LESSON

WHO/WHOM
John met Mary on Saturday.
Whom did John meet on Saturday.
John hired Mary on Saturday
Whom did John hire on Saturday.
John saw Mary on Saturday.
Whom did John see on Saturday.

WHOM USED WITH A PREPOSITION

John gave the book to Mary.
Whom did John give the book to?

John lent the pen to Mary.

Whom did John lend the pen to?

John cut the grass for Mary?

Whom did John cut the grass for?

John danced with Mary.

Whom did John dance with?
WHOSE + PASSIVE VOICE
Whose jet ski did they use?

car did they drive?

pen did he borrow?
condo (condomínio) did they buy?
picture did he take?

Whose Jetski was used?

car was driven?
pen was borrowed?
condo was bought?
picture was taken?

WHOSE IN-SUBORDINATE CONSTRUCTIONS.

We don’t know whose jet ski they used.
shares they bought.
car was stolen.
I’d like to know dog bit the child.
cat scratched the girl.
Can you tell me crossword puzzle this is.
check he lost.
I don’t care.
It doesn’t matter.
I don’t give a damn! (not very polite)
Damn if you do Damn if you don’t.
Who cares?
I couldn’t care less.
What difference does it make?

I don’t remember.
I have no idea.
I haven’t a clue.
I’d like to know.

Wherever = anywhere, everywhere, anyplace.

His chauffeur drives him wherever he goes.

He takes his kids
He makes friends
He insults people
He bothers people
He annoys people
He causes trouble.

Annoy - To cause slight irritation to (another) by troublesome, often repeated

acts.
Bother - To disturb or anger.

He seems to cause trouble wherever he goes. Why?

He causes trouble wherever he goes because he’s antisocial.

He seems to insult people wherever he goes. Why?

He insults people wherever he goes because he is hot-tempered.

He seems to annoy people wherever he goes. Why?

He annoys people wherever he goes because he’s boring.

He seems to make enemies wherever goes. Why?

He makes enemies wherever he goes because he’s a trouble maker.
REVIEW THE CAUSATIVE FORM
Will he paint his house himself?
No way. He doesn’t know how to do it himself.
He’ll have his house painted because he can’t do it himself.
He’ll have a good painter do the job.
He’ll have a painter paint his house because it’ll come out better.

She’s having her penthouse redecorated.

She’ll have her assistant carry out the plans.
She’s had her secretary cancel all his appointments.
He’d had his secretary cancel all his appointment before she traveled.

He would have had the engineer tuned up (sintonizar-se) if he had time.

You don’t have to draw up (elaborar/preparar) the cantract.

You can have the lawyer do it for you.

You don’t have to run the company by yourself.

You can have your family help you.

You don’t have to raise the children all by yourself.

You can have your husband help you.

Victor Lang is a prosperous man who lives in a small town near a bustling
(movimentada) city. When he was young, he realized that the people who
commuted to and from the city every day, needed to fill up their gas tanks on
the way. Having saved a lot of money, he opened a chain (cadeia) of gas
stations, which quickly made him rich.

Because he’s so wealthy, Mr. Lang has a lot of people working for him. In his
mansion, he’s surrounded by servants, assistants and advisors. He has these
people to carry out all the tasks which are necessary to keep a home and a
business going. He gets the maids to prepare the meals, clean the house, do
the laundry and take care of his children.

His chauffer drives him and his family wherever they wish to go. He gets his
advisors to handle most business matters and he lets his directors run the
company freely.

One Monday morning, Mr. Lang woke up and found out that neither his
household nor company employees were at work. Breakfast hadn’t been
prepared, the children hadn’t been woken up, and no work was being done at
his company. Most of the city was at a standstill (paralisação). A gas rationing
program has made people stop using their cars and begin taking buses. The
overload on the antiquated bus system had made it necessary for the bus drivers
to work overtime, therefore (portanto), they had gone on strike with no buses,
the transit system had collapsed.

That very evening, Mr. Lang made plans for a more efficient transportation
system using faster, cheaper and larger solar-powered buses. He is now even
richer and more successful with the plan in operation.
 He’s a prosperous businessman.
successful
well-known
wealthy
well-off

He’d rather live in a big city.

a bustling city.
a bustling metropolis.

She prefers to live in a samll town.

a quite place.

