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d. 1 1
f r(x) 5 x 22
2
1 3
f s (x) 5 2 x 22
4
c. y 5 (1 2 x)2
The function has a minimum value of 21 and no yr 5 2(1 2 x)(21)
maximum value. 5 22 1 2x
e. ys 5 2
d. h(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 3x 2 2 5
hr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 6x
hs (x) 5 36x 2 2 24x 2 6
3
e. y 5 4x2 2 x 22
1
The function has a minimum value of 21. yr 5 6x2 1 2x 23
2 a. v(t) 5 t 2 (7 2 t) 2 t 2
v52 t11 2
3 35 23 5 5 5
2 5 t 2 t2 2 t2
v(1) 5 2 1 1 2 2
3 35 23 7 5
1 5 t 2 t2
5 2 2
3 105 21 35 23
2 a(t) 5 t 2 t
v(4) 5 2 (4) 1 1 2 4
3 b. The object stops when its velocity is 0.
5 35 3 7 5
52 v(t) 5 t 2 2 t 2
3 2 2
For t 5 1, moving in a positive direction. 7 3
For t 5 4, moving in a negative direction. 5 t 2 (5 2 t)
2
b. s(t) 5 t(t 2 3)2 v(t) 5 0 for t 5 0 (when it starts moving) and
v(t) 5 (t 2 3)2 1 2t(t 2 3) t 5 5.
5 (t 2 3)(t 2 3 1 2t) So the object stops after 5 s.
5 (t 2 3)(3t 2 3) c. The direction of the motion changes when its
5 3(t 2 1)(t 2 3) velocity changes from a positive to a negative value
v(1) 5 0 or visa versa.
v(4) 5 9
For t 5 1, the object is stationary. t 0"t*5 t55 t+5
t 5 4, the object is moving in a positive direction. v(t) (1)(1) 5 1 0 (1)(2 ) 5 2
c. s(t) 5 t 3 2 7t 2 1 10t
v(t) 5 3t 2 2 14t 1 10 7 23
v(t) 5 t (5 2 t) v(t) 5 0 for t 5 5
v(1) 5 21 2
v(4) 5 2 Therefore, the object changes direction at 5 s.
For t 5 1, the object is moving in a negative direction. 35 1
For t 5 4, the object is moving in a positive direction. d. a(t) 5 0 for t 2 (6 2 t) 5 0.
4
7. a. s(t) 5 t 2 2 6t 1 8 t 5 0 or t 5 6 s.
v(t) 5 2t 2 6
b. 2t 2 6 5 0 t 0*t*6 t56 t+6
t53s a(t) (1)(1) 5 1 0 (1)(2 ) 5 2
8. s(t) 5 40t 2 5t 2
v(t) 5 40 2 10t Therefore, the acceleration is positive for
a. When v 5 0, the object stops rising. 0 , t , 6 s.
t54s Note: t 5 0 yields a 5 0.
b. Since s(t) represents a quadratic function that e. At t 5 0, s(0) 5 0. Therefore, the object’s
opens down because a 5 25 , 0, a maximum original position is at 0, the origin.
height is attained. It occurs when v 5 0. Height is When s(t) 5 0,
a maximum for 5
t 2 (7 2 t) 5 0
s(4) 5 160 2 5(16) t 5 0 or t 5 7.
5 80 m. Therefore, the object is back to its original position
9. s(t) 5 8 2 7t 1 t 2 after 7 s.
v(t) 5 27 1 2t 11. a. h(t) 5 25t 2 1 25t
a(t) 5 2 v(t) 5 210t 1 25
a. v(5) 5 27 1 10 v(0) 5 25 m>s
5 3 m>s
b. a(5) 5 2 m>s 2
t 11
5 (b 2 1 2gs)22 ? a0 1 2g b
3t 2 (t 2 1 1) 2 2t(t 3 ) dv 1 1 ds
and v(t) 5
(t 2 1 1)2 dt 2 dt
t 1 3t 2
4 1
5 2 a5 ? 2gv
(t 1 1)2 2v
a5g
(4t 3 1 6t)(t 2 1 1)2
and a(t) 5 Since g is a constant, a is a constant, as required.
(t 2 1 1)2
ds
2(t2 1 1)(2t)(t 4 1 3t 2 ) Note: 5v
2 dt
(t 2 1 1)2 dv
(4t 3 1 6t)(t 2 1 1) 2 4t(t 4 1 3t 2 ) 5a
5 dt
(t 2 1 1)3
a b
d v
18. F 5 m0
dt !1 2 ( vc )2
4t 5 1 6t 3 1 4t 3 1 6t 2 4t 5 2 12t 3
5
(t 2 1 1)3
Using the quotient rule,
22t 3 1 6t
5 2 dv
(1 2 2 )2 2 (1 2 2 )22 a2 2dt b ? v
(t 1 1)3 dv v2 1 1 v2 1 2v
m0
0, if t , 0 dt c 2 c c
5
Therefore, a(t) 5 •
3 v2
22t 1 6t 12 2
, if t $ 0 c
(t2 1 1)3 dv
0, if t , 0 Since 5 a,
dt
and n(t) 5 • t 1 3t )2 Sa(1 2 vc ) 1 vc a T
4 2
(t 1 1)2
2 , if t $ 0 (
m0 1 2 c 2
v2 1
2
2
2
2
2
5 v2
0 1 2 c2
lim2 a(t) 5 0, lim1 a(t) 5
m0 S 1 c2 T
tS0 tS0 1 ac2 2 av2 v2 a
5 0. 5 c2
v2 3
Thus, lim a(t) 5 0.
tS0
( 1 2 c2 2 )
2
0 m0 ac
Also, a(0) 5 5 3
v2
1
5 0.
(
c2 1 2 c2 ) 2
t 4 1 3t 2
b. lim v(t) 5 lim 4 2 3.2 Maximum and Minimum on an
tS1` tS1` t 1 2t 1 1
11
3 Interval (Extreme Values), pp. 135–138
t2
5 lim 2 1 1. a. The algorithm can be used; the function is
tS1`
11 1 4 continuous.
t2 t
51 b. The algorithm cannot be used; the function is
discontinuous at x 5 2.
22 6
1 4 c. The algorithm cannot be used; the function is
t3 t
lim a(t) 5 lim 3 3 1
discontinuous at x 5 2.
tS1` tS`
11 21 41 6
t t t
a
0 # v , 80 1 1 24900
rr(x) 5 1 1b 5 0
80 , v # 100 2 400 x2
Let rr(x) 5 0
Therefore, within the legal speed limit of 100 km> h, x 2 5 4900,
the fuel efficiency E is increasing in the speed inter- x 5 70, x . 0
val 0 # v , 80. r(30) 5 0.4833
d. The fuel efficiency will be decreasing when r(70) 5 0.35
Er(v) , 0. This will show when the slopes of the r(120) 5 0.402
values of E(v) are negative, and hence decreasing. A speed of 70 km> h uses fuel at a rate of 0.35 L> km.
