.999) 5 21749.09 so as x S 42, r(x) S 2 ` lim f(x) 5 2 (from below)
xS`
r(4.001) 5 1750.91 so as x S 4 1 , r(x) S `
lim f(x) 5 2 (from above)
r(x) has a horizontal asymptote at y 5 1. xS`
ax 1 5 Horizontal asymptote is at y 5 2.
15. f(x) 5 (4x 2 2)(x 2 2 9) 2 2x(2x 2 2 2x)
3 2 bx f r(x) 5
Vertical asymptote is at x 5 24. (x2 2 9)2
Therefore, 3 2 bx 5 0 at x 5 25. 4x 3 2 2x 2 2 36x 1 18 2 4x 3 1 4x 2
5
That is, 3 2 b(25) 5 0 (x 2 2 9)2
3 2x 2 2 36x 1 18
b5 . 5
5 (x 2 2 9)2
Horizontal asymptote is at y 5 23. Let f r(x) 5 0,
lim a b 5 23
ax 1 5 2x 2 2 36x 1 18 5 0 or x 2 2 18x 1 9 5 0.
18 6 "182 2 36
xS` 3 2 bx
5 x5
a1 2
lim a b 5 lim ° 3 ¢ 5
ax 1 5 x 2a
x 5 0.51 or x 5 17.5
xS` 3 2 bx b
xS`
2b y 5 0.057 or y 5 1.83.
x
a Local maximum is at (0.51, 0.057) and local
But 2 b 5 23 or a 5 3b.
minimum is at (17.5, 1.83).
3
But b 5 5, then a 5 95.
23 , 0.51 , 3,
1 t 0.51 17.5 x . 17.5
2 x1x x , 0.51 x,3 x , 17.5
x 11
16. a. lim 5 lim 1 s9(t) 1 0 2 2 0 1
xS` x 1 1 xS`
11x
5` Graph
Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas-
Local Min Increasing
ing Max ing ing

f(x) 2. The slope of a general tangent to the graph
4 g(x) 5 2x 3 2 3x 2 2 12x 1 15 is given by
3 dg
5 6x 2 2 6x 2 12. We first determine values of
2 dx
1 dg
x for which dx 5 0.
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 So 6x 2 2 6x 2 12 5 0
–1
–2 6(x 2 2 x 2 2) 5 0
–3 6(x 1 1)(x 2 2) 5 0
–4
x 5 21, x 5 2
dg
Since dx is defined for all values of x, and since
dg
50 only at x 5 21 and x 5 2, it must be either
dx
Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 196–197 positive or negative for all other values of x. Consider
1. a. the intervals between x , 21, 21 , x , 2, and
x . 2.
Value of x x , 21 21 , x , 2 x.2
Value of
dg dg dg
The function appears to be decreasing on (2 `, 2) dg
5 6x 2 2 6x 2 12 dx
.0
dx
,0
dx
.0
dx
and increasing on (2, `).
b. Slope of Tangents positive negative positive
y-values Increasing or
increasing decreasing increasing
Decreasing
3. y
8
The function appears to be increasing on (2 `, 0) 6 (3, 5)
and (2, ` ) and decreasing on (0, 2). 4
c. 2
(–2, 0) x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
–4
–6
–8
The function is increasing on (2 `, 23) and
(23, ` ). dy
d. 4. The critical numbers can be found when dx 5 0.
dy dy
a. dx 5 24x 1 16. When dx 5 0,
dy
5 24(x 1 4) 5 0
dx
x 5 24
The function appears to be decreasing on (2 `, 0)
and increasing on (0, ` ).

x*1 1*x*2 x+2
x21 2 1 1
x22 2 2 1
(x 2 1)(x 2 2) (2 )(2 ) 5 1 (1)(2 ) 5 2 (1)(1) 5 1
dy
.0 ,0 .0
dx
g(x) 5 2x 3 2 9x 2 1 12x increasing decreasing increasing
dy dy From the table above, x 5 1 is the local maximum

b. dx 5 x 3 2 27x. When dx 5 0,
and x 5 2 is the local minimum.
dy dg
5 x(x 2 2 27) 5 0 b. 5 3x 2 2 4x 2 4
dx dx
x 5 0, x 5 63"3 dg
dy dy To find the critical numbers, set 5 0.
c. dx 5 4x 3 2 8x. When dx 5 0, dx
dy 3x 2 2 4x 2 4 5 0
5 4x(x 2 2 2) 5 0 (3x 1 2)(x 2 2) 5 0
dx
2
x 5 0, x 5 6"2 x 5 2 or x 5 2
dy dy 3
d. dx 5 15x 4 2 75x 2 1 60. When dx 5 0, 2 2
x* 2 2 *x*2 x+2
dy 3 3
5 15(x 4 2 5x 2 1 4) 5 0
dx 3x 1 2 2 1 1
dy 2 2
5 15(x 2 2 1)(x 2 2 4) 5 0 x22 1
dx dg
1 2 1
x 5 61, x 5 62 dx
dy 2x(x 2 1 1) 2 (x 2 2 1)(2x) dy g(x) increasing decreasing increasing
e. dx 5 2
(x 1 1) 2 . When dx
5 0,
dy 2
the numerator equals 0. So dx 5 2x(x 2 1 1) 2 The function has a local maximum at x 5 2 and a
3
dy local minimum at x 5 2
(x 2 2 1)(2x) 5 0. After simplifying, dx 5 4x 5 0.
x50 df
dy (x 2 1 2) 2 x(2x) dy 6. 5 2x 1 k
f. 5 . When dx 5 0, the dx
dx (x 2 1 2)2
df
numerator equals 0. So after simplifying, To have a local minimum value, dx 5 0. This occurs
dy
dx
5 2x 2 1 2 5 0.
k
when x 5 2 2 . So f 2 2 5 1. ( k)
x 5 6"2 k2 k2
2 1251
dg 4 2
5. a. 5 6x 2 2 18x 1 12
dx k2
dg 2 1251
To find the critical numbers, set dx 5 0. So 4
6x 2 2 18x 1 12 5 0 k2
2 5 21
6(x 2 1)(x 2 2) 5 0 4
x 5 1, x 5 2 k2 5 4
k 5 62

7. fr(x) 5 4x 3 2 32 than 3. So f(x) approaches y 5 3 from below when
To find the critical numbers, set fr(x) 5 0. x is large and positive and approached y 5 3 from
4x 3 2 32 5 0 above when x is large and negative.
4(x 3 2 8) 5 0
x52
b. f(x) 5
x 2 1 3x 2 2
5
x2 1 1 2 2
x x ( 3 2
)
2
(x 2 1) 2 1
x*2 x+2 x2 1 2 x 1 x2 ( )
f9(x) 5 4x 3 2 32 2 1 3 2
f(x) decreasing increasing 5
(11x2x) 2
The function has a local minimum at x 5 2.

(1 2 2x 1 x1 ) 2
8. a. Since x 1 2 5 0 for x 5 22, x 5 22 is a

vertical asymptote. Large and positive to left of lim
(1 1 3x 2 x2 ) 5 (1 1 0 2 0)
2
xS1`
asymptote, large and negative to right of asymptote.
b. Since 9 2 x 2 5 0 for x 5 63, x 5 23 and
(1 2 2x 1 x1 ) (1 2 0 1 0)
2
x 5 3 are vertical asymptotes. For x 5 23: large 51

and negative to left of asymptote, large and positive So the horizontal asymptote is 1. Similarly, we
to right of asymptote. can prove lim f(x) 5 1. If x is large and positive,
c. Since 3x 1 9 5 0 for x 5 23, x 5 23 is a xS2`
10002 1 3 (1000) 2 2
vertical asymptote. Large and negative to left of for example, x 5 1000, f(x) 5 (1000 2 1)2
5
asymptote, large and positive to right of asymptote. 9 96 998
which is greater than 1. If x is large
10 02 001 ,
d. Since 3x 2 2 13x 2 10 5 0 when x 5 2 23 and
and negative, for example, x 5 21000,
x 5 5, x 5 2 23 and x 5 5 are vertical asymptotes. (21000)2 1 3 (21000) 2 2
For x 5 2 23 large and positive to left of asymptote, f(x) 5 2 5 109 9602998
001 , which is less
(21000 2 1)
large and negative to right of asymptote. For x 5 3: than 1. So f(x) approaches y 5 1 from above when x
large and positive to left of asymptote, large and is large and positive and approaches y 5 1 from
negative to right of asymptote. below when x is large and negative.
3xa1 2 3x b
1
10. a. Since (x 2 5)2 5 0 when x 5 5, x 5 5 is a
3x 2 1 vertical asymptote.
9. a. f(x) 5 5
x15
x a1 1 b
5 x x
x f(x) 5 5
(x 2 5)2 10 25
x 2 1 2 x 1 x2( )
3a1 2 b
1
3x 1
5 5
11x
5
( 10 25
x 1 2 x 1 x2 )
lim (1)
3 c lim 1 2 3x d
( 1) lim f(x) 5 xS15
5 1`
lim f(x) 5
xS2` xS15
lim x 1 2 ((
10
x
1
25
x2 ))
lim (1 1 x)
xS1` 5 xS15
xS2` This limit gets larger as it approaches 5 from the

3(1 2 0) right. Similarly, we can prove that the limit goes to
5 1` as it approaches 5 from the left. For example,
(1 1 0)
53 1
if x 5 1000 f(x) 5 25 , which
So the horizontal asymptote is y 5 3. Similarly, we 1000 Q 1 2 1000
10
1 1000 2R
can prove lim f(x) 5 3. If x is large and positive, gets larger as x gets larger. Thus, f(x) approaches
xS2`
for example, if x 5 1000, f(x) 5 2999

which is 1` on both sides of x 5 5.
1005 ,
smaller than 3. If x is large and negative, for exam- b. There are no discontinuities because x 2 1 9
never equals zero.
ple, if x 5 21000, f(x) 5 23001
2995 , which is larger

c. Using the quadratic formula, we find that t * 2.5198 t + 2.5198
x 2 2 12x 1 12 5 0 when x 5 6 6 2"6. So
1
x 5 6 6 2"6 are vertical asymptotes. 4
2 4t23 2 1
f(x) 5 2
x22
5
x12 (
x
2
) Sign of C9(t) 2 1
x 2 12x 1 12
(
x2 1 2 x 1 x2
12 12
) Behaviour of C(t) decreasing increasing
14. For f(x) the derivative function fr(0) 5 0 and

lim
xS1612"6
x12 ( 2
x ) fr(2) 5 0.
lim f(x) 5 . Therefore, f r(x) passes through (0, 0) and (2, 0).
xS1612"6
lim
xS1612"6
(
x 2 1 2 x 1 x2
12 12
) When x , 0, f(x) is decreasing, therefore,
f r(x) , 0.
This limit gets smaller as it approaches 6 1 2"6
When 0 , x , 2, f(x) is increasing, therefore,
from the right and get larger as it approaches
f r(x) . 0.
6 1 2"6 from the left. Similarly, we can show that
When x . 2, f(x) is decreasing, therefore,
the limit gets smaller as it approaches 6 2 2"6 from
f r(x) , 0.
the left and gets larger as it approaches from the right.
y
11. a. f r(x) . 0 implies that f(x) is increasing.
2
b. f r(x) , 0 implies that f(x) is decreasing.
12. a. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 9.5t 1 2.2 x
Note that h(0) 5 2.2 , 3 because when the diver –4 –2 0 2 4
dives, the board is curved down.
hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 9.5 –2
Set hr(t) 5 0
0 5 29.8t 1 9.5 –4
t 8 0.97
–6
0 * t * 0.97 t + 0.97
29.8t 1 9.5 1 2
15. a. f(x) 5 x 2 2 7x 2 18
Sign of h9(t) 1 2 i. f r(x) 5 2x 2 7
Behaviour of h(t) increasing decreasing Set f r(x) 5 0
0 5 2x 2 7
b. hr(t) 5 v(t) 7
x5
v(t) 5 29.8t 1 9.5 2
vr(t) 5 29.8 , 0 ii. 7 7
x* x+
The velocity is decreasing all the time. 2 2
t 2x 2 7 2 1
13. C(t) 5 1 2t 22
4 Sign of f9(x) 2 1
1
Cr(t) 5 2 4t 23 Behaviour of f(x) decreasing increasing
4
Set Cr(t) 5 0
1 7
0 5 2 4t 23 iii. From ii., there is a minimum at x 5 2.
f a b 5 a b 2 7a b 2 18
4 7 7 2 7
1
5 4t 23 2 2 2
4
fa b 5
7 49 49
t 3 5 16 2 2 18
2 4 2
t 8 2.5198
fa b 5 2
7 121
2 4

iv. y 0 5 8x 3 2 8x
10 0 5 8x(x 2 2 1)
5 0 5 8x(x 2 1)(x 1 1)
x
x 5 21 or x 5 0 or x 5 1
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
–5 ii.
–10 x * 21 21 * x * 0 0*x*1 x+1
–15
8x 2 2 1 1
–20
–25 x21 2 2 2 1
–30 x11 2 1 1 1
Sign of (2 )(2 )(2 ) (2 )(2 )(1) (1)(2 )(1) (1)(1)(1)

b. f(x) 5 22x 3 1 9x 2 1 3 f9(x) 52 51 52 51
i. f r(x) 5 26x 2 1 18x Behaviour
Set f r(x) 5 0 decreasing increasing decreasing increasing
of f(x)
0 5 26x 2 1 18x
0 5 26x(x 2 3) iii. From ii., there is a maximum at x 5 0 and
x 5 0 or x 5 3 minima at x 5 21 and x 5 1
ii. f(21) 5 2(21)4 2 4(21)2 1 2
x*0 0*x*3 x+3
f(21) 5 2 2 4 1 2
26x 1 2 2 f(21) 5 0
f(0) 5 2(0)4 2 4(0)2 1 2
x23 2 2 1 f(0) 5 2
Sign of f9(x) (1)(2 ) 5 2 (2 )(2 ) 5 1 (2 )(1) 5 2 f(1) 5 2(1)4 2 4(1)2 1 2
f(1) 5 2 2 4 1 2
Behaviour
of f(x)
decreasing increasing decreasing f(1) 5 0
iv. y
iii. From ii., there is a minimum at x 5 0 and a 3
maximum at x 5 3.
f(0) 5 22(0)3 1 9(0)2 1 3 2
f(0) 5 3
f(3) 5 22(3)3 1 9(3)2 1 3 1
f(3) 5 254 1 81 1 3
f(3) 5 30 x
iv. y –2 –1 0 1 2
35
–1
30
25
20 d. f(x) 5 x 5 2 5x
15 i. f r(x) 5 5x 4 2 5
10
Set f r(x) 5 0
0 5 5x 4 2 5
5
x 0 5 5(x 4 2 1)
–2 0 2 4 6 0 5 5(x 2 2 1)(x 2 1 1)
–5
0 5 5(x 2 1)(x 1 1)(x 2 1 1)
x 5 21 or x 5 1
c. f(x) 5 2x 4 2 4x 2 1 2
i. f r(x) 5 8x 3 2 8x
f r(x) 5 0

ii. x * 21 21 * x * 1 x+1
3 2 2x
17. a. lim
xS` 3x
5 1 1 1
3 2x
2 x
x21 2 2 1 x
5 lim 3x
xS`
x11 2 1 1 x
1 1 1
022
x2 1 1 5
3
Sign of (1)(2 )(2 )(1) (1)(2 )(1)(1) (1)(1)(1)(1) 2
f9(x) 51 52 51 52
3
Behaviour
increasing decreasing increasing x 2 2 2x 1 5
of f(x) b. lim 2
xS` 6x 1 2x 2 1
x2 2x 5
iii. From ii., there is a maximum at x 5 21 and a 2 21 2
x2 x x
minimum at x 5 1 5 lim 6x 2 2x 1
f(21) 5 (21)5 2 5(21)
xS`
x2
1 x2 2 x2
f(21) 5 21 1 5 12010
f(21) 5 4 5
61020
f(1) 5 (1)5 2 5(1) 1
f(1) 5 24 5
6
y 7 1 2x 2 2 3x 3
8 c. lim 3 2
xS` x 2 4x 1 3x
6
7 2x 2 3x 3
4 3 1 3 2
x3
2 5 lim xx 3 4xx
2 3x
x xS`
2 x3 1 x3
x3
–2 –1 0 1 2
–2 01023
5
–4 12010
–6 5 23
–8 5 1 2x 3
d. lim 4
xS` x 2 4x
5 2x 3
16. a. vertical asymptote: x 5 2 12, horizontal 4 2
x4
asymptote y 5 12; as x approaches 12 from the left, 5 lim xx 4 4x
xS`
graph approaches infinity; as x approaches 12 from 2 x4
x4
the right, graph approaches negative infinity. 020
b. vertical asymptote: x 5 22, horizontal asymp- 5
120
tote: y 5 1; as x approaches 22 from the left, graph 50
approaches infinity; as x approaches 22 from the
2 4
right, graph decreases to (20.25, 21.28) and then x 3 1 3x 2 1
5 lim ° x 1 4 ¢
2x 5 2 1 2 3
approaches to infinity. e. lim 4 2
xS` 3x 2 x 2 2 xS` 3 3x 2 x 2 2 2
c. vertical asymptote: x 5 23, horizontal asymp-
tote: y 5 21; as x approaches 23 from the left, 2 3
3x 14
3x
graph approaches infinity; as x approaches 23 from 4 1
2 4 4
2 x x x
the right, graph approaches infinity 5 lim x 1 lim 3x 4 x 2 2
xS` 3 xS`
d. vertical asymptote: x 5 24, no horizontal 2 x4 2 x4
x4
asymptote; as x approaches 24 from the left, graph 5`
increases to (27.81, 230.23) and then decreases to
24; as x approaches 24 from the right, graph
decreases to (20.19, 0.23) then approaches infinity.

x 2 1 3x 2 18 The local minimum is (5, 2105) and the local
f. lim maximum is (21, 20)
xS` (x 2 3)2
x 2 1 3x 2 18 25
5 lim 2 b. y 5 2
xS` x 2 6x 1 9 x 1 48
x2 3x 18 dy 50x
1 x2 2 x2 52 2
x2 dx (x 1 48)2
5 lim x 2 6x 9
xS` dy dy
x2
2 x2 1 x2 For critical values, solve dx 5 0 or dx does not exist.
11020 Since x 2 1 48 . 0 for all x, the only critical point is
5 Q 0, 48 R
25
12010
51 d 2y
5 250(x 2 1 48)22 1 100x(x 2 1 48)23 (2x)
x 2 2 4x 2 5 dx 2
g. lim
xS` x2 2 1 50 200x 2
x2
52 2 1
4x 5
2 x2 2 x2 (x 1 48)2 (x 2 1 48)3
x2
5 lim x 2 2
dy 50
xS` 1
2 x2 At x 5 0, dx 2 5 2 482 , 0. The point Q 0, 25
48 R is a
x2
12020
local maximum.
5 lim c. s 5 t 1 t 21
xS` 120
ds 1
51 5 1 2 2, t 2 0
dt t
h. lim a5x 1 4 2 b
7
ds
xS` x13 For critical values, we solve dt 5 0:
7 1
x 12 250
5 lim 5x 1 lim 4 2 lim x 3 t
xS` xS` xS`
1x t2 5 1
x
5` t 5 61.
4.4 Concavity and Points d 2s 2
5 3
dt 2 t
of Inflection, pp. 205–206 ds
2
At t 5 21, dt 5 22 , 0. The point (21, 22) is a

1. a. A: negative; B: negative; C: positive; D: positive
2
b. A: negative; B: negative; C: positive; D: negative ds
2. a. y 5 x 3 2 6x 2 2 15x 1 10 local maximum. At t 5 1, dt 2 5 2 . 0. The point
dy (1, 2) is a local minimum.
5 3x 2 2 12x 2 15 d. y 5 (x 2 3)3 1 8
dx
dy dy
For critical values, we solve dx 5 0: 5 3(x 2 3)2
dx
3x 2 2 12x 2 15 5 0
x 5 3 is a critical value.
x 2 2 4x 2 5 5 0
The critical point is (3, 8)
(x 2 5)(x 1 1) 5 0
d 2y
x 5 5 or x 5 21 5 6(x 2 3)
The critical points are (5, 2105) and (21, 20). dx 2
2 d 2y
dy At x 5 3, dx 2 5 0.
Now, 5 6x 2 12.
dx 2
2
The point (3, 8) is neither a relative (local)
dy maximum or minimum.
At x 5 5, dx 2 5 18 . 0. There is a local minimum
at this point. 3. a. For possible point(s) of inflection, solve
2
dy
d 2y
At x 5 21, dx 2 5 218 , 0. There is a local 5 0:
dx 2
maximum at this point. 6x 2 8 5 0
4
x5 .
Calculas and Vectors Solutions Manual
3
4-31
4 4 4 2
Interval x, x5 x. gs (x) 5 2 2
3 3 3 x3
f 0 (x) ,0 50 .0 gs (21) 5 2 1 2 5 4 . 0
Concave Point of Concave The curve lies above the tangent line at (21, 2).
Graph of f(x)
Down Inflection Up
w
!w 2 1 1
c. p(w) 5 at w 5 3
The point ( 43, 21420
27 ) is point of inflection. 1
b. For possible point(s) of inflection, solve p(w) 5 w(w 2 1 1)2
5 (w 2 1 1)2 1 wa2 b (w 2 1 1)2 (2w)

d 2y dp 1 1 3
5 0:
dx 2 dw 2
1 3
200x 2 2 50x 2 2 2400 5 0 5 (w 2 1 1)2 2 w 2 (w 2 1 1)2
150x 2 5 2400. d 2p 1 2 3
2 3
2 5 2 (w 1 1) (2w) 2 2w(w 1 1)
2 2
Since x 2 1 48 . 0: dw 2
x 5 64.
1 w 2 a b (w 2 1 1)2 (2w)
3 5
Interval x , 24 x 5 24 24 , x , 4 x54 x.4 2

d 2p 3 6 81
f 0 (x) .0 50 ,0 50 .0 At w 5 3, 2 5 2 2 10 !10 1
Graph of Concave Point of Concave Point of Concave
dw 10!10 100!10
f(x) Up Inflection Down Inflection Up 9
52 , 0.
100!10
( 24, 2564) and ( 4, 2564) are points of inflection.
The curve is below the tangent line at (3, 3
!10 ).
2
ds 3
c. 2 5 2 d. The first derivative is
dt t
(t 2 4)(2) 2 (2t)(1)
Interval t,0 t50 t.0 sr(t) 5
(t 2 4)2
f 0 (t) ,0 Undefined .0
Concave Concave 28
Graph of f(t) Undefined 5
Down Up (t 2 4)2
The graph does not have any points of inflection. The second derivative is
d. For possible points of inflection, solve (t 2 4)2 (0) 2 (28)2(t 2 4)1
ss (t) 5
d 2y (t 2 4)4
5 0:
dx 2 16
6(x 2 3) 5 0 5
(t 2 4)3
x 5 3.
16
Interval x,3 x53 x.3 So ss (22) 5
(22 2 4)3
f 0 (x) ,0 50 .0
Concave Point of Concave 16 2
Graph of f(x) 52 52
Down Inflection Up 216 27
(3, 8) is a point of inflection. Since the second derivative is negative at this point,
4. a. f(x) 5 2x 3 2 10x 1 3 at x 5 2 the function lies below the tangent there.
f r(x) 5 6x 2 2 10 5. For the graph on the left: i. f s (x) . 0 for x , 1
f s (x) 5 12x Thus, the graph of f(x) is concave up on x , 1.
f s (2) 5 24 . 0 f s (x) # 0 for x . 1. The graph of f(x) is concave
The curve lies above the tangent at (2, 21). down on x . 1.
1 ii. There is a point of inflection at x 5 1.
b. g(x) 5 x 2 2 at x 5 21
x
1
gr(x) 5 2x 1 2
x

iii. y For possible points of inflection, solve f s (x) 5 0:
12x 2 1 24x 5 0
y = f''(x) 12x(x 1 2) 5 0
x x 5 0 or x 5 22.
–1 0 1 2 3
Interval x , 22 x 5 22 22 , x , 0 x50 x.0
f 0 (x) .0 50 ,0 50 .0
y Graph Concave Point of Concave Point of Concave
4 y = f(x) of f(x) Up Inflection Down Inflection Up
3
The points of inflection are (22, 216) and (0, 0).
2
ii. If x 5 0, y 5 0.
1 For critical points, we solve fr(x) 5 0:
x
–2 –1 0 1 2 4x 3 1 12x 2 5 0
–1 4x 2 (x 1 3) 5 0
x 5 0 and x 5 23.
For the graph on the right: i. f s (x) . 0 for x , 0 or
Interval x , 23 x 5 23 23 , x , 0 x 5 0 x.0
x.2
The graph of f(x) is concave up on x , 0 or x . 2. f 9(x) ,0 50 .0 50 .0
The graph of f(x) is concave down on 0 , x , 2. Graph Decreasing Local Increasing Increasing
ii. There are points of inflection at x 5 0 and x 5 2. of f(x) Min
iii. y
If y 5 0, x 4 1 4x 3 5 0
y = f''(x) x 3 (x 1 4) 5 0
x 5 0 or x 5 24
x
The x-intercepts are 0 and 24.
–1 0 1 2 3
y
20
y 15
4 10
5
y = f(x) x
2
–4 –2 0 2
–5
x
0 –10
–2 2 4
–15
–2 –20
–25
6. For any function y 5 f(x), find the critical points,
i.e., the values of x such that fr(x) 5 0 or fr(x) does 4w 2 2 3
not exist. Evaluate f s (x) for each critical value. b. d. g(w) 5
w3
If the value of the second derivative at a critical 4 3
point is positive, the point is a local minimum. If 5 2 3, w 2 0
3 w
the value of the second derivative at a critical point 4 9
is negative, the point is a local maximum. i. gr(w) 5 2 2 1 4
w w
7. Step 4: Use the first derivative test or the second 9 2 4w 2
derivative test to determine the type of critical 5
w4
points that may be present.
8 36
8. a. f(x) 5 x 4 1 4x 3 gs (w) 5 3 2 3
i. fr(x) 5 4x 3 1 12x 2 w w
f s (x) 5 12x 2 1 24x 8w 2 2 36
5
w5

For possible points of inflection, we solve 9. The graph is increasing when x , 2 and when
gs (w) 5 0: 2 , x , 5.
8w 2 2 36 5 0, since w 5 2 0 The graph is decreasing when x . 5.
9 The graph has a local maximum at x 5 5.
w2 5
2 The graph has a horizontal tangent line at x 5 2.
3 The graph is concave down when x , 2 and when
w56
"2
. 4 , x , 7.
The graph is concave up when 2 , x , 4 and when
3 ,w ,
3 3 2 3 3 x . 7.
!2
, 3 w5
!2 !2 !2 !2
Interval w,2 w52 w.
!2
0 ,
w ,0 The graph has points of inflection at x 5 2, x 5 4,
g9(w) ,0 50 .0 ,0 0 .0 and x 5 7.
Graph Concave Point of Concave Concave Point of Concave The y-intercept of the graph is 24.
of g(w) Down Inflection Up Down Inflection Up
4 y
The points of inflection are (2 !2
3
, 2 8 !2
9 ) and
2
x
( 3
2 8 !2 ). –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
!2 , 9 –2
ii. There is no y-intercept. –4
3
The x-intercept is 6 !2.
For critical values, we solve gr(w) 5 0: 10. f(x) 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 c
9 2 4w 2 5 0 since w 4 2 0 f r(x) 5 3ax 2 1 2bx
3 f s (x) 5 6ax 1 2b
w56 . Since (2, 11) is a relative extremum,
2
f(2) 5 12a 1 4b 5 0.
3 ,0,
Interval w,2
3
w52
3 2 , 3 w5
3
w.
3 Since (1, 5) is an inflection point,
2 w,
2 2
w ,0 2
2 2 f s (1) 5 6a 1 2b 5 0.
g9(w) ,0 50 .0 .0 0 ,0 Since the points are on the graph, a 1 b 1 c 5 5 and
Graph Decreasing Local
Increasing Increasing
Local
Decreasing
8a 1 4b 1 c 5 11
of g(w) Down Min Max 7a 1 3b 5 6
4w 2 2 3 4w 2 2 3 9a 1 3b 5 0
lim2 5 `, lim 5 2` 2a 5 26
wS0 w3 wS0 1 w3
a 5 23
lim a 2 3 b 5 0, lim a 2 3 b 5 0
4 3 4 3 b59
wS2` w w wS` w w c 5 21.
Thus, y 5 0 is a horizontal asymptote and x 5 0 is Thus, f(x) 5 23x 3 1 9x 2 2 1.
a vertical asymptote. y (2, 11)
y 10
4 8
3 6
(1, 5)
2 4
1 2
x x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–1 –2
–2
1
–3 11. f(x) 5 (x 1 1)2 1 bx 21
–4 1 1
fr(x) 5 (x 1 1)2 2 bx 22
2
1 3
f s (x) 5 2 (x 1 1)2 1 2bx 23
4