Indians live in wigwams.

tepees.

Hunters stay in huts.

cabins.
Shelters.

Eskimos live in igloos.

Wild animals live in dens.
SHALL = SHOULD
When shall I buy the tickets?
What tell my mother?
Whom ask for?
should I look for?
How cook the meat?

SHALL = OFFER
Shall I buy you a ticket?
meet you at the theater?
bring you some coffee?
make you a drink?
fix you a snack?

ALTHOUGH/IDEA/CONTRADICTION
Although he’s fat, he keeps on eating.
old, working.
broke, spending.
tired, playing.
drunks, drinking.
married, flirting.
Although he isn’t tall, he wants to play basketball.

ALTHOUGH – THOUGH – EVEN THOUGH

He doesn’t have a hobby although he’d like to have one.

He doesn’t have a hobby; he’d like to have one though.

Even though he’d like to have a hobby, he doesn’t have one.

IN SPITE OF ... ING = DESPITE ... ING
She left home late but she arrived on time.

In spite of leaving home late, she arrived on time.

being married, she had a boyfriend.
losing money, she had a good time.

Despite playing badly, she wins the games.

driving fast, she always shows uplate.
being religious, she curses whenever she mad.

IN SPITE OF + NOUN = DESPITE + NOUN

In spite of the rain, he went to the beach.
all his wealth, she won’t marry him.

Despite the heat, he is shevering.

the fever, the doctor says he’s alright.

In spite of of despite are used to show something contrary to expection.

They may be followed by a gerund:

In spite of / Despite being rich, he doesn’t like to spend money.

Or by a noun:

In spite of/Despite of – Despite the weather, he went to the beach.

OBJECT TO / LOOK FOWARD TO + ... ING

(se opor/aguardar ansiosamente por', 'estar ansioso por', 'estar animado
por/para, estar louco por)

He’s going to object to moving to another country.

being left out.
not being consulted.
working late.

She’s looking forward to spending her vacation abroad.

studying astrology.
being promoted.
finishing analysis.
 I was wondering if you could give me a hand.
help me out.
drive me there.
pick me up.

Now that’s what I call a good idea!

a terrific idea!
an excellent idea!

AROUND THE HOUSE

To peel the potatoes.
To slice the tomatoes.
To chop the onions.
To crush the garlic.
To squeeze the oranges.
To season the salad.
To grate the cheese.
To vacuum the carpet.
To dust the furniture.
To set the table.
To polish the silver.
To make the beds.
To iron the clothes.
To flush the toilet.
To take out the garbage.
To mow the plants.
To water the plants.
To trim the shrubs.
To sweep the floor.
To feed the pets.
To clean the pool.
To get the mail.
To scrub the sink.

SO AS TO / SO AS NOT DO
(to show intention)

Why did you work hard?

• I worked hard so as to be promoted.
• I worked hard so as not to be fired.

Why did did you take a nap?

• I took a nap so as to feel restered.
 • I took a nap so as not to feel tired.

Why did work out?

• I worked out so as to get in shape.
• I worked out so as not to be fat.

Why did he learn slang?

• He learned slang so as to understand the people better.
• He learned slang so as not to feel left out.

We should complain so as to get better service.

have hobbies be able to relax.
wake up earlier arrive on time.

WE’D BETTER = WE HAD BETTER

We’d better call collect so as not to have to pay.
We’d better replay immediately so as not to keep them waiting.
We’d better drink so as not to feel sick.
 Boomers, Gen X, Gen Y, Gen Z, and Gen A Explained
What separates Generation Y from X? And hey Gen Z and Gen A, welcome to the
party! What’s the cutoff? How old is each generation? Are they really that
different?

It’s easy to see why there is so much confusion about generational cohorts.

If you’ve ever felt muddled by this "alphabet soup" of names — you’re not alone.
The real frustration hits when you realize that Millennial consumers represent
the highest-spending generation in 2020 — with a projected $1.4 trillion tab.

And though their current wealth has been dragged down by not one but two
“once-in-a-lifetime” economic crises during their most impactful career years,
Millennials stand to inherit over $68 trillion from Baby Boomer and early Gen X
parents by the year 2030, setting them up to potentially be the most wealthy
generation in U.S. history.