From part a. it is seen that there is one critical value Cost of trip is 0.35 3 200 3 0.45 5 $31.50.
for v . 0. This is v 5 80. 11. f(x) 5 0.001x 3 2 0.12x 2 1 3.6x 1 10,
v slope of E(v)
0 # x # 75
f r(x) 5 0.003x 2 2 0.24x 1 3.6
0 # v , 80 1 Set 0 5 0.003x 2 2 0.24x 1 3.6
2 0.24 6 "(20.24)2 2 4(0.003)(3.6)
80 , v # 100 x5
2(0.003)
Therefore, within the legal speed limit of 100 km> h, 0.24 6 0.12
x5
the fuel efficiency E is decreasing in the speed 0.006
interval 80 , v # 100. x 5 60 or x 5 20
0.1t f(0) 5 10
8. C(t) 5 ,1#t#6
(t 1 3)2 f(20) 5 42
0.1(t 1 3)2 2 0.2t(t 1 3) f(60) 5 10
Cr(t) 5 50 f(75) 5 26.875
(t 1 3)4
(t 1 3)(0.1t 1 0.3 2 0.2t) 5 0 Absolute max. value 5 42 at (20, 42) and absolute
t53 min. value 5 10 at (0, 10) and (60, 10).
x 8 244.9 1
gr(x) 5 x(x 2 1 1)22
U(1) 5 3009.05 3 1
x h 30° x B C
120°
y A h
From ^ ABC x
h 4x 1 2h 5 6
5 cos 30°
x 2x 1 h 5 3 or h 5 3 2 2x
h 5 x cos 30° 1 "3
"3 Area 5 xh 1
2
3x3
2
x
5 x
2 "3 x 2
w 5 x(3 2 2x) 1
5 sin 30° 4
"3 2
x
w 5 x sin 30° A(x) 5 3x 2 2x 2 1 x
1 4
5 x
2 "3
Ar(x) 5 3 2 4x 1 x, 0 # x # 1.5
"3 "3
2
x
Therefore, A 5 (60 2 2x)a xb 1 3 x For max or min, let Ar(x) 5 0, x 8 1.04.
2 2 2
A(0) 5 0, A(1.04) 8 1.43, A(1.5) 8 1.42
"3 2 The maximum area is approximately 1.43 cm2 and
A(x) 5 30!3x 2 !3x 2 1 x , 0 # x # 30
4 occurs when x 5 0.96 cm and h 5 1.09 cm.
Apply the Algorithm for Extreme Values, b. Yes. All the wood would be used for the outer
"3 frame.
Ar(x) 5 30!3 2 2 !3x 1 x
2
Now, set Ar(x) 5 0
"3
30!3 2 2 !3 1 x 5 0.
2
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-19
15. x There is a critical number at t 5 .04 hours
N
v t , .04 .04 t . .04
W E
y 2 0 1
S z d9(t)
Let z represent the distance between the two trains. There is a local minimum at t 5 .04, so the two
After t hours, y 5 60t, x 5 45(1 2 t) vehicles are closest together .04 hours after 1:00, or
1:02. The distance between them at that time is 3 km.
z 2 5 3600t 2 1 452 (1 2 t)2, 0 # t # 1 17. 2
a +b2
dz L
2z 5 7200t 2 4050(1 2 t) 2 ab
dt w
a2 – b2 – L
dz 7200t 2 4050(1 2 t)
5 a2 – b2
dt 2z
a2 2 b2 2 L W
dz 5
For max or min, let 5 0. a2 2 b2 2ab
dt
7200t 2 4050(1 2 t) 5 0 2ab
W5 2 (a 2 2 b 2 2 L)
t 5 0.36 a 2 b2
3a 2L 2 b 2L 2 L 24
When t 5 0, z 2 5 452, z 5 45 2ab
A 5 LW 5 2
t 5 0.36, z 2 5 3600(0.36)2 1 452 (1 2 0.36)2 a 2 b2
z 2 5 129 dA
Let 5 a 2 2 b 2 2 2L 5 0,
z 5 36 dL
t 5 1, z 2 5 !3600 5 60 a2 2 b2
The closest distance between the trains is 36 km and L5
2
occurs at 0.36 h after the first train left the station.
ca d
2ab 2 2 a2 2 b2
16. Vehicle 2 and W 5 2 2 b 2 2
a 2 b2 2
d
P Vehicle 1 5 ab.
At any time after 1:00 p.m., the distance between The hypothesis is proven.
the first vehicle and the second vehicle is the 18. Let the height be h and the radius r.
hypotenuse of a right triangle, where one side of the k
Then, pr 2h 5 k, h 5 2.
triangle is the distance from the first vehicle to P pr
Let M represent the amount of material,
and the other side is the distance from the second
M 5 2pr 2 1 2prh
vehicle to P. The distance between them is therefore
5 2pr 2 1 2prha 2 b
k
d 5 "(60t)2 1 (5 2 80t)2 where t is the time in pr
hours after 1:00. To find the time when they are 2k
closest together, d must be minimized. 5 2pr 2 1 , 0 # r # `
r
d 5 "(60t)2 1 (5 2 80t)2 Using the max min Algorithm,
d 5 "3600t 2 1 25 2 800t 1 6400t 2 dM
5 4pr 2 2
2k
d 5 "10 000t 2 1 25 2 800t dr r
1
, r 2 0 or r 5 a b .
20 000t 2 800 dM k k 3
dr 5 Let 5 0, r 3 5
dr 2p 2p
2"10 000t 2 1 25 2 800t
Let dr 5 0: When r S 0, M S `
20 000t 2 800 r S `, M S `
50 1
r5a b
2"10 000t 2 1 25 2 800t k 3
Therefore 20 000t 2 800 5 0 2p
20 000t 5 800
t 5 .04 hours
a b ? 23
k 3
2
k 3 2
h p p 1 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
Ratio 5 1 5 5 –2
2a b
d 1
2a b
k 3 k 3 1
2
3 –4
2p p –6
A x P 100 2 x B
19. Any point on the curve can be represented by
Cut the wire at P and label diagram as shown. Let (a, (a 2 3)2 ).
AP form the circle and PB the square. The distance from (23, 3) to a point on the curve is
Then, 2pr 5 x d 5 "(a 1 3)2 1 ((a 2 3)2 2 3)2.
x To minimize the distance, we consider the function
r5
2p d(a) 5 (a 1 3)2 1 (a 2 2 6a 1 6)2.
100 2 x
And the length of each side of the square is . in minimizing d(a), we minimize d since d . 1
4
always.
Area of circle 5 pa b
x 2
2p For critical points, set dr(a) 5 0.
2 dr(a) 5 2(a 1 3) 1 2(a 2 2 6a 1 6)(2a 2 6)
x
5 if dr(a) 5 0,
4p a 1 3 1 (a 2 2 6a 1 6)(2a 2 6) 5 0
Area of square 5 a b
100 2 x 2
2a 3 2 18a 2 1 49a 2 33 5 0
4 (a 2 1)(2a 2 2 16a 1 33) 5 0
16 6 "28
The total area is
1a b , where 0 # x # 100.
x2 100 2 x 2 a 5 1, or a 5
A(x) 5 4
4p 4
There is only one critical value, a 5 1.
b a2 b
2x 100 2 x 1
Ar(x) 5 1 2a To determine whether a 5 1 gives a minimal value,
4p 4 4 we use the second derivative test:
x 100 2 x dr(a) 5 6a 2 2 36a 1 49
5 2
2p 8 ds (1) 5 6 2 36 1 49
For max or min, let Ar(x) 5 0. $ 0.
x 100 2 x Then, d(1) 5 42 1 12
2 50
2p 8 5 17.
100p The minimal distance is d 5 "17, and the point on
x5 1 p 8 44
r the curve giving this result is (1, 4).
A(0) 5 625
1a b 8 350
442 100 2 44 2
A(44) 5
4p 4
1002
A(100) 5 8 796
4p
, y 5 k2 2 a b 5 k2
2
Since CD is parallel to the x-axis, the y-coordinate k k 2
When x 5 6
of D is also a 1 b. The slope of the tangent at D is !3 !3 3
dy
given by for the expression y 2 5 4x. 2k 2 4k 3 !3
Max area is A 5 3 k2 5 3
!3 3 !3
dx !3
Differentiating. 3
dy 4k 3
2y 54 5 square units.
dx 9
dy 2
5
dx y 3.4 Optimization Problems in
And since at point D, y 5 a 1 b,
Economics and Science, pp. 151–154
dy 2
dx
5
a1b
. 1. a. C(625) 5 75( !625 2 10)
But this is the same as the slope of AB. Then, the 5 1125
tangent at D is parallel to the chord AB. Average cost is 1125
625 5 $1.80.
x
x
15 1 20
0 3 12
2 4 6 8 10 18
–15 5 10 1
5
5 13.6
625
d. C(x) 5 100x2 1 5x 1 700
x u (x) 5 1 0.01x
x 100
i. C(400) 5 1 2000 1 700
1 625.01 20
250 2.5 1 2.5 5 5 min
5 $2705
2750
500
625
1 5 5 6.25 ii. C(400) 5
500 400
5 $6.875
Therefore, 250 items should be manufactured to 5 $6.88
ensure unit waste is minimized. 3
iii. Cr(x) 5 250x2 2 1 5
10. a. C(x) 5 3x 1 1000 250
i. C(400) 5 1200 1 1000 Cr(400) 5 15
(20)3
5 2200 5 5.00625
2200 5 $5.01
ii. 5 $5.50
400 Cr(401) 5 $5.01
iii. Cr(x) 5 3 The cost to produce the 401st item is $5.01.