Since the graph of y 5 f(x) has a point of inflection When x 5 0, y 5 0.
at x 5 3: x(x 2 2 2x 1 4) x3 (x 2 1)2 1 34
1 3 2b Also, y 5 x 24
2 5 x2 2 4
.
2 (4)2 1 50
4 27 Since (x 2 1)2 1 3 . 0, the only x-intercept
1 2b is x 5 0.
2 1 50 8x 2 8
32 27 Since lim x 2 2 4 5 0, the curve approaches the
27 xS`
b5 . value x 2 2 as x S `. This suggests that the line
64
12. f(x) 5 ax 4 1 bx 3 y 5 x 2 2 is an oblique asymptote. It is verified by
fr(x) 5 4ax 3 1 3bx 2 the limit lim 3x 2 2 2 f(x)4 5 0. Similarly, the
xS`
f s (x) 5 12ax 2 1 6bx curve approaches y 5 x 2 2 as x S 2 `.
For possible points of inflection, we solve dy 8(x 2 2 4) 2 8(x 2 1)(2x)
f s (x) 5 0: 511
dx (x2 2 4)2
12ax 2 1 6bx 5 0 2
8(x 2 2x 1 4)
6x(2ax 1 b) 5 0 512
(x 2 2 4)2
b
x 5 0 or x 5 2 . dy
We solve dx 5 0 to find critical values:
2a
The graph of y 5 f s (x) is a parabola with 8x 2 2 16x 1 32 5 x 4 2 8x 2 1 16
b x 4 2 16x 2 2 16 5 0
x-intercepts 0 and 2 2a.
x 2 5 8 1 4"5 ( 8 2 4"5 is
We know the values of f s (x) have opposite signs
inadmissible)
when passing through a root. Thus at x 5 0 and at
x 8 64.12.
b
x 5 2 , the concavity changes as the graph goes lim y 5 ` and lim y 5 2 `
2a xS` xS2`
through these points. Thus, f(x) has points of
b x, x5 24.12 22 , x 2,x x5 x.
inflection at x 5 0 and x 5 2 2a. To find the Interval
24.12 24.12 , x , 2 , 2 24.12 4.12 4.12
x-intercepts, we solve f(x) 5 0
x 3 (ax 1 b) 5 0 dy
.0 50 ,0 ,0 ,0 0 .0
dx
b
x 5 0 or x 5 2 . Graph Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Decreas- Local Increas-
a of y
The point midway between the x-intercepts has ing Max ing ing ing Min ing
b
x-coordinate 2 2a.
y
The points of inflection are (0, 0) and 8
4
(22ab , 216ab ).
3 x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
x 3 2 2x 2 1 4x 8x 2 8 –4
13. a. y 5 x2 2 4
5 x 2 2 1 x2 2 4 (by
–8
division of polynomials). The graph has discontinu-
–12
ities at x 5 62.
–16
lim ax 2 2 1 2 b 5 2`
8x 2 8
∂
xS222 x 24 b. Answers may vary. For example, there is a sec-
lim ax 2 2 1 2 b 5 2`
8x 2 8 tion of the graph that lies between the two sections
xS22 1 x 24 of the graph that approach the asymptote.
14. For the various values of n, f(x) 5 (x 2 c)n
lim ax 2 2 1 b 5 2`
8x 2 8
has the following properties:
∂
xS222 x2 2 4
lim 1 ax 2 2 1 2 b 5 2`
8x 2 8
xS22 x 24

n n51 n52 n53 n54 4. a. y 5 x 3 2 9x 2 1 15x 1 30
f9(x) 1 2(x 2 c) 3(x 2 c)2 4(x 2 c)3 We know the general shape of a cubic
f99(x) 0 2 6(x 2 c) 12(x 2 c)2
polynomial with leading coefficient positive. The
local extrema will help refine the graph.
Infl. Pt. None None x5c x5c
dy
5 3x 2 2 18x 1 15
It appears that the graph of f has an inflection point dx
dy
at x 5 c when n $ 3. Set dx 5 0 to find the critical values:
3x 2 2 18x 1 15 5 0
4.5 An Algorithm for Curve x 2 2 6x 1 5 5 0
Sketching, pp. 212–213 (x 2 1)(x 2 5) 5 0
x 5 1 or x 5 5.
1. A cubic polynomial that has a local minimum The local extrema are (1, 37) and (5, 5).
must also have a local maximum. If the local mini- y (1, 37)
mum is to the left of the local maximum, then 30
(3, 21)
f(x) S 1` as x S 2 ` and f(x) S 2 ` as x S 1` .
15
If the local minimum is to the right of the local
maximum, then f(x) S 2 ` as x S 2 ` and (5, 5) x
–2 0 2 4 6 8 10
f(x) S 1` as x S 1` .
2. Since each local maximum and minimum of a –15
function corresponds to a zero of its derivative, the –30
number of zeroes of the derivative is the maximum
number of local extreme values that the function b. f(x) 5 4x 3 1 18x 2 1 3
can have. For a polynomial of degree n, the deriva- The graph is that of a cubic polynomial with
tive has degree n 2 1, so it has at most n 2 1 leading coefficient negative. The local extrema
zeroes, and thus at most n 2 1 local extremes. A will help refine the graph.
polynomial of degree three has at most 2 local dy
extremes. A polynomial of degree four has at most 5 12x 2 1 36x
dx
3 local extremes. dy
3. a. This function is discontinuous when To find the critical values, we solve dx 5 0:
x 2 1 4x 1 3 5 0 212x(x 2 3) 5 0
(x 1 3)(x 1 1) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 3.
x 5 23 or x 5 21. Since the numerator is non-zero The local extrema are (0, 3) and (3, 57).
at both of these points, they are both equations of d 2y
vertical asymptotes. 5 224x 1 36
dx 2
b. This function is discontinuous when The point of inflection is ( 32, 30) .
x 2 2 6x 1 12 y
6 6 "(26)2 2 4(1)(12) 60 (3, 57)
x5
2(1) 45
6 6 "212
5 30
2 ( 3 , 30)
2
This equation has no real solutions, so the function 15
has no vertical asymptotes. x
c. This function is discontinuous when –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
x 2 2 6x 1 9 5 0
(x 2 3)2 5 0
x 5 3. Since the numerator is non-zero at
this point, it is the equation of a vertical asymptote.

1 The critical values are x 5 22, 2, 3.
c. y 5 3 1
(x 1 2)2 f s (x) 5 12x 2 2 24x 2 16
Since f s (22) 5 80 . 0, (22, 280) is a local
1 minimum.
We observe that y 5 3 1 (x 1 2)2 is just a
Since f s (2) 5 216 , 0, (2, 48) is a local maximum.
1 Since f s (3) 5 20 . 0, (3, 45) is a local minimum.
translation of y 5 x 2. The graph has x-intercepts 0 and 23.2
1 The points of inflection can be found by solving
The graph of y 5 x 2 is
1 f s (x) 5 0:
The reference point (0, 0) for y 5 x 2 becomes the 3x 2 2 6x 2 4 5 0
1 6 6 "84
point (22, 3) for y 5 3 1 (x 1 2)2. The vertical x5
6
asymptote is x 5 22, and the horizontal asymptote 1 5
is y 5 3. x 8 2 or .
y 2 2
3 y (2, 48)
2 40 (3, 45)
1
x 20
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–1
–2 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–20
–3
–40
dy 2
5 2 (x 1 2)3, hence there are no critical points. –60
dx
d 2y 6
5 (x 1 2)4 . 0, hence the graph is always –80
dx 2 (–2, –80)
concave up.
y 2x
e. y 5
8 2
x 2 25
There are discontinuities at x 5 25 and x 5 5.
lim2 a 2 b 5 2 ` and lim1 a 2 b5`
4 2x 2x
xS5 x 2 25 S25 x 2 25
x
lim2 a 2 b 5 2 ` and lim1 a 2 b5`
2x 2x
–4 –2 0 2 4 xS5 x 2 25 S25 x 2 25
–4 x 5 25 and x 5 5 are vertical asymptotes.
dy 2(x 2 2 25) 2 2x(2x) 2x 2 1 50
5 5 2 (x 2 2 25)2 , 0 for
dx (x 2 2 25)2
–8
all x in the domain. The graph is decreasing
throughout the domain.
d. f(x) 5 x 4 2 4x 3 2 8x 2 1 48x
We know the general shape of a fourth degree poly- 2
lim a 2 b 5 lim ° 25 ¢
2x x
nomial with leading coefficient positive. The local
y 5 0 is a
∂
xS` x 2 25
extrema will help refine the graph. xS`
1 2 x2
50 horizontal
f r(x) 5 4x 3 2 12x 2 2 16x 1 48 2 asymptote.
lim ° 25 ¢ 5 0
For critical values, we solve fr(x) 5 0 x
x 3 2 3x 2 2 4x 1 12 5 0. xS2`
1 2 x2
Since f r(2) 5 0, x 2 2 is a factor of fr(x).
The equation factors are
(x 2 2)(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 5 0.

d 2y 4x(x 2 2 25)2 2 (2x 2 1 50)(2)(x2 2 25)(2x) 1
Similarly, lim x 2 2 4x 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal
5 2
dx 2 (x 2 2 25)4 xS`
4x 3 1 300x 4x(x 2 1 75) Since y 5 0 and x 5 0 are both asymptotes of the
5 5
(x 2 2 25)3 (x 2 2 25)3 function, it has no x- or y- intercepts.
There is a possible point of inflection at x 5 0. The derivative is
x , 25 25 , x , 0 x50 0,x,5 x.5
(x 2 2 4x) 2 (1)(2x 2 4)
Interval fr(x) 5
2
(x 2 2 4x)2
dy
,0 .0 50 ,0 .0 4 2 2x
dx2
5 2 , and the second derivative is
Graph Concave Point of Concave Point of Concave (x 2 4x)2
of y Down Up Inflection Down Up
(x 2 2 4x)2 (22) 2 (4 2 2x)(2(x 2 2 4x)(2x 2 4))
f s (x) 5
y (x 2 2 4x)4
3 22x 2 1 8x 1 8x 2 2 32x 1 32
2 5
(x 2 2 4x)3
1
x 6x 2 2 24x 1 32
5
–12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 (x 2 2 4x)3
–1
Letting f r(x) 5 0 shows that x 5 2 is a critical
–2
point of the function. The inflection points can be
–3
found by letting f s (x) 5 0, so
2(3x 2 2 12x 1 16) 5 0
12 6 "(212)2 2 4(3)(16)
f. This function is discontinuous when
x 2 2 4x 5 0 x5
x(x 2 4) 5 0 2(3)
x 5 0 or x 5 4. The numerator is non-zero at these 12 6 "248
5
points, so the function has vertical asymptotes at 6
both of them. The behaviour of the function near This equation has no real solutions, so the graph of
these asymptotes is: f has no inflection points.
x-values 1 x x24 f(x
x) lim f(x)
xSc
x x*0 0*x*2 x50 2*x*4 x+4
x S 02 .0 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
fr(x) 1 1 0 2 2
xS0 1
.0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
Graph Inc. Inc. Local Max Dec. Dec.
x S 42 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
fs (x) 1 2 2 2 1
xS4 1
.0 .0 .0 .0 1`
Concavity Up Down Down Down Up
y
1 1 8
lim 2 5 lim
xS` x 2 4x 6
x 124
xS` 2
( )
x
4
lim (1)
xS` 2
5 x
lim x 2 1 2 4
( (
xS` x)) –4 –2 0
–2
2 4 6 8 10 12
lim (1) –4
xS`
5 –6
lim (x ) 3 lim 1 2 4
2
( )
xS` xS` x –8
1 1
5 lim 2 3
xS` x 110
50

6x 2 2 2 The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.
g. y 5 y
x3
8
6 2
5 2 3 4
x x x
There is a discontinuity at x 5 0. –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
6x 2 2 2 6x 2 2 2 –4
lim2 5 ` and lim 5 2` –8
xS0 x3 xS0 1 x3
The y-axis is a vertical asymptote. There is no –12
y-intercept. The x-intercept is a vertical asymptote. x13
1
There is no y-intercept. The x-intercept is 6 !3 . h. y 5
x2 2 4
dy 6 6 26x 2 1 6 There are discontinuities at x 5 22 and at x 5 2.
52 21 45
lim a 2 b5` and lim2 a 2 b 5 2`
x13 x13
dx x x x4
dy xS222 x 2 4 xS2 x 24
dx
50 when 6x 2 5 6
lim a b 5 2 ` and lim2 a 2 b5`
x13 x13
x 5 61
xS22 x2 2 4 xS2 x 24
Interval x , 21 x 5 21 21 , x , 0 0 , x , 1 x 5 1 x.1 There are vertical asymptotes at x 5 22 and x 5 2.
dy
,0 50 .0 .0 50 ,0 When x 5 0, y 5 2 34. The x-intercept is 23.
dx
dy (1)(x 2 2 4) 2 (x 1 3)(2x)
Graph of Decreas- Local
Local Decreas- 5
y 5 f(x) ing Min Max ing dx (x 2 2 4)2
2x 2 2 6x 2 4
There is a local minimum at (21, 24) and a local 5
(x 2 2 4)2
maximum at (1, 4). dy
d 2y 12 24 12x 2 2 24 For critical values, we solve dx 5 0:
5 5 5 x 2 1 6x 1 4 5 0
dx 2 x3 x3 x3
d 2y
For possible points of inflection, we solve dx 2 5 0 6 6 "36 2 16
x52
(x 3 2 0): 2
12x 2 5 24 5 23 6 "5
8 25.2 or 20.8.
x 5 6"2.
x, x 5 25.2 , 22 , x 5 20.8 ,
x, x, 2 !2 , 0, Interval x.2
x 5 !2 x . !2
2 !2 2 !2 x , !2
Interval 25.2 25.2 x , 22 x , 20.8 20.8 x , 2
x,0
dy
d2y ,0 50 .0 .0 50 ,0 ,0
,0 50 .0 ,0 50 .0 dx
dx2
Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas-
Graph of Concave Point of Concave Concave Point of Convave of y ing Min ing ing Max ing ing
y 5 f(x) Down Inflection Up Down Inflection Up
1 3
There are points of inflection at (2"2, 2 !2
5
) 1 x2
lim y 5 lim ° x
4 ¢ 50
and ("2, 5
!2 ). xS` xS`
12 2
x
6 2 1 3
2 3 1 x2
lim ° 4 ¢ 50
6x 2 2 2 x
lim 3 5 lim x x 5 0
xS` x xS` 1 xS`
1 2 x2
6 2
x
2 x3
lim 50
x52` x

The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. d 2y
For x , 1, dx 2 , 0 and y is always concave down.
y
2.0 d 2y
For, x . 1, dx 2 . 0 and y is always concave up.
1.0 The line y 5 x 2 2 is an oblique asymptote.

y
8
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 6
(3, 3)
4
–1.0
2
x
–2.0 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
–4
x 2 2 3x 1 6 (–1, –5)
i. y 5 –6
x21 –8
4
5x221
x21 j. This function is continuous everywhere, so it has
x22 no vertical asymptotes. It also has no horizontal
x 2 1qx2 2 3x 1 6 asymptote, because
2 2
x2 2 x lim (x 2 4)3 5 ` and lim (x 2 4)3 5 `.
xS` xS2`
22x 1 6
The x-intercept of the function is found by letting
22x 1 2 f(x) 5 0, which gives
4 2
(x 2 4)3 5 0
There is a discontinuity at x 5 1.
x54
lim2 a b 5 2`
x 2 2 3x 1 6
The y-intercept is found by letting x 5 0, which
xS1 x21 2
gives f(0) 5 (0 2 4)3 8 2.5.
lim1 a b5`
x 2 2 3x 1 6
The derivative of the function is
xS1 x21 1
Thus, x 5 1 is a vertical asymptote. f r(x) 5 ( 23) (x 2 4)23 and the second derivative is
4
The y-intercept is 26. f s (x) 5 ( 2 29) (x 2 4)23. Neither of these derivatives
There are no x-intercepts (x 2 2 3x 1 6 . 0 for all has a zero, but each is undefined for x 5 4, so it is a
x in the domain). critical value and a possible point of inflection.
dy 4
512 x,4 x54 x.4
dx (x 2 1)2 x
dy 2
For critical values, we solve 5 0: f9(x) Undefined 1
dx
4 Dec. Local Min Inc.
12 50 Graph
(x 2 1)2
f99(x) 2 Undefined 2
(x 2 1)2 5 4
x 2 1 5 62 Concavity Down Undefined Down
x 5 21 or x 5 3.
21 , 1, y
Interval x , 21 x 5 21 x53 x.3
x,1 x,3 5
dy 4
.0 50 ,0 ,0 50 .0
dx
3
Graph Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Local Increas-
of y ing Max ing ing Min ing
2
1
x
d 2y 8
5 0 2 4 6 8 10
d 2x (x 2 1)3 –1

5. a. j.
b. 6. y 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d
Since (0, 0) is on the curve d 5 0:
dy
5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c
dx
dy
At x 5 2, 5 0.
dx
c. Thus, 12a 1 4b 1 c 5 0.
Since (2, 4) is on the curve, 8a 1 4b 1 2c 5 4
or 4a 1 2b 1 c 5 2.
d 2y
5 6ax 1 2b
dx 2
d. d 2y
Since (0, 0) is a point of inflection, dx 2 5 0 when
x 5 0.
Thus, 2b 5 0
b 5 0.
Solving for a and c:
e. 12a 1 c 5 0
4a 1 c 5 2
8a 5 22
1
a52
4
c 5 3.
f. 1
The cubic polynomial is y 5 2 x 3 1 3x.
4
The y-intercept is 0. The x-intercepts are found by
setting y 5 0:
1
2 x(x 2 2 12) 5 0
g. 4
x 5 0, or x 5 62"3.
Let y 5 f(x). Since f(2x) 5 14 x 3 2 3x 5 2f(x),
f(x) is an odd function. The graph of y 5 f(x) is
symmetric when reflected in the origin.
y
h. 4
3
2
1
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
i. –1
–2
–3
–4

7. a. Answers may vary. For example: k 1
2x
lim a 2 2 b 5 lim ° k2 ¢50
y k2x x2
8 xS` k 1 x xS`
1 1
x2
6
k 1
4 2 2
2 lim ° 2 x ¢ 5 0
x
xS` k
x 11
x2
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 Hence, the x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.
–2
–4 y
3
–6
2
–8
1
x
b. Answers may vary. For example: –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–1
y
8 –2
6 –3
4 1 2
2 9. g(x) 5 x3 (x 1 3)3
x There are no discontinuities.
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
gr(x) 5 x3 (x 1 3)3 1 x3 a b (x 1 3)3 (1)
1 2 2
–2
2 1 1
–4 3 3
x 1 3 1 2x 3(x 1 1)
–6 5 32 1 5 2 1
–8
3x (x 1 3)3 3x3 (x 1 3)3
x11
5 32 1
3x (x 1 3)3
k2x gr(x) 5 0 when x 5 21.
8. f(x) 5
k2 1 x2 gr(x) doesn’t exist when x 5 0 or x 5 23.
There are no discontinuities.
1 Interval x , 23 x 5 23
23 , x 21 , x
The y-intercept is k and the x-intercept is k. x 5 21 x50 x,0
, 21 ,0
(21)(k 2 1 x 2 ) 2 (k 2 x)(2x) Does Does
fr(x) 5 g2 (x) .0 not ,0 50 .0 not .0
(k 2 1 x 2 )2
Exist Exist
x 2 2 2kx 2 k 2
5 Graph Increas- Local Decreas- Local Increas- Increas-
(k 2 1 x 2 )2 of g(x) ing Max ing Min ing ing
For critical points, we solve f r(x) 5 0:
x 2 2 2kx 2 k 2 5 0 There is a local maximum at (23, 0) and a local
x 2 2 2kx 2 k 2 5 2k 2 minimum at (21, 21.6). The second derivative is
(x 2 k)2 5 2k 2 algebraically complicated to find.
x 2 k 5 6"2k 23 ,
x 5 (1 1 "2 )k or x 5 (1 2 "2 )k.

x,0
Does Not Does Not
g0 (x) .0 .0 .0
Exist Exist
x, x5 20.41k , x5 x.
Interval
20.41k 0.41k x , 2.41k 2.41k 2.41k Graph Concave Concave Point of Concave
Cusp
g0 (x) Down Up Inflection Down
f(x) .0 ,0 ,0 50 .0
Graph Local Local
Increasing Decreasing Increasing
of f(x) Max Min

y b. g(t) 5 "t 2 1 4t 2 "t 2 1 t
6
4 ("t 2 1 4t 2 "t 2 1 t)("t 2 1 4t 1 "t 2 1 t)
5
2 "t2 1 4t 1 "t2 1 t
x 3t
–6 –4 –2 0 5
"t 1 4t 1 "t 2 1 t
2 4 6
–2 2
–4 3t
(1, 1.6) 5
0t0 1 1 1 0t0 1 1
–6 4 1
Ä t Ä t
x lim g(t) 5 3 5 32, since 0 t 0 5 t for t . 0
!x 1 1
10. a. f(x) 5 2 xS`
x lim g(t) 5 21 32 1 5 2 32, since 0 t 0 5 2t for t , 0

5 xS2`
0x0 1 1 2
1 y 5 32 and y 5 2 32 are horizontal asymptotes.
Ä x
x 11. y 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d
lim f(x) 5 lim , since x . 0 dy
xS` xS` 1 5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c
Ä
x 11 2 dx
x
5 6ax 1 2b 5 6aax 1 b
d 2y b
1
5 lim dx 2 3a
xS` 1 d 2y
Ä
11 2 For possible points of inflection, we solve dx 2 5 0:
x
b
51 x52 .
y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote to the right-hand 3a
branch of the graph. d 2y
The sign of dx 2 changes as x goes from values less
, since 0 x 0 5 2x
x
lim f(x) 5 lim b b
xS2` xS2` 1 than 2 3a to values greater than 2 3a. Thus, there is a
Ä
2x 1 1 2
x b
point of inflection at x 5 2 3a.
for x , 0
5 3aa2 b 1 2ba2 b 1 c
x b dy b 2 b
5 lim At x 5 ,
xS2` 1 3a dx 3a 3a
Ä
2 11 2 b2
x 5c2 .
3a
5 21
y 5 21 is a horizontal asymptote to the left-hand Review Exercise, pp. 216–219
branch of the graph.
y 1. a. i. x , 1
2 ii. x . 1
iii. (1, 20)
1 b. i. x , 23, 23 , x , 1, x . 6.5
ii. 1 , x , 3, 3 , x , 6.5
x iii. (1, 21), (6.5, 21)
–2 –1 0 1 2 2. No. A counter example is sufficient to justify the
conclusion. The function f(x) 5 x 3 is always
–1
increasing yet the graph is concave down for x , 0
and concave up for x . 0.
–2

y (7 2 x)(1 1 x)
5
4 (x 2 1 7)2
2
Since x 1 7 . 0 for all x, the only critical values
2 occur when hr(x) 5 0. The critical values are x 5 7
and x 5 21.
x
0 Interval x , 21 x 5 21 21 , x , 7 x57 x.7
–4 –2 2 4
h9(x) ,0 50 .0 50 ,0
–2 Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Local Decreas-
of h(t) ing Min ing Max ing
–4
There is a local minimum at (21, 2 12 ) and a local
maximum at (7, 141 ). At both points, the tangents are
3. a. f(x) 5 22x 3 1 9x 2 1 20
parallel to the x-axis.
f r(x) 5 26x 2 1 18x 1
d) g(x) 5 (x 2 1)3
For critical values, we solve:
1 22
f r(x) 5 0 gr(x) 5 (x 2 1) 3
3
26x(x 2 3) 5 0
x 5 0 or x 5 3.
Let gr(x) 5 0:
1 22
f s (x) 5 212x 1 18 (x 2 1) 3 5 0
Since f s (0) 5 18 . 0, (0, 20) is a local minimum 3
point. The tangent to the graph of f(x) is horizontal There are no solutions, but gr(x) is undefined for
at (0, 20). Since f s (3) 5 218 , 0, (3, 47) is a local x 5 1, so the point (1, 0) is a critical point.
maximum point. The tangent to the graph of f(x) is
x x,1 1 x.1
horizontal at (3, 47).
b. f(x) 5 x 4 2 8x 3 1 18x 2 1 6 f 9(x) 1 Undefined 1
f(x) 5 4x 3 2 24x 2 1 36x Graph Inc. Inc.
f(x) 5 4x(x 2 2 6x 1 9)
f(x) 5 4x(x 2 3)2 (1, 0) is neither a local maximum nor a local
Let f(x) 5 0: minimum.
4x(x 2 3)2 5 0 The tangent is not parallel to the x-axis because it is
x 5 0 or x 5 3 not defined for x 5 1.
The critical points are (0, 6) and (3, 33). 4. a. a , x , b, x . e
b. b , x , c
x x,0 0 0,x,3 3 x.3 c. x , a, d , x , e
dy
d. c , x , d
2 0 1 0 1
dx 2x
5. a. y 5
x23
Local
Graph Dec
Min
Inc Inc There is a discontinuity at x 5 3.
lim2 a b 5 2 ` and lim1 a b5`
2x 2x
Local minimum at (0, 6) xS3 x23 xS3 x23
(3, 33) is neither a local maximum nor a local Therefore, x 5 3 is a vertical asymptote.
minimum. x25
b. g(x) 5
The tangent is parallel to the x-axis at both points x15
because the derivative is defined at both points. There is a discontinuity at x 5 25.
x23
lim a b 5 ` and lim 1 a b 5 2`
x25 x25
c. h(x) 5 2
x 17 xS252 x 1 5 xS25 x15
(1)(x 2 1 7) 2 (x 2 3)(2x) Therefore, x 5 25 is a vertical asymptote.
h(x) 5
(x 2 1 7)2 x 2 2 2x 2 15
c. f(x) 5
7 1 6x 2 x 2 x13
5
(x 2 1 7)2

