Main design issues in DCS

 Detectability: the quality of the demodulated

signal for a given amount of channel
attenuation and receiver noise (RELIABLITY-
BER)
 Bandwidth Efficiency: the bandwidth
occupied by the modulated carrier for a
given information rate in the baseband
signal(COMMERCIAL COST)
 Power Efficiency: the type of power amplifier
(PA) that can be used in the
transmitter.(GREEN COMMUNICATION) 1
M-ary Signalling

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 Important spectral relations
The spectrum of a random binary sequence with equal probabilities of ONEs and ZEROs is

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Spectrum of ASK and PSK

Spectrum of ASK is similar, but only with impulses

at +/- fc
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 Pulse Shaping

Baseband pulse is
designed to occupy a
small bandwidth.
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Random binary sequence:
Rectangular spectrum

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 Raised Cosine Pulse shaping

α: roll-off factor, typical values are in the range of 0.3~0.5

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Bits vs symbols

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BW-efficiency

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Bandwidth efficiency

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QPSK

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 Quadrature Modulator

 QPSK halves the occupied bandwidth

 Pulses appear at A and B are called symbols rather than bits

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 GMSK and GFSK

Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK), modulation index m = 0.5

Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK) modulation index m = 0.3
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The trade-off

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 Why QAM?
• We can increase the BW efficiency with a lesser
need for signal power by combining amplitude
and phase modulation.
• Many different constellations are possible for
the same number of symbols .
• The minimum distance between symbols
determine immunity to noise.
• Maximum distance to the origin determines
the maximum required signal power
• Constellation decides I/Q generation
convenience 15
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 QAM

 Saves bandwidth
 Denser constellation: making detection more sensitive to noise
 Large envelope variation: need highly linear PA
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 M-ary PSK/QAM
• Bandwidth efficiency: Rb log 2 M 1
  [bits/s/Hz]
W WTs WTb
W  1 / Ts  Rs [Hz]
– Assuming Nyquist (ideal rectangular) filtering at baseband, the
required passband bandwidth is:
Rb / W  log 2 M [bits/s/Hz]

• M-PSK and M-QAM (bandwidth-limited systems)

– Bandwidth efficiency increases as M increases.
Rb / W  log 2 M / M [bits/s/Hz]

• But note that MFSK (power-limited systems)

– Bandwidth efficiency decreases as M increases.
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M-ary FSK modulation

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 Linear modulation
• The amplitude of the modulated transmitted signal s(t) varies
linearly with the modulating digital signal: m(t). Bandwidth
efficient but power inefficient. Examples: M-ASK, M-PAM,
BPSK, DPSK, QPSK, π/4 PSK, M-QAM.
• Information encoded in carrier signal’s amplitude and/or in
carrier’s phase.
• Easier to adapt. More spectrally-efficient then nonlinear
modulation.
• Issues: differential encoding, pulse shaping, bit mapping.
• Often requires linear power amplifiers to minimize signal
distortions.

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 Non-Linear modulation
• The amplitude of the modulated transmitted signal
s(t), does not vary linearly with the modulating
digital signal: m(t). Power efficient but bandwidth
inefficient. Examples: FSK, MSK, GMSK, constant
envelope modulation.
• Information encoded in carrier signal’s frequency.
• Continuous phase (CPFSK) modulation is a special
case of FM.
• Bandwidth : by Carson’s rule also (pulse shaping).
• More robust to channel and power amplifier’s
nonlinearities.
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Wireless Standards

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