The marginal cost when x 5 400 and the cost of 11. C(x) 5 0.004x 2 1 40x 1 16 000
producing the 401st item are $3.00. Average cost of producing x items is
b
From the graph, it can be seen that x 5 2000 is a 10 000
A(x) 5 x 2 1 4xa
minimum. Therefore, a production level of 2000 x2
items minimizes the average cost. 400 000
12. a. s(t) 5 3t 2 2 10 5 x2 1 , for x $ 5
x
v(t) 5 6t
400 000
v(3) 5 18 Ar(x) 5 2x 2 ,
x2
v(3) . 0, so the object is moving to the right.
400 000
s(3) 5 27 2 10 5 17. The object is to the right of Let Ar(x) 5 0, then 2x 5
the starting point and moving to the right, so it is x2
3
moving away from its starting point. x 5 200 000
b. s(t) 5 2t 3 1 4t 2 2 10 x 5 27.14.
s(0) 5 210 Using the max min Algorithm,
Therefore, its starting position is at 210. A(5) 5 25 1 80 000 5 80 025
s(3) 5 227 1 36 2 10 A(27.14) 8 15 475
5 21 The dimensions of a box of minimum area is
v(t) 5 23t 2 1 8t 27.14 cm for the base and height 13.57 cm.
v(3) 5 227 1 24 15. Let the length be x and the width y.
5 23
Since s(3) and v(3) are both negative, the object y y y y y y
is moving away from the origin and towards its
starting position.
16 x
13. s 5 27t 3 1 1 10, t . 0
t 12 000
P 5 2x 1 6y and xy 5 12 000 or y 5
16 x
a. v 5 81t 2 2 2
t 12 000
P(x) 5 2x 1 6 3
16 x
81t 2 2 2 5 0
t 72 000
P(x) 5 2x 1 , 10 # x # 1200(5 3 240)
81t 4 5 16 x
16 72 000
t4 5 Ar(x) 5 2 2
81 x2
2 Let Ar(x) 5 0,
t56
3 2x 2 5 72 000
t.0 x 2 5 36 000
2 x 8 190.
Therefore, t 5 .
3 Using max min Algorithm,
A(10) 5 20 1 7200 5 7220 m 2
A(190) 8 759 m 2
A(1200) 5 1 440 060
4x 5 3 !25 1 x2
2 3 100 3 100t 2 2 3 120 3 120(1 2 t)
50
2" (100t)2 1 (120 2 120t)2 16x 2 5 9(25 1 x 2 )
or 20 000t 5 28 800(1 2 t) 7x 2 5 225
48 800t 5 288 000 x 2 8 32
288 x 8 5.7.
t5 8 0.59 h or 35.4 min.
488 Using max min Algorithm,
When t 5 0, z 5 120. A(0) 5 100 000!25 1 75 000(20) 5 2 000 000
t 5 0.59
A(5.7) 5 100 000!25 1 5.72 1 75 000(20 2 5.7)
z 5 "(100 3 0.59)2 1 (120 2 120 3 0.59)2 5 1 830 721.60
5 76.8 km A(20) 5 2 061 552.81.
t 5 1, z 5 100 The minimum cost is $1 830 722 and occurs when
The closest distance between trains is 76.8 km and the pipeline meets the shore at a point C, 5.7 km
occurs at 10:35. from point A, directly across from P.
20. Let the number of price increases be n. 22.
New selling price 5 100 1 2n. 3 cm
Number sold 5 120 2 n.
Profit 5 Revenue 2 Cost
P(n) 5 (100 1 2n)(120 2 n) 2 70(120 2 n),
2 cm
0 # n # 120
5 3600 1 210n 2 2n 2 h
Pr(n) 5 210 2 4n
Let Pr(n) 5 0
210 2 4n 5 0
n 5 52.5.
Therefore, n 5 52 or 53.
Using max min Algorithm, w
P(0) 5 3600 A 5 hw
P(52) 5 9112 81 5 (h 2 6)(w 2 4)
P(53) 5 9112 81
P(120) 5 0 5w24
h26
The maximum profit occurs when the portable MP3 are 81
sold at $204 for 68 and at $206 for 67 portable MP3. 145w
h26
21. p
81 1 4(h 2 6)
5 km 5w
20 – x x h26
R
C A 4h 1 57
5w
20 km h26
Let x represent the distance AC. Substitute for w in the area equation and differentiate:
There is a local minimum at t 5 .39 hours, so the So the rest stop should be built 3.2 km from point C.
ships were closest together at 2:23. 26. a. f(x) 5 x 2 2 2x 1 6, 21 # x # 7
25. Dundas f r(x) 5 2x 2 2
Set f r(x) 5 0
Ancaster
0 5 2x 2 2
rest 6
4 stop x51
x 8–x f(21) 5 (21)2 2 2(21) 1 6
C 8 D f(21) 5 1 1 2 1 6
Let the distance from C to the rest stop be x and so f(21) 5 9
the distance from the rest stop to D is 8 2 x, as f(7) 5 (7)2 2 2(7) 1 6
shown. The distance from Ancaster to the rest stop f(7) 5 49 2 14 1 6
is therefore f(7) 5 41
"42 1 x 2 5 "16 1 x 2, and the distance from the
f(1) 5 12 2 2(1) 1 6
f(1) 5 1 2 2 1 6
rest stop to Dundas is
f(1) 5 5
"62 1 (8 2 x)2 5 "36 1 64 2 16x 1 x 2 Absolute Maximum: f(7) 5 41
5 "100 2 16x 1 x 2 Absolute Minimum: f(1) 5 5
So the total length of the trails is b. f(x) 5 x 3 1 x 2, 23 # x # 3
L 5 "16 1 x 2 1 "100 2 16x 1 x 2 f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 2x
The minimum cost can be found by expressing L as Set f r(x) 5 0
a function of x and examining its derivative to find 0 5 3x 2 1 2x
critical points. 0 5 x(3x 1 2)
L(x) 5 "16 1 x 2 1 "100 2 16x 1 x 2, which is 2
x 5 2 or x 5 0
defined for 0 # x # 8 3
2x 2x 2 16 f(23) 5 (23)3 1 (23)2
Lr(x) 5 1
2"16 1 x 2
2"100 2 16x 1 x 2 f(23) 5 227 1 9
f(23) 5 218
x"100 2 16x 1 x 2 1 (x 2 8)"16 1 x 2
5
"(16 1 x 2 )(100 2 16x 1 x 2 ) f a2 b 5 a2 b 1 a2 b
2 2 3 2 2
The critical points of A(r) can be found by setting 3 3 3
f a2 b 5 2 1
Lr(x) 5 0: 2 8 4
3 27 9
x"100 2 16x 1 x 2 1 (x 2 8)"16 1 x 2 5 0
f a2 b 5
2 4
x 2 (100 2 16x 1 x 2 ) 5 (x 2 2 16x 1 64)(16 1 x 2 )
3 27
100x 2 2 16x 3 1 x 4 5 x 4 2 16x 3 1 64x 2
1 16x 2 2 256x 1 1024 f(0) 5 (0)3 1 (0)2
2
20x 1 256x 2 1024 5 0 f(0) 5 0
4(5x 2 16)(x 1 16) 5 0 f(3) 5 (3)3 1 (3)2
So x 5 3.2 and x 5 216 are the critical points of f(3) 5 27 1 9