(x 1 3)(x 2 5) 8. a. i. Concave up: 21 , x , 3
5
x13 Concave down: x , 21, 3 , x
5 x 2 5, x 2 23 ii. Points of inflection at x 5 21 and x 5 3
There is a discontinuity at x 5 23. iii. y
lim 1 f(x) 5 28 and lim 2 f(x) 5 28 80
xS23 xS23
There is a hole in the graph of y 5 f(x) at 40
(23, 28).
5 x
d. g(x) 5 2 0
x 2 x 2 20 –4 4 8 12
5
g(x) 5 –40
(x 2 5)(x 1 4)
To find vertical asymptotes, set the denominator
–80
equal to 0:
(x 2 5)(x 1 4) 5 0
x 5 24 or x 5 5 b. i. Concave up: 24.5 , x , 1, 5 , x
Vertical asymptotes at x 5 24 and x 5 5 Concave down: x , 24.5, 1 , x , 5
5 ii. Points of inflection at x 5 24.5, x 5 1, and x 5 5
lim 2 5` iii. y
xS24 (x 2 5)(x 1 4)
10
5
lim 1 5 2`
xS24 (x 2 5)(x 1 4)
5
5
lim2 5 2`
xS5 (x 2 5)(x 1 4) x
5 –10 –5 0 5 10
lim1 5`
xS5 (x 2 5)(x 1 4)
–5
6. y 5 x 3 1 5
yr 5 3x 2
ys 5 6x –10
Let ys 5 0
6x 5 0 ax 1 b
9. a. g(x) 5
x50 (x 2 1)(x 2 4)
The point of inflection is (0, 5) ax 1 b
5 2
Since the derivative is 0 at x 5 0, the tangent line is x 2 5x 1 4
parallel to the x-axis at that point. Because the a(x 2 2 5x 1 4) 2 (ax 1 b)(2x 2 5)
gr(x) 5
derivative is always positive, the function is always (x 2 2 5x 1 4)2
increasing and therefore must cross the tangent line Since the tangent at (2, 21) has slope 0, gr(2) 5 0.
instead of just touching it. 22a 1 2a 1 b
Hence, 5 0 and b 5 0.
7. (–2, 10) y 4
10 Since (2, 21) is on the graph of g(x):
2a 1 b
8 21 5
6 22
(3, 4) 2a 1 0 5 2
4
a 5 1.
2 x
x Therefore g(x) 5 (x 2 1)(x 2 4).
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–2
–4
–6 (1, –6)

b. There are discontinuities at x 5 1 and x 5 4. y
lim2 g(x) 5 ` and lim1 g(x) 5 2 ` 8
xS1 xS1
lim2 g(x) 5 2 ` and lim1 g(x) 5 `
xS4 xS4 4
x 5 1 and x 5 4 are vertical asymptotes.
The y-intercept is 0. x
4 2 x2 –4 –2 0 2 4
gr(x) 5 2
(x 2 5x 1 4)2
–4
gr(x) 5 0 when x 5 62.
Interval x , 22 x 5 22 22 , 1, x52 2, x.4 (–2, –9) –8 (2, –9)
x,1 x,2 x,4
g9(x) ,0 0 .0 .0 0 ,0 ,0
Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- 3x 2 1
ing Min ing ing Max ing ing b. f(x) 5
of g(x)
x11
There is a local minimum at (22, 2 19) and a local 4
532
maximum at (2, 21). x11
1
y From experience, we know the graph of y 5 2 x is
3 y
2
1 4
x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 2
–1
–2
x
–3 0
–4 –2 2 4
10. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2 1 7 –2
This is a fourth degree polynomial and is continuous
for all x. The y-intercept is 7. –4
dy
5 4x 3 2 16x
dx
The graph of the given function is just a
5 4x(x 2 2)(x 1 2) 1
The critical values are x 5 0, 22 and 2. transformation of the graph of y 5 2 x. The vertical
Interval x , 22 x 5 22 22 , x50 0,x x52 x.2
asymptote is x 5 21 and the horizontal asymptote
x,0 ,2 is y 5 3. The y-intercept is 21 and there is an
dy
dx
,0 50 .0 50 ,0 50 .0 x-intercept at 13.
Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Local Decreas- Local Increas-
of y ing Min ing Max ing Min ing x2 1 1
c. g(x) 5
4x 2 2 9
There are local minima at (22, 29) and at (2, 29), x2 1 1
5
and a local maximum at (0, 7). (2x 2 3)(2x 1 3)
The function is discontinuous at x 5 2 32 and at
x 5 32.
lim3 2g(x) 5 `
xS2 2

lim g(x) 5 2 `
xS2 32 1 x x,1 1 1,x,4 4 x.4
lim3 2g(x) 5 2 `
xS 2 dy
2 0 1 0 1
lim3 1 g(x) 5 ` dx
xS2 2
Hence, x 5 2 32 and x 5 32 are vertical asymptotes. Graph Dec

Local
Inc Inc
Min
The y-intercept is 2 19.
2x(4x 2 2 9) 2 (x 2 1 1)(8x) 226x Local minimum at (1, 227)
gr(x) 5 5
(4x 2 2 9)2 (4x 2 2 9)2 (4, 0) is not a local extremum
gr(x) 5 0 when x 5 0. ys 5 4(2(x 2 4)(x 2 1) 1 (x 2 4)2 )
bb
x24
3 3 3 3 ys 5 4a2(x 2 4)ax 2 1 1
Interval x,2 2 , x ,0 x50 0,x, x. 2
2 2 2 2
g9(x) .0 .0 50 ,0 ,0 3
ys 5 8(x 2 4)a x 2 3b
Graph 2
Increasing Increasing Local Max Decreasing Decreasing
g(x)
Let ys 5 0:
3
There is a local maximum at Q 0, 2 19 R . 8(x 2 4)a x 2 3b 5 0
2
1
1 1 x2 1 x 5 4 or x 5 2
lim g(x) 5 lim lim g(x) 5 14
9 5 4 and xS` The points of inflection are (2, 216) and (4, 0).
xS` xS`
4 2 x2
x x,2 2 2,x,4 4 x.4
Hence, y 5 14 is a horizontal asymptote.
y dy
1 0 2 0 1
4 dx
point of point of
Graph c. up c. down c. up
2 inflection inflection
x The graph has a local minimum at (1, 227) and

–4 –2 0 2 4 points of inflection at (2, 216) and (4, 0), with
x-intercepts of 0 and 4 and a y-intercept of 0.
–2
y
40
–4
20
3
d) y 5 x(x 2 4)
x
This is a polynomial function, so there are no dis- 0
continuities and no asymptotes. The domain is –2 2 4 6
5xPR6. –20
x-intercepts at x 5 0 and x 5 4
y-intercepts at y 5 0 –40
yr 5 (x 2 4)3 1 3x(x 2 4)2
yr 5 (x 2 4)2 (x 2 4 1 3x)
yr 5 4(x 2 4)2 (x 2 1) x
e. h(x) 5
Let yr 5 0: x 2 2 4x 1 4
4(x 2 4)2 (x 2 1) 5 0 x
5 5 x(x 2 2)22
x 5 4 or x 5 1 (x 2 2)2
The critical numbers are (1, 227) and (4, 0). There is a discontinuity at x 5 2
lim2 h(x) 5 ` 5 lim1 h(x)
xS2 xS2

Thus, x 5 2 is a vertical asymptote. The y-intercept Therefore, x 5 3 is a vertical asymptote.
is 0. The y-intercept is 2 23.
hr(x) 5 (x 2 2)22 1 x(22)(x 2 2)23 (1) The x-intercepts are t 5 1 and t 5 2.
x 2 2 2 2x 2
5 f r(t) 5 1 2
(x 2 2)3 (t 2 3)2
22 2 x 2
5 f r(t) 5 0 when 1 2 50
(x 2 2)3 (t 2 3)2
hr(x) 5 0 when x 5 22. (t 2 3)2 5 2
t 2 3 5 6"2
t 5 3 6 "2.
Interval x , 22 x 5 22 22 , x , 2 x.2
h9(x) ,0 50 .0 ,0
t* t5 3 2 "2 * 3*t* t5 t+
3 2 "2 3 2 "2 3 1 "2 3 1 "2 3 1 "2
Graph of Decreasing Local Min Increasing Decreasing Interval
t*3
h(x)
f9(t) .0 50 ,0 ,0 50 .0
There is a local minimum at Q 22, 2 18 R . Graph
of f(t)
Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Local Increas-
1
x (1.6, 0.2) is a local maximum and (4.4, 5.8) is a local
lim h(x) 5 lim 5 50
xS` 1 2 x4 1 x42
xS` minimum.
Similarly, lim h(x) 5 0 y
xS` 8
The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.
hs (x) 5 22(x 2 2)23 2 2(x 2 2)23 (4.4, 5.8)
1 6x(x 2 2)24 4
5 24(x 2 2)23 1 6x(x 2 2)24 (1.6, 0.3) x
2x 1 8 0
5 –4 4 8
(x 2 2)4
hs (x) 5 0 when x 5 24 –4
The second derivative changes signs on opposite
sides x 5 24, Hence (24, 2 19 ) is a point of 2x 1 4
11. a. f(x) 5
inflection. x2 2 k2
y 2(x 2 2 k 2 ) 2 (2x 1 4)(2x)
4
f r(x) 5
(x 2 2 k 2 )2
2x 1 8x 1 2k 2
2
52
2 (x 2 2 k 2 )2
x
For critical values, f r(x) 5 0 and x 2 6k:
0
x 2 1 4x 1 k 2 5 0
–4 –2 2 4 24 6 "16 2 4k 2
x5 .
–2 2
For real roots, 16 2 4k 2 $ 0
–4 22 # k # 2.
The conditions for critical points to exist are
t 2 2 3t 1 2 22 # k # 2 and x 2 6k.
f. f(t) 5 b. There are three different graphs that results for
t23
2 values of k chosen.
5t1
t23
Thus, f(t) 5 t is an oblique asymptote. There is a
discontinuity at t 5 3.
lim2 f(t) 5 2 ` and lim1 f(t) 5 `
tS3 tS3

k50
lim 3 y 2 f(x)4 5 lim cx 2 3 2 ax 2 3 1 bd
2
y xS` xS` 2x 2 1
4
5 lim c 2 d 50
2
xS` 2x 2 1
2
4x 3 2 x 2 2 15x 2 50
b. f(x) 5
x x 2 2 3x
–4 –2 0 2 4 18x 2 50
f(x) 5 4x 1 11 1 2
x 2 3x
–2
4x 1 11
x2 2 3xq4x3 2 x2 2 15x 2 50
–4
4x3 2 12x2
k52 11x2 2 15x
y 11x2 2 33x
4 18x 2 50
lim 3 y 2 f(x)4
xS`
2
5 lim c4x 1 11 2 a4x 1 11 1 bd
18x 2 50
x xS` x 2 2 3x
–4 –2 0 2 4 18 50
2 x2
5 lim £ x
3 §
–2 xS`
12x
–4 50
13. g(x) 5 (x 2 2 4)2
For all other values of k, the graph will be similar to g(x) 5 (x 2 2 4)(x 2 2 4)
that of 1(i) in Exercise 9.5. gr(x) 5 2x(x 2 2 4) 1 2x(x 2 2 4)
y gr(x) 5 4x(x 2 2 4)
4 gr(x) 5 4x(x 2 2)(x 1 2)
Set gr(x) 5 0
2 0 5 4x(x 2 2)(x 1 2)
x 5 22 or x 5 0 or x 5 2
x
–4 –2 0 2 4 x * 22 22 * x * 0 0* x * 2 x+2
4x 2 2 1 1
–2
x22 2 2 2 1
–4 x12 2 1 1 1
Sign of (2 )(2 )(2 ) (2 )(2 )(1) (1)(2 )(1) (1)(1)(1)
2x 2 2 7x 1 5
12. a. f(x) 5 g9(x)
52 51 52 51
2x 2 1 Behaviour
2 decreasing increasing decreasing increasing
of g(x)
f(x) 5 x 2 3 1
2x 2 1
3 2
The equation of the oblique asymptote is 14. f(x) 5 x 3 1 x 2 7x 1 5, 24 # x # 3
2
y 5 x 2 3.
fr(x) 5 3x 2 1 3x 2 7
x23
Set fr(x) 5 0
2x 2 1q2x2 2 7x 1 5
0 5 3x 2 1 3x 2 7
2x2 2 x 23 6 "(3)2 2 4(3)(27)
26x 1 5 x5
2(3)
26x 1 3
2
23 6 "93 x * 22 22 * x * 1 x+1
x5
6 2 2
12(x 2 1) 1
x 8 22.107 or x 8 1.107
fr(x) 5 3x 2 1 3x 2 7 x12 2 1 1
fr(x) 5 6x 1 3 Sign of
(2 )(2 ) 5 1 (2 )(1) 5 2 (1)(1) 5 1
When x 5 22.107, f9(x)
fr(22.107) 5 6(22.107) 1 3 Behaviour

fr(22.107) 5 29.642 of f(x)
Since f s (22.107) , 0, a local maximum occurs maximum at x 5 22 minimum at x 5 1

when x 5 22.107.
when x 5 1.107, when x 5 22,
fs (1.107) 5 6(1.107) 1 3 f(22) 5 4(22)3 1 6(22)2 2 24(22) 2 2
fs (1.107) 5 9.642 f(22) 5 232 1 24 1 48 2 2
Since fs (1.107) . 0, a local minimum occurs when f(22) 5 38
x 5 (1.107). when x 5 1,
when x 5 24, f(1) 5 4(1)3 1 6(1)2 2 24(1) 2 2
3 f(1) 5 4 1 6 2 24 2 2
f(24) 5 (24)3 1 (24)2 2 7(24) 1 5
2 f(1) 5 216
f(24) 5 264 1 24 1 28 1 5 Maximum: (22, 38) Minimum: (1, 216)
f(24) 5 27 fr(x) 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24
when x 5 22.107, fs (x) 5 24x 1 12
3 Set fs (x) 5 0
f(22.107) 5 (22.107)3 1 (22.107)2
2 0 5 24x 1 12
2 7(22.107) 1 5 x 5 20.5
f(22.107) 8 29.353 919 1 6.659 173 5
x * 20.5 x + 20.5
1 14.749 1 5
when x 5 1.107, f 0 (x) 5 24x 1 12 2 1
3
f(1.107) 5 (1.107)3 1 (1.107)2 2 7(1.107) 1 5 f(x) concave down concave up
2
f(1.107) 8 1.356 572 1 1.838 173 5 2 7.749 1 5 point of inflection at x 5 20.5
f(1.107) 8 0.446
when x 5 3, when x 5 20.5,
3 f(20.5) 5 4(20.5)3 1 6(20.5)2 2 24(20.5) 2 2
f(3) 5 (3)3 1 (3)2 2 7(3) 1 5 f(20.5) 5 20.5 1 1.5 1 12 2 2
2
f(20.5) 5 11
f(3) 5 27 1 13.5 2 21 1 5
Point of inflection: (20.5, 11)
f(3) 5 24.5
Local Maximum: (22.107, 17.054) y
Local Minimum: (1.107, 0.446) 200
Absolute Maximum: (3, 24.5) 160
Absolute Minimum: (24, 27) 120
15. f(x) 5 4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2 80
Evaluate y 5 4(0)3 1 6(0)2 2 24(0) 2 2 40
y 5 22 x
f(x) 5 4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2 –16–12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 16
–40
fr(x) 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24 –80
Set fr(x) 5 0
0 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24
0 5 12(x 2 1 x 2 2)
0 5 12(x 2 1)(x 1 2)
x 5 22 or x 5 1
4-50 Chapter 4: Critical Points
16. a. p(x): oblique asymptote, because the highest So, y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote on the right.
degree of x in the numerator is exactly one degree (x 2 2 1)(2x 2 2) 2 (x 2 2 2x 2 8)(2x)
rr(x) 5
higher than the highest degree of x in the (x 2 2 1)2
denominator. 2x 2 2x 2 2x 1 2 2 (2x 3 2 4x 2 2 16x)
3 2
q(x): vertical asymptotes at x 5 21 and x 5 3; 5

(x 2 2 1)2
horizontal asymptote at y 5 0 2
2x 1 14x 1 2
r(x): vertical asymptotes at x 5 21 and x 5 1; 5
(x 2 2 1)2
horizontal asymptote at y 5 1 2(x 2 1 7x 1 1)
s(x): vertical asymptote at y 5 2. 5
(x 2 2 1)2
x 2 2 2x 2 8
b. r(x) 5 rr is defined for all values of x in the domain of r.
x2 2 1 rr(x) 5 0 for x 8 20.15 and x 8 26.85. rr(1) and
(x 2 4)(x 1 2) rr(21) do not exist.
5
(x 2 1)(x 1 1)
The domain is 5x 0 x 2 21, 1, xPR6. x * 26.85 x 5 26.85 26.85 * x * 21
x-intercepts: 22, 4; y-intercept: 8 x 2 1 7x 1 1 1 0 2

r has vertical asymptotes at x 5 21 and x 5 1.
r9(x) 1 0 2
r(21.001) 5 22496.75, so as x S 212,
r(x) S 2 ` x 5 21 21 * x * 20.15 x 5 20.15
r(20.999) 5 2503.25, so as x S 21 1 , r(x) S `
x 2 1 7x 1 1 2 2 0
r(0.999) 5 4502.25, so as x S 12, r(x) S `
r(1.001) 5 24497.75, so as x S 1 1 , r(x) S 2 ` r9(x) undefined 2 0
x2 2x 8
2 2 2 2 2
20.15 * x * 1 x51 x+1
2
x 2 2x 2 8 x x x
lim 2 5 lim 2 x 2 1 7x 1 1 1 1 1
xS2` x 21 xS2` x 1
2 2
x2 x r9(x) 1 undefined 1
2 8
12 2 2 r is increasing when x , 26.85, 20.15 , x , 1,
x x
5 lim and x . 1. r is decreasing when 26.85 , x , 21
xS2` 1 and 21 , x , 20.15. r has a maximum turning
12 2
x point at x 5 26.85 and a minimum turning point at
12020 x 5 20.15.
5
120 (x 2 2 1)2 (4x 1 14)
rs (x) 5
51 (x 2 2 1)4
So, y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote on the left. 2 (2x 2 1 14x 1 2)32(x 2 2 1)(2x)4
x2 2x 8 (x 2 2 1)4
2 2 2 2 2 2
x 2 2x 2 8 x x x (x 2 1)(4x 1 14) 2 4x(2x 2 1 14x 1 2)
2
lim 2 5 lim 2 5
xS` x 21 xS` x 1 (x 2 2 1)3
2 2
x2 x 4x 1 14x 2 4x 2 14 2 8x 3 2 56x 2 2 8x
3 2
5
2 8 (x 2 2 1)3
12 2 2 3 2
x x 24x 2 42x 2 12x 2 14
5 lim 5
xS` 1 (x 2 2 1)3
12 2
x 22(2x 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7)
3
5
12020 (x 2 2 1)3
5
120 rs is defined for all values of x in the domain of r.
51 rs (x) 5 0 for x 8 210.24. This is a possible point
of inflection. rs (1) and rs (21) do not exist.
Vectors and Calculus Solutions Manual 4-51

x * 210.24 x 5 10.24
x(3x 2 ) 2 (x 3 1 8)(1)
fr(x) 5
x2
22(2x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) 1 0 3 3
3x 2 x 2 8
5
(x 2 2 1)3 1 1 x2
3
r 0 (x) 1 0 2x 2 8
5
x2
210.24 * x * 21 x 5 21
fr(x) is defined for all values of x in the domain of
22(2x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) 2 2 f. fr(x) 5 0 when x 5 1.59. fr(0) does not exist.
(x 2 2 1)3 1 0 x*0 x50 0 * x * 1.59
r 0 (x) 2 undefined 2x3 2 8 2 2 2
21 * x * 1 x51 x2 1 0 1
22(2x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) 2 2 f '(x) 2 undefined 2
(x 2 2 1)3 2 0 x 5 1.59 x + 1.59
r 0 (x) 1 undefined 2x3 2 8 0 1
x+1 x2 1 1
22(2x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) 2 f9(x) 0 1
(x 2 2 1)3 1 f is increasing for x . 1.59 and decreasing for

r 0 (x) 2
x , 0 and 0 , x , 1.59. f has a minimum turning
point at x 5 1.59.
The graph is concave up for x , 210.24 and x 2 (6x 2 ) 2 (2x 3 2 8)(2x)
f s (x) 5
21 , x , 1. The graph is concave down for x4
210.24 , x , 21 and x . 1. The graph changes x(6x ) 2 (2x 3 2 8)2
2
concavity at x 5 210.24. This is a point of inflec- 5

x3
tion with coordinates (210.24, 1.13). 3
6x 2 4x 1 16 3
r(26.85) 5 1.15 and r(20.15) 5 7.85. The graph 5

x3
has a local maximum point at (26.85, 1.15) and a 3
2x 1 16
local minimum point at (20.15) 5 7.85. 5
x3
y f s is defined for all values of x in the domain of f.
10
f s (x) 5 0 when x 5 22. This is a possible point of
8
inflection. f(0) does not exist.
6
4 x * 22 x 5 22 22 * x * 0
2 2 0 1
x 2x3 1 16
–4 –2 0 2 4 x3 2 2 2
–2
–4 f 0 (x) 1 0 2
x50 x+0
17. The domain is 5x 0 x Z 0, xPR6 : x-intercept: 22,
2x3 1 16 1 1
y-intercept: 8; f has a vertical asymptote at x 5 0.
f(20.001) 5 27999.99, so f(x) S 2 ` as x S 02. x3 0 1
f(0.001) 5 8000.00, so f(x) S ` as x S 0 1 . f 0 (x) undefined 1
There are no horizontal asymptotes.
f is concave up when x , 22 and x . 0. f is con-
cave down when 22 , x , 0. The graph changes

concavity where x 5 22. This is point of inflection 10x 2 20
5
with coordinates (22, 0). (x 2 1)4
f(1.59) 8 7.56. The graph has a local minimum at 10(x 2 2)
(1.59, 7.56). 5
(x 2 1)4
y The domain is 5x 0 x 2 1, xPR6 . The x- and
16 y-intercepts are both 0. f has a vertical asymptote
12 at x 5 1.
8 f(0.999) 5 4 995 000 so as x S 12, f(x) S `
4 f(1.001) 5 5 005 000 so as x S 1 1 , f(x) S `
x
5x 5x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 lim 2 50 lim 2 50
–4 xS2` x 2 2x 1 1 xS2` x 2 2x 1 1
–8 y 5 0 is a horizontal y 5 0 is a horizontal
asymptote on the right. asymptote on the left.
18. If f(x) is increasing, then f r(x) . 0. From the f r(x) is defined for all values of x in the domain
graph of f r, f r(x) . 0 for x . 0. If f(x) is decreas- of f. f r(x) 5 0 when x 5 21. f(1) does not exist.
ing, then fr(x) , 0. From the graph of f r, f r(x) , 0
for x , 0. At a stationary point, f r(x) 5 0. From x * 21 x 5 21 21 * x * 1 x51 x+1
the graph, the zero for fr(x) occurs at x 5 0. At 25(x 1 1) 1 0 2 2 2

x 5 0. f r(x) changes from negative to positive, so
(x 2 1)3 2 2 2 0 1
f has a local minimum point there.
If the graph of f is concave up, then f s is positive. f9(x) 2 0 1 undefined 2
From the slope of fr, the graph of f is concave up
for 20.6 , x , 0.6. If the graph of f is concave f is decreasing when x , 21 and x . 1. f is
down, then f s is negative. From the slope of fr, the increasing when 21 , x , 1. f has a minimum
graph of f is concave down for x , 20.6 and turning point at x 5 21.
x . 0.6. Graphs will vary slightly. f s (x) is defined for all values of x in the domain of f.
y f s (x) 5 0 when x 5 23. This is a possible point of
2 inflection.
f(1) does not exist.
1 x * 22 x 5 22 22 * x * 1 x51 x+1
x x12 2 0 1 1 1
–2 –1 0 1 2 f 0 (x) 2 0 1 undefined 1
–1
The graph is concave down for x , 22 and con-
2
(x 2 1) (5) 2 5x(2)(x 2 1)(1)
cave up when 22 , x , 1 and x . 1. It changes
19. fr(x) 5 concavity at x 5 22. f has an inflection point at
(x 2 1)4
x 5 22 with coordinates (22, 21.11).
5(x 2 1) 2 10x
5 f(21) 5 21.25. f has a local minimum at
(x 2 1)3 (21, 21.25).
25x 2 5
5 y
(x 2 1)3 6
25(x 1 1)
5
(x 2 1)3 4
(x 2 1)3 (25)
fs (x) 5
(x 2 1)6 2
(25x 2 5)(3)(x 2 1)2 (1)
2 x
(x 2 1)6 0
(x 2 1)(25) 2 3(25x 2 5) –4 –2 2 4
5
(x 2 1)4 –2

20. a. Graph A is f, graph C is fr, and graph B is fs. x 2 1 7x 1 10
We know this because when you take the derivative, 4. g(x) 5
(x 2 3)(x 1 2)
the degree of the denominator increases by one. The function g(x) is not defined at x 5 22 or
Graph A has a squared term in the denominator, x 5 3. At x 5 22, the value of the numerator is 0.
graph C has a cubic term in the denominator, and Thus, there is a discontinuity at x 5 22, but
graph B has a term to the power of four in the x 5 22 is not a vertical asymptote.
denominator. At x 5 3, the value of the numerator is 40. x 5 3 is
b. Graph F is f, graph E is fr and graph D is fs. We a vertical asymptote.
know this because the degree of the denominator (x 1 2)(x 1 5) x15
increases by one degree when the derivative is g(x) 5 5 , x 2 22
(x 2 3)(x 1 2) x23
taken.
lim g(x) 5 lim 2 a b
x15
xS222 xS22 x23
Chapter 4 Test, p. 220 3
52
1. a. x , 29 or 26 , x , 23 or 0 , x , 4 or x . 8 5
b. 29 , x , 26 or 23 , x , 0 or 4 , x , 8 x15
c. (29, 1), (26, 22), (0, 1), (8, 22) xS22 1 xS22 x23
d. x 5 23, x 5 4 3
52
e. f s (x) . 0 5
f. 23 , x , 0 or 4 , x , 8 There is a hole in the graph of g(x) at ( 22, 2 35) .
g. (28, 0), (10, 23)
lim g(x) 5 lim2 a b
x15
2. a. g(x) 5 2x 4 2 8x 3 2 x 2 1 6x xS32 xS3 x23
gr(x) 5 8x 3 2 24x 2 2 2x 1 6 5 2`
To find the critical points, we solve gr(x) 5 0:
lim1 g(x) 5 lim1 a b
x15
8x 3 2 24x 2 2 2x 1 6 5 0 xS3 xS3 x23
4x 3 2 12x 2 2 x 1 3 5 0 5`
Since gr(3) 5 0, (x 2 3) is a factor. There is a vertical asymptote at x 5 3.
(x 2 3)(4x 2 2 1) 5 0 Also, lim g(x) 5 lim g(x) 5 1.
x 5 3 or x 5 2 12 or x 5 12. xS` xS2`
Note: We could also group to get Thus, y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote.

