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ABSTRACT
The present research was designed to determine thermal properties of concrete manufactured by two different
categories of coarse aggregates. For this rationale ninety six concrete cylinders of 100 × 200 mm were casted using burnt
clay brick-chips and stone-chips as coarse aggregate with two different mixing ratios of 1:2:3 and 1:1.5:2. The specific heat
and thermal diffusivity were measured by using semi-adiabatic calorimeter and CRD C 36-73 (heating and cooling of the
samples) method, respectively. The thermal conductivity was also obtained by multiplying the specific heat, density and
thermal diffusivity. From the experiment it was observed that the specific heat of concrete having burnt clay brick-chips is
13% greater than the concrete having stone-chips. Again the specific heat is 2 and 7% greater at lower mixing ratio than
rich mixing ratio for brick-chips and stone-chips, respectively. In case of thermal diffusivity, concrete with stone-chips
have 19% greater value than burnt clay brick-chips as coarse aggregate. Mixing ratio also have influence on thermal
diffusivity and rich mixing ratio shows 42% and 22% greater values for brick-chips and stone-chips, respectively than
lower mixing ratio. Thermal conductivity has a linear relationship with thermal diffusivity in both types of aggregates.
Keywords: concrete, specific heat, thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, density, coarse aggregates, mixing ratio.
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VOL. 7, NO. 7, JULY 2012 ISSN 1819-6608
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©2006-2012 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
behavior of concrete include physical properties (e.g., component, (Bentz, D. P., 2007; Bentz, D. P. et al., 2011).
thermal conductivity and thermal expansion), chemical The temperature response analysis (Figure-1) of the
properties (e.g., chemical stability at temperature), and structures can be subdivided into two major categories, a
thermal stability/integrity. However, thermal properties of nonlinear temperature analysis and a successive structural
concrete are influenced by the concrete’s mixing analysis (Kang, S. W. et al., 2001; Poh, K. W. et al.,
proportions, aggregates thermo physical properties that it 1995).
contains, and those of its hydrating cement (binder) paste
Thermal Properties
Temperature
(Density, specific heat, thermal
Temperature Change
conductivity & diffusivity)
Specific heat (C) measures the index of the ranges between about 1.4 and 3.6 W/m-K (0.8 to 2.1
capability with which concrete can undergo temperature Btu/ft2h°F/ft) (Scanlon, J. M. et al., 1994) and varies with
changes. Concrete of high specific heat is beneficial for the density and permeability of concrete. It is the product
increasing the temperature stability of a structure. For this of the thermal diffusivity, the specific heat, and the
rationale measurement of specific heat of concrete is very density. Hence, increasing all three parameters contribute
essential. It is defined as the amount of heat that a unit to an increase in the thermal conductivity (Fu, X. et al.,
mass of a material must gain or lose to change its 1999). Lower value of thermal conductivity concrete is
temperature by a given amount. The specific heat of a beneficial for the thermal insulation of buildings. On the
material is correlated to heat capacity and is a property of other hand, concrete of high thermal conductivity is
the materials. In SI unit it would be expressed in term of advantageous for lessening temperature gradients in
Joules per kilogram per Kelvin (J/kg-K). For ordinary concrete structures. The thermal stresses that consequence
concrete the common range of values is between 840 and from temperature gradients may cause mechanical
1170 J/kg-K. It is greatly influenced by moisture content, property degradation and even twisting in the structure
types of aggregate used, and density of concrete (Neville, (Xu, Y. et al., 2000).
A. M. 1996; Phan, L. T., 1996; Kodur, V. R. et al., 1998;
Harmathy, T. Z., 1970). Thermal conductivity, K = C ρ δ (1)
Thermal diffusivity (δ) is a material property
which defines the rate at which temperature changes Where, c is the specific heat, ρ is the density and δ is the
within a mass can take place, through a material, and is diffusivity of concrete.
thus an index of the facility with which concrete can In this study thermal properties (specific heat,
undergo temperature changes, normally measured in m²/h, thermal conductivity and diffusivity) of concrete using two
m²/s or ft²/hr. In a sense, thermal diffusivity is the measure different types of coarse aggregates were determined. And
of thermal inertia (Venkanna, B. K., 2010). A substance find out the acceptability of burnt clay brick-chips as
having high thermal diffusivity, heat moves rapidly aggregate in concrete industry.
through because the substance conducts heat quickly
compared to its volumetric heat capacity or 'thermal bulk'. MATERIALS AND METHOD
The typical values of ordinary concrete ranges between
5.5×10-7 and 15.5×10-7 m²/sec (0.02 to 0.06 ft²/h), Materials
depending on the aggregate type used in concrete (Neville, Portland composite cement (PCC) was used as
A. M., 1996). binder. Various physical properties of the concrete
Thermal conductivity (K) is the capacity of the ingredients are given in Tables 1 and 2. ASTM standards
material to conduct heat and is defined as the ratio of the were followed to determine these properties. The
flux of heat to temperature gradient. Thermal conductivity maximum sizes of coarse aggregates for both types were
is measured in joules per second per square meter of area kept 12.5 mm and maintain same gradation curve is shown
of body while the temperature difference is 1°C or 1 K per in Figure-2 (ASTM, 2010; ASTM, 2006; ASTM, 2003).
meter of thickness of the body. The conductivity generally
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VOL. 7, NO. 7, JULY 2012 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2012 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
60
Experimental procedures
40
Specific heat
The test specimens of 4"× 8" (100 mm × 200
20 mm) cylindrical shape were prepared and cured according
to ASTM standard for 28 days. After curing two holes
were made at the middle third point by drilling with a drill
0
100 10 1 0.1
bid of 3/8" (9.5 mm) in diameter. Immersion heater (1000
watt and 220-250 volt) into one hole and a thermometer
Sieve Size (mm)
into another hole were inserted of the cylinders and put
Figure-2. Gradation curve of coarse aggregate them into the calorimeter. Internal size of the semi
(brick-chips and stone-chips), performed according adiabatic calorimeter (Figure-3) 9"×9"×18" was used in
this experimental work.
to ASTM C136 [13].