the function. Only the positive root is within the f(3) 5 36
interval of interest, however. The minimum total Absolute Maximum: f(3) 5 36
length therefore occurs at this point or at one of the Absolute Minimum: f(23) 5 218
endpoints of the interval: c. f(x) 5 x 3 2 12x 1 2, 25 # x # 5
f r(x) 5 3x 2 2 12
3 5
b. s(t) 5 t 1
t12
aa bx b
d 2 213
f s (x) 5 (t 1 2)(0) 2 5(1)
dx 3 sr(t) 5 1 1
(t 1 2)2
5 a b a2 bx 23
2 1 4
3 3 5
512
(t 1 2)2
5 2 a bx 23
2 4
3 3 5 257
a(t) 5 218t 1 10
2 2 4
5 2 (t 1 t)23 (4t 2 1 4t 1 1 2 6t 2 2 6t) a(3) 5 218(3) 1 10
9
5 244
2 4
5 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 2 1 2t 2 1) b. s(t) 5 (2t 2 5)3
9 v(t) 5 3(2t 2 5)2 (2)
s(5) 2 s(0) 5 6(2t 2 5)2
b. vavg 5
520 v(2) 5 6(4 2 5)2
2 2
(52 1 5)3 2 (02 1 0)3 56
5
2
5 a(t) 5 12(2t 2 5)(2)
30 3 2 0 5 24(2t 2 5)
5
5 a(2) 5 24(4 2 5)
8 1.931 5 224
The average velocity is approximately 1.931 m> s. 3. a. s(t) 5 t 2 2 3t 1 2
2 1 v(t) 5 2t 2 3
c. v(5) 5 (52 1 5)23 (2(5) 1 1) a(t) 5 2
3
2 1
b. 2t 2 3 5 0
5 (30)23 (11) t 5 1.5 s
3
8 2.360 s(1.5) 5 1.52 2 3
The velocity at 5 s is approximately 2.36 m> s. (1.5) 1 2 5 20.25
v(5) 2 v(0) c. t2 2 3t 1 2 5 0
d. Average acceleration 5 which is (t 2 1)(t 2 2) 5 0
520
undefined because v(0) is undefined. t 5 1 or t 5 2
2 4 0 v(1) 0 5 0 21 0
e. a(5) 5 (52 1 5)23 (2(5)2 1 2(5) 6 1)
9 5 1
2 4 0 v(2) 0 5 0 1 0
5 ( 3023) (59) 51
9
8 0.141 The speed is 1 m> s when the position is 0.
The acceleration at 5 s is approximately 0.141 m> s2. d. The object moves to the left when v(t) , 0.
2t 2 3 , 0
t , 1.5
Chapter 3 Test, p. 160 The object moves to the left between t 5 0 s and
1. a. y 5 7x 2 2 9x 1 22 t 5 1.5 s.
yr 5 14x 2 9
ys 5 14
f(0) 5 2
250 A(250) 5 125 000 max
f(4) 5 64 2 48 1 2 5 18
f(5) 5 125 2 60 1 2 5 67 max 1000 lim
xS1000
A(x) 5 0
9
b. f(x) 5 x 1
x x 5 250 and y 5 500.
5 x 1 9x 21 Therefore, each paddock is 250 m in width and
f r(x) 5 1 2 9x 22 500
3 m in length.
1 2 9x 22 5 0 7.
9
12 250
x
x2 2 9
50
x2 y
x2 2 9 5 0 x
x 5 63
x 5 23 is not in the given interval. 2x
f(1) 5 1 1 9 5 10 max Let x represent the height.
f(3) 5 3 1 3 5 6 min Let 2x represent the width.
f(6) 5 6 1 1.5 5 7.5 Let y represent the length.
5. a. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45 Volume 10 000 5 2x 2y
hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 21 Cost:
Set hr(t) 5 0 and solve for t. C 5 0.02(2x)y 1 2(0.05)(2x 2 )
29.8t 1 21 5 0 1 2(0.05)(xy) 1 0.1(2xy)
9.8t 5 21 5 0.04xy 1 0.2x 2 1 0.1xy 1 0.2xy
t 8 2.1 s 5 0.34xy 1 0.2x 2
The graph has a max or min at t 5 2.1 s. Since the 10 000 5000
But y 5 2 5 2 .
equation represents a parabola, and the lead coeffi- 2x x
Therefore, C(x) 5 0.34xa 2 b 1 0.2x 2
cient is negative, the value must be a maximum. 5000
b. h(2.1) 5 24.9(2.1)2 1 21(2.1) 1 0.45 x
8 22.9 1700
5 1 0.2x 2, x $ 0
The maximum height is about 22.9 m. x
6. 21700
C r(x) 5 1 0.4x.
x2
x
d. 1 1
f r(x) 5 x 22
2
1 3
f s (x) 5 2 x 22
4
c. y 5 (1 2 x)2
The function has a minimum value of 21 and no yr 5 2(1 2 x)(21)
maximum value. 5 22 1 2x
e. ys 5 2
d. h(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 3x 2 2 5
hr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 6x
hs (x) 5 36x 2 2 24x 2 6
3
e. y 5 4x2 2 x 22
1
The function has a minimum value of 21. yr 5 6x2 1 2x 23
d. 1 1
f r(x) 5 x 22
2
1 3
f s (x) 5 2 x 22
4
c. y 5 (1 2 x)2
The function has a minimum value of 21 and no yr 5 2(1 2 x)(21)
maximum value. 5 22 1 2x
e. ys 5 2
d. h(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 3x 2 2 5
hr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 6x
hs (x) 5 36x 2 2 24x 2 6
3
e. y 5 4x2 2 x 22
1
The function has a minimum value of 21. yr 5 6x2 1 2x 23
2 a. v(t) 5 t 2 (7 2 t) 2 t 2
v52 t11 2
3 35 23 5 5 5
2 5 t 2 t2 2 t2
v(1) 5 2 1 1 2 2
3 35 23 7 5
1 5 t 2 t2
5 2 2
3 105 21 35 23
2 a(t) 5 t 2 t
v(4) 5 2 (4) 1 1 2 4
3 b. The object stops when its velocity is 0.
5 35 3 7 5
52 v(t) 5 t 2 2 t 2
3 2 2
For t 5 1, moving in a positive direction. 7 3
For t 5 4, moving in a negative direction. 5 t 2 (5 2 t)
2
b. s(t) 5 t(t 2 3)2 v(t) 5 0 for t 5 0 (when it starts moving) and
v(t) 5 (t 2 3)2 1 2t(t 2 3) t 5 5.
5 (t 2 3)(t 2 3 1 2t) So the object stops after 5 s.
5 (t 2 3)(3t 2 3) c. The direction of the motion changes when its
5 3(t 2 1)(t 2 3) velocity changes from a positive to a negative value
v(1) 5 0 or visa versa.
v(4) 5 9
For t 5 1, the object is stationary. t 0"t*5 t55 t+5
t 5 4, the object is moving in a positive direction. v(t) (1)(1) 5 1 0 (1)(2 ) 5 2
c. s(t) 5 t 3 2 7t 2 1 10t
v(t) 5 3t 2 2 14t 1 10 7 23
v(t) 5 t (5 2 t) v(t) 5 0 for t 5 5
v(1) 5 21 2
v(4) 5 2 Therefore, the object changes direction at 5 s.
For t 5 1, the object is moving in a negative direction. 35 1
For t 5 4, the object is moving in a positive direction. d. a(t) 5 0 for t 2 (6 2 t) 5 0.