4x 2 (x 2 3) 2 (x 2 3) 5 0. y
b. gs (x) 5 24x 2 2 48x 2 2 6
Since gs ( 2 12 ) 5 28 . 0, ( 2 12, 2 178) is a local 4
maximum. 2
x
Since gs ( 2 12) 5 220 , 0, ( 12, 158) is a local
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
maximum. –2
Since gs (3) 5 70 . 0, (3, 245) is a local minimum. –4
3. (–1, 7) y –6
6
4 (1, 4)
40 y
5.
2
(3, 2) x 20
x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
–4 –20
–40
–6
–60
–80
–100
–120
–140

2x 1 10 7. f(x) 5 x 3 1 bx 2 1 c
6. f(x) 5
x2 2 9 f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 2bx
2x 1 10 Since f r(22) 5 0, 12 2 4b 5 0
5 b 5 3.
(x 2 3)(x 1 3)
There are discontinuities at x 5 23 and at x 5 3. Also, f(22) 5 6.
Thus, 28 1 12 1 c 5 6
f x 5 23 is a vertical asymptote.
lim f(x) 5 `
xS32
lim1 f(x) 5 2 ` c 5 2.
xS3 fr(x) 5 3x 2 1 6x
lim f(x) 5 2 ` 5 3x(x 1 2)
xS32
lim1 f(x) 5 ` The critical points are (22, 6) and (0, 2).
xS3
f s (x) 5 6x 1 6
The y-intercept is 2 109 and x 5 25 is an x-intercept. Since f s (22) 5 26 , 0, (22, 6) is a local
2(x 2 2 9) 2 (2x 1 10)(2)
f r(x) 5 maximum.
(x 2 2 9)2 Since fr(0) 5 6 . 0, (0, 2) is a local minimum.
2
22x 2 20x 2 18 y
5
(x 2 2 9)2 8
(–2, 6)
For critical values, we solve f r(x) 5 0: 6
x 2 1 10x 1 9 5 0 4
(x 1 1)(x 1 9) 5 0 2
x 5 21 or x 5 29. (0, 2) x
( 29, 2 19) is a local minimum and (21, 21) is a –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–2
local maximum.
–4
2 10
1 x2 –6
x
lim f(x) 5 lim 9 5 0 and –8
xS` xS`
1 2 x2
2 10
1 2
lim f(x) 5 lim ° x x
9 ¢ 50
xS` xS`
1 2 x2
y 5 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
y
8
6
4
2
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
–2
–4
–6
–8

CHAPTER 4
Curve Sketching
Review of Prerequisite Skills, pp.162–163 x values x * 24 24 * x * 1 x+1
1. a. 2y 2 1 y 2 3 5 0 (x 1 4) 2 1 1
(2y 1 3)(y 2 1) 5 0 2 2
(x 2 1) 1
3
y 5 2 or y 5 1 (x 1 4)(x 2 1) 1 2 1
2
b. x 2 2 5x 1 3 5 17
The solution is x , 24 or x . 1.
x 2 2 5x 2 14 5 0
(x 2 7)(x 1 2) 5 0
3. a. y
3
x 5 7 or x 5 22
c. 4x 2 1 20x 1 25 5 0 2
(2x 1 5)(2x 1 5) 5 0 1
x
5
x52 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
2 –1
d. y 3 1 4y 2 1 y 2 6 5 0 –2
y 5 1 is a zero, so y 2 1 is a factor. After –3
synthetic division, the polynomial factors to
(y 2 1)(y 2 1 5y 1 6). b. y
So (y 2 1)(y 1 3)(y 1 2) 5 0. 8
y 5 1 or y 5 23 or y 5 22 6
2. a. 3x 1 9 , 2 4
3x , 27
2
7 x
x,2
3 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
b. 5(3 2 x) $ 3x 2 1
–4
15 2 5x $ 3x 2 1
–6
16 $ 8x
8x # 16 –8
x#2 –10
c. t 2 2 2t , 3 –12
t 2 2 2t 2 3 , 0
(t 2 3)(t 1 1) , 0 c. y
Consider t 5 3 and t 5 21. 6
t values t * 21 21 * t * 3 t+3 4
2
(t 1 1) 2 1 1 x
2 2 1 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
(t 2 3) –2
(t 2 3)(t 1 1) 1 2 1 –4
–6
The solution is 21 , t , 3.
d. x 2 1 3x 2 4 . 0
(x 1 4)(x 2 1) . 0
Consider x 5 24 and x 5 1.

d. y 2t
!t 2 4
6
d. f(t) 5
4 2t
2 !t 2 4
2"t 2 4 2
2
x f r(t) 5
t24
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 4(t 2 4) 2t
2 !t 2 4 2 !t 2 4
2
–4
–6 f r(t) 5
t24
4(t 2 4) 2 2t
f r(t) 5 3
4. a. lim2 (x 2 2 4) 5 22 2 4 2(t 2 4)2
xS2
50 2t 2 16
5 3
2
x 1 3x 2 10 2(t 2 4)2
b. lim t28
xS2 x22 5 3
(x 1 5)(x 2 2) (t 2 4)2
5 lim x28
xS2 x22
5 lim (x 1 5) 6. a. x 1 3qx2 2 5x 1 4
xS2
x2 1 3x
57
28x 1 4
x 3 2 27
c. lim 28x 2 24
xS3 x 2 3
(x 2 3)(x 2 1 3x 1 9) 28
5 lim 28
xS3 x23 (x 2 2 5x 2 4) 4 (x 1 3) 5 x 2 8 1
x13
5 lim (x 2 1 3x 1 9) x17
xS3
2
53 133319 b. x 2 1qx2 1 6x 2 9
5 27 x2 2 x
d. lim1 "2x 1 1 7x 2 9
xS4
7x 2 7
5 "2 3 4 1 1 22
53 2
1 1 (x 2 2 6x 2 9) 4 (x 2 1) 5 x 1 7 2
5. a. f(x) 5 x 4 1 2x 3 2 x21
4 x
7. f(x) 5 x 3 1 0.5x 2 2 2x 1 3
1 4
5 x 1 2x 3 2 x 21 f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 x 2 2
4
Let f r(x) 5 0:
f r(x) 5 x 3 1 6x2 1 x 22 2
3x 1 x 2 2 5 0
x11
b. f(x) 5 2 (3x 2 2)(x 1 1) 5 0
x 23 2
(x 2 2 3)(1) 2 (x 1 1)(2x) x 5 or x 5 21
f r(x) 5 3
(x 2 2 3)2 The points are ( 23, 2.19) and (21, 4.5).
x 2 3 2 2x 2 2 2x
2
8. a. If f(x) 5 x n, where n is a real number,
5
(x 2 2 3)2 then f r(x) 5 nx n21.
2
2x 2 2x 2 3 b. If f(x) 5 k, where k is a constant, then f r(x) 5 0.
5
(x 2 2 3)2 c. If k(x) 5 f(x)g(x), then
x 2 1 2x 1 3 kr(x) 5 f r(x)g(x) 2 f(x)gr(x)
52
(x 2 2 3)2 f(x)
d. If h(x) 5 g(x), then hr(x)
c. f(x) 5 (3x 2 6x)2
2
f r(x) 5 2(3x 2 2 6x)(6x 2 6) f r(x)g(x) 2 f(x)gr(x)

3g(x)4 2
5 , g(x) 2 0.

e. If f and g are functions that have derivatives, There is no solution, so there is no x-intercept.
then the composite function h(x) 5 f(g(x)) has a 5
derivative given by hr(x) 5 f r(g(x))gr(x).
f. If u is a function of x, and n is a positive integer, 4x
ii. y 5
d du x22
then dx (u n ) 5 nu n21dx To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0.
9. a. lim 2x 2 2 3x 1 4 5 ` 4x
50
xS` x22
lim 2x 2 2 3x 1 4 5 ` x50
xS2`
b. lim 2x 3 1 4x 2 1 5 `
xS` 3x 2 5
iii. y 5
lim 2x 3 1 4x 2 1 5 2 ` 6x 2 3
xS2`
To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0:
c. lim 25x 4 1 2x 3 2 6x 2 1 7x 2 1 5 2 `
xS` 3x 2 5
50
lim 25x 4 1 2x 3 2 6x 2 1 7x 2 1 5 2 ` 6x 2 3
xS2`
Therefore, 3x 2 5 5 0
1 1
10. a. 5 5
f(x) 2x x5
3
Let 2x 5 0
The y-intercept is y 5 00 2 5 5
2 3 5 3.
x 5 0, so the graph has a vertical asymptote at x 5 0.
10x 2 4
1 1 iv. y 5
b. 5 5x
f(x) 2x 1 3
To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0.
Let 2x 1 3 5 0
10x 2 4
x 5 3, so the graph has a vertical asymptote at x 5 3. 50
1 1 5x
c. 5 Therefore, 10x 2 4 5 0
f(x) (x 1 4)2 1 1
2
Let (x 1 4)2 1 1 5 0 x5
5
There is no solution, so the graph has no vertical
The y-intercept is y 5 0 20 4, which is undefined, so
asymptotes.
there is no y-intercept.
1 1
d. 5 5
f(x) (x 1 3)2 b. i. y 5
x11
Let (x 1 3)2 5 0 Domain: 5xPR0 x 2 216
x 5 23, so the graph has a vertical asymptote at Range: 5yPR0 y 2 06
x 5 23. 4x
5 ii. y 5
11. a. lim x 1 1 5 0, so the horizontal asymptote x22
xS`
Domain: 5xPR0 x 2 26
Range: 5yPR0 y 2 46
is y 5 0.
4x
b. lim x 2 2 5 4, so the horizontal asymptote is y 5 4. 3x 2 5
xS` iii. y 5
3x 2 5 6x 2 3
c. lim 6x 2 3 5 12, so the horizontal asymptote is y 5 12.
Domain: e xPRZx 2 f
xS` 1
10x 2 4 2
d. lim 5 2, so the horizontal asymptote
5x
Range: e yPRZy 2 f
xS` 1
is y 5 2.
2
5
12. a. i. y 5 x 1 1 10x 2 4
iv. y 5
To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0. 5x
5 Domain: 5xPR0 x 2 06
50
x11 Range: 5yPR0 y 2 26

4.1 Increasing and Decreasing b. i. 21 , x , 1
ii. x , 21, x . 1
Functions, pp. 169–171 iii. (21, 2), (2, 4)
1. a. f(x) 5 x 3 1 6x 2 1 1 c. i. x , 22
f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 12x ii. 22 , x , 2, 2 , x
Let f r(x) 5 0: 3x(x 1 4) 5 0 iii. none
x 5 0 or x 5 24 d. i. 21 , x , 2, 3 , x
The points are (0, 1) and (24, 33). ii. x , 21, 2 , x , 3
b. f(x) 5 "x 2 1 4 iii. (2, 3)
1 4.
5 (x 2 1 4)2
1 1
f r(x) 5 (x 2 1 4)22 (2x)
2
x
!x 1 4
5 2
Let f r(x) 5 0: a. f(x) 5 x3 1 3x2 1 1

x f r(x) 5 3x2 1 6x
!x 1 42
50
Let f r(x) 5 0
So x 5 0. 3x2 1 6x 5 0
The point is (0, 2). 3x(x 1 2) 5 0
c. f(x) 5 (2x 2 1)2 (x 2 2 9) x 5 0 or x 5 22
f r(x) 5 2(2x 2 1)(2)(x 2 2 9) 1 2x(2x 2 1)2
Let f r(x) 5 0: x x , 22 22 22 , x , 0 0 x.0
2(2x 2 1)(2(x 2 2 9) 1 x(2x 2 1)) 5 0
f9(x) 1 0 2 0 1
2(2x 2 1)(4x 2 2 x 2 18) 5 0
2(2x 2 1)(4x 2 9)(x 1 2) 5 0
Graph Increasing Decreasing Increasing
1 9
x 5 or x 5 or x 5 22.
2 4 b.
This points are ( 12, 0) , (2.25, 248.2) and
(22, 2125).
5x
d. f(x) 5 2
x 11
5(x 2 1 1) 2 5x(2x) 5(1 2 x 2 )
f r(x) 5 5 f(x) 5 x 5 2 5x 4 1 100
(x 2 1 1)2 (x 2 1 1)2
Let f r(x) 5 0: f r(x) 5 5x 4 2 20x3
5(1 2 x 2 ) Let f r(x) 5 0:
50 5x 4 2 20x 3 5 0
(x 2 1 1)2
5x 3 (x 2 4) 5 0
Therefore, 5(1 2 x 2 ) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 4.
(1 2 x)(1 1 x) 5 0
x5 61 x x,0 0 0,x,4 4 x.4
The points are ( 1, 52) and ( 21, 2 52) . f9(x) 1 0 2 0 1

2. A function is increasing when f r(x) . 0 and is
decreasing when f r(x) , 0. Graph Increasing Decreasing Increasing
3. a. i. x , 21, x . 2
ii. 21 , x , 2
iii. (21, 4), (2, 21)

c. e.
1 y 5 3x 4 1 4x 3 2 12x 2
f(x) 5 x 1
x yr 5 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x
1 Intervals of increasing: Intervals of decreasing:
f r(x) 5 1 2 2
x 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x . 0 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x , 0
Let f r(x) 5 0 x(x 2 1 x 2 2) . 0 x(x 2 1 x 2 2) , 0
1 x(x 2 1)(x 1 2) . 0 x(x 2 1)(x 1 2) , 0
12 250
x
x * 22 22 * x * 0 0*x*1 x*1
x2 2 1 5 0
x 5 21 or x 5 1 x 2 2 1 1
Also note that f(x) is undefined for x 5 0. x21 1 2 2 1
x x , 21 21 21 , x , 0 0 0,x,1 1 x.1 x12 2 1 1 1
y9 1 1 2 1
f9(x) 1 0 2 undefined 2 0 1
Intervals of increasing: 22 , x , 0, x . 1
Graph Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing Intervals of decreasing: x , 22, 0 , x , 1
f.
d.
y 5 x4 1 x2 2 1
x21 yr 5 4x 3 1 2x
f(x) 5
x2 1 3 Interval of increasing: Interval of decreasing:
x 2 1 3 2 2x(x 2 1) 4x 3 1 2x . 0 4x 3 1 2x , 0
f r(x) 5 2
(x 2 1 3)2 x(2x 1 1) . 0 x(2x 2 1 1) , 0
2
Let f r(x) 5 0, therefore, 2x 2 1 2x 1 3 5 0. But 2x 1 1 is always positive.
Or x 2 2 2x 2 3 5 0 Interval of increasing: x . 0
(x 2 3)(x 1 1) 5 0 Interval of decreasing: x , 0
x 5 3 or x 5 21 5. f r(x) 5 (x 2 1)(x 1 2)(x 1 3)
Let f r(x) 5 0:
x x , 21 21 21 , x , 3 3 x.3 Then (x 2 1)(x 1 2)(x 1 3) 5 0
x 5 1 or x 5 22 or x 5 23.
f9(x) 2 0 1 0 2
23 , x
x x , 23 23 22 22 , x , 1 1 x.1
, 23
Graph Decreasing Increasing Decreasing
f9(x) 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
Graph Decreasing Increasing Decreasing Increasing

6. y y
5 3
4 (2, 5) 2
3 1
x
2
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
1 –1
x
–2
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
(–1, 0) –1 –3
–2
c. i. 22 , x , 3
7. f(x) 5 x 3 1 ax 2 1 bx 1 c ii. x , 22, x . 3
f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 2ax 1 b iii. x 5 22, x 5 3
Since f(x) increases to (23, 18) and then y
decreases, f r(3) 5 0. 5
Therefore, 27 2 6a 1 b 5 0 or 6a 2 b 5 27. (1) 4
Since f(x) decreases to the point (1, 214) and then 3
increases f r(1) 5 0. 2
Therefore, 3 1 2ab 1 b 5 0 or 2a 1 b 5 23. (2) 1
Add (1) to (2) 8a 5 24 and a 5 3. x
When a 5 3, b 5 6 1 b 5 23 or b 5 29. –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
Since (1, 214) is on the curve and a 5 3, b 5 29,
then 214 5 1 1 3 2 9 1 c
d. i. x . 2
c 5 29.
ii. x , 2
The function is f(x) 5 x 3 1 3x 2 2 9x 2 9.
iii. x 5 2
8. y
8 y
(–5, 6) 5
4
4
3
(1, 2)
x 2
–4 0 4 1
x
–4 0 1 2 3 4 5
9. a. i. x , 4 10. f(x) 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c
ii. x . 4 f r(x) 5 2ax 1 b
iii. x 5 4 2b
Let f r(x) 5 0, then x 5 2a .
y 2b
3 If x , 2a , f r(x) , 0, therefore the function is
2 decreasing.
1 2b
x If x . 2a , f r (x) . 0, therefore the function is
˛
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 increasing.
–1
–2 11. f(x) 5 x 4 2 32x 1 4
–3 fr(x) 5 4x 3 2 32
Let fr(x) 5 0:
b. i. x , 21, x . 1 4x 3 2 32 5 0
ii. 21 , x , 1 4x 3 5 32
iii. x 5 21, x 5 1

x x,2 2 x.2
f (x) 2 0 1
b. y 5 x 3 2 6x 2
dy
5 3x 2 2 12x
12. y dx
4 5 3x(x 2 4)
dy
x Let 5 0.
dx
–2 0 2 4 3x(x 2 4) 5 0
x 5 0, 4
–4
y
20
x
–4 0 4 8
f(x2 ) . f(x1 ) (1)
g(x2 ) . g(x1 ) (2)
yu 5 f(x) ? g(x). –20
–40
y
f(x)
3. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2
dy
g(x) 5 4x 3 2 16x 5 4x(x 2 2 4)
dx
x 5 4x(x 1 2)(x 2 2)
dy
a x1 x1 b Let 50
dx
4x(x 1 2)(x 2 2) 5 0
x 5 0, 6 2.
(2, 216).

2 0 1 0 2 0 1
dx
Min Max Min

x x,2 2 x.2
f (x) 2 0 1
b. y 5 x 3 2 6x 2
dy
5 3x 2 2 12x
12. y dx
4 5 3x(x 2 4)
dy
x Let 5 0.
dx
–2 0 2 4 3x(x 2 4) 5 0
x 5 0, 4
–4
y
20
x
–4 0 4 8
f(x2 ) . f(x1 ) (1)
g(x2 ) . g(x1 ) (2)
yu 5 f(x) ? g(x). –20
–40
y
f(x)
3. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2
dy
g(x) 5 4x 3 2 16x 5 4x(x 2 2 4)
dx
x 5 4x(x 1 2)(x 2 2)
dy
a x1 x1 b Let 50
dx
4x(x 1 2)(x 2 2) 5 0
x 5 0, 6 2.
(2, 216).

2 0 1 0 2 0 1
dx
Min Max Min

Local minima at (22, 216) and (2, 216) y
Local maximum at (0, 0) 20
2x
b. f(x) 5 2
x 19
10
2(x 2 1 9) 2 2x(2x)
f r(x) 5
(x 2 1 9)2
x
18 2 2x 2
5 2 –4 –2 0 2 4
(x 1 9)2
Let f r(x) 5 0
–10
Therefore, 18 2 2x 2 5 0
x2 5 9
x 5 63. –20
23 , 3
x x , 23 23 x.3
x,3 2x
f9(x) 2 0 1 0 2 b. f(x) 5 2
x 19
Local To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0.
Graph Decreasing Local Min Increasing Decreasing
Max 2x
2 50
x 19
Local minimum at (23, 20.3) and local maximum
Therefore, 2x 5 0
at (3, 0.3).
x50
c. y 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1
dy
5 3x 2 1 6x 5 3x(x 1 2) 0
dx y5 50
9
dy
Let 50 y
dx 0.5
3x(x 1 2) 5 0
x 5 0, 22
x
–4 –2 0 2 4
x x , 22 22 22 , x , 0 0 x,0
–0.5
dy
1 0 2 0 1
dx
c. y 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1
Local Local
Graph Inc.
Min Max
Inc. To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0.
0 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1
Local maximum at (22, 5) The x-intercept cannot be easily obtained algebraically.
Local minimum at (0, 1) Since the function has a local maximum when
4. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2 x 5 22, it must have an x-intercept prior to this
To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0. x-value. Since f(23) 5 1 and f(24) 5 215, an
x 4 2 8x 2 5 0 estimate for the x-intercept is about 23.1.
x (x 2 2 8) 5 0
2
x 5 0, 6 "8 y51
y50

y The critical point is at (5, 0), but is neither a
6 maximum or minimum. The tangent is not parallel
5 to the x-axis. 1
4 d. f(x) 5 (x 2 2 1)3
3 1 2
fr(x) 5 (x 2 2 1)23 (2x)
2 3
Let fr(x) 5 0:
1
x 1 2 2
0
(x 2 1)23 (2x) 5 0
–4 –2 2 4 3
–1 x50
–2 There is a critical point at (0, 21). Since the
derivative is undefined for x 5 61, (1, 0) and
5. a. h(x) 5 26x 3 1 18x 2 1 3 (21, 0) are also critical points.
hr(x) 5 218x 2 1 36x
Let hr(x) 5 0: x x , 21 21 21 , x , 0 0 0,x,1 0 x,1
218x 2 1 36x 5 0 dy
2 2
DNE 0 1 DNE 1
18x(2 2 x) 5 0 dx
x 5 0 or x 5 2 Graph Dec. Dec.

Local
Inc. Inc.
Min
Local minimum at (0, 3) Local minimum at (0, 21)
Local maximum at (2, 27) The tangent is parallel to the horizontal axis at (0, 21)
Since the derivative is 0 at both points, the tangent because the derivative is 0 there. Since the derivative is
is parallel to the horizontal axis for both. undefined at (21, 0) and (1, 0), the tangent is not
b. g(t) 5 t 5 1 t 3 parallel to the horizontal axis at either point.
gr(t) 5 5t 4 1 3t 2 6. a.
Let gr(t) 5 0:
5t 4 1 3t 2 5 0
t (5t 2 1 3) 5 0
2
t50
x x,0 0 0,x,2 0 x.2 b.
dy
1 0 2 0 1
dx
Local Local
Min Max
The critical point is (0, 0). c.

t t,0 0 t.0
g9(x) 1 0 1
Graph Inc. Local Min Inc.
(0, 0) is neither a maximum nor a minimum d.

Since the derivative at (0, 0) is 0, the tangent is
parallel to the horizontal axis there.
1
c. y 5 (x 2 5)3
dy 1 22
5 (x 2 5) 3
dx 3
1 7. a. f(x) 5 22x 2 1 8x 1 13
5 2 f r(x) 5 24x 1 8
3(x 2 5)3
Let f r(x) 5 0:
dy
20 24x 1 8 5 0
dx x52
The critical point is (2, 21). c. f(x) 5 2x 3 1 9x 2 1 12x
Local maximum at (2, 21) f r(x) 5 6x 2 1 18x 1 12
x x,2 2 x.2 Let f r(x) 5 0:
f9(x) 1 0 2 6x 2 1 18x 1 12 5 0
Graph Inc. Local Max. Dec. 6(x 1 2)(x 1 1) 5 0
x 5 22 or x 5 21
y
20 The critical points are (22, 24) and (21, 25).
x x , 22 22 22 , x , 21 21 x . 21
dy
10 dx
1 0 2 0 1
Local Local
x Max Min
–8 –4 0 4 8 Local maximum at (22, 24)

–10 y
8
–20
4
1
b. f(x) 5 x 3 2 9x 1 2 x
3
–4 –2 0 2 4
f r(x) 5 x 2 2 9
Let f r(x) 5 0: –4
x2 2 9 5 0
x2 5 9 –8
x5 63
d. f(x) 5 23x 3 2 5x
Local maximum at (23, 20)
f r(x) 5 29x 2 2 5
Let fr(x) 5 0:
x x , 23 23 23 , x , 3 3 x.3 29x 2 2 5 5 0
dy
1 0 2 0 1 5
dx
Local Local x2 5 2
Graph Inc. Dec. Inc. 9
Max Min
This equation has no solution, so there are no
y critical points.
20 y
8
10
4
x x
–8 –4 0 4 8 –2 –1 0 1 2
–4
–10
–8
–20
e. f(x) 5 "x 2 2 2x 1 2
2x 2 2 x21
!x 2 2x 1 2
fr(x) 5 2
5 2
2!x 2 2x 1 2

Let fr(x) 5 0: x x , 26 26 26 , x , 21 21 21 , x , 2 2 x,2
Therefore, x 2 1 5 0 dy
x51 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
dx
The critical point is (1, 1). Local Local Local
"x 2 2 2x 1 2 is never undefined or equal to zero,
Graph Dec. Inc. Dec. Inc.
Min Max Min
so (1, 1) is the only critical point. Local minima at x 5 26 and x 5 2

x x,1 1 x.1
Local maximum at x 5 21
9. f(x)
f9(x) 2 0 1 (–1, 6)
6
Graph Dec. Local Min Inc. 5
3
y
8 2
1
(3, 1) x
4
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–1
x
–4 –2 0 2 4
10. y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c
dy
5 2ax 1 b
f. f(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 dx
fr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 Since a relative maximum occurs at x 5 3, then
Let fr(x) 5 0: 2ax 1 b 5 0 at x 5 3. Or, 6a 1 b 5 0. Also, at
(0, 1), 1 5 0 1 0 1 c or c 5 1. Therefore,
12x 3 2 12x 2 5 0
y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 1. Since (3, 12) lies on the curve,
12x 2 (x 2 1) 5 0
12 5 9a 1 3b 1 1
x 5 0 or x 5 1
9a 1 3b 5 11
x x,0 0 0,x,1 1 x.1 6a 1 b 5 0.
dy
2 0 2 0 1 Since b 5 26a,
dx
Then 9a 2 18a 5 11
Graph Dec. Dec. Local Min Inc. 11
or a 5 2
There are critical points at (0, 0) and (1, 21). 9
Neither local minimum nor local maximum at (0, 0) 22
b5 .
y 11
The equation is y 5 2 9 x 2 1 3 x 1 1.
22
8
11. f(x) 5 x 2 1 px 1 q
fr(x) 5 2x 1 p
4
In order for 1 to be an extremum, f r(1) must equal 0.
x 2(1) 1 p 5 0
–4 –2 0 2 4 p 5 22
To find q, substitute the known values for p and x
8. fr(x) 5 (x 1 1)(x 2 2)(x 1 6) into the original equation and set it equal to 5.
Let fr(x) 5 0: x x,1 1 x.1
(x 1 1)(x 2 2)(x 1 6) 5 0 2
f9(x) 0 1
x 5 26 or x 5 21 or x 5 2
The critical numbers are 26, 21, and 2. Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.

(1)2 1 (1)(22) 1 q 5 5 b. f '(x)
q56 6
This extremum is a minimum value. 4
12. a. f(x) 5 x 3 2 kx 2
x
fr(x) 5 3x 2 2 k
In order for f to have no critical numbers, fr(x) 5 0 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
must have no solutions. Therefore, 3x 2 5 k must –4
have no solutions, so k , 0. –6
b. f(x) 5 x 3 2 kx
fr(x) 5 3x 2 2 k c. f '(x)
In order for f to have one critical numbers, 6
fr(x) 5 0 must have exactly one solution. 4
Therefore, 3x 2 5 k must have one solution, which 2
occurs when k 5 0. x
c. f(x) 5 x 3 2 kx –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
fr(x) 5 3x 2 2 k
–4
In order for f to have two critical numbers,
–6
fr(x) 5 0 must have two solutions. Therefore,
3x 2 5 k must have two solutions, which occurs
d. f '(x)
when k . 0.
6
13. g(x) 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d
4
gr(x) 5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c
Since there are local extrema at x 5 0 and x 5 2, 2
x
0a 1 0b 1 c 5 0 and 12a 1 4b 1 c 5 0 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
Therefore, c 5 0 and 12a 1 4b 5 0 –2
Going back to the original equation, we have the –4
points (2, 4) and (0, 0). Substitute these values of x –6
in the original function to get two more equations:
8a 1 4b 1 2c 1 d 5 4 and d 5 0. We now know 15. f(x) 5 3x 4 1 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d
that c 5 0 and d 5 0. We are left with two equa- a. f r(x) 5 12x 3 1 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c
tions to find a and b: At x 5 0, f r(0) 5 0, then f r(0) 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 c
12a 1 4b 5 0 or c 5 0.
8a 1 4b 5 4 At x 5 22, f r(22) 5 0,
Subtract the second equation from the first to get 296 1 12a 2 4b 5 0. (1)
4a 5 24. Therefore a 5 21, and b 5 3. Since (0, 29) lies on the curve,
14. a. f '(x) 29 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 d or d 5 29.
6 Since (22, 273) lies on the curve,
4 273 5 48 2 8a 1 4b 1 0 2 9
2 28a 1 4b 5 2112
x or 2a 2 b 5 28 (2)
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 Also, from (1): 3a 2 b 5 24
–2
–4
2a 2 b 5 228
a 5 24
–6
b 5 236.

b. f r(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 72x x 2 5 2 or x 2 5 21
x 3 2 x 2 2 6x 5 0 dy
x(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 5 0. At x 5 100, dx . 0.
c. maximum is at (21.41, 39.6).
22 , 0,
60
x x , 22 22 0 3 x.3
x,0 x,3 40
f9(x) 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 20
x
Graph
–40
16. a. y 5 4 2 3x 2 2 x 4
dy f(x)
5 26x 2 4x 3 17. h(x) 5
dx g(x)
Let 5 0:
3 f(x)
g(x)
3g(x)4 2
x x,0 0 x.0 hr(x) 5
dy
dx
hr(x) , 0.
y
4
2
–2
–6
at y 5 0
g(x)
2. f(x) 5
b. y 5 3x 5 2 5x 3 2 30x h(x)
dx xS`
dx xS`
xS2`
x4 2 x2 2 2 5 0

b. f r(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 72x x 2 5 2 or x 2 5 21
x 3 2 x 2 2 6x 5 0 dy
x(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 5 0. At x 5 100, dx . 0.
c. maximum is at (21.41, 39.6).
22 , 0,
60
x x , 22 22 0 3 x.3
x,0 x,3 40
f9(x) 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 20
x
Graph
–40
16. a. y 5 4 2 3x 2 2 x 4
dy f(x)
5 26x 2 4x 3 17. h(x) 5
dx g(x)
Let 5 0:
3 f(x)
g(x)
3g(x)4 2
x x,0 0 x.0 hr(x) 5
dy
dx
hr(x) , 0.
y
4
2
–2
–6
at y 5 0
g(x)
2. f(x) 5
b. y 5 3x 5 2 5x 3 2 30x h(x)
dx xS`
dx xS`
xS2`
x4 2 x2 2 2 5 0