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ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2012 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
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Temp. Logger
Container with
water
Glass Wool
Temperature Sensor
Temp. Sensor
Concrete Cylinder
Sample
Immersion Heater
Heater
⎛T ⎞
60 ln ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ T2 ⎠ (2)
δ=
⎛ 5.783 π 2 ⎞
( t 2 − t1 ) ⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟
⎝ r l ⎠
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Table-3. Density, specific heat, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of concrete.
Mix Thermal Thermal
Sample Density Specific heat
Proportion diffusivity conductivity
ID (kg/m3) (J/kg-K)
by volume (m2/sec) × 10-7 (W/m-K)
B48R3 1970 1237 6.19 1.51
B48R3 2018 1227 5.68 1.41
B48R3 2066 1184 5.94 1.45
B48R3 1986 1258 5.94 1.48
B48R3 1922 1272 6.19 1.51
B48R3 2050 1225 6.19 1.56
1:2:3
S48R3 2146 1128 7.74 1.87
S48R3 2211 1110 8.00 1.96
S48R3 2243 1122 7.23 1.82
S48R3 2195 1153 8.26 2.09
S48R3 2259 1098 7.74 1.92
S48R3 2227 1109 8.00 1.98
B48R2 2002 1229 8.26 2.03
B48R2 2050 1218 9.03 2.26
B48R2 2050 1196 8.77 2.15
B48R2 2114 1178 8.52 2.12
B48R2 2034 1214 8.26 2.04
B48R2 2082 1224 8.52 2.17
1:1.5:2
S48R2 2339 1023 9.29 2.22
S48R2 2291 1080 9.55 2.36
S48R2 2307 1069 9.55 2.35
S48R2 2227 1088 9.29 2.25
S48R2 2291 1020 10.06 2.35
S48R2 2323 1018 9.81 2.32
In this table the density, specific heat, thermal relationships of different thermal properties with each
diffusivity and thermal conductivity of different samples other are described in figures below.
are categorized according to coarse aggregate types and Figure-6 presents the specific heat of concrete
mixing ratio. It is noted that the density of the concrete with brick-chips and stone-chips used as coarse
vary for different samples within each categories (for the aggregates. From this diagram it can be decided that the
same materials and same mixing ratio). Therefore, the specific heat of concrete using the burnt clay brick-chips is
values shown in the table are based on average densities ± greater than the concrete having stone-chips. The highest
a tolerance limit (less than 4%) in order to cover the range value of specific heat was measured 1258 J/kg-K and the
of densities as measured for different samples of the same lowest value is 1196 J/kg-K in case of brick-chips, but in
category. The measured specific heat, and thermal case of stone-chips the value varies from 1153 to 1018
diffusivity are presented based on the average values ± a J/kg-K.
variation (relatively small). The values of thermal
conductivity of the samples are obtained by multiplying
the density, thermal conductivity and diffusivity. The
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©2006-2012 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
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12
Specific Heat (J/kg-K)
1200
1100
8
1050
6
1000
Brick-chips Stone-chips
950 4
1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
Density (kg/m3) 2
0
Brick-chips Stone-chips
Figure-6. Specific heat of concrete. Mixing Ratio 1:2:3 Mixing Ratio 1:1.5:2
1200
2.4
Thermal Conductivity (W/m-k)
1150 2.2
1100 2.0
1.8
1050
1.6
1000
B48R3 B48R2 S48R3 S48R2 1.4
950
1.2 B48R3 B48R2 S48R3 S48R2
1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
Density (kg/m3) 1.0
4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0
Thermal Diffusivity (m2/sec) ×10-7
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brick-chips were used as coarse aggregate but due to the Fletcher I. A., Welch S., Torero J. L. Carvel R. O. and
difference of mixing proportion the density was varied. Usmani A. 2007. Behaviour of Concrete Structures in Fire,
Specimens of B48R2 have greater thermal diffusivity and Thermal Science. International Scientific Journal. 11(2):
conductivity values than B48R3. The same trend is found 37-52.
in case of stone-chips.
Fu X. and Chung D. D. L. 1999. Effect of Admixtures on
CONCLUSIONS Thermal and Thermo-mechanical Behavior of Cement
From the experiment it can be concluded that the Paste. ACI Mater J. 96(4): 455-461.
burnt clay brick-chips used as coarse aggregate shows
greater specific heat than the stone-chips concrete. Mixing Harmathy T. Z. 1970. Thermal properties of concrete at
proportion also has influence on the specific heat and rich elevated temperatures. J. Mater. pp. 47-74.
mixing proportions exhibits lower values when compared
with lower mixing ratio. Kang S. W. and Hong S. G. 2001. Material Model and
Thermal diffusivity increases with increasing Thermal Response Analysis of Concrete at Elevated
density. The diffusivity of concrete using stone-chips as Temperatures. Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute.
coarse aggregate has greater values than concrete with 13(3): 268-276.
brick-chips. Concrete samples with rich mix proportions
exhibits higher diffusivity for both types of aggregates. Kodur V. R. and Sultan M. A. 1998. Structural behavior of
Thermal conductivity of both types of concrete is high strength concrete columns exposed to fire. Proc., Int.
directly proportional to its diffusivity. Symp. on High Performance and Reactive Powder
Concrete, Sherbrooke, Canada. pp. 217-232.
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