4
7. a. s(t) 5 t 2 2 6t 1 8 t 5 0 or t 5 6 s.
v(t) 5 2t 2 6
b. 2t 2 6 5 0 t 0*t*6 t56 t+6
t53s a(t) (1)(1) 5 1 0 (1)(2 ) 5 2
8. s(t) 5 40t 2 5t 2
v(t) 5 40 2 10t Therefore, the acceleration is positive for
a. When v 5 0, the object stops rising. 0 , t , 6 s.
t54s Note: t 5 0 yields a 5 0.
b. Since s(t) represents a quadratic function that e. At t 5 0, s(0) 5 0. Therefore, the object’s
opens down because a 5 25 , 0, a maximum original position is at 0, the origin.
height is attained. It occurs when v 5 0. Height is When s(t) 5 0,
a maximum for 5
t 2 (7 2 t) 5 0
s(4) 5 160 2 5(16) t 5 0 or t 5 7.
5 80 m. Therefore, the object is back to its original position
9. s(t) 5 8 2 7t 1 t 2 after 7 s.
v(t) 5 27 1 2t 11. a. h(t) 5 25t 2 1 25t
a(t) 5 2 v(t) 5 210t 1 25
a. v(5) 5 27 1 10 v(0) 5 25 m>s
5 3 m>s
b. a(5) 5 2 m>s 2
t 11
5 (b 2 1 2gs)22 ? a0 1 2g b
3t 2 (t 2 1 1) 2 2t(t 3 ) dv 1 1 ds
and v(t) 5
(t 2 1 1)2 dt 2 dt
t 1 3t 2
4 1
5 2 a5 ? 2gv
(t 1 1)2 2v
a5g
(4t 3 1 6t)(t 2 1 1)2
and a(t) 5 Since g is a constant, a is a constant, as required.
(t 2 1 1)2
ds
2(t2 1 1)(2t)(t 4 1 3t 2 ) Note: 5v
2 dt
(t 2 1 1)2 dv
(4t 3 1 6t)(t 2 1 1) 2 4t(t 4 1 3t 2 ) 5a
5 dt
(t 2 1 1)3
a b
d v
18. F 5 m0
dt !1 2 ( vc )2
4t 5 1 6t 3 1 4t 3 1 6t 2 4t 5 2 12t 3
5
(t 2 1 1)3
Using the quotient rule,
22t 3 1 6t
5 2 dv
(1 2 2 )2 2 (1 2 2 )22 a2 2dt b ? v
(t 1 1)3 dv v2 1 1 v2 1 2v
m0
0, if t , 0 dt c 2 c c
5
Therefore, a(t) 5 •
3 v2
22t 1 6t 12 2
, if t $ 0 c
(t2 1 1)3 dv
0, if t , 0 Since 5 a,
dt
and n(t) 5 • t 1 3t )2 Sa(1 2 vc ) 1 vc a T
4 2
(t 1 1)2
2 , if t $ 0 (
m0 1 2 c 2
v2 1
2
2
2
2
2
5 v2
0 1 2 c2
lim2 a(t) 5 0, lim1 a(t) 5
m0 S 1 c2 T
tS0 tS0 1 ac2 2 av2 v2 a
5 0. 5 c2
v2 3
Thus, lim a(t) 5 0.
tS0
( 1 2 c2 2 )
2
0 m0 ac
Also, a(0) 5 5 3
v2
1
5 0.
(
c2 1 2 c2 ) 2
t 4 1 3t 2
b. lim v(t) 5 lim 4 2 3.2 Maximum and Minimum on an
tS1` tS1` t 1 2t 1 1
11
3 Interval (Extreme Values), pp. 135–138
t2
5 lim 2 1 1. a. The algorithm can be used; the function is
tS1`
11 1 4 continuous.
t2 t
51 b. The algorithm cannot be used; the function is
discontinuous at x 5 2.
22 6
1 4 c. The algorithm cannot be used; the function is
t3 t
lim a(t) 5 lim 3 3 1
discontinuous at x 5 2.
tS1` tS`
11 21 41 6
t t t
t 11
5 (b 2 1 2gs)22 ? a0 1 2g b
3t 2 (t 2 1 1) 2 2t(t 3 ) dv 1 1 ds
and v(t) 5
(t 2 1 1)2 dt 2 dt
t 1 3t 2
4 1
5 2 a5 ? 2gv
(t 1 1)2 2v
a5g
(4t 3 1 6t)(t 2 1 1)2
and a(t) 5 Since g is a constant, a is a constant, as required.
(t 2 1 1)2
ds
2(t2 1 1)(2t)(t 4 1 3t 2 ) Note: 5v
2 dt
(t 2 1 1)2 dv
(4t 3 1 6t)(t 2 1 1) 2 4t(t 4 1 3t 2 ) 5a
5 dt
(t 2 1 1)3
a b
d v
18. F 5 m0
dt !1 2 ( vc )2
4t 5 1 6t 3 1 4t 3 1 6t 2 4t 5 2 12t 3
5
(t 2 1 1)3
Using the quotient rule,
22t 3 1 6t
5 2 dv
(1 2 2 )2 2 (1 2 2 )22 a2 2dt b ? v
(t 1 1)3 dv v2 1 1 v2 1 2v
m0
0, if t , 0 dt c 2 c c
5
Therefore, a(t) 5 •
3 v2
22t 1 6t 12 2
, if t $ 0 c
(t2 1 1)3 dv
0, if t , 0 Since 5 a,
dt
and n(t) 5 • t 1 3t )2 Sa(1 2 vc ) 1 vc a T
4 2
(t 1 1)2
2 , if t $ 0 (
m0 1 2 c 2
v2 1
2
2
2
2
2
5 v2
0 1 2 c2
lim2 a(t) 5 0, lim1 a(t) 5
m0 S 1 c2 T
tS0 tS0 1 ac2 2 av2 v2 a
5 0. 5 c2
v2 3
Thus, lim a(t) 5 0.
tS0
( 1 2 c2 2 )
2
0 m0 ac
Also, a(0) 5 5 3
v2
1
5 0.
(
c2 1 2 c2 ) 2
t 4 1 3t 2
b. lim v(t) 5 lim 4 2 3.2 Maximum and Minimum on an
tS1` tS1` t 1 2t 1 1
11
3 Interval (Extreme Values), pp. 135–138
t2
5 lim 2 1 1. a. The algorithm can be used; the function is
tS1`
11 1 4 continuous.
t2 t
51 b. The algorithm cannot be used; the function is
discontinuous at x 5 2.
22 6
1 4 c. The algorithm cannot be used; the function is
t3 t
lim a(t) 5 lim 3 3 1
discontinuous at x 5 2.
tS1` tS`
11 21 41 6
t t t
a
0 # v , 80 1 1 24900
rr(x) 5 1 1b 5 0
80 , v # 100 2 400 x2
Let rr(x) 5 0
Therefore, within the legal speed limit of 100 km> h, x 2 5 4900,
the fuel efficiency E is increasing in the speed inter- x 5 70, x . 0
val 0 # v , 80. r(30) 5 0.4833
d. The fuel efficiency will be decreasing when r(70) 5 0.35
Er(v) , 0. This will show when the slopes of the r(120) 5 0.402
values of E(v) are negative, and hence decreasing. A speed of 70 km> h uses fuel at a rate of 0.35 L> km.