Condition for an oblique asymptote is that the 5
52
highest power of g(x) must be one more than 2
the highest power of h(x). 25x 2 1 3x
Similarly, lim 5 2 52.
2x 1 3 x21x ( 3
)
2
xS2` 2x 2 5
3. a. lim
xS` x 2 1
5 lim
xS` 1
xx2x ( ) 2x 5 2 3x 2 1 5
d. lim 4 5 lim
x5 2 2 x3 1 x5 ( 3 5
)
xS` 3x 1 5x 2 4
1 1 2x
3
xS` 4 5 4
x 3 1 x3 2 x4 ( )
5 lim
xS`
12x
1
5 lim
(
x 2 2 x3 1 x5
3 5
)
5 4
( 3)
lim 2 1 x
xS`
xS`
3 1 x3 2 x4
5
lim (1 2 x)
1 ( ( x3 1 x5 ))
lim x 2 2
xS`
3 5
xS` 5
lim (3 1 x 2 x )
5 4
210
5 xS`
3 4
120
lim (x) 3 lim (2 2 x 1 x )
52 3 5
3 5
2x 1 3 xS` xS`
Similarly, lim 5 2. 5
xS2` x 2 1
lim (3 1 x 2 x )
5 4
3 4
b. lim 2
2
5x 2 3
5 lim
x 5 2 x2
3
(
2
) 5 lim (x) 3
xS`
22010
xS` x 1 2 31020
xS` 2
x 1 1 x2
2
( ) 5`
xS`
3 2x 5 2 3x 2 1 5
5 2 x2 Similarly, lim 3x 4 1 5x 2 4 5 lim (x) 5 2 ` .
5 lim 2
xS2` xS`
xS`
1 1 x2 4. a. This function is discontinuous at x 5 25. The
numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function
( )
3
lim 5 2 x 2
xS`
lim (1 1 )
2
2 x-values x x15 y lim y
xS` x xSc
520 x S 252 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
5
110 x S 25 1 ,0 .0 ,0 2`
55
5x 2 2 3 b. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2. The
Similarly, lim x 2 1 2 5 5.
xS2` numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function
c. lim
25x 2 1 3x
5 lim
x 2 25 1 x ( 3
) function near the asymptote is:
2
xS` 2x 2 5 xS` 2 5
x 2 2 x2 ( ) x-values x12 x22 f(x) lim f(x)
xSc
3 x S 22 ,0 ,0 ,0 2`
25 1 x
5 lim x S 21 .0 .0 .0 1`
5
xS`
2 2 x2
c. This function is discontinuous at t 5 3. The
xS`
( 3
lim 25 1 x ) numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function
5
lim (2 2 x )
2
xS` t-values 1 (t 2 3)2 s lim s
tSc
25 1 0 2
1`
5 xS3 .0 .0 .0
220 1
xS3 .0 .0 .0 1`

d. This function is discontinuous at x 5 3. At a point x, the difference between the function
x
However, the numerator also has value 0 there, y 5 x 1 4 and its asymptote y 5 1 is
since 32 2 3 2 6 5 0, so this function has no x x 2 (x 1 4)
vertical asymptotes. 215
x14 x14
e. The denominator of the function has value 0
4
when 52 .
(x 1 3)(x 2 1) 5 0 x14
x 5 23 or x 5 1. The numerator is non-zero at these negative, which means that the curve approaches the
points, so the function has vertical asymptotes there. asymptote from below. When x is large and negative,
The behaviour of the function near the asymptotes is: this difference is positive, which means that the
x-values 6 x13 x21 f(x) lim f(x)
xSc
curve approaches the asymptote from above.
x S 232 .0 ,0 ,0 .0 1` 2x 2x
b. lim 2 5 lim
xS` x 2 1
x S 231 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
xS` 2
x 12 2( 1
x )
2
xS1 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2` 2
5 lim
( )
1
xS1 .0 .0 .0 .0 1` xS` 1
x 1 2 x2
f. This function is discontinuous when lim (2)
x2 2 1 5 0 5 xS`
(x 1 1)(x 2 1) 5 0
x 5 21 or x 5 1. The numerator is non-zero at these
(
lim x 1 2 x 2
xS`
1
)
points, so the function has vertical asymptotes there. lim (2)
xS`
The behaviour of the function near the asymptotes is: 5
x-values x2
x11 x21 y lim y
xSc
lim (x) 3 lim 1 2
xS` xS`
( 1
x2
)
x S 212 .0 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
1 1
5 lim 3
xS` x 120
x S 21 1 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
50
x S 12 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2` 2x
Similarly, lim x 2 2 1 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal
x S 11 .0 .0 .0 .0 1` xS2`
x x
5. a. lim 5 lim At a point x, the difference between the function
xS` x 1 4 xS` 4
x11x( ) 2x
f(x) 5 x 2 2 1 and its asymptote y 5 0 is x 2 2 1.
2x
1
5 lim 4 When x is large and positive, this difference is
xS`
11 positive, which means that the curve approaches the
x
lim (1) asymptote from above. When x is large and nega-
xS`
5 tive, this difference is negative, which means that
lim 1 1 x
xS`
( 4
) the curve approaches the asymptote from below.
5
1 3t 2 1 4
c. lim 2 5 lim
(
t2 3 1 t2
4
)
110 xS` t 2 1
51
xS` 2
( 1
t 1 2 t2 )
x 4
Similarly, lim x 1 4 5 1, so y 5 1 is a horizontal 3 1 t2
xS2` 5 lim 1
asymptote of the function. xS`
1 2 t2
( 4)
lim 3 1 2
xS` t
5
lim (1 2 t )
1
2
xS`

5
120
53 lim
x23
5 lim
x12x ( 3
)
xS` x 1 5
3t 2 1 4
Similarly, lim t 2 2 1 5 3, so y 5 3 is a horizontal
xS2`
xS` 5
x11x ( )
3
asymptote of the function. 12x
5 lim 5
At a point x, the difference between the function xS`
11x
3t 2 14
g(t) 5 t 2 2 1 and its asymptote y 5 3 is
( 3x)
lim 1 2
3t 2 1 4 3t 2 1 4 2 3(t 2 2 1) 5 xS`
2 3 5
lim (1 1 x)
5
t2 2 1 t2 2 1
xS`
7
5 2 . 120
t 21 5
When x is large and positive, this difference is 110
positive, which means that the curve approaches 51
x23
the asymptote from above. When x is large and Similarly, lim x 1 5 5 1, so y 5 1 is a horizontal
xS2`
negative, this difference is positive, which means
At a point x, the difference between the function
above. x23
y 5 x 1 5 and its asymptote y 5 1 is
d. lim
3x 2 2 8x 2 7
5 lim
x2 3 2 2 2
x x
( 8 7
) x23
215
x 2 3 2 (x 1 5)
52
8
.
x24 x15 x15 x15
xS` xS`
x12x
4
( ) When x is large and positive, this difference is
5 lim
(8 7
x 3 2 x 2 x2 ) negative, which means that the curve approaches
the asymptote from below. When x is large and
4
xS`
12x negative, this difference is positive, which means
((
lim x 3 2 2 2
xS` x x
8 7
)) above.
y
5
6
)
lim 1 2 x
xS`
( 4
4
2
lim (x) 3 lim (3 2 2 )
8 7
2
x
x x
–10–8 –6 –4 –2 0
xS` xS`
5
–2
lim (1 2 x)
4
xS` –4
32020 –6
5 lim (x) 3
xS` 120
5` b. This function is discontinuous at x 5 22. Since
3x2 2 8x 2 7
Similarly, lim 5 lim (x) 5 2 `, so this the numerator is non-zero there, the function has a
xS` x24 xS`
function has no horizontal asymptotes. vertical asymptote at this point. The behaviour of
6. a. This function is discontinuous at x 5 25. the function near the asymptote is:
Since the numerator is not equal to 0 there, the x-values 5 (x 1 2)2 f(x) lim f(x)
xSc
function has a vertical asymptote at this point. The 2
xS2 .0 .0 .0 1`
behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
xS2 1
.0 .0 .0 1`
x-values x23 x15 y lim y
xSc
x S 252 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
x S 25 1 ,0 .0 ,0 2`

5 5 So g(t) can be written in the form
lim 2 5 lim 2 g(t) 5 t 2 3
xS` (x 1 2) xS` x 1 4x 1 4
5 y
5 lim 8
xS` 2 4 4
x 1 1 x 1 x2 ( ) 6
lim (5) 4
xS`
5 2
x
xS`
( ( 2
lim x 1 1 x 1 x 2
4 4
)) –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
lim (5)
xS` –4
5
–6
xS`
2
(
lim (x ) 3 lim 1 1 x 1 x 2
xS`
4 4
) –8
1 5
5 lim 2 3
xS` x 11010 d. This function is discontinuous when
50 x 2 2 3x 5 0
5 x(x 2 3) 5 0
Similarly, lim (x 1 2)2 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal
xS2` x 5 0 or x 5 3
asymptote of the function. The numerator is non-zero at these points, so the
At a point x, the difference between the function function has vertical asymptotes at both of them. The
5 behaviour of the function near these asymptotes is:
f(x) 5 (x 1 2)2 and its asymptote y 5 0 is
x-values 21x 3 2 2x x x23 y lim y
5 xSc
(x 1 2)2
. When x is large and positive, this 2
xS0 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
difference is positive, which means that the curve xS0 1
.0 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
approaches the asymptote from above. When x is
x S 32 .0 ,0 .0 ,0 .0 1`
large and negative, this difference is positive, which 1
xS3 .0 ,0 .0 .0 ,0 2`
means that the curve approaches the asymptote
from above. To check for horizontal asymptotes:
y (2 1 x)(3 2 2x) 22x 2 2 x 1 6
10 lim 5 lim
xS` x 2 2 3x xS` x 2 2 3x
8
6
5 lim
(
x 2 22 2 x 1 x 2
1 6
)
4
2
xS`
(
x2 1 2 x
3
)
x 1 6
22 2 x 1 x 2
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 5 lim
–2 3
xS`
12x
c. This function is discontinuous at t 5 5. However,
the numerator is equal to zero there, since
(
lim 22 2 1 2
xS` x x
1 6
)
5
52 2 2(5) 2 15 5 0, so this function has no vertical
asymptote. lim 1 2 x
xS`
( 3
)
To check for an oblique asymptote: 22 2 0 1 0
t23 5
120
t 2 5qt2 2 2t 2 15 5 22
t2 2 5t (2 1 x)(3 2 2x)
Similarly, lim 5 22, so y 5 22 is
x 2 2 3x
0 1 3t 2 15 xS2`
a horizontal asymptote of the function.
0 1 3t 2 15
01010

At a point x, the difference between the function c. x22
22x 2 2 x 1 6 2 3 2
x 1 2xqx 1 0x 1 0x 2 1
y5 and its asymptote y 5 22 is
x 2 2 3x
2 x3 1 2x2
22x 2 x 1 6 22x 2 2 x 1 6 1 2(x 2 2 3x)
1 2 5 2 2x2 1 0x 2 1
x 2 2 3x x 2 2 3x
27x 1 6 2 2x2 2 4x
5 2 . 4x 2 1
x 2 3x
When x is large and positive, this difference is So f(x) can be written in the form
negative, which means that the curve approaches the 4x 2 1
asymptote from below. When x is large and negative, f(x) 5 x 2 2 1 x 2 1 2x. Since
this difference is positive, which means that the curve
approaches the asymptote from above. 4x 2 1
lim 2 5 lim
x42
x
( 1
)
xS` x 1 2x
8
y xS` 2 2
x 11x ( )
6 1
42x
4 5 lim
2
x
xS`
( )
x11x
2
0
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 lim (4 2 )
1
–2 x
xS`
–4 5
lim (x(1 1 ))
2
–6 x
xS`
–8
lim (4 2 )
1
xS`x
7. a. 3x 2 7 5
lim (x) 3 lim (1 1 x)
2
x 2 3q3x2 2 2x 2 17 xS` xS`
3x2 2 9x
5 lim a b 3
1 420
7x 2 17 xS` x 110
7x 2 21 5 0,
4 4x 2 1
and similarly lim x 2 1 2x 5 0, the line y 5 x 2 2 is
So f(x) can be written in the form xS2`
4 4 an asymptote to the function f(x).
f(x) 5 3x 2 7 1 . Since lim x 2 3 5 0 and
x23 xS`
4
d. x13
lim 5 0, the line y 5 3x 2 7 is an asymptote x2 2 4x 1 3qx3 2 x2 2 9x 1 15
xS` x 2 3
to the function f(x). x3 2 4x2 1 3x
b. x13 3x2 2 12x 1 15
2
2x 1 3q2x 1 9x 1 2 3x2 2 12x 1 9
2x2 1 3x 6
6x 1 2 So f(x) can be written in the form
6 6
6x 1 9 f(x) 5 x 1 3 1 x 2 2 4x 1 3. Since lim x 2 2 4x 1 3
xS`
27 6
and lim x 2 2 4x 1 3 5 0, the line y 5 x 1 3 is an
xS2`
So f(x) can be written in the form
asymptote to the function f(x).
7 7
f(x) 5 x 1 3 2 2x 1 3. Since lim 2x 1 3 5 0 and 8. a. At a point x, the difference between the
xS` 4
7 function f(x) 5 f(x) 5 3x 2 7 1 x 2 3 and its
lim 5 0, the line y 5 x 1 3 is an asymptote
xS2` 2x 13 oblique asymptote y 5 3x 2 7 is
to the function f(x). 4 4
3x 2 7 1 x 2 3 2 (3x 2 7) 5 x 2 3. When x is

large and positive, this difference is positive, which x 2 1 3x 2 2 x 2 1 3x 2 2
means that the curve approaches the asymptote lim 2 5 lim 2
xS` (x 2 1) xS` x 2 2x 1 1
from above. When x is large and negative, this
difference is negative, which means that the curve
5 lim
( 3
x
2 )
x2 1 1
2
x 2
approaches the asymptote from below.
x (1 2 x 1 x )
xS` 2
2 1
b. At a point x, the difference between the function 2
7
f(x) 5 x 1 3 2 2x 1 3 and its oblique asymptote 3 2
1 1 x 2 x2
7
y 5 x 1 3 is x 1 3 2 2x 1 3 2 (x 1 3) 5 2 2x 1 3.
7 5 lim 2 1
xS`
1 2 x 1 x2
negative, which means that the curve approaches the
asymptote from below. When x is large and
( 3 2)
lim 1 1 2 2
xS` x x
5
lim (1 2 x 1 x )
negative, this difference is positive, which means 2 1
2
that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. xS`
9. a. This function is discontinuous at x 5 25. The 11020
5
numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function 12010
has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the 51
function near the asymptote is: x 2 1 3x 2 2
Similarly, lim (x 2 1)2 5 1, so y 5 1 is a
xS`
x-values 3x 2 1 x15 f(x) lim f(x)
xSc horizontal asymptote of the function.
x S 25 2
,0 ,0 .0 1` c. This function is discontinuous when
x S 25 1
,0 .0 ,0 2` x2 2 4 5 0
x2 5 4
To check for a horizontal asymptote: x 5 6 2.
lim
3x 2 1
5 lim
x32x ( 1
) At x 5 2 the numerator is 0, since
22 1 2 2 6 5 0, so the function has no vertical
xS` x 1 5 xS` 5
x11x ( ) asymptote there. At x 5 22, however, the
numerator is non-zero, so the function has a vertical
1
32x asymptote there. The behaviour of the function
5 lim 5 near the asymptote is:
xS`
11x
lim h(x)
( 1)
lim 3 2 x
xS`
x-values x2 1 x 2 6 x2 2 4 h(x) xSc
5 x S 22 2
,0 .0 ,0 2`
lim (1 1 x)
5
x S 22 1 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
xS`
5
110
51 2
x 1x26
1
(
x2 1 1 2 x2
x
6
)
3x 2 1 lim 5 lim
Similarly, lim 5 3, so y 5 3 is a horizontal x2 2 4
xS` x 1 5
xS` xS` 4
x2 1 2 x2 ( )
asymptote of the function. 1 6
b. This function is discontinuous at x 5 1. The 1 1 x 2 x2
numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function 5 lim 4
xS`
1 2 x2
function near the asymptote is:
To check for a horizontal asymptote: (
lim 1 1 2 2
xS` x x
1 6
)
5
x-values
x S 12
x 2 1 3x 2 2 (x 2 1)2 g(x) lim g(x)
xSc
lim 1 2 x 2
xS`
( 4
)
.0 .0 .0 1`
x S 11 .0 .0 .0 1`

11020 Horizontal asymptote is at y 5 2 12.
5
120 2 (2x 1 5) 2 2(3 2 x) 211
51 f r(x) 5 5
(2x 1 5)2 (2x 1 5)2
x2 1 x 2 6 Since f r(x) 2 0, there are no maximum or
xS2` x 2 4
2
minimum points.
3
horizontal asymptote of the function. y-intercept, let x 5 0, y 5 5 5 0.6
d. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2. The 32x
numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function x-intercept, let y 5 0, 2x 1 5 5 0, x 5 3
has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the f(x)
function near the asymptote is: 4
x-values 5x 2 2 3x 1 2 x22 m(x) lim m(x)

xSc 2
xS2 2
.0 ,0 ,0 2`
x
x S 21 .0 .0 .0 1`
–4 –2 0 2 4
–2
x 2 1 3x 2 2 x 2 1 3x 2 2
lim 2 5 lim 2
xS` (x 2 1) xS` x 2 2x 1 1
–4
5 lim
(
2 3 2
x 1 1 x 2 x2 )
b. This function is a polynomial, so it is continuous
xS` 2
( 2 1
x 1 2 x 1 x2 ) for every real number. It has no horizontal, vertical,
3 2 or oblique asymptotes.
1 1 x 2 x2 The y-intercept can be found by letting t 5 0, which
5 lim 2 1 gives y 5 210.
xS`
1 2 x 1 x2
hr(t) 5 6t 2 2 30t 1 36
Set hr(t) 5 0 and solve for t to determine the critical
( 3 2)
lim 1 1 x 2 x 2
xS` points.
5 6t 2 2 30t 1 36 5 0
lim (1 2 x 1 x )
2 1
xS`
2 t 2 2 5t 1 6 5 0
11020 (t 2 2)(t 2 3) 5 0
5 t 5 2 or t 5 3
12010
51
t t,2 t52 2,t,3 t53 t.3
x 2 1 3x 2 2
xS` (x 2 1)
2
h9(t) 1 0 2 0 1
horizontal asymptote of the function.
Graph Inc. Local Max Dec. Local Min Inc.
32x
10. a. f(x) 5
2x 1 5
The x-intercept cannot be easily obtained
Discontinuity is at x 5 22.5. algebraically. Since the polynomial function has a
32x
lim 2 5 2` local maximum when x 5 2, it must have an
xS225 2x 1 5
x-intercept prior to this x-value. Since f(0) 5 210
32x and f(1) 5 13, an estimate for the x-intercept is
lim 1 5 1`
xS225 2x 1 5 about 0.3.
Vertical asymptote is at x 5 22.5.
Horizontal asymptote:
32x 1
lim 52 ,
xS` 2x 1 5 2
32x 1
lim 52 .
xS2` 2x 1 5 2

h(t) y
24
20 4
16
12 2
8
x
4
t –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 0 2 4 6
–2
c. This function is discontinuous when
x2 1 4 5 0 1
x 2 5 24 d. s(t) 5 t 1
t
This equation has no real solutions, however, Discontinuity is at t 5 0.
so the function is continuous everywhere.
lim at 1 b 5 1`
1
To check for a horizontal asymptote: tS0 1 t
20 20
lim 2 5 lim
lim2 at 1 b 5 2 `
xS` x 1 4
1
xS` 2
x 1 1 x2
4
( ) tS0 t
lim (20) Oblique asymptote is at s(t) 5 t.
5 xS` 1
sr(t) 5 1 2 2
( (
lim x 2 1 1 x 2
xS`
4
)) t
Let sr(t) 5 0, t 2 5 1
lim (20) t 5 61.
xS`
5 Local maximum is at (21, 22) and local minimum
lim (x 2 ) 3 lim 1 1 x 2
xS` xS`
( 4
) is at (1, 2).
1 20 21 , 0,
5 lim 2 3 t t , 21 t 5 21 t51 t.1
xS` x 110 t,0 t,1
50 s9(t) 1 0 2 2 0 1
20
Similarly, lim 2 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Local Increas-
xS2` x 1 4 Graph
The y-intercept of this function can be found by s(t)
20 4
letting x 5 0, which gives y 5 0 2 1 4 5 5.
Since the
numerator of this function is never 0, it has no 2
x-intercept. The derivative can be found by rewriting
the function as y 5 20(x 2 1 4)21, then t
yr 5 220(x 2 1 4)21 (2x) –4 –2 0 2 4
40x –2
52 2
(x 1 4)2
Letting yr 5 0 shows that x 5 0 is a critical point of –4
the function.
x x,0 x50 x.0
y9 1 0 2
Local
Graph Inc. Dec.
Max

2x 2 1 5x 1 2 There is no vertical asymptote. The function is the
e. g(x) 5 straight line s 5 t 1 7, t $ 27.
x13
Discontinuity is at x 5 23. 10 s(t)
2x 2 1 5x 1 2 5 8
5 2x 2 1 1
x13 x13 6
Oblique asymptote is at y 5 2x 2 1. 4
lim 1 g(x) 5 1`, lim 2 g(x) 5 2 ` 2
xS23 xS23 t
(4x 1 5)(x 1 3) 2 (2x 2 1 5x 1 2) –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
gr(x) 5 –2
(x 1 3)2
2x 2 1 12x 1 13 a
5 11. a. The horizontal asymptote occurs at y 5 c .
(x 1 3)2
Let gr(x) 5 0, therefore, 2x 2 1 12x 1 13 5 0: b. The vertical asymptote occurs when cx 1 d 5 0
212 6 "144 2 104
d
or x 5 2 c .
x5
4
x 5 21.4 or x 5 24.6.
24.6 , 23 ,
t x , 24.6 24.6 23 x 5 1.4 x . 21.4
x , 23 x , 21.4
s9(t) 1 0 2 Undefined 2 0 1
Local Vertical Local

Graph Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing
Max Asymptote Min
Local maximum is at (24.6, 210.9) and local

minimum is at (21.4, 20.7). 12. a. Since f is defined for all values of x, f r and f s
are also defined for all values of x. f has a horizontal
g(x)
16 asymptote at y 5 0. So f r and f s will have horizontal
asymptotes there. f has a local maximum at (0, 1) so
8 f r will be 0 when x 5 0. f has a point of inflection at
(20.7, 0.6) and (0.7, 0.6), so f s will be 0 at
x x 5 6 0.7. At x 5 0.7, f changes from concave up
–16 –8 0 8 16 to concave down, so the sign of f s changes from
positive to negative. At x 5 0.7, f changes from
–8 concave down to concave up, so the sign of f s
changes from negative to positive there. f is
–16 increasing for x , 0, so f r will be positive. f is
decreasing for x . 0, so f r will be negative. The
t 2 1 4t 2 21 graph of f is concave up for x , 20.7 and x . 0.7,
f. s(t) 5 , t $ 27 so f s is positive for x , 20.7 and x . 0.7. The
t23
(t 1 7)(t 2 3) graph of f is concave down for 20.7 , x , 0.7, so
5 f s is negative for 20.7 , x , 0.7.
(t 2 3)
Discontinuity is at t 5 3. Also, since f s is 0 at x 5 6 0.7, the graph of f r will
(t 1 7)(t 2 3) have a local minimum or local maximum at these
lim1 5 lim1 (t 1 7) points. Since the sign of f s changes from negative
xS3 (t 2 3) xS3
5 10 to positive at x 5 0.7, it must be a local minimum
lim2 (t 1 7) 5 10 point. Since the sign of f s changes from positive to
xS3 negative at x 5 20.7, it must be a local maximum
point.

y 13. a. If f(x) is increasing, then fr(x) . 0. From the
6 graph of fr, fr(x) . 0 for x , 0. If f(x) is decreas-
4 ing, then fr(x) , 0. From the graph of fr, fr(x) , 0
2 y = f''(x) for x . 0. At a stationary point, fr(x) 5 0. From the
x
graph, the zero of fr(x) occurs at (0, 0). At x 5 0,
–4 –2 0 2 4 The graph changes from positive to negative, so f
–2
–4 has a local maximum there. If the graph of f is con-
–6 cave up, fs (x) is positive. From the slope of fr, the
graph of f is concave up for x , 20.6 and x . 0.6.
If the graph of f is concave down, fs (x) is negative
b. Since f is defined for all values of x, f r and f s are
and concave down for 20.6 , x , 0.6. Graphs will
also defined for all values of x. f has a horizontal
vary slightly.
asymptote at y 5 0 so f r and f s will have a horizon-
tal asymptote there. f has a local maximum at An example showing the shape of the curve is
(1, 3.5) so f r will be 0 when x 5 1. f has a local min- illustrated.
imum at (21, 23.5) so f r will be 0 when x 5 21. y
f has a point of inflection at (21.7, 23), (1.7, 3) and 2
(90, 0) so f s will be 0 at x 5 6 1.7 and x 5 0. At 1
x
x 5 0, f changes from concave up to concave down,
–4 –2 0 2 4
so the sign of f s changes from positive to negative. –1
At x 5 21.7, f changes from concave down to con- –2
cave up, so the sign of f s changes from negative to
positive. At x 5 1.7, f changes from concave down b. If f(x) is increasing, then fr(x) . 0. From the
to concave up, so the sign of f s changes from nega- graph of fr, fs (x) . 0 for x , 1 and x . 5. If f(x)
tive to positive. f is decreasing for x , 21 and is decreasing, then fr(x) , 0. From the graph of fr,
x . 1, so f r will be negative. The graph of f is fr(x) , 0 for 1 , x , 3 and 3 , x , 5. At a sta-
concave up for 21.7 , x , 0 and x . 1.7, so f s is tionary point, fr(x) 5 0. From the graph, the zeros
positive for 21.7 , x , 0 and x . 1.7. The graph of fr(x) occur at x 5 1 and x 5 5. At x 5 1, the
of f is concave down for x , 21.7 and 0 , x , 1.7, graph changes from positive to negative, so f has a
so f s is negative for x , 21.7 and 0 , x , 1.7. local maximum there. At x 5 5, the graph changes
Also, since f s is 0 when x 5 0 and x 5 6 1.7, the from negative to positive, so f has a local minimum
graph of f r will have a local maximum or minimum there. If the graph of f is concave up, fs (x) is posi-
at these points. Since the sign of f s changes from tive. From the slope of fr, the graph is concave up
negative to positive at x 5 21.7, f r has a local mini- for x . 3. If the graph of f is concave down, fs (x)
mum at x 5 21.7. Since the sign of f s changes is negative. From the slope of fr, the graph of f is
from positive to negative at x 5 0, it must be a local concave down for x , 3. There is a vertical asymp-
maximum point. Since the sign of f s changes from tote at x 5 3 since fr is not defined there. Graphs
negative to positive at x 5 1.7, it must be a local will vary slightly. An example showing the shape of
minimum point. the curve is illustrated.
y y
8 4
6
y = f'(x)
4 2
2
x x
–4 –2 0 2 4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
–2
–4

14. a. f(x) and r(x): lim f(x) and lim r(x) exist. x 2 1 2x 1 1 (x 1 1)(x 1 1)
xS` xS` lim 5 lim
b. h(x): the highest degree of x in the numerator is xS` x11 xS` (x 1 1)
exactly one degree higher than the highest degree of 5 lim (x 1 1)
xS`
x in the denominator. 5`
b. lim c d
c. h(x): the denominator is defined for all xPR. x2 1 1 x 2 1 2x 1 1
2
2x 2 3 xS` x 1 1 x11
f(x) 5 has vertical asymptotes at
(x 2 7)(x 1 2) x 2 1 1 2 x 2 2 2x 2 1
x 5 7 and x 5 22. f(22.001) 5 2110.99 so as 5 lim
xS` x11
x S 222, f(x) S 2 `
22x
f(21.999) 5 111.23 so as x S 22 1 , f(x) S ` 5 lim
xS` x 1 1
f(6.999) 5 111.12 so as x S 72, f(x) S `
f(7.001) 5 2111.10 so as x S 7 1 , f(x) S 2 ` 22
5 lim 1 5 22
f(x) has a horizontal asymptote at y 5 0. xS`
11x
g(x) has a vertical asymptote at x 5 3.
2x 2 2 2x
g(2.999) 5 23 974.009 so as x S 32, g(x) S ` 17. f(x) 5
x2 2 9
g(3.001) 5 224 026.009 so as x S 3 1 , g(x) S 2 `
Discontinuity is at x 2 2 9 5 0 or x 5 63.
By long division, h(x) 5 x 1 a 2 b so y 5 x
24x 2 1 lim1 f(x) 5 1`
x 11 xS3
is an oblique asymptote. lim f(x) 5 2 `

xS32
(x 1 3)(x 2 2) lim f(x) 5 2 `
r(x) 5 has vertical asymptotes at xS23 1
(x 2 4)(x 1 4)
lim f(x) 5 1`
x 5 24 and x 5 4. xS232
r(24.001) 5 750.78 so as x S 242, r(x) S ` Vertical asymptotes are at x 5 3 and x 5 23.
r(23.999) 5 2749.22 so as x S 24 1 , r(x) S 2 ` Horizontal asymptote:
r(3.999) 5 21749.09 so as x S 42, r(x) S 2 ` lim f(x) 5 2 (from below)
xS`
r(4.001) 5 1750.91 so as x S 4 1 , r(x) S `
lim f(x) 5 2 (from above)
r(x) has a horizontal asymptote at y 5 1. xS`
ax 1 5 Horizontal asymptote is at y 5 2.
15. f(x) 5 (4x 2 2)(x 2 2 9) 2 2x(2x 2 2 2x)
3 2 bx f r(x) 5
Vertical asymptote is at x 5 24. (x2 2 9)2
Therefore, 3 2 bx 5 0 at x 5 25. 4x 3 2 2x 2 2 36x 1 18 2 4x 3 1 4x 2
5
That is, 3 2 b(25) 5 0 (x 2 2 9)2
3 2x 2 2 36x 1 18
b5 . 5
5 (x 2 2 9)2
Horizontal asymptote is at y 5 23. Let f r(x) 5 0,
lim a b 5 23
ax 1 5 2x 2 2 36x 1 18 5 0 or x 2 2 18x 1 9 5 0.
18 6 "182 2 36
xS` 3 2 bx
5 x5
a1 2
lim a b 5 lim ° 3 ¢ 5
ax 1 5 x 2a
x 5 0.51 or x 5 17.5
xS` 3 2 bx b
xS`
2b y 5 0.057 or y 5 1.83.
x
a Local maximum is at (0.51, 0.057) and local
But 2 b 5 23 or a 5 3b.
minimum is at (17.5, 1.83).
3
But b 5 5, then a 5 95.
23 , 0.51 , 3,
1 t 0.51 17.5 x . 17.5
2 x1x x , 0.51 x,3 x , 17.5
x 11
16. a. lim 5 lim 1 s9(t) 1 0 2 2 0 1
xS` x 1 1 xS`
11x
5` Graph
Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas-
Local Min Increasing
ing Max ing ing

