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Newton’s second law of motion, f = ma, to each node. In general, the law can be written
for each node as ‘‘the external (applied) force 𝑓𝑥𝑒 minus the internal force is equal to the
nodal mass times acceleration.’’ Equivalently, adding the internal force to the ma term,
we have
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We will now develop the consistent-mass matrix for the bar element. Numerous
methods are available to obtain the consistent-mass matrix.

where the minus sign is due to the fact that the acceleration produces D’Alembert’s
body forces in the direction opposite the acceleration.

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