From part a. it is seen that there is one critical value Cost of trip is 0.35 3 200 3 0.45 5 $31.50.
for v . 0. This is v 5 80. 11. f(x) 5 0.001x 3 2 0.12x 2 1 3.6x 1 10,
v slope of E(v)
0 # x # 75
f r(x) 5 0.003x 2 2 0.24x 1 3.6
0 # v , 80 1 Set 0 5 0.003x 2 2 0.24x 1 3.6
2 0.24 6 "(20.24)2 2 4(0.003)(3.6)
80 , v # 100 x5
2(0.003)
Therefore, within the legal speed limit of 100 km> h, 0.24 6 0.12
x5
the fuel efficiency E is decreasing in the speed 0.006
interval 80 , v # 100. x 5 60 or x 5 20
0.1t f(0) 5 10
8. C(t) 5 ,1#t#6
(t 1 3)2 f(20) 5 42
0.1(t 1 3)2 2 0.2t(t 1 3) f(60) 5 10
Cr(t) 5 50 f(75) 5 26.875
(t 1 3)4
(t 1 3)(0.1t 1 0.3 2 0.2t) 5 0 Absolute max. value 5 42 at (20, 42) and absolute
t53 min. value 5 10 at (0, 10) and (60, 10).
x 8 244.9 1
gr(x) 5 x(x 2 1 1)22
U(1) 5 3009.05 3 1
x 8 244.9 1
gr(x) 5 x(x 2 1 1)22
U(1) 5 3009.05 3 1
x h 30° x B C
120°
y A h
From ^ ABC x
h 4x 1 2h 5 6
5 cos 30°
x 2x 1 h 5 3 or h 5 3 2 2x
h 5 x cos 30° 1 "3
"3 Area 5 xh 1
2
3x3
2
x
5 x
2 "3 x 2
w 5 x(3 2 2x) 1
5 sin 30° 4
"3 2
x
w 5 x sin 30° A(x) 5 3x 2 2x 2 1 x
1 4
5 x
2 "3
Ar(x) 5 3 2 4x 1 x, 0 # x # 1.5
"3 "3
2
x
Therefore, A 5 (60 2 2x)a xb 1 3 x For max or min, let Ar(x) 5 0, x 8 1.04.
2 2 2
A(0) 5 0, A(1.04) 8 1.43, A(1.5) 8 1.42
"3 2 The maximum area is approximately 1.43 cm2 and
A(x) 5 30!3x 2 !3x 2 1 x , 0 # x # 30
4 occurs when x 5 0.96 cm and h 5 1.09 cm.
Apply the Algorithm for Extreme Values, b. Yes. All the wood would be used for the outer
"3 frame.
Ar(x) 5 30!3 2 2 !3x 1 x
2
Now, set Ar(x) 5 0
"3
30!3 2 2 !3 1 x 5 0.
2
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 3-19
15. x There is a critical number at t 5 .04 hours
N
v t , .04 .04 t . .04
W E
y 2 0 1
S z d9(t)
Let z represent the distance between the two trains. There is a local minimum at t 5 .04, so the two
After t hours, y 5 60t, x 5 45(1 2 t) vehicles are closest together .04 hours after 1:00, or
1:02. The distance between them at that time is 3 km.
z 2 5 3600t 2 1 452 (1 2 t)2, 0 # t # 1 17. 2
a +b2
dz L
2z 5 7200t 2 4050(1 2 t) 2 ab
dt w
a2 – b2 – L
dz 7200t 2 4050(1 2 t)
5 a2 – b2
dt 2z
a2 2 b2 2 L W
dz 5
For max or min, let 5 0. a2 2 b2 2ab
dt
7200t 2 4050(1 2 t) 5 0 2ab
W5 2 (a 2 2 b 2 2 L)
t 5 0.36 a 2 b2
3a 2L 2 b 2L 2 L 24
When t 5 0, z 2 5 452, z 5 45 2ab
A 5 LW 5 2
t 5 0.36, z 2 5 3600(0.36)2 1 452 (1 2 0.36)2 a 2 b2
z 2 5 129 dA
Let 5 a 2 2 b 2 2 2L 5 0,
z 5 36 dL
t 5 1, z 2 5 !3600 5 60 a2 2 b2
The closest distance between the trains is 36 km and L5
2
occurs at 0.36 h after the first train left the station.
ca d
2ab 2 2 a2 2 b2
16. Vehicle 2 and W 5 2 2 b 2 2
a 2 b2 2
d
P Vehicle 1 5 ab.
At any time after 1:00 p.m., the distance between The hypothesis is proven.
the first vehicle and the second vehicle is the 18. Let the height be h and the radius r.
hypotenuse of a right triangle, where one side of the k
Then, pr 2h 5 k, h 5 2.
triangle is the distance from the first vehicle to P pr
Let M represent the amount of material,
and the other side is the distance from the second
M 5 2pr 2 1 2prh
vehicle to P. The distance between them is therefore
5 2pr 2 1 2prha 2 b
k
d 5 "(60t)2 1 (5 2 80t)2 where t is the time in pr
hours after 1:00. To find the time when they are 2k
closest together, d must be minimized. 5 2pr 2 1 , 0 # r # `
r
d 5 "(60t)2 1 (5 2 80t)2 Using the max min Algorithm,
d 5 "3600t 2 1 25 2 800t 1 6400t 2 dM
5 4pr 2 2
2k
d 5 "10 000t 2 1 25 2 800t dr r
1
, r 2 0 or r 5 a b .
20 000t 2 800 dM k k 3
dr 5 Let 5 0, r 3 5
dr 2p 2p
2"10 000t 2 1 25 2 800t
Let dr 5 0: When r S 0, M S `
20 000t 2 800 r S `, M S `
50 1
r5a b
2"10 000t 2 1 25 2 800t k 3
Therefore 20 000t 2 800 5 0 2p
20 000t 5 800
t 5 .04 hours
a b ? 23
k 3
2
k 3 2
h p p 1 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
Ratio 5 1 5 5 –2
2a b
d 1
2a b
k 3 k 3 1
2
3 –4
2p p –6
A x P 100 2 x B
19. Any point on the curve can be represented by
Cut the wire at P and label diagram as shown. Let (a, (a 2 3)2 ).
AP form the circle and PB the square. The distance from (23, 3) to a point on the curve is
Then, 2pr 5 x d 5 "(a 1 3)2 1 ((a 2 3)2 2 3)2.
x To minimize the distance, we consider the function
r5
2p d(a) 5 (a 1 3)2 1 (a 2 2 6a 1 6)2.
100 2 x
And the length of each side of the square is . in minimizing d(a), we minimize d since d . 1
4
always.
Area of circle 5 pa b
x 2
2p For critical points, set dr(a) 5 0.
2 dr(a) 5 2(a 1 3) 1 2(a 2 2 6a 1 6)(2a 2 6)
x
5 if dr(a) 5 0,
4p a 1 3 1 (a 2 2 6a 1 6)(2a 2 6) 5 0
Area of square 5 a b
100 2 x 2
2a 3 2 18a 2 1 49a 2 33 5 0
4 (a 2 1)(2a 2 2 16a 1 33) 5 0
16 6 "28
The total area is
1a b , where 0 # x # 100.
x2 100 2 x 2 a 5 1, or a 5
A(x) 5 4
4p 4
There is only one critical value, a 5 1.
b a2 b
2x 100 2 x 1
Ar(x) 5 1 2a To determine whether a 5 1 gives a minimal value,
4p 4 4 we use the second derivative test:
x 100 2 x dr(a) 5 6a 2 2 36a 1 49
5 2
2p 8 ds (1) 5 6 2 36 1 49
For max or min, let Ar(x) 5 0. $ 0.
x 100 2 x Then, d(1) 5 42 1 12
2 50
2p 8 5 17.
100p The minimal distance is d 5 "17, and the point on
x5 1 p 8 44
r the curve giving this result is (1, 4).
A(0) 5 625
1a b 8 350
442 100 2 44 2
A(44) 5
4p 4
1002
A(100) 5 8 796
4p
, y 5 k2 2 a b 5 k2
2
Since CD is parallel to the x-axis, the y-coordinate k k 2
When x 5 6
of D is also a 1 b. The slope of the tangent at D is !3 !3 3
dy
given by for the expression y 2 5 4x. 2k 2 4k 3 !3
Max area is A 5 3 k2 5 3
!3 3 !3
dx !3
Differentiating. 3
dy 4k 3
2y 54 5 square units.
dx 9
dy 2
5
dx y 3.4 Optimization Problems in
And since at point D, y 5 a 1 b,
Economics and Science, pp. 151–154
dy 2
dx
5
a1b
. 1. a. C(625) 5 75( !625 2 10)
But this is the same as the slope of AB. Then, the 5 1125
tangent at D is parallel to the chord AB. Average cost is 1125
625 5 $1.80.