4 g(x) 5 2x 3 2 3x 2 2 12x 1 15 is given by
3 dg
2 dx
1 dg
x for which dx 5 0.
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 So 6x 2 2 6x 2 12 5 0
–1
–2 6(x 2 2 x 2 2) 5 0
–3 6(x 1 1)(x 2 2) 5 0
–4
x 5 21, x 5 2
dg
dg
dx
x . 2.
Value of x x , 21 21 , x , 2 x.2
Value of
dg dg dg
5 6x 2 2 6x 2 12 dx
.0
dx
,0
dx
.0
dx
Decreasing
3. y
8
c. 2
(–2, 0) x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
–4
–6
–8
(23, ` ). dy
dy dy
a. dx 5 24x 1 16. When dx 5 0,
dy
5 24(x 1 4) 5 0
dx
x 5 24

4 g(x) 5 2x 3 2 3x 2 2 12x 1 15 is given by
3 dg
2 dx
1 dg
x for which dx 5 0.
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 So 6x 2 2 6x 2 12 5 0
–1
–2 6(x 2 2 x 2 2) 5 0
–3 6(x 1 1)(x 2 2) 5 0
–4
x 5 21, x 5 2
dg
dg
dx
x . 2.
Value of x x , 21 21 , x , 2 x.2
Value of
dg dg dg
5 6x 2 2 6x 2 12 dx
.0
dx
,0
dx
.0
dx
Decreasing
3. y
8
c. 2
(–2, 0) x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
–4
–6
–8
(23, ` ). dy
dy dy
a. dx 5 24x 1 16. When dx 5 0,
dy
5 24(x 1 4) 5 0
dx
x 5 24

x*1 1*x*2 x+2
x21 2 1 1
x22 2 2 1
(x 2 1)(x 2 2) (2 )(2 ) 5 1 (1)(2 ) 5 2 (1)(1) 5 1
dy
.0 ,0 .0
dx
g(x) 5 2x 3 2 9x 2 1 12x increasing decreasing increasing
dy dy From the table above, x 5 1 is the local maximum

b. dx 5 x 3 2 27x. When dx 5 0,
and x 5 2 is the local minimum.
dy dg
5 x(x 2 2 27) 5 0 b. 5 3x 2 2 4x 2 4
dx dx
x 5 0, x 5 63"3 dg
dy dy To find the critical numbers, set 5 0.
c. dx 5 4x 3 2 8x. When dx 5 0, dx
dy 3x 2 2 4x 2 4 5 0
5 4x(x 2 2 2) 5 0 (3x 1 2)(x 2 2) 5 0
dx
2
x 5 0, x 5 6"2 x 5 2 or x 5 2
dy dy 3
d. dx 5 15x 4 2 75x 2 1 60. When dx 5 0, 2 2
x* 2 2 *x*2 x+2
dy 3 3
5 15(x 4 2 5x 2 1 4) 5 0
dx 3x 1 2 2 1 1
dy 2 2
5 15(x 2 2 1)(x 2 2 4) 5 0 x22 1
dx dg
1 2 1
x 5 61, x 5 62 dx
dy 2x(x 2 1 1) 2 (x 2 2 1)(2x) dy g(x) increasing decreasing increasing
e. dx 5 2
(x 1 1) 2 . When dx
5 0,
dy 2
the numerator equals 0. So dx 5 2x(x 2 1 1) 2 The function has a local maximum at x 5 2 and a
3
dy local minimum at x 5 2
(x 2 2 1)(2x) 5 0. After simplifying, dx 5 4x 5 0.
x50 df
dy (x 2 1 2) 2 x(2x) dy 6. 5 2x 1 k
f. 5 . When dx 5 0, the dx
dx (x 2 1 2)2
df
numerator equals 0. So after simplifying, To have a local minimum value, dx 5 0. This occurs
dy
dx
5 2x 2 1 2 5 0.
k
when x 5 2 2 . So f 2 2 5 1. ( k)
x 5 6"2 k2 k2
2 1251
dg 4 2
5. a. 5 6x 2 2 18x 1 12
dx k2
dg 2 1251
To find the critical numbers, set dx 5 0. So 4
6x 2 2 18x 1 12 5 0 k2
2 5 21
6(x 2 1)(x 2 2) 5 0 4
x 5 1, x 5 2 k2 5 4
k 5 62

7. fr(x) 5 4x 3 2 32 than 3. So f(x) approaches y 5 3 from below when
To find the critical numbers, set fr(x) 5 0. x is large and positive and approached y 5 3 from
4x 3 2 32 5 0 above when x is large and negative.
4(x 3 2 8) 5 0
x52
b. f(x) 5
x 2 1 3x 2 2
5
x2 1 1 2 2
x x ( 3 2
)
2
(x 2 1) 2 1
x*2 x+2 x2 1 2 x 1 x2 ( )
f9(x) 5 4x 3 2 32 2 1 3 2
f(x) decreasing increasing 5
(11x2x) 2
The function has a local minimum at x 5 2.

(1 2 2x 1 x1 ) 2
8. a. Since x 1 2 5 0 for x 5 22, x 5 22 is a

vertical asymptote. Large and positive to left of lim
(1 1 3x 2 x2 ) 5 (1 1 0 2 0)
2
xS1`
asymptote, large and negative to right of asymptote.
b. Since 9 2 x 2 5 0 for x 5 63, x 5 23 and
(1 2 2x 1 x1 ) (1 2 0 1 0)
2
x 5 3 are vertical asymptotes. For x 5 23: large 51

and negative to left of asymptote, large and positive So the horizontal asymptote is 1. Similarly, we
to right of asymptote. can prove lim f(x) 5 1. If x is large and positive,
c. Since 3x 1 9 5 0 for x 5 23, x 5 23 is a xS2`
10002 1 3 (1000) 2 2
vertical asymptote. Large and negative to left of for example, x 5 1000, f(x) 5 (1000 2 1)2
5
asymptote, large and positive to right of asymptote. 9 96 998
which is greater than 1. If x is large
10 02 001 ,
d. Since 3x 2 2 13x 2 10 5 0 when x 5 2 23 and
and negative, for example, x 5 21000,
x 5 5, x 5 2 23 and x 5 5 are vertical asymptotes. (21000)2 1 3 (21000) 2 2
For x 5 2 23 large and positive to left of asymptote, f(x) 5 2 5 109 9602998
001 , which is less
(21000 2 1)
large and negative to right of asymptote. For x 5 3: than 1. So f(x) approaches y 5 1 from above when x
large and positive to left of asymptote, large and is large and positive and approaches y 5 1 from
negative to right of asymptote. below when x is large and negative.
3xa1 2 3x b
1
10. a. Since (x 2 5)2 5 0 when x 5 5, x 5 5 is a
3x 2 1 vertical asymptote.
9. a. f(x) 5 5
x15
x a1 1 b
5 x x
x f(x) 5 5
(x 2 5)2 10 25
x 2 1 2 x 1 x2( )
3a1 2 b
1
3x 1
5 5
11x
5
( 10 25
x 1 2 x 1 x2 )
lim (1)
3 c lim 1 2 3x d
( 1) lim f(x) 5 xS15
5 1`
lim f(x) 5
xS2` xS15
lim x 1 2 ((
10
x
1
25
x2 ))
lim (1 1 x)
xS1` 5 xS15
xS2` This limit gets larger as it approaches 5 from the

3(1 2 0) right. Similarly, we can prove that the limit goes to
5 1` as it approaches 5 from the left. For example,
(1 1 0)
53 1
if x 5 1000 f(x) 5 25 , which
So the horizontal asymptote is y 5 3. Similarly, we 1000 Q 1 2 1000
10
1 1000 2R
can prove lim f(x) 5 3. If x is large and positive, gets larger as x gets larger. Thus, f(x) approaches
xS2`
for example, if x 5 1000, f(x) 5 2999

which is 1` on both sides of x 5 5.
1005 ,
smaller than 3. If x is large and negative, for exam- b. There are no discontinuities because x 2 1 9
never equals zero.
ple, if x 5 21000, f(x) 5 23001
2995 , which is larger

c. Using the quadratic formula, we find that t * 2.5198 t + 2.5198
x 2 2 12x 1 12 5 0 when x 5 6 6 2"6. So
1
x 5 6 6 2"6 are vertical asymptotes. 4
2 4t23 2 1
f(x) 5 2
x22
5
x12 (
x
2
) Sign of C9(t) 2 1
x 2 12x 1 12
(
x2 1 2 x 1 x2
12 12
) Behaviour of C(t) decreasing increasing
14. For f(x) the derivative function fr(0) 5 0 and

lim
xS1612"6
x12 ( 2
x ) fr(2) 5 0.
lim f(x) 5 . Therefore, f r(x) passes through (0, 0) and (2, 0).
xS1612"6
lim
xS1612"6
(
x 2 1 2 x 1 x2
12 12
) When x , 0, f(x) is decreasing, therefore,
f r(x) , 0.
This limit gets smaller as it approaches 6 1 2"6
When 0 , x , 2, f(x) is increasing, therefore,
from the right and get larger as it approaches
f r(x) . 0.
6 1 2"6 from the left. Similarly, we can show that
When x . 2, f(x) is decreasing, therefore,
the limit gets smaller as it approaches 6 2 2"6 from
f r(x) , 0.
the left and gets larger as it approaches from the right.
y
11. a. f r(x) . 0 implies that f(x) is increasing.
2
b. f r(x) , 0 implies that f(x) is decreasing.
12. a. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 9.5t 1 2.2 x
Note that h(0) 5 2.2 , 3 because when the diver –4 –2 0 2 4
dives, the board is curved down.
hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 9.5 –2
Set hr(t) 5 0
0 5 29.8t 1 9.5 –4
t 8 0.97
–6
0 * t * 0.97 t + 0.97
29.8t 1 9.5 1 2
15. a. f(x) 5 x 2 2 7x 2 18
Sign of h9(t) 1 2 i. f r(x) 5 2x 2 7
Behaviour of h(t) increasing decreasing Set f r(x) 5 0
0 5 2x 2 7
b. hr(t) 5 v(t) 7
x5
v(t) 5 29.8t 1 9.5 2
vr(t) 5 29.8 , 0 ii. 7 7
x* x+
The velocity is decreasing all the time. 2 2
t 2x 2 7 2 1
13. C(t) 5 1 2t 22
4 Sign of f9(x) 2 1
1
Cr(t) 5 2 4t 23 Behaviour of f(x) decreasing increasing
4
Set Cr(t) 5 0
1 7
0 5 2 4t 23 iii. From ii., there is a minimum at x 5 2.
f a b 5 a b 2 7a b 2 18
4 7 7 2 7
1
5 4t 23 2 2 2
4
fa b 5
7 49 49
t 3 5 16 2 2 18
2 4 2
t 8 2.5198
fa b 5 2
7 121
2 4

iv. y 0 5 8x 3 2 8x
10 0 5 8x(x 2 2 1)
5 0 5 8x(x 2 1)(x 1 1)
x
x 5 21 or x 5 0 or x 5 1
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
–5 ii.
–10 x * 21 21 * x * 0 0*x*1 x+1
–15
8x 2 2 1 1
–20
–25 x21 2 2 2 1
–30 x11 2 1 1 1
Sign of (2 )(2 )(2 ) (2 )(2 )(1) (1)(2 )(1) (1)(1)(1)

b. f(x) 5 22x 3 1 9x 2 1 3 f9(x) 52 51 52 51
i. f r(x) 5 26x 2 1 18x Behaviour
Set f r(x) 5 0 decreasing increasing decreasing increasing
of f(x)
0 5 26x 2 1 18x
0 5 26x(x 2 3) iii. From ii., there is a maximum at x 5 0 and
x 5 0 or x 5 3 minima at x 5 21 and x 5 1
ii. f(21) 5 2(21)4 2 4(21)2 1 2
x*0 0*x*3 x+3
f(21) 5 2 2 4 1 2
26x 1 2 2 f(21) 5 0
f(0) 5 2(0)4 2 4(0)2 1 2
x23 2 2 1 f(0) 5 2
Sign of f9(x) (1)(2 ) 5 2 (2 )(2 ) 5 1 (2 )(1) 5 2 f(1) 5 2(1)4 2 4(1)2 1 2
f(1) 5 2 2 4 1 2
Behaviour
of f(x)
decreasing increasing decreasing f(1) 5 0
iv. y
iii. From ii., there is a minimum at x 5 0 and a 3
maximum at x 5 3.
f(0) 5 22(0)3 1 9(0)2 1 3 2
f(0) 5 3
f(3) 5 22(3)3 1 9(3)2 1 3 1
f(3) 5 254 1 81 1 3
f(3) 5 30 x
iv. y –2 –1 0 1 2
35
–1
30
25
20 d. f(x) 5 x 5 2 5x
15 i. f r(x) 5 5x 4 2 5
10
Set f r(x) 5 0
0 5 5x 4 2 5
5
x 0 5 5(x 4 2 1)
–2 0 2 4 6 0 5 5(x 2 2 1)(x 2 1 1)
–5
0 5 5(x 2 1)(x 1 1)(x 2 1 1)
x 5 21 or x 5 1
c. f(x) 5 2x 4 2 4x 2 1 2
i. f r(x) 5 8x 3 2 8x
f r(x) 5 0

ii. x * 21 21 * x * 1 x+1
3 2 2x
17. a. lim
xS` 3x
5 1 1 1
3 2x
2 x
x21 2 2 1 x
5 lim 3x
xS`
x11 2 1 1 x
1 1 1
022
x2 1 1 5
3
Sign of (1)(2 )(2 )(1) (1)(2 )(1)(1) (1)(1)(1)(1) 2
f9(x) 51 52 51 52
3
Behaviour
increasing decreasing increasing x 2 2 2x 1 5
of f(x) b. lim 2
xS` 6x 1 2x 2 1
x2 2x 5
iii. From ii., there is a maximum at x 5 21 and a 2 21 2
x2 x x
minimum at x 5 1 5 lim 6x 2 2x 1
f(21) 5 (21)5 2 5(21)
xS`
x2
1 x2 2 x2
f(21) 5 21 1 5 12010
f(21) 5 4 5
61020
f(1) 5 (1)5 2 5(1) 1
f(1) 5 24 5
6
y 7 1 2x 2 2 3x 3
8 c. lim 3 2
xS` x 2 4x 1 3x
6
7 2x 2 3x 3
4 3 1 3 2
x3
2 5 lim xx 3 4xx
2 3x
x xS`
2 x3 1 x3
x3
–2 –1 0 1 2
–2 01023
5
–4 12010
–6 5 23
–8 5 1 2x 3
d. lim 4
xS` x 2 4x
5 2x 3
16. a. vertical asymptote: x 5 2 12, horizontal 4 2
x4
asymptote y 5 12; as x approaches 12 from the left, 5 lim xx 4 4x
xS`
graph approaches infinity; as x approaches 12 from 2 x4
x4
the right, graph approaches negative infinity. 020
b. vertical asymptote: x 5 22, horizontal asymp- 5
120
tote: y 5 1; as x approaches 22 from the left, graph 50
approaches infinity; as x approaches 22 from the
2 4
right, graph decreases to (20.25, 21.28) and then x 3 1 3x 2 1
5 lim ° x 1 4 ¢
2x 5 2 1 2 3
approaches to infinity. e. lim 4 2
xS` 3x 2 x 2 2 xS` 3 3x 2 x 2 2 2
c. vertical asymptote: x 5 23, horizontal asymp-
tote: y 5 21; as x approaches 23 from the left, 2 3
3x 14
3x
graph approaches infinity; as x approaches 23 from 4 1
2 4 4
2 x x x
the right, graph approaches infinity 5 lim x 1 lim 3x 4 x 2 2
xS` 3 xS`
d. vertical asymptote: x 5 24, no horizontal 2 x4 2 x4
x4
asymptote; as x approaches 24 from the left, graph 5`
increases to (27.81, 230.23) and then decreases to
24; as x approaches 24 from the right, graph
decreases to (20.19, 0.23) then approaches infinity.

xS` (x 2 3)2
x 2 1 3x 2 18 25
5 lim 2 b. y 5 2
xS` x 2 6x 1 9 x 1 48
x2 3x 18 dy 50x
1 x2 2 x2 52 2
x2 dx (x 1 48)2
5 lim x 2 6x 9
xS` dy dy
x2
5 Q 0, 48 R
25
12010
51 d 2y
5 250(x 2 1 48)22 1 100x(x 2 1 48)23 (2x)
x 2 2 4x 2 5 dx 2
g. lim
xS` x2 2 1 50 200x 2
x2
52 2 1
4x 5
2 x2 2 x2 (x 1 48)2 (x 2 1 48)3
x2
5 lim x 2 2
dy 50
xS` 1
48 R is a
x2
12020
local maximum.
5 lim c. s 5 t 1 t 21
xS` 120
ds 1
51 5 1 2 2, t 2 0
dt t
h. lim a5x 1 4 2 b
7
ds
7 1
x 12 250
xS` xS` xS`
1x t2 5 1
x
5` t 5 61.
5 3
dt 2 t
2

2
5 3x 2 2 12x 2 15 d. y 5 (x 2 3)3 1 8
dx
dy dy
dx
3x 2 2 12x 2 15 5 0
x 2 2 4x 2 5 5 0
(x 2 5)(x 1 1) 5 0
d 2y
x 5 5 or x 5 21 5 6(x 2 3)
2 d 2y
dy At x 5 3, dx 2 5 0.
Now, 5 6x 2 12.
dx 2
2
2
dy
d 2y
dx 2
4
x5 .
3
4-31
xS` (x 2 3)2
x 2 1 3x 2 18 25
5 lim 2 b. y 5 2
xS` x 2 6x 1 9 x 1 48
x2 3x 18 dy 50x
1 x2 2 x2 52 2
x2 dx (x 1 48)2
5 lim x 2 6x 9
xS` dy dy
x2
5 Q 0, 48 R
25
12010
51 d 2y
5 250(x 2 1 48)22 1 100x(x 2 1 48)23 (2x)
x 2 2 4x 2 5 dx 2
g. lim
xS` x2 2 1 50 200x 2
x2
52 2 1
4x 5
2 x2 2 x2 (x 1 48)2 (x 2 1 48)3
x2
5 lim x 2 2
dy 50
xS` 1
48 R is a
x2
12020
local maximum.
5 lim c. s 5 t 1 t 21
xS` 120
ds 1
51 5 1 2 2, t 2 0
dt t
h. lim a5x 1 4 2 b
7
ds
7 1
x 12 250
xS` xS` xS`
1x t2 5 1
x
5` t 5 61.
5 3
dt 2 t
2

2
5 3x 2 2 12x 2 15 d. y 5 (x 2 3)3 1 8
dx
dy dy
dx
3x 2 2 12x 2 15 5 0
x 2 2 4x 2 5 5 0
(x 2 5)(x 1 1) 5 0
d 2y
x 5 5 or x 5 21 5 6(x 2 3)
2 d 2y
dy At x 5 3, dx 2 5 0.
Now, 5 6x 2 12.
dx 2
2
2
dy
d 2y
dx 2
4
x5 .
3
4-31
4 4 4 2
Interval x, x5 x. gs (x) 5 2 2
3 3 3 x3
f 0 (x) ,0 50 .0 gs (21) 5 2 1 2 5 4 . 0
Concave Point of Concave The curve lies above the tangent line at (21, 2).
Graph of f(x)
Down Inflection Up
w
!w 2 1 1
c. p(w) 5 at w 5 3
The point ( 43, 21420
27 ) is point of inflection. 1
b. For possible point(s) of inflection, solve p(w) 5 w(w 2 1 1)2
5 (w 2 1 1)2 1 wa2 b (w 2 1 1)2 (2w)

d 2y dp 1 1 3
5 0:
dx 2 dw 2
1 3
200x 2 2 50x 2 2 2400 5 0 5 (w 2 1 1)2 2 w 2 (w 2 1 1)2
150x 2 5 2400. d 2p 1 2 3
2 3
2 5 2 (w 1 1) (2w) 2 2w(w 1 1)
2 2
Since x 2 1 48 . 0: dw 2
x 5 64.
1 w 2 a b (w 2 1 1)2 (2w)
3 5
Interval x , 24 x 5 24 24 , x , 4 x54 x.4 2

d 2p 3 6 81
f 0 (x) .0 50 ,0 50 .0 At w 5 3, 2 5 2 2 10 !10 1
Graph of Concave Point of Concave Point of Concave
dw 10!10 100!10
f(x) Up Inflection Down Inflection Up 9
52 , 0.
100!10
( 24, 2564) and ( 4, 2564) are points of inflection.
The curve is below the tangent line at (3, 3
!10 ).
2
ds 3
c. 2 5 2 d. The first derivative is
dt t
(t 2 4)(2) 2 (2t)(1)
Interval t,0 t50 t.0 sr(t) 5
(t 2 4)2
f 0 (t) ,0 Undefined .0
Concave Concave 28
Graph of f(t) Undefined 5
Down Up (t 2 4)2
The graph does not have any points of inflection. The second derivative is
d. For possible points of inflection, solve (t 2 4)2 (0) 2 (28)2(t 2 4)1
ss (t) 5
d 2y (t 2 4)4
5 0:
dx 2 16
6(x 2 3) 5 0 5
(t 2 4)3
x 5 3.
16
Interval x,3 x53 x.3 So ss (22) 5
(22 2 4)3
f 0 (x) ,0 50 .0
Concave Point of Concave 16 2
Graph of f(x) 52 52
Down Inflection Up 216 27
(3, 8) is a point of inflection. Since the second derivative is negative at this point,
4. a. f(x) 5 2x 3 2 10x 1 3 at x 5 2 the function lies below the tangent there.
f r(x) 5 6x 2 2 10 5. For the graph on the left: i. f s (x) . 0 for x , 1
f s (x) 5 12x Thus, the graph of f(x) is concave up on x , 1.
f s (2) 5 24 . 0 f s (x) # 0 for x . 1. The graph of f(x) is concave
The curve lies above the tangent at (2, 21). down on x . 1.
1 ii. There is a point of inflection at x 5 1.
b. g(x) 5 x 2 2 at x 5 21
x
1
gr(x) 5 2x 1 2
x

iii. y For possible points of inflection, solve f s (x) 5 0:
12x 2 1 24x 5 0
y = f''(x) 12x(x 1 2) 5 0
x x 5 0 or x 5 22.
–1 0 1 2 3
Interval x , 22 x 5 22 22 , x , 0 x50 x.0
f 0 (x) .0 50 ,0 50 .0
y Graph Concave Point of Concave Point of Concave
4 y = f(x) of f(x) Up Inflection Down Inflection Up
3
The points of inflection are (22, 216) and (0, 0).
2
ii. If x 5 0, y 5 0.
1 For critical points, we solve fr(x) 5 0:
x
–2 –1 0 1 2 4x 3 1 12x 2 5 0
–1 4x 2 (x 1 3) 5 0
x 5 0 and x 5 23.
For the graph on the right: i. f s (x) . 0 for x , 0 or
Interval x , 23 x 5 23 23 , x , 0 x 5 0 x.0
x.2
The graph of f(x) is concave up on x , 0 or x . 2. f 9(x) ,0 50 .0 50 .0
The graph of f(x) is concave down on 0 , x , 2. Graph Decreasing Local Increasing Increasing
ii. There are points of inflection at x 5 0 and x 5 2. of f(x) Min
iii. y
If y 5 0, x 4 1 4x 3 5 0
y = f''(x) x 3 (x 1 4) 5 0
x 5 0 or x 5 24
x
The x-intercepts are 0 and 24.
–1 0 1 2 3
y
20
y 15
4 10
5
y = f(x) x
2
–4 –2 0 2
–5
x
0 –10
–2 2 4
–15
–2 –20
–25
6. For any function y 5 f(x), find the critical points,
i.e., the values of x such that fr(x) 5 0 or fr(x) does 4w 2 2 3
not exist. Evaluate f s (x) for each critical value. b. d. g(w) 5
w3
If the value of the second derivative at a critical 4 3
point is positive, the point is a local minimum. If 5 2 3, w 2 0
3 w
the value of the second derivative at a critical point 4 9
is negative, the point is a local maximum. i. gr(w) 5 2 2 1 4
w w
7. Step 4: Use the first derivative test or the second 9 2 4w 2
derivative test to determine the type of critical 5
w4
points that may be present.
8 36
8. a. f(x) 5 x 4 1 4x 3 gs (w) 5 3 2 3
i. fr(x) 5 4x 3 1 12x 2 w w
f s (x) 5 12x 2 1 24x 8w 2 2 36
5
w5

For possible points of inflection, we solve 9. The graph is increasing when x , 2 and when
gs (w) 5 0: 2 , x , 5.
8w 2 2 36 5 0, since w 5 2 0 The graph is decreasing when x . 5.
9 The graph has a local maximum at x 5 5.
w2 5
2 The graph has a horizontal tangent line at x 5 2.
3 The graph is concave down when x , 2 and when
w56
"2
. 4 , x , 7.
The graph is concave up when 2 , x , 4 and when
3 ,w ,
3 3 2 3 3 x . 7.
!2
, 3 w5
!2 !2 !2 !2
Interval w,2 w52 w.
!2
0 ,
w ,0 The graph has points of inflection at x 5 2, x 5 4,
g9(w) ,0 50 .0 ,0 0 .0 and x 5 7.
Graph Concave Point of Concave Concave Point of Concave The y-intercept of the graph is 24.
of g(w) Down Inflection Up Down Inflection Up
4 y
The points of inflection are (2 !2
3
, 2 8 !2
9 ) and
2
x
( 3
2 8 !2 ). –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
!2 , 9 –2
ii. There is no y-intercept. –4
3
The x-intercept is 6 !2.
For critical values, we solve gr(w) 5 0: 10. f(x) 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 c
9 2 4w 2 5 0 since w 4 2 0 f r(x) 5 3ax 2 1 2bx
3 f s (x) 5 6ax 1 2b
w56 . Since (2, 11) is a relative extremum,
2
f(2) 5 12a 1 4b 5 0.
3 ,0,
Interval w,2
3
w52
3 2 , 3 w5
3
w.
3 Since (1, 5) is an inflection point,
2 w,
2 2
w ,0 2
2 2 f s (1) 5 6a 1 2b 5 0.
g9(w) ,0 50 .0 .0 0 ,0 Since the points are on the graph, a 1 b 1 c 5 5 and
Graph Decreasing Local
Local
Decreasing
8a 1 4b 1 c 5 11
of g(w) Down Min Max 7a 1 3b 5 6
4w 2 2 3 4w 2 2 3 9a 1 3b 5 0
lim2 5 `, lim 5 2` 2a 5 26
wS0 w3 wS0 1 w3
a 5 23
lim a 2 3 b 5 0, lim a 2 3 b 5 0
4 3 4 3 b59
wS2` w w wS` w w c 5 21.
Thus, y 5 0 is a horizontal asymptote and x 5 0 is Thus, f(x) 5 23x 3 1 9x 2 2 1.
a vertical asymptote. y (2, 11)
y 10
4 8
3 6
(1, 5)
2 4
1 2
x x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–1 –2
–2
1
–3 11. f(x) 5 (x 1 1)2 1 bx 21
–4 1 1
fr(x) 5 (x 1 1)2 2 bx 22
2
1 3
f s (x) 5 2 (x 1 1)2 1 2bx 23
4