, y 5 k2 2 a b 5 k2
2
Since CD is parallel to the x-axis, the y-coordinate k k 2
When x 5 6
of D is also a 1 b. The slope of the tangent at D is !3 !3 3
dy
given by for the expression y 2 5 4x. 2k 2 4k 3 !3
Max area is A 5 3 k2 5 3
!3 3 !3
dx !3
Differentiating. 3
dy 4k 3
2y 54 5 square units.
dx 9
dy 2
5
dx y 3.4 Optimization Problems in
And since at point D, y 5 a 1 b,
Economics and Science, pp. 151–154
dy 2
dx
5
a1b
. 1. a. C(625) 5 75( !625 2 10)
But this is the same as the slope of AB. Then, the 5 1125
tangent at D is parallel to the chord AB. Average cost is 1125
625 5 $1.80.
x
x
15 1 20
0 3 12
2 4 6 8 10 18
–15 5 10 1
5
5 13.6
625
d. C(x) 5 100x2 1 5x 1 700
x u (x) 5 1 0.01x
x 100
i. C(400) 5 1 2000 1 700
1 625.01 20
250 2.5 1 2.5 5 5 min
5 $2705
2750
500
625
1 5 5 6.25 ii. C(400) 5
500 400
5 $6.875
Therefore, 250 items should be manufactured to 5 $6.88
ensure unit waste is minimized. 3
iii. Cr(x) 5 250x2 2 1 5
10. a. C(x) 5 3x 1 1000 250
i. C(400) 5 1200 1 1000 Cr(400) 5 15
(20)3
5 2200 5 5.00625
2200 5 $5.01
ii. 5 $5.50
400 Cr(401) 5 $5.01
iii. Cr(x) 5 3 The cost to produce the 401st item is $5.01.
The marginal cost when x 5 400 and the cost of 11. C(x) 5 0.004x 2 1 40x 1 16 000
producing the 401st item are $3.00. Average cost of producing x items is
b
From the graph, it can be seen that x 5 2000 is a 10 000
A(x) 5 x 2 1 4xa
minimum. Therefore, a production level of 2000 x2
items minimizes the average cost. 400 000
12. a. s(t) 5 3t 2 2 10 5 x2 1 , for x $ 5
x
v(t) 5 6t
400 000
v(3) 5 18 Ar(x) 5 2x 2 ,
x2
v(3) . 0, so the object is moving to the right.
400 000
s(3) 5 27 2 10 5 17. The object is to the right of Let Ar(x) 5 0, then 2x 5
the starting point and moving to the right, so it is x2
3
moving away from its starting point. x 5 200 000
b. s(t) 5 2t 3 1 4t 2 2 10 x 5 27.14.
s(0) 5 210 Using the max min Algorithm,
Therefore, its starting position is at 210. A(5) 5 25 1 80 000 5 80 025
s(3) 5 227 1 36 2 10 A(27.14) 8 15 475
5 21 The dimensions of a box of minimum area is
v(t) 5 23t 2 1 8t 27.14 cm for the base and height 13.57 cm.
v(3) 5 227 1 24 15. Let the length be x and the width y.
5 23
Since s(3) and v(3) are both negative, the object y y y y y y
is moving away from the origin and towards its
starting position.
16 x
13. s 5 27t 3 1 1 10, t . 0
t 12 000
P 5 2x 1 6y and xy 5 12 000 or y 5
16 x
a. v 5 81t 2 2 2
t 12 000
P(x) 5 2x 1 6 3
16 x
81t 2 2 2 5 0
t 72 000
P(x) 5 2x 1 , 10 # x # 1200(5 3 240)
81t 4 5 16 x
16 72 000
t4 5 Ar(x) 5 2 2
81 x2
2 Let Ar(x) 5 0,
t56
3 2x 2 5 72 000
t.0 x 2 5 36 000
2 x 8 190.
Therefore, t 5 .
3 Using max min Algorithm,
A(10) 5 20 1 7200 5 7220 m 2
A(190) 8 759 m 2
A(1200) 5 1 440 060
4x 5 3 !25 1 x2
2 3 100 3 100t 2 2 3 120 3 120(1 2 t)
50
2" (100t)2 1 (120 2 120t)2 16x 2 5 9(25 1 x 2 )
or 20 000t 5 28 800(1 2 t) 7x 2 5 225
48 800t 5 288 000 x 2 8 32
288 x 8 5.7.
t5 8 0.59 h or 35.4 min.
488 Using max min Algorithm,
When t 5 0, z 5 120. A(0) 5 100 000!25 1 75 000(20) 5 2 000 000
t 5 0.59
A(5.7) 5 100 000!25 1 5.72 1 75 000(20 2 5.7)
z 5 "(100 3 0.59)2 1 (120 2 120 3 0.59)2 5 1 830 721.60
5 76.8 km A(20) 5 2 061 552.81.
t 5 1, z 5 100 The minimum cost is $1 830 722 and occurs when
The closest distance between trains is 76.8 km and the pipeline meets the shore at a point C, 5.7 km
occurs at 10:35. from point A, directly across from P.
20. Let the number of price increases be n. 22.
New selling price 5 100 1 2n. 3 cm
Number sold 5 120 2 n.
Profit 5 Revenue 2 Cost
P(n) 5 (100 1 2n)(120 2 n) 2 70(120 2 n),
2 cm
0 # n # 120
5 3600 1 210n 2 2n 2 h
Pr(n) 5 210 2 4n
Let Pr(n) 5 0
210 2 4n 5 0
n 5 52.5.
Therefore, n 5 52 or 53.
Using max min Algorithm, w
P(0) 5 3600 A 5 hw
P(52) 5 9112 81 5 (h 2 6)(w 2 4)
P(53) 5 9112 81
P(120) 5 0 5w24
h26
The maximum profit occurs when the portable MP3 are 81
sold at $204 for 68 and at $206 for 67 portable MP3. 145w
h26
21. p
81 1 4(h 2 6)
5 km 5w
20 – x x h26
R
C A 4h 1 57
5w
20 km h26
Let x represent the distance AC. Substitute for w in the area equation and differentiate:
There is a local minimum at t 5 .39 hours, so the So the rest stop should be built 3.2 km from point C.