Since the graph of y 5 f(x) has a point of inflection When x 5 0, y 5 0.
at x 5 3: x(x 2 2 2x 1 4) x3 (x 2 1)2 1 34
1 3 2b Also, y 5 x 24
2 5 x2 2 4
.
2 (4)2 1 50
4 27 Since (x 2 1)2 1 3 . 0, the only x-intercept
1 2b is x 5 0.
2 1 50 8x 2 8
32 27 Since lim x 2 2 4 5 0, the curve approaches the
27 xS`
b5 . value x 2 2 as x S `. This suggests that the line
64
12. f(x) 5 ax 4 1 bx 3 y 5 x 2 2 is an oblique asymptote. It is verified by
fr(x) 5 4ax 3 1 3bx 2 the limit lim 3x 2 2 2 f(x)4 5 0. Similarly, the
xS`
f s (x) 5 12ax 2 1 6bx curve approaches y 5 x 2 2 as x S 2 `.
For possible points of inflection, we solve dy 8(x 2 2 4) 2 8(x 2 1)(2x)
f s (x) 5 0: 511
dx (x2 2 4)2
12ax 2 1 6bx 5 0 2
8(x 2 2x 1 4)
6x(2ax 1 b) 5 0 512
(x 2 2 4)2
b
x 5 0 or x 5 2 . dy
We solve dx 5 0 to find critical values:
2a
The graph of y 5 f s (x) is a parabola with 8x 2 2 16x 1 32 5 x 4 2 8x 2 1 16
b x 4 2 16x 2 2 16 5 0
x-intercepts 0 and 2 2a.
x 2 5 8 1 4"5 ( 8 2 4"5 is
We know the values of f s (x) have opposite signs
inadmissible)
when passing through a root. Thus at x 5 0 and at
x 8 64.12.
b
x 5 2 , the concavity changes as the graph goes lim y 5 ` and lim y 5 2 `
2a xS` xS2`
through these points. Thus, f(x) has points of
b x, x5 24.12 22 , x 2,x x5 x.
inflection at x 5 0 and x 5 2 2a. To find the Interval
24.12 24.12 , x , 2 , 2 24.12 4.12 4.12
x-intercepts, we solve f(x) 5 0
x 3 (ax 1 b) 5 0 dy
.0 50 ,0 ,0 ,0 0 .0
dx
b
x 5 0 or x 5 2 . Graph Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Decreas- Local Increas-
a of y
The point midway between the x-intercepts has ing Max ing ing ing Min ing
b
x-coordinate 2 2a.
y
The points of inflection are (0, 0) and 8
4
(22ab , 216ab ).
3 x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
x 3 2 2x 2 1 4x 8x 2 8 –4
13. a. y 5 x2 2 4
5 x 2 2 1 x2 2 4 (by
–8
division of polynomials). The graph has discontinu-
–12
ities at x 5 62.
–16
lim ax 2 2 1 2 b 5 2`
8x 2 8
∂
xS222 x 24 b. Answers may vary. For example, there is a sec-
lim ax 2 2 1 2 b 5 2`
8x 2 8 tion of the graph that lies between the two sections
xS22 1 x 24 of the graph that approach the asymptote.
14. For the various values of n, f(x) 5 (x 2 c)n
lim ax 2 2 1 b 5 2`
8x 2 8
has the following properties:
∂
xS222 x2 2 4
lim 1 ax 2 2 1 2 b 5 2`
8x 2 8
xS22 x 24

n n51 n52 n53 n54 4. a. y 5 x 3 2 9x 2 1 15x 1 30
f99(x) 0 2 6(x 2 c) 12(x 2 c)2
dy
5 3x 2 2 18x 1 15
dy
3x 2 2 18x 1 15 5 0
Sketching, pp. 212–213 (x 2 1)(x 2 5) 5 0
x 5 1 or x 5 5.
(3, 21)
15
–2 0 2 4 6 8 10
f(x) S 1` as x S 1` .
dx
x 2 1 4x 1 3 5 0 212x(x 2 3) 5 0
(x 1 3)(x 1 1) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 3.
dx 2
x 2 2 6x 1 12 y
6 6 "(26)2 2 4(1)(12) 60 (3, 57)
x5
2(1) 45
6 6 "212
5 30
2 ( 3 , 30)
2
x 2 2 6x 1 9 5 0
(x 2 3)2 5 0

n n51 n52 n53 n54 4. a. y 5 x 3 2 9x 2 1 15x 1 30
f99(x) 0 2 6(x 2 c) 12(x 2 c)2
dy
5 3x 2 2 18x 1 15
dy
3x 2 2 18x 1 15 5 0
Sketching, pp. 212–213 (x 2 1)(x 2 5) 5 0
x 5 1 or x 5 5.
(3, 21)
15
–2 0 2 4 6 8 10
f(x) S 1` as x S 1` .
dx
x 2 1 4x 1 3 5 0 212x(x 2 3) 5 0
(x 1 3)(x 1 1) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 3.
dx 2
x 2 2 6x 1 12 y
6 6 "(26)2 2 4(1)(12) 60 (3, 57)
x5
2(1) 45
6 6 "212
5 30
2 ( 3 , 30)
2
x 2 2 6x 1 9 5 0
(x 2 3)2 5 0

1 The critical values are x 5 22, 2, 3.
c. y 5 3 1
(x 1 2)2 f s (x) 5 12x 2 2 24x 2 16
Since f s (22) 5 80 . 0, (22, 280) is a local
1 minimum.
We observe that y 5 3 1 (x 1 2)2 is just a
Since f s (2) 5 216 , 0, (2, 48) is a local maximum.
1 Since f s (3) 5 20 . 0, (3, 45) is a local minimum.
translation of y 5 x 2. The graph has x-intercepts 0 and 23.2
1 The points of inflection can be found by solving
The graph of y 5 x 2 is
1 f s (x) 5 0:
The reference point (0, 0) for y 5 x 2 becomes the 3x 2 2 6x 2 4 5 0
1 6 6 "84
point (22, 3) for y 5 3 1 (x 1 2)2. The vertical x5
6
asymptote is x 5 22, and the horizontal asymptote 1 5
is y 5 3. x 8 2 or .
y 2 2
3 y (2, 48)
2 40 (3, 45)
1
x 20
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–1
–2 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–20
–3
–40
dy 2
5 2 (x 1 2)3, hence there are no critical points. –60
dx
d 2y 6
5 (x 1 2)4 . 0, hence the graph is always –80
dx 2 (–2, –80)
concave up.
y 2x
e. y 5
8 2
x 2 25
There are discontinuities at x 5 25 and x 5 5.
lim2 a 2 b 5 2 ` and lim1 a 2 b5`
4 2x 2x
xS5 x 2 25 S25 x 2 25
x
lim2 a 2 b 5 2 ` and lim1 a 2 b5`
2x 2x
–4 –2 0 2 4 xS5 x 2 25 S25 x 2 25
–4 x 5 25 and x 5 5 are vertical asymptotes.
dy 2(x 2 2 25) 2 2x(2x) 2x 2 1 50
5 5 2 (x 2 2 25)2 , 0 for
dx (x 2 2 25)2
–8
all x in the domain. The graph is decreasing
throughout the domain.
d. f(x) 5 x 4 2 4x 3 2 8x 2 1 48x
We know the general shape of a fourth degree poly- 2
lim a 2 b 5 lim ° 25 ¢
2x x
nomial with leading coefficient positive. The local
y 5 0 is a
∂
xS` x 2 25
extrema will help refine the graph. xS`
1 2 x2
50 horizontal
f r(x) 5 4x 3 2 12x 2 2 16x 1 48 2 asymptote.
lim ° 25 ¢ 5 0
For critical values, we solve fr(x) 5 0 x
x 3 2 3x 2 2 4x 1 12 5 0. xS2`
1 2 x2
Since f r(2) 5 0, x 2 2 is a factor of fr(x).
The equation factors are
(x 2 2)(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 5 0.

d 2y 4x(x 2 2 25)2 2 (2x 2 1 50)(2)(x2 2 25)(2x) 1
Similarly, lim x 2 2 4x 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal
5 2
dx 2 (x 2 2 25)4 xS`
4x 3 1 300x 4x(x 2 1 75) Since y 5 0 and x 5 0 are both asymptotes of the
5 5
(x 2 2 25)3 (x 2 2 25)3 function, it has no x- or y- intercepts.
There is a possible point of inflection at x 5 0. The derivative is
x , 25 25 , x , 0 x50 0,x,5 x.5
(x 2 2 4x) 2 (1)(2x 2 4)
Interval fr(x) 5
2
(x 2 2 4x)2
dy
,0 .0 50 ,0 .0 4 2 2x
dx2
5 2 , and the second derivative is
Graph Concave Point of Concave Point of Concave (x 2 4x)2
of y Down Up Inflection Down Up
(x 2 2 4x)2 (22) 2 (4 2 2x)(2(x 2 2 4x)(2x 2 4))
f s (x) 5
y (x 2 2 4x)4
3 22x 2 1 8x 1 8x 2 2 32x 1 32
2 5
(x 2 2 4x)3
1
x 6x 2 2 24x 1 32
5
–12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 (x 2 2 4x)3
–1
Letting f r(x) 5 0 shows that x 5 2 is a critical
–2
point of the function. The inflection points can be
–3
found by letting f s (x) 5 0, so
2(3x 2 2 12x 1 16) 5 0
12 6 "(212)2 2 4(3)(16)
f. This function is discontinuous when
x 2 2 4x 5 0 x5
x(x 2 4) 5 0 2(3)
x 5 0 or x 5 4. The numerator is non-zero at these 12 6 "248
5
points, so the function has vertical asymptotes at 6
both of them. The behaviour of the function near This equation has no real solutions, so the graph of
these asymptotes is: f has no inflection points.
x-values 1 x x24 f(x
x) lim f(x)
xSc
x x*0 0*x*2 x50 2*x*4 x+4
x S 02 .0 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
fr(x) 1 1 0 2 2
xS0 1
.0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
Graph Inc. Inc. Local Max Dec. Dec.
x S 42 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
fs (x) 1 2 2 2 1
xS4 1
.0 .0 .0 .0 1`
Concavity Up Down Down Down Up
y
1 1 8
lim 2 5 lim
xS` x 2 4x 6
x 124
xS` 2
( )
x
4
lim (1)
xS` 2
5 x
lim x 2 1 2 4
( (
xS` x)) –4 –2 0
–2
2 4 6 8 10 12
lim (1) –4
xS`
5 –6
lim (x ) 3 lim 1 2 4
2
( )
xS` xS` x –8
1 1
5 lim 2 3
xS` x 110
50

6x 2 2 2 The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.
g. y 5 y
x3
8
6 2
5 2 3 4
x x x
There is a discontinuity at x 5 0. –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
6x 2 2 2 6x 2 2 2 –4
lim2 5 ` and lim 5 2` –8
xS0 x3 xS0 1 x3
The y-axis is a vertical asymptote. There is no –12
y-intercept. The x-intercept is a vertical asymptote. x13
1
There is no y-intercept. The x-intercept is 6 !3 . h. y 5
x2 2 4
dy 6 6 26x 2 1 6 There are discontinuities at x 5 22 and at x 5 2.
52 21 45
lim a 2 b5` and lim2 a 2 b 5 2`
x13 x13
dx x x x4
dy xS222 x 2 4 xS2 x 24
dx
50 when 6x 2 5 6
lim a b 5 2 ` and lim2 a 2 b5`
x13 x13
x 5 61
xS22 x2 2 4 xS2 x 24
Interval x , 21 x 5 21 21 , x , 0 0 , x , 1 x 5 1 x.1 There are vertical asymptotes at x 5 22 and x 5 2.
dy
,0 50 .0 .0 50 ,0 When x 5 0, y 5 2 34. The x-intercept is 23.
dx
dy (1)(x 2 2 4) 2 (x 1 3)(2x)
Graph of Decreas- Local
Local Decreas- 5
y 5 f(x) ing Min Max ing dx (x 2 2 4)2
2x 2 2 6x 2 4
There is a local minimum at (21, 24) and a local 5
(x 2 2 4)2
maximum at (1, 4). dy
d 2y 12 24 12x 2 2 24 For critical values, we solve dx 5 0:
5 5 5 x 2 1 6x 1 4 5 0
dx 2 x3 x3 x3
d 2y
For possible points of inflection, we solve dx 2 5 0 6 6 "36 2 16
x52
(x 3 2 0): 2
12x 2 5 24 5 23 6 "5
8 25.2 or 20.8.
x 5 6"2.
x, x 5 25.2 , 22 , x 5 20.8 ,
x, x, 2 !2 , 0, Interval x.2
x 5 !2 x . !2
2 !2 2 !2 x , !2
Interval 25.2 25.2 x , 22 x , 20.8 20.8 x , 2
x,0
dy
d2y ,0 50 .0 .0 50 ,0 ,0
,0 50 .0 ,0 50 .0 dx
dx2
Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas-
Graph of Concave Point of Concave Concave Point of Convave of y ing Min ing ing Max ing ing
y 5 f(x) Down Inflection Up Down Inflection Up
1 3
There are points of inflection at (2"2, 2 !2
5
) 1 x2
lim y 5 lim ° x
4 ¢ 50
and ("2, 5
!2 ). xS` xS`
12 2
x
6 2 1 3
2 3 1 x2
lim ° 4 ¢ 50
6x 2 2 2 x
lim 3 5 lim x x 5 0
xS` x xS` 1 xS`
1 2 x2
6 2
x
2 x3
lim 50
x52` x

The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. d 2y
For x , 1, dx 2 , 0 and y is always concave down.
y
2.0 d 2y
For, x . 1, dx 2 . 0 and y is always concave up.
1.0 The line y 5 x 2 2 is an oblique asymptote.

y
8
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 6
(3, 3)
4
–1.0
2
x
–2.0 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
–4
x 2 2 3x 1 6 (–1, –5)
i. y 5 –6
x21 –8
4
5x221
x21 j. This function is continuous everywhere, so it has
x22 no vertical asymptotes. It also has no horizontal
x 2 1qx2 2 3x 1 6 asymptote, because
2 2
x2 2 x lim (x 2 4)3 5 ` and lim (x 2 4)3 5 `.
xS` xS2`
22x 1 6
The x-intercept of the function is found by letting
22x 1 2 f(x) 5 0, which gives
4 2
(x 2 4)3 5 0
There is a discontinuity at x 5 1.
x54
lim2 a b 5 2`
x 2 2 3x 1 6
The y-intercept is found by letting x 5 0, which
xS1 x21 2
gives f(0) 5 (0 2 4)3 8 2.5.
lim1 a b5`
x 2 2 3x 1 6
The derivative of the function is
xS1 x21 1
Thus, x 5 1 is a vertical asymptote. f r(x) 5 ( 23) (x 2 4)23 and the second derivative is
4
The y-intercept is 26. f s (x) 5 ( 2 29) (x 2 4)23. Neither of these derivatives
There are no x-intercepts (x 2 2 3x 1 6 . 0 for all has a zero, but each is undefined for x 5 4, so it is a
x in the domain). critical value and a possible point of inflection.
dy 4
512 x,4 x54 x.4
dx (x 2 1)2 x
dy 2
For critical values, we solve 5 0: f9(x) Undefined 1
dx
4 Dec. Local Min Inc.
12 50 Graph
(x 2 1)2
f99(x) 2 Undefined 2
(x 2 1)2 5 4
x 2 1 5 62 Concavity Down Undefined Down
x 5 21 or x 5 3.
21 , 1, y
x,1 x,3 5
dy 4
.0 50 ,0 ,0 50 .0
dx
3
Graph Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Local Increas-
of y ing Max ing ing Min ing
2
1
x
d 2y 8
5 0 2 4 6 8 10
d 2x (x 2 1)3 –1

5. a. j.
b. 6. y 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d
Since (0, 0) is on the curve d 5 0:
dy
5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c
dx
dy
At x 5 2, 5 0.
dx
c. Thus, 12a 1 4b 1 c 5 0.
Since (2, 4) is on the curve, 8a 1 4b 1 2c 5 4
or 4a 1 2b 1 c 5 2.
d 2y
5 6ax 1 2b
dx 2
d. d 2y
Since (0, 0) is a point of inflection, dx 2 5 0 when
x 5 0.
Thus, 2b 5 0
b 5 0.
Solving for a and c:
e. 12a 1 c 5 0
4a 1 c 5 2
8a 5 22
1
a52
4
c 5 3.
f. 1
The cubic polynomial is y 5 2 x 3 1 3x.
4
The y-intercept is 0. The x-intercepts are found by
setting y 5 0:
1
2 x(x 2 2 12) 5 0
g. 4
x 5 0, or x 5 62"3.
Let y 5 f(x). Since f(2x) 5 14 x 3 2 3x 5 2f(x),
f(x) is an odd function. The graph of y 5 f(x) is
symmetric when reflected in the origin.
y
h. 4
3
2
1
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
i. –1
–2
–3
–4

7. a. Answers may vary. For example: k 1
2x
lim a 2 2 b 5 lim ° k2 ¢50
y k2x x2
8 xS` k 1 x xS`
1 1
x2
6
k 1
4 2 2
2 lim ° 2 x ¢ 5 0
x
xS` k
x 11
x2
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 Hence, the x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.
–2
–4 y
3
–6
2
–8
1
x
b. Answers may vary. For example: –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–1
y
8 –2
6 –3
4 1 2
2 9. g(x) 5 x3 (x 1 3)3
x There are no discontinuities.
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
gr(x) 5 x3 (x 1 3)3 1 x3 a b (x 1 3)3 (1)
1 2 2
–2
2 1 1
–4 3 3
x 1 3 1 2x 3(x 1 1)
–6 5 32 1 5 2 1
–8
3x (x 1 3)3 3x3 (x 1 3)3
x11
5 32 1
3x (x 1 3)3
k2x gr(x) 5 0 when x 5 21.
8. f(x) 5
k2 1 x2 gr(x) doesn’t exist when x 5 0 or x 5 23.
There are no discontinuities.
1 Interval x , 23 x 5 23
23 , x 21 , x
The y-intercept is k and the x-intercept is k. x 5 21 x50 x,0
, 21 ,0
(21)(k 2 1 x 2 ) 2 (k 2 x)(2x) Does Does
fr(x) 5 g2 (x) .0 not ,0 50 .0 not .0
(k 2 1 x 2 )2
Exist Exist
x 2 2 2kx 2 k 2
5 Graph Increas- Local Decreas- Local Increas- Increas-
(k 2 1 x 2 )2 of g(x) ing Max ing Min ing ing
For critical points, we solve f r(x) 5 0:
x 2 2 2kx 2 k 2 5 0 There is a local maximum at (23, 0) and a local
x 2 2 2kx 2 k 2 5 2k 2 minimum at (21, 21.6). The second derivative is
(x 2 k)2 5 2k 2 algebraically complicated to find.
x 2 k 5 6"2k 23 ,
x 5 (1 1 "2 )k or x 5 (1 2 "2 )k.

x,0
Does Not Does Not
g0 (x) .0 .0 .0
Exist Exist
x, x5 20.41k , x5 x.
Interval
20.41k 0.41k x , 2.41k 2.41k 2.41k Graph Concave Concave Point of Concave
Cusp
g0 (x) Down Up Inflection Down
f(x) .0 ,0 ,0 50 .0
Graph Local Local
Increasing Decreasing Increasing
of f(x) Max Min

y b. g(t) 5 "t 2 1 4t 2 "t 2 1 t
6
4 ("t 2 1 4t 2 "t 2 1 t)("t 2 1 4t 1 "t 2 1 t)
5
2 "t2 1 4t 1 "t2 1 t
x 3t
–6 –4 –2 0 5
"t 1 4t 1 "t 2 1 t
2 4 6
–2 2
–4 3t
(1, 1.6) 5
0t0 1 1 1 0t0 1 1
–6 4 1
Ä t Ä t
!x 1 1
10. a. f(x) 5 2 xS`

5 xS2`
0x0 1 1 2
Ä x
x 11. y 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d
xS` xS` 1 5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c
Ä
x 11 2 dx
x
5 6ax 1 2b 5 6aax 1 b
d 2y b
1
5 lim dx 2 3a
xS` 1 d 2y
Ä
x
b
51 x52 .
, since 0 x 0 5 2x
x
lim f(x) 5 lim b b
Ä
2x 1 1 2
x b
for x , 0
5 3aa2 b 1 2ba2 b 1 c
x b dy b 2 b
5 lim At x 5 ,
xS2` 1 3a dx 3a 3a
Ä
2 11 2 b2
x 5c2 .
3a
5 21
y 1. a. i. x , 1
2 ii. x . 1
iii. (1, 20)
1 b. i. x , 23, 23 , x , 1, x . 6.5
ii. 1 , x , 3, 3 , x , 6.5
x iii. (1, 21), (6.5, 21)
–1
–2

y b. g(t) 5 "t 2 1 4t 2 "t 2 1 t
6
4 ("t 2 1 4t 2 "t 2 1 t)("t 2 1 4t 1 "t 2 1 t)
5
2 "t2 1 4t 1 "t2 1 t
x 3t
–6 –4 –2 0 5
"t 1 4t 1 "t 2 1 t
2 4 6
–2 2
–4 3t
(1, 1.6) 5
0t0 1 1 1 0t0 1 1
–6 4 1
Ä t Ä t
!x 1 1
10. a. f(x) 5 2 xS`

5 xS2`
0x0 1 1 2
Ä x
x 11. y 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d
xS` xS` 1 5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c
Ä
x 11 2 dx
x
5 6ax 1 2b 5 6aax 1 b
d 2y b
1
5 lim dx 2 3a
xS` 1 d 2y
Ä
x
b
51 x52 .
, since 0 x 0 5 2x
x
lim f(x) 5 lim b b
Ä
2x 1 1 2
x b
for x , 0
5 3aa2 b 1 2ba2 b 1 c
x b dy b 2 b
5 lim At x 5 ,
xS2` 1 3a dx 3a 3a
Ä
2 11 2 b2
x 5c2 .
3a
5 21
y 1. a. i. x , 1
2 ii. x . 1
iii. (1, 20)
1 b. i. x , 23, 23 , x , 1, x . 6.5
ii. 1 , x , 3, 3 , x , 6.5
x iii. (1, 21), (6.5, 21)
–1
–2

y (7 2 x)(1 1 x)
5
4 (x 2 1 7)2
2
Since x 1 7 . 0 for all x, the only critical values
2 occur when hr(x) 5 0. The critical values are x 5 7
and x 5 21.
x
0 Interval x , 21 x 5 21 21 , x , 7 x57 x.7
–4 –2 2 4
h9(x) ,0 50 .0 50 ,0
–2 Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Local Decreas-
of h(t) ing Min ing Max ing
–4
There is a local minimum at (21, 2 12 ) and a local
maximum at (7, 141 ). At both points, the tangents are
3. a. f(x) 5 22x 3 1 9x 2 1 20
parallel to the x-axis.
f r(x) 5 26x 2 1 18x 1
d) g(x) 5 (x 2 1)3
For critical values, we solve:
1 22
f r(x) 5 0 gr(x) 5 (x 2 1) 3
3
26x(x 2 3) 5 0
x 5 0 or x 5 3.
Let gr(x) 5 0:
1 22
f s (x) 5 212x 1 18 (x 2 1) 3 5 0
Since f s (0) 5 18 . 0, (0, 20) is a local minimum 3
point. The tangent to the graph of f(x) is horizontal There are no solutions, but gr(x) is undefined for
at (0, 20). Since f s (3) 5 218 , 0, (3, 47) is a local x 5 1, so the point (1, 0) is a critical point.
maximum point. The tangent to the graph of f(x) is
x x,1 1 x.1
horizontal at (3, 47).
b. f(x) 5 x 4 2 8x 3 1 18x 2 1 6 f 9(x) 1 Undefined 1
f(x) 5 4x 3 2 24x 2 1 36x Graph Inc. Inc.
f(x) 5 4x(x 2 2 6x 1 9)
f(x) 5 4x(x 2 3)2 (1, 0) is neither a local maximum nor a local
Let f(x) 5 0: minimum.
4x(x 2 3)2 5 0 The tangent is not parallel to the x-axis because it is
x 5 0 or x 5 3 not defined for x 5 1.
The critical points are (0, 6) and (3, 33). 4. a. a , x , b, x . e
b. b , x , c
x x,0 0 0,x,3 3 x.3 c. x , a, d , x , e
dy
d. c , x , d
2 0 1 0 1
dx 2x
5. a. y 5
x23
Local
Graph Dec
Min
Inc Inc There is a discontinuity at x 5 3.
lim2 a b 5 2 ` and lim1 a b5`
2x 2x
Local minimum at (0, 6) xS3 x23 xS3 x23
(3, 33) is neither a local maximum nor a local Therefore, x 5 3 is a vertical asymptote.
minimum. x25
b. g(x) 5
The tangent is parallel to the x-axis at both points x15
because the derivative is defined at both points. There is a discontinuity at x 5 25.
x23
lim a b 5 ` and lim 1 a b 5 2`
x25 x25
c. h(x) 5 2
x 17 xS252 x 1 5 xS25 x15
(1)(x 2 1 7) 2 (x 2 3)(2x) Therefore, x 5 25 is a vertical asymptote.
h(x) 5
(x 2 1 7)2 x 2 2 2x 2 15
c. f(x) 5
7 1 6x 2 x 2 x13
5
(x 2 1 7)2

(x 1 3)(x 2 5) 8. a. i. Concave up: 21 , x , 3
5
x13 Concave down: x , 21, 3 , x
5 x 2 5, x 2 23 ii. Points of inflection at x 5 21 and x 5 3
There is a discontinuity at x 5 23. iii. y
lim 1 f(x) 5 28 and lim 2 f(x) 5 28 80
xS23 xS23
There is a hole in the graph of y 5 f(x) at 40
(23, 28).
5 x
d. g(x) 5 2 0
x 2 x 2 20 –4 4 8 12
5
g(x) 5 –40
(x 2 5)(x 1 4)
To find vertical asymptotes, set the denominator
–80
equal to 0:
(x 2 5)(x 1 4) 5 0
x 5 24 or x 5 5 b. i. Concave up: 24.5 , x , 1, 5 , x
Vertical asymptotes at x 5 24 and x 5 5 Concave down: x , 24.5, 1 , x , 5
5 ii. Points of inflection at x 5 24.5, x 5 1, and x 5 5
lim 2 5` iii. y
xS24 (x 2 5)(x 1 4)
10
5
lim 1 5 2`
xS24 (x 2 5)(x 1 4)
5
5
lim2 5 2`
xS5 (x 2 5)(x 1 4) x
5 –10 –5 0 5 10
lim1 5`
xS5 (x 2 5)(x 1 4)
–5
6. y 5 x 3 1 5
yr 5 3x 2
ys 5 6x –10
Let ys 5 0
6x 5 0 ax 1 b
9. a. g(x) 5
x50 (x 2 1)(x 2 4)
The point of inflection is (0, 5) ax 1 b
5 2
Since the derivative is 0 at x 5 0, the tangent line is x 2 5x 1 4
parallel to the x-axis at that point. Because the a(x 2 2 5x 1 4) 2 (ax 1 b)(2x 2 5)
gr(x) 5
derivative is always positive, the function is always (x 2 2 5x 1 4)2
increasing and therefore must cross the tangent line Since the tangent at (2, 21) has slope 0, gr(2) 5 0.
instead of just touching it. 22a 1 2a 1 b
Hence, 5 0 and b 5 0.
7. (–2, 10) y 4
10 Since (2, 21) is on the graph of g(x):
2a 1 b
8 21 5
6 22
(3, 4) 2a 1 0 5 2
4
a 5 1.
2 x
x Therefore g(x) 5 (x 2 1)(x 2 4).
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–2
–4
–6 (1, –6)

b. There are discontinuities at x 5 1 and x 5 4. y
lim2 g(x) 5 ` and lim1 g(x) 5 2 ` 8
xS1 xS1
lim2 g(x) 5 2 ` and lim1 g(x) 5 `
xS4 xS4 4
x 5 1 and x 5 4 are vertical asymptotes.
The y-intercept is 0. x
4 2 x2 –4 –2 0 2 4
gr(x) 5 2
(x 2 5x 1 4)2
–4
gr(x) 5 0 when x 5 62.
Interval x , 22 x 5 22 22 , 1, x52 2, x.4 (–2, –9) –8 (2, –9)
x,1 x,2 x,4
g9(x) ,0 0 .0 .0 0 ,0 ,0
Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- 3x 2 1
ing Min ing ing Max ing ing b. f(x) 5
of g(x)
x11
There is a local minimum at (22, 2 19) and a local 4
532
maximum at (2, 21). x11
1
y From experience, we know the graph of y 5 2 x is
3 y
2
1 4
x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 2
–1
–2
x
–3 0
–4 –2 2 4
10. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2 1 7 –2
This is a fourth degree polynomial and is continuous
for all x. The y-intercept is 7. –4
dy
5 4x 3 2 16x
dx
The graph of the given function is just a
5 4x(x 2 2)(x 1 2) 1
The critical values are x 5 0, 22 and 2. transformation of the graph of y 5 2 x. The vertical
Interval x , 22 x 5 22 22 , x50 0,x x52 x.2
asymptote is x 5 21 and the horizontal asymptote
x,0 ,2 is y 5 3. The y-intercept is 21 and there is an
dy
dx
,0 50 .0 50 ,0 50 .0 x-intercept at 13.
Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Local Decreas- Local Increas-
of y ing Min ing Max ing Min ing x2 1 1
c. g(x) 5
4x 2 2 9
There are local minima at (22, 29) and at (2, 29), x2 1 1
5
and a local maximum at (0, 7). (2x 2 3)(2x 1 3)
The function is discontinuous at x 5 2 32 and at
x 5 32.
lim3 2g(x) 5 `
xS2 2

lim g(x) 5 2 `
xS2 32 1 x x,1 1 1,x,4 4 x.4
lim3 2g(x) 5 2 `
xS 2 dy
2 0 1 0 1
lim3 1 g(x) 5 ` dx
xS2 2
Hence, x 5 2 32 and x 5 32 are vertical asymptotes. Graph Dec