ships were closest together at 2:23. 26. a. f(x) 5 x 2 2 2x 1 6, 21 # x # 7
25. Dundas f r(x) 5 2x 2 2
Set f r(x) 5 0
Ancaster
0 5 2x 2 2
rest 6
4 stop x51
x 8–x f(21) 5 (21)2 2 2(21) 1 6
C 8 D f(21) 5 1 1 2 1 6
Let the distance from C to the rest stop be x and so f(21) 5 9
the distance from the rest stop to D is 8 2 x, as f(7) 5 (7)2 2 2(7) 1 6
shown. The distance from Ancaster to the rest stop f(7) 5 49 2 14 1 6
is therefore f(7) 5 41
"42 1 x 2 5 "16 1 x 2, and the distance from the
f(1) 5 12 2 2(1) 1 6
f(1) 5 1 2 2 1 6
rest stop to Dundas is
f(1) 5 5
"62 1 (8 2 x)2 5 "36 1 64 2 16x 1 x 2 Absolute Maximum: f(7) 5 41
5 "100 2 16x 1 x 2 Absolute Minimum: f(1) 5 5
So the total length of the trails is b. f(x) 5 x 3 1 x 2, 23 # x # 3
L 5 "16 1 x 2 1 "100 2 16x 1 x 2 f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 2x
The minimum cost can be found by expressing L as Set f r(x) 5 0
a function of x and examining its derivative to find 0 5 3x 2 1 2x
critical points. 0 5 x(3x 1 2)
L(x) 5 "16 1 x 2 1 "100 2 16x 1 x 2, which is 2
x 5 2 or x 5 0
defined for 0 # x # 8 3
2x 2x 2 16 f(23) 5 (23)3 1 (23)2
Lr(x) 5 1
2"16 1 x 2
2"100 2 16x 1 x 2 f(23) 5 227 1 9
f(23) 5 218
x"100 2 16x 1 x 2 1 (x 2 8)"16 1 x 2
5
"(16 1 x 2 )(100 2 16x 1 x 2 ) f a2 b 5 a2 b 1 a2 b
2 2 3 2 2
The critical points of A(r) can be found by setting 3 3 3
f a2 b 5 2 1
Lr(x) 5 0: 2 8 4
3 27 9
x"100 2 16x 1 x 2 1 (x 2 8)"16 1 x 2 5 0
f a2 b 5
2 4
x 2 (100 2 16x 1 x 2 ) 5 (x 2 2 16x 1 64)(16 1 x 2 )
3 27
100x 2 2 16x 3 1 x 4 5 x 4 2 16x 3 1 64x 2
1 16x 2 2 256x 1 1024 f(0) 5 (0)3 1 (0)2
2
20x 1 256x 2 1024 5 0 f(0) 5 0
4(5x 2 16)(x 1 16) 5 0 f(3) 5 (3)3 1 (3)2
So x 5 3.2 and x 5 216 are the critical points of f(3) 5 27 1 9
the function. Only the positive root is within the f(3) 5 36
interval of interest, however. The minimum total Absolute Maximum: f(3) 5 36
length therefore occurs at this point or at one of the Absolute Minimum: f(23) 5 218
endpoints of the interval: c. f(x) 5 x 3 2 12x 1 2, 25 # x # 5
f r(x) 5 3x 2 2 12
3 5
b. s(t) 5 t 1
t12
aa bx b
d 2 213
f s (x) 5 (t 1 2)(0) 2 5(1)
dx 3 sr(t) 5 1 1
(t 1 2)2
5 a b a2 bx 23
2 1 4
3 3 5
512
(t 1 2)2
5 2 a bx 23
2 4
3 3 5 257
a(t) 5 218t 1 10
2 2 4
5 2 (t 1 t)23 (4t 2 1 4t 1 1 2 6t 2 2 6t) a(3) 5 218(3) 1 10
9
5 244
2 4
5 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 2 1 2t 2 1) b. s(t) 5 (2t 2 5)3
9 v(t) 5 3(2t 2 5)2 (2)
s(5) 2 s(0) 5 6(2t 2 5)2
b. vavg 5
520 v(2) 5 6(4 2 5)2
2 2
(52 1 5)3 2 (02 1 0)3 56
5
2
5 a(t) 5 12(2t 2 5)(2)
30 3 2 0 5 24(2t 2 5)
5
5 a(2) 5 24(4 2 5)
8 1.931 5 224
The average velocity is approximately 1.931 m> s. 3. a. s(t) 5 t 2 2 3t 1 2
2 1 v(t) 5 2t 2 3
c. v(5) 5 (52 1 5)23 (2(5) 1 1) a(t) 5 2
3
2 1
b. 2t 2 3 5 0
5 (30)23 (11) t 5 1.5 s
3
8 2.360 s(1.5) 5 1.52 2 3
The velocity at 5 s is approximately 2.36 m> s. (1.5) 1 2 5 20.25
v(5) 2 v(0) c. t2 2 3t 1 2 5 0
d. Average acceleration 5 which is (t 2 1)(t 2 2) 5 0
520
undefined because v(0) is undefined. t 5 1 or t 5 2
2 4 0 v(1) 0 5 0 21 0
e. a(5) 5 (52 1 5)23 (2(5)2 1 2(5) 6 1)
9 5 1
2 4 0 v(2) 0 5 0 1 0
5 ( 3023) (59) 51
9
8 0.141 The speed is 1 m> s when the position is 0.
The acceleration at 5 s is approximately 0.141 m> s2. d. The object moves to the left when v(t) , 0.
2t 2 3 , 0
t , 1.5
Chapter 3 Test, p. 160 The object moves to the left between t 5 0 s and
1. a. y 5 7x 2 2 9x 1 22 t 5 1.5 s.
yr 5 14x 2 9
ys 5 14
3 3 5 257
a(t) 5 218t 1 10
2 2 4
5 2 (t 1 t)23 (4t 2 1 4t 1 1 2 6t 2 2 6t) a(3) 5 218(3) 1 10
9
5 244
2 4
5 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 2 1 2t 2 1) b. s(t) 5 (2t 2 5)3
9 v(t) 5 3(2t 2 5)2 (2)
s(5) 2 s(0) 5 6(2t 2 5)2
b. vavg 5
520 v(2) 5 6(4 2 5)2
2 2
(52 1 5)3 2 (02 1 0)3 56
5
2
5 a(t) 5 12(2t 2 5)(2)
30 3 2 0 5 24(2t 2 5)
5
5 a(2) 5 24(4 2 5)
8 1.931 5 224
The average velocity is approximately 1.931 m> s. 3. a. s(t) 5 t 2 2 3t 1 2
2 1 v(t) 5 2t 2 3
c. v(5) 5 (52 1 5)23 (2(5) 1 1) a(t) 5 2
3
2 1
b. 2t 2 3 5 0
5 (30)23 (11) t 5 1.5 s
3
8 2.360 s(1.5) 5 1.52 2 3
The velocity at 5 s is approximately 2.36 m> s. (1.5) 1 2 5 20.25
v(5) 2 v(0) c. t2 2 3t 1 2 5 0
d. Average acceleration 5 which is (t 2 1)(t 2 2) 5 0
520
undefined because v(0) is undefined. t 5 1 or t 5 2
2 4 0 v(1) 0 5 0 21 0
e. a(5) 5 (52 1 5)23 (2(5)2 1 2(5) 6 1)
9 5 1
2 4 0 v(2) 0 5 0 1 0
5 ( 3023) (59) 51
9
8 0.141 The speed is 1 m> s when the position is 0.
The acceleration at 5 s is approximately 0.141 m> s2. d. The object moves to the left when v(t) , 0.
2t 2 3 , 0
t , 1.5
Chapter 3 Test, p. 160 The object moves to the left between t 5 0 s and
1. a. y 5 7x 2 2 9x 1 22 t 5 1.5 s.
yr 5 14x 2 9
ys 5 14
f(0) 5 2
250 A(250) 5 125 000 max
f(4) 5 64 2 48 1 2 5 18
f(5) 5 125 2 60 1 2 5 67 max 1000 lim
xS1000
A(x) 5 0
9
b. f(x) 5 x 1
x x 5 250 and y 5 500.
5 x 1 9x 21 Therefore, each paddock is 250 m in width and
f r(x) 5 1 2 9x 22 500
3 m in length.
1 2 9x 22 5 0 7.
9
12 250
x
x2 2 9
50
x2 y
x2 2 9 5 0 x
x 5 63
x 5 23 is not in the given interval. 2x
f(1) 5 1 1 9 5 10 max Let x represent the height.
f(3) 5 3 1 3 5 6 min Let 2x represent the width.
f(6) 5 6 1 1.5 5 7.5 Let y represent the length.
5. a. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45 Volume 10 000 5 2x 2y
hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 21 Cost:
Set hr(t) 5 0 and solve for t. C 5 0.02(2x)y 1 2(0.05)(2x 2 )
29.8t 1 21 5 0 1 2(0.05)(xy) 1 0.1(2xy)
9.8t 5 21 5 0.04xy 1 0.2x 2 1 0.1xy 1 0.2xy
t 8 2.1 s 5 0.34xy 1 0.2x 2
The graph has a max or min at t 5 2.1 s. Since the 10 000 5000
But y 5 2 5 2 .
equation represents a parabola, and the lead coeffi- 2x x
Therefore, C(x) 5 0.34xa 2 b 1 0.2x 2
cient is negative, the value must be a maximum. 5000
b. h(2.1) 5 24.9(2.1)2 1 21(2.1) 1 0.45 x
8 22.9 1700
5 1 0.2x 2, x $ 0
The maximum height is about 22.9 m. x
6. 21700
C r(x) 5 1 0.4x.
x2
x