Local
Inc Inc
Min
The y-intercept is 2 19.
2x(4x 2 2 9) 2 (x 2 1 1)(8x) 226x Local minimum at (1, 227)
gr(x) 5 5
(4x 2 2 9)2 (4x 2 2 9)2 (4, 0) is not a local extremum
gr(x) 5 0 when x 5 0. ys 5 4(2(x 2 4)(x 2 1) 1 (x 2 4)2 )
bb
x24
3 3 3 3 ys 5 4a2(x 2 4)ax 2 1 1
Interval x,2 2 , x ,0 x50 0,x, x. 2
2 2 2 2
g9(x) .0 .0 50 ,0 ,0 3
ys 5 8(x 2 4)a x 2 3b
Graph 2
Increasing Increasing Local Max Decreasing Decreasing
g(x)
Let ys 5 0:
3
There is a local maximum at Q 0, 2 19 R . 8(x 2 4)a x 2 3b 5 0
2
1
1 1 x2 1 x 5 4 or x 5 2
lim g(x) 5 lim lim g(x) 5 14
9 5 4 and xS` The points of inflection are (2, 216) and (4, 0).
xS` xS`
4 2 x2
x x,2 2 2,x,4 4 x.4
Hence, y 5 14 is a horizontal asymptote.
y dy
1 0 2 0 1
4 dx
point of point of
Graph c. up c. down c. up
2 inflection inflection
x The graph has a local minimum at (1, 227) and

–4 –2 0 2 4 points of inflection at (2, 216) and (4, 0), with
x-intercepts of 0 and 4 and a y-intercept of 0.
–2
y
40
–4
20
3
d) y 5 x(x 2 4)
x
This is a polynomial function, so there are no dis- 0
continuities and no asymptotes. The domain is –2 2 4 6
5xPR6. –20
x-intercepts at x 5 0 and x 5 4
y-intercepts at y 5 0 –40
yr 5 (x 2 4)3 1 3x(x 2 4)2
yr 5 (x 2 4)2 (x 2 4 1 3x)
yr 5 4(x 2 4)2 (x 2 1) x
e. h(x) 5
Let yr 5 0: x 2 2 4x 1 4
4(x 2 4)2 (x 2 1) 5 0 x
5 5 x(x 2 2)22
x 5 4 or x 5 1 (x 2 2)2
The critical numbers are (1, 227) and (4, 0). There is a discontinuity at x 5 2
lim2 h(x) 5 ` 5 lim1 h(x)
xS2 xS2

Thus, x 5 2 is a vertical asymptote. The y-intercept Therefore, x 5 3 is a vertical asymptote.
is 0. The y-intercept is 2 23.
hr(x) 5 (x 2 2)22 1 x(22)(x 2 2)23 (1) The x-intercepts are t 5 1 and t 5 2.
x 2 2 2 2x 2
5 f r(t) 5 1 2
(x 2 2)3 (t 2 3)2
22 2 x 2
5 f r(t) 5 0 when 1 2 50
(x 2 2)3 (t 2 3)2
hr(x) 5 0 when x 5 22. (t 2 3)2 5 2
t 2 3 5 6"2
t 5 3 6 "2.
Interval x , 22 x 5 22 22 , x , 2 x.2
h9(x) ,0 50 .0 ,0
t* t5 3 2 "2 * 3*t* t5 t+
3 2 "2 3 2 "2 3 1 "2 3 1 "2 3 1 "2
Graph of Decreasing Local Min Increasing Decreasing Interval
t*3
h(x)
f9(t) .0 50 ,0 ,0 50 .0
There is a local minimum at Q 22, 2 18 R . Graph
of f(t)
Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Local Increas-
1
x (1.6, 0.2) is a local maximum and (4.4, 5.8) is a local
lim h(x) 5 lim 5 50
xS` 1 2 x4 1 x42
xS` minimum.
Similarly, lim h(x) 5 0 y
xS` 8
The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.
hs (x) 5 22(x 2 2)23 2 2(x 2 2)23 (4.4, 5.8)
1 6x(x 2 2)24 4
5 24(x 2 2)23 1 6x(x 2 2)24 (1.6, 0.3) x
2x 1 8 0
5 –4 4 8
(x 2 2)4
hs (x) 5 0 when x 5 24 –4
The second derivative changes signs on opposite
sides x 5 24, Hence (24, 2 19 ) is a point of 2x 1 4
11. a. f(x) 5
inflection. x2 2 k2
y 2(x 2 2 k 2 ) 2 (2x 1 4)(2x)
4
f r(x) 5
(x 2 2 k 2 )2
2x 1 8x 1 2k 2
2
52
2 (x 2 2 k 2 )2
x
For critical values, f r(x) 5 0 and x 2 6k:
0
x 2 1 4x 1 k 2 5 0
–4 –2 2 4 24 6 "16 2 4k 2
x5 .
–2 2
For real roots, 16 2 4k 2 $ 0
–4 22 # k # 2.
The conditions for critical points to exist are
t 2 2 3t 1 2 22 # k # 2 and x 2 6k.
f. f(t) 5 b. There are three different graphs that results for
t23
2 values of k chosen.
5t1
t23
Thus, f(t) 5 t is an oblique asymptote. There is a
discontinuity at t 5 3.
lim2 f(t) 5 2 ` and lim1 f(t) 5 `
tS3 tS3

k50
lim 3 y 2 f(x)4 5 lim cx 2 3 2 ax 2 3 1 bd
2
y xS` xS` 2x 2 1
4
5 lim c 2 d 50
2
xS` 2x 2 1
2
4x 3 2 x 2 2 15x 2 50
b. f(x) 5
x x 2 2 3x
–4 –2 0 2 4 18x 2 50
f(x) 5 4x 1 11 1 2
x 2 3x
–2
4x 1 11
x2 2 3xq4x3 2 x2 2 15x 2 50
–4
4x3 2 12x2
k52 11x2 2 15x
y 11x2 2 33x
4 18x 2 50
lim 3 y 2 f(x)4
xS`
2
5 lim c4x 1 11 2 a4x 1 11 1 bd
18x 2 50
x xS` x 2 2 3x
–4 –2 0 2 4 18 50
2 x2
5 lim £ x
3 §
–2 xS`
12x
–4 50
13. g(x) 5 (x 2 2 4)2
For all other values of k, the graph will be similar to g(x) 5 (x 2 2 4)(x 2 2 4)
that of 1(i) in Exercise 9.5. gr(x) 5 2x(x 2 2 4) 1 2x(x 2 2 4)
y gr(x) 5 4x(x 2 2 4)
4 gr(x) 5 4x(x 2 2)(x 1 2)
Set gr(x) 5 0
2 0 5 4x(x 2 2)(x 1 2)
x 5 22 or x 5 0 or x 5 2
x
–4 –2 0 2 4 x * 22 22 * x * 0 0* x * 2 x+2
4x 2 2 1 1
–2
x22 2 2 2 1
–4 x12 2 1 1 1
Sign of (2 )(2 )(2 ) (2 )(2 )(1) (1)(2 )(1) (1)(1)(1)
2x 2 2 7x 1 5
12. a. f(x) 5 g9(x)
52 51 52 51
2x 2 1 Behaviour
2 decreasing increasing decreasing increasing
of g(x)
f(x) 5 x 2 3 1
2x 2 1
3 2
The equation of the oblique asymptote is 14. f(x) 5 x 3 1 x 2 7x 1 5, 24 # x # 3
2
y 5 x 2 3.
fr(x) 5 3x 2 1 3x 2 7
x23
Set fr(x) 5 0
2x 2 1q2x2 2 7x 1 5
0 5 3x 2 1 3x 2 7
2x2 2 x 23 6 "(3)2 2 4(3)(27)
26x 1 5 x5
2(3)
26x 1 3
2
23 6 "93 x * 22 22 * x * 1 x+1
x5
6 2 2
12(x 2 1) 1
x 8 22.107 or x 8 1.107
fr(x) 5 3x 2 1 3x 2 7 x12 2 1 1
fr(x) 5 6x 1 3 Sign of
(2 )(2 ) 5 1 (2 )(1) 5 2 (1)(1) 5 1
When x 5 22.107, f9(x)
fr(22.107) 5 6(22.107) 1 3 Behaviour

fr(22.107) 5 29.642 of f(x)
Since f s (22.107) , 0, a local maximum occurs maximum at x 5 22 minimum at x 5 1

when x 5 22.107.
when x 5 1.107, when x 5 22,
fs (1.107) 5 6(1.107) 1 3 f(22) 5 4(22)3 1 6(22)2 2 24(22) 2 2
fs (1.107) 5 9.642 f(22) 5 232 1 24 1 48 2 2
Since fs (1.107) . 0, a local minimum occurs when f(22) 5 38
x 5 (1.107). when x 5 1,
when x 5 24, f(1) 5 4(1)3 1 6(1)2 2 24(1) 2 2
3 f(1) 5 4 1 6 2 24 2 2
f(24) 5 (24)3 1 (24)2 2 7(24) 1 5
2 f(1) 5 216
f(24) 5 264 1 24 1 28 1 5 Maximum: (22, 38) Minimum: (1, 216)
f(24) 5 27 fr(x) 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24
when x 5 22.107, fs (x) 5 24x 1 12
3 Set fs (x) 5 0
f(22.107) 5 (22.107)3 1 (22.107)2
2 0 5 24x 1 12
2 7(22.107) 1 5 x 5 20.5
f(22.107) 8 29.353 919 1 6.659 173 5
x * 20.5 x + 20.5
1 14.749 1 5
when x 5 1.107, f 0 (x) 5 24x 1 12 2 1
3
f(1.107) 5 (1.107)3 1 (1.107)2 2 7(1.107) 1 5 f(x) concave down concave up
2
f(1.107) 8 1.356 572 1 1.838 173 5 2 7.749 1 5 point of inflection at x 5 20.5
f(1.107) 8 0.446
when x 5 3, when x 5 20.5,
3 f(20.5) 5 4(20.5)3 1 6(20.5)2 2 24(20.5) 2 2
f(3) 5 (3)3 1 (3)2 2 7(3) 1 5 f(20.5) 5 20.5 1 1.5 1 12 2 2
2
f(20.5) 5 11
f(3) 5 27 1 13.5 2 21 1 5
Point of inflection: (20.5, 11)
f(3) 5 24.5
Local Maximum: (22.107, 17.054) y
Local Minimum: (1.107, 0.446) 200
Absolute Maximum: (3, 24.5) 160
Absolute Minimum: (24, 27) 120
15. f(x) 5 4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2 80
Evaluate y 5 4(0)3 1 6(0)2 2 24(0) 2 2 40
y 5 22 x
f(x) 5 4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2 –16–12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 16
–40
fr(x) 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24 –80
Set fr(x) 5 0
0 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24
0 5 12(x 2 1 x 2 2)
0 5 12(x 2 1)(x 1 2)
x 5 22 or x 5 1
16. a. p(x): oblique asymptote, because the highest So, y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote on the right.
degree of x in the numerator is exactly one degree (x 2 2 1)(2x 2 2) 2 (x 2 2 2x 2 8)(2x)
rr(x) 5
higher than the highest degree of x in the (x 2 2 1)2
denominator. 2x 2 2x 2 2x 1 2 2 (2x 3 2 4x 2 2 16x)
3 2
q(x): vertical asymptotes at x 5 21 and x 5 3; 5

(x 2 2 1)2
horizontal asymptote at y 5 0 2
2x 1 14x 1 2
r(x): vertical asymptotes at x 5 21 and x 5 1; 5
(x 2 2 1)2
horizontal asymptote at y 5 1 2(x 2 1 7x 1 1)
s(x): vertical asymptote at y 5 2. 5
(x 2 2 1)2
x 2 2 2x 2 8
b. r(x) 5 rr is defined for all values of x in the domain of r.
x2 2 1 rr(x) 5 0 for x 8 20.15 and x 8 26.85. rr(1) and
(x 2 4)(x 1 2) rr(21) do not exist.
5
(x 2 1)(x 1 1)
The domain is 5x 0 x 2 21, 1, xPR6. x * 26.85 x 5 26.85 26.85 * x * 21
x-intercepts: 22, 4; y-intercept: 8 x 2 1 7x 1 1 1 0 2

r has vertical asymptotes at x 5 21 and x 5 1.
r9(x) 1 0 2
r(21.001) 5 22496.75, so as x S 212,
r(x) S 2 ` x 5 21 21 * x * 20.15 x 5 20.15
r(20.999) 5 2503.25, so as x S 21 1 , r(x) S `
x 2 1 7x 1 1 2 2 0
r(0.999) 5 4502.25, so as x S 12, r(x) S `
r(1.001) 5 24497.75, so as x S 1 1 , r(x) S 2 ` r9(x) undefined 2 0
x2 2x 8
2 2 2 2 2
20.15 * x * 1 x51 x+1
2
x 2 2x 2 8 x x x
lim 2 5 lim 2 x 2 1 7x 1 1 1 1 1
xS2` x 21 xS2` x 1
2 2
x2 x r9(x) 1 undefined 1
2 8
12 2 2 r is increasing when x , 26.85, 20.15 , x , 1,
x x
5 lim and x . 1. r is decreasing when 26.85 , x , 21
xS2` 1 and 21 , x , 20.15. r has a maximum turning
12 2
x point at x 5 26.85 and a minimum turning point at
12020 x 5 20.15.
5
120 (x 2 2 1)2 (4x 1 14)
rs (x) 5
51 (x 2 2 1)4
So, y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote on the left. 2 (2x 2 1 14x 1 2)32(x 2 2 1)(2x)4
x2 2x 8 (x 2 2 1)4
2 2 2 2 2 2
x 2 2x 2 8 x x x (x 2 1)(4x 1 14) 2 4x(2x 2 1 14x 1 2)
2
lim 2 5 lim 2 5
xS` x 21 xS` x 1 (x 2 2 1)3
2 2
x2 x 4x 1 14x 2 4x 2 14 2 8x 3 2 56x 2 2 8x
3 2
5
2 8 (x 2 2 1)3
12 2 2 3 2
x x 24x 2 42x 2 12x 2 14
5 lim 5
xS` 1 (x 2 2 1)3
12 2
x 22(2x 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7)
3
5
12020 (x 2 2 1)3
5
120 rs is defined for all values of x in the domain of r.
51 rs (x) 5 0 for x 8 210.24. This is a possible point
of inflection. rs (1) and rs (21) do not exist.

x * 210.24 x 5 10.24
x(3x 2 ) 2 (x 3 1 8)(1)
fr(x) 5
x2
22(2x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) 1 0 3 3
3x 2 x 2 8
5
(x 2 2 1)3 1 1 x2
3
r 0 (x) 1 0 2x 2 8
5
x2
210.24 * x * 21 x 5 21
fr(x) is defined for all values of x in the domain of
22(2x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) 2 2 f. fr(x) 5 0 when x 5 1.59. fr(0) does not exist.
(x 2 2 1)3 1 0 x*0 x50 0 * x * 1.59
r 0 (x) 2 undefined 2x3 2 8 2 2 2
21 * x * 1 x51 x2 1 0 1
22(2x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) 2 2 f '(x) 2 undefined 2
(x 2 2 1)3 2 0 x 5 1.59 x + 1.59
r 0 (x) 1 undefined 2x3 2 8 0 1
x+1 x2 1 1
22(2x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) 2 f9(x) 0 1
(x 2 2 1)3 1 f is increasing for x . 1.59 and decreasing for

r 0 (x) 2
x , 0 and 0 , x , 1.59. f has a minimum turning
point at x 5 1.59.
The graph is concave up for x , 210.24 and x 2 (6x 2 ) 2 (2x 3 2 8)(2x)
f s (x) 5
21 , x , 1. The graph is concave down for x4
210.24 , x , 21 and x . 1. The graph changes x(6x ) 2 (2x 3 2 8)2
2
concavity at x 5 210.24. This is a point of inflec- 5

x3
tion with coordinates (210.24, 1.13). 3
6x 2 4x 1 16 3
r(26.85) 5 1.15 and r(20.15) 5 7.85. The graph 5

x3
has a local maximum point at (26.85, 1.15) and a 3
2x 1 16
local minimum point at (20.15) 5 7.85. 5
x3
y f s is defined for all values of x in the domain of f.
10
f s (x) 5 0 when x 5 22. This is a possible point of
8
inflection. f(0) does not exist.
6
4 x * 22 x 5 22 22 * x * 0
2 2 0 1
x 2x3 1 16
–4 –2 0 2 4 x3 2 2 2
–2
–4 f 0 (x) 1 0 2
x50 x+0
17. The domain is 5x 0 x Z 0, xPR6 : x-intercept: 22,
2x3 1 16 1 1
y-intercept: 8; f has a vertical asymptote at x 5 0.
f(20.001) 5 27999.99, so f(x) S 2 ` as x S 02. x3 0 1
f(0.001) 5 8000.00, so f(x) S ` as x S 0 1 . f 0 (x) undefined 1
There are no horizontal asymptotes.
f is concave up when x , 22 and x . 0. f is con-
cave down when 22 , x , 0. The graph changes

concavity where x 5 22. This is point of inflection 10x 2 20
5
with coordinates (22, 0). (x 2 1)4
f(1.59) 8 7.56. The graph has a local minimum at 10(x 2 2)
(1.59, 7.56). 5
(x 2 1)4
y The domain is 5x 0 x 2 1, xPR6 . The x- and
16 y-intercepts are both 0. f has a vertical asymptote
12 at x 5 1.
8 f(0.999) 5 4 995 000 so as x S 12, f(x) S `
4 f(1.001) 5 5 005 000 so as x S 1 1 , f(x) S `
x
5x 5x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 lim 2 50 lim 2 50
–4 xS2` x 2 2x 1 1 xS2` x 2 2x 1 1
–8 y 5 0 is a horizontal y 5 0 is a horizontal
asymptote on the right. asymptote on the left.
18. If f(x) is increasing, then f r(x) . 0. From the f r(x) is defined for all values of x in the domain
graph of f r, f r(x) . 0 for x . 0. If f(x) is decreas- of f. f r(x) 5 0 when x 5 21. f(1) does not exist.
ing, then fr(x) , 0. From the graph of f r, f r(x) , 0
for x , 0. At a stationary point, f r(x) 5 0. From x * 21 x 5 21 21 * x * 1 x51 x+1
the graph, the zero for fr(x) occurs at x 5 0. At 25(x 1 1) 1 0 2 2 2

x 5 0. f r(x) changes from negative to positive, so
(x 2 1)3 2 2 2 0 1
f has a local minimum point there.
If the graph of f is concave up, then f s is positive. f9(x) 2 0 1 undefined 2
From the slope of fr, the graph of f is concave up
for 20.6 , x , 0.6. If the graph of f is concave f is decreasing when x , 21 and x . 1. f is
down, then f s is negative. From the slope of fr, the increasing when 21 , x , 1. f has a minimum
graph of f is concave down for x , 20.6 and turning point at x 5 21.
x . 0.6. Graphs will vary slightly. f s (x) is defined for all values of x in the domain of f.
y f s (x) 5 0 when x 5 23. This is a possible point of
2 inflection.
f(1) does not exist.
1 x * 22 x 5 22 22 * x * 1 x51 x+1
x x12 2 0 1 1 1
–2 –1 0 1 2 f 0 (x) 2 0 1 undefined 1
–1
The graph is concave down for x , 22 and con-
2
(x 2 1) (5) 2 5x(2)(x 2 1)(1)
cave up when 22 , x , 1 and x . 1. It changes
19. fr(x) 5 concavity at x 5 22. f has an inflection point at
(x 2 1)4
x 5 22 with coordinates (22, 21.11).
5(x 2 1) 2 10x
5 f(21) 5 21.25. f has a local minimum at
(x 2 1)3 (21, 21.25).
25x 2 5
5 y
(x 2 1)3 6
25(x 1 1)
5
(x 2 1)3 4
(x 2 1)3 (25)
fs (x) 5
(x 2 1)6 2
(25x 2 5)(3)(x 2 1)2 (1)
2 x
(x 2 1)6 0
(x 2 1)(25) 2 3(25x 2 5) –4 –2 2 4
5
(x 2 1)4 –2

(x 2 3)(x 1 2)
(x 2 3)(x 1 2) x23
taken.
x15
xS222 xS22 x23
52
1. a. x , 29 or 26 , x , 23 or 0 , x , 4 or x . 8 5
b. 29 , x , 26 or 23 , x , 0 or 4 , x , 8 x15
c. (29, 1), (26, 22), (0, 1), (8, 22) xS22 1 xS22 x23
d. x 5 23, x 5 4 3
52
e. f s (x) . 0 5
g. (28, 0), (10, 23)
lim g(x) 5 lim2 a b
x15
2. a. g(x) 5 2x 4 2 8x 3 2 x 2 1 6x xS32 xS3 x23
gr(x) 5 8x 3 2 24x 2 2 2x 1 6 5 2`
x15
8x 3 2 24x 2 2 2x 1 6 5 0 xS3 xS3 x23
4x 3 2 12x 2 2 x 1 3 5 0 5`
x 5 3 or x 5 2 12 or x 5 12. xS` xS2`

4x 2 (x 2 3) 2 (x 2 3) 5 0. y
b. gs (x) 5 24x 2 2 48x 2 2 6
maximum. 2
x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
maximum. –2
3. (–1, 7) y –6
6
4 (1, 4)
40 y
5.
2
(3, 2) x 20
x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
–4 –20
–40
–6
–60
–80
–100
–120
–140

(x 2 3)(x 1 2)
(x 2 3)(x 1 2) x23
taken.
x15
xS222 xS22 x23
52
1. a. x , 29 or 26 , x , 23 or 0 , x , 4 or x . 8 5
b. 29 , x , 26 or 23 , x , 0 or 4 , x , 8 x15
c. (29, 1), (26, 22), (0, 1), (8, 22) xS22 1 xS22 x23
d. x 5 23, x 5 4 3
52
e. f s (x) . 0 5
g. (28, 0), (10, 23)
lim g(x) 5 lim2 a b
x15
2. a. g(x) 5 2x 4 2 8x 3 2 x 2 1 6x xS32 xS3 x23
gr(x) 5 8x 3 2 24x 2 2 2x 1 6 5 2`
x15
8x 3 2 24x 2 2 2x 1 6 5 0 xS3 xS3 x23
4x 3 2 12x 2 2 x 1 3 5 0 5`
x 5 3 or x 5 2 12 or x 5 12. xS` xS2`

4x 2 (x 2 3) 2 (x 2 3) 5 0. y
b. gs (x) 5 24x 2 2 48x 2 2 6
maximum. 2
x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
maximum. –2
3. (–1, 7) y –6
6
4 (1, 4)
40 y
5.
2
(3, 2) x 20
x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
–4 –20
–40
–6
–60
–80
–100
–120
–140

2x 1 10 7. f(x) 5 x 3 1 bx 2 1 c
6. f(x) 5
x2 2 9 f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 2bx
2x 1 10 Since f r(22) 5 0, 12 2 4b 5 0
5 b 5 3.
(x 2 3)(x 1 3)
There are discontinuities at x 5 23 and at x 5 3. Also, f(22) 5 6.
Thus, 28 1 12 1 c 5 6
lim f(x) 5 `
xS32
lim1 f(x) 5 2 ` c 5 2.
xS3 fr(x) 5 3x 2 1 6x
lim f(x) 5 2 ` 5 3x(x 1 2)
xS32
lim1 f(x) 5 ` The critical points are (22, 6) and (0, 2).
xS3
f s (x) 5 6x 1 6
The y-intercept is 2 109 and x 5 25 is an x-intercept. Since f s (22) 5 26 , 0, (22, 6) is a local
2(x 2 2 9) 2 (2x 1 10)(2)
f r(x) 5 maximum.
(x 2 2 9)2 Since fr(0) 5 6 . 0, (0, 2) is a local minimum.
2
22x 2 20x 2 18 y
5
(x 2 2 9)2 8
(–2, 6)
For critical values, we solve f r(x) 5 0: 6
x 2 1 10x 1 9 5 0 4
(x 1 1)(x 1 9) 5 0 2
x 5 21 or x 5 29. (0, 2) x
( 29, 2 19) is a local minimum and (21, 21) is a –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–2
local maximum.
–4
2 10
1 x2 –6
x
lim f(x) 5 lim 9 5 0 and –8
xS` xS`
1 2 x2
2 10
1 2
lim f(x) 5 lim ° x x
9 ¢ 50
xS` xS`
1 2 x2
y 5 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
y
8
6
4
2
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
–2
–4
–6
–8

Mcv4u CH 4 Nelson Solutions

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Mcv4u CH 4 Nelson Solutions

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CHAPTER 4

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 4-1

f r(x) 5 2(3x 2 2 6x)(6x 2 6) f r(x)g(x) 2 f(x)gr(x)

4-2 Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 4-3

Let f r(x) 5 0: a. f(x) 5 x3 1 3x2 1 1

The points are ( 1, 52) and ( 21, 2 52) . f9(x) 1 0 2 0 1

4-4 Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

x x , 21 21 21 , x , 0 0 0,x,1 1 x.1 x12 2 1 1 1

Graph Decreasing Increasing Decreasing Increasing

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 4-5

4-6 Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

In this case, f(x1 ), f(x2 ), g(x1 ), and g(x2 ) , 0. dy

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 4-7

4-8 Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

x 5 0 or x 5 2 Graph Dec. Dec.

The critical point is (0, 0). c.

Graph Inc. Local Min Inc.

(0, 0) is neither a maximum nor a minimum d.

–8 –4 0 4 8 Local maximum at (22, 24)

4-10 Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

so (1, 1) is the only critical point. Local minima at x 5 26 and x 5 2

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 4-11

4-12 Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

Calculas and Vectors Solutions Manual 4-13

4-14 Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

Calculas and Vectors Solutions Manual 4-15

4-16 Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

Calculas and Vectors Solutions Manual 4-17

4-18 Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

Calculas and Vectors Solutions Manual 4-19

x-values 5x 2 2 3x 1 2 x22 m(x) lim m(x)

4-20 Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

x x,0 x50 x.0

Calculas and Vectors Solutions Manual 4-21

Local Vertical Local

Local maximum is at (24.6, 210.9) and local

4-22 Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 4-23

is an oblique asymptote. lim f(x) 5 2 `

4-24 Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 4-25

(x 2 1)(x 2 2) (2 )(2 ) 5 1 (1)(2 ) 5 2 (1)(1) 5 1

g(x) 5 2x 3 2 9x 2 1 12x increasing decreasing increasing

dy dy From the table above, x 5 1 is the local maximum

4-26 Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

The function has a local minimum at x 5 2.

8. a. Since x 1 2 5 0 for x 5 22, x 5 22 is a

x 5 3 are vertical asymptotes. For x 5 23: large 51

xS2` This limit gets larger as it approaches 5 from the

for example, if x 5 1000, f(x) 5 2999

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 4-27

14. For f(x) the derivative function fr(0) 5 0 and

4-28 Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

Sign of (2 )(2 )(2 ) (2 )(2 )(1) (1)(2 )(1) (1)(1)(1)

Calculas and Vectors Solutions Manual 4-29

4-30 Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

At t 5 21, dt 5 22 , 0. The point (21, 22) is a

b. For possible point(s) of inflection, solve p(w) 5 w(w 2 1 1)2

5 (w 2 1 1)2 1 wa2 b (w 2 1 1)2 (2w)

Interval x , 24 x 5 24 24 , x , 4 x54 x.4 2

4-32 Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

Calculas and Vectors Solutions Manual 4-33