Generation Z isn’t far behind, projected to hit $33 trillion in income by 2030 —
 that’s more than a quarter of all global income — and pass Millennials in
spending power the year after. 3

And coming up last but not least is Generation Alpha, the name given by social
analyst Mark McCrindle to the youngest children on the planet. By the year 2025
there will be nearly 2 billion members of Generation Alpha across the globe.

No matter how you slice the data, the younger generations have never been
more critical to your financial institution’s future.

Unless you understand who they are and what they want, you won’t capture a
dollar of their money.
People grow older. Birthdays stay the same.
A common source of confusion when labeling generations is their age.
Generational cohorts are defined (loosely) by birth year, not current age. The
reason is simple — generations get older in groups. If you think of Millennials as
college kids (18 - 22), then not only are you out of date — you’re thinking of a
stage in life, not a generation. Millennials are now well out of college, and that
life stage is dominated by Gen Z.

Another example, a member of Generation X who turned 18 in 1998 would now

be over 40. In that time, he or she cares about vastly different issues and is
receptive to a new set of marketing messages. Regardless of your age, you will
always belong to the generation you were born into.

The breakdown by age looks like this:

Baby Boomers: Baby boomers were born between 1946 and 1964. They're
currently between 57-75 years old (71.6 million in the U.S.)
Gen X: Gen X was born between 1965 and 1979/80 and is currently between
41-56 years old (65.2 million people in the U.S.)
Gen Y: Gen Y, or Millennials, were born between 1981 and 1994/6. They are
currently between 25 and 40 years old (72.1 million in the U.S.)
Gen Y.1 = 25-29 years old (around 31 million people in the U.S.)
Gen Y.2 = 29-39 (around 42 million people in the U.S.)
Gen Z: Gen Z is the newest generation, born between 1997 and 2012. They
are currently between 6 and 24 years old (nearly 68 million in the U.S.)
Gen A: Generation Alpha starts with children born in 2012 and will continue
at least through 2025, maybe later (approximately 48 million people in the
U.S.)

The term “Millennial” has become the popular way to reference both segments
of Gen Y (more on Y.1 and Y.2 below).

Sometimes labeled with the moniker “Zillennials”, those wedged at the tail end
of Millennials and the start of Gen Z are sometimes labeled with this moniker
— a group made up of people born between 1994 and the year 2000.

Originally, the name Generation Z was a placeholder for the youngest people
on the planet — although Generation A has now taken over that distinction.
However, in the same way that Gen Y morphed into Millennials, there is
certainly a possibility that both Gen Z and Gen A may adopt new names as they
leave adolescence and mature into their adult identities. While the label Gen
A makes discussion easier, it may not be the last word on this group of humans.

Why are generations named after letters?

It started with Generation X, people born between 1965-1980. The preceding
generation was the Baby Boomers, born 1946-1964. Post-World War II,
Americans enjoyed newfound prosperity, which resulted in a "baby boom." The
children born as a result were dubbed the Baby Boomers.

But the generation that followed the Boomers didn’t have a blatant cultural
identifier. In fact, that’s the anecdotal origin of the term Gen X — illustrating
the undetermined characteristics they would come to be known by. Depending
on whom you ask, it was either sociologists, a novelist, or Billy Idol who
cemented this phrase in our vocabulary.

From there on it was all down-alphabet. The generation following Gen X

naturally became Gen Y, born 1981-1996 (give or take a few years on either
end). The term “Millennial” is widely credited to Neil Howe, along with William
Strauss. The pair coined the term in 1989 when the impending turn of the
millennium began to feature heavily in the cultural consciousness.

Generation Z refers to babies born from the late 90s through today. A flurry of
potential labels has also appeared, including Gen Tech, post-Millennials,
iGeneration, Gen Y-Fi, and Zoomers.

While some say Generation Alpha is named for the first letter of the Greek
alphabet and denotes the first of a series of items or categories, Generation
Alpha may also just be an easy way to round the corner into a new alphabet.

Splitting up Gen Y
Javelin Research noticed that not all Millennials are currently in the same stage
of life. While all Millennials were born around the turn of the century, some of
them are still in early adulthood, wrestling with new careers and settling down,
while the older Millennials have a home and are building a family. You can
imagine how having a child might change your interests and priorities, so for
marketing purposes, it's useful to split this generation into Gen Y.1 and Gen Y.2.

Not only are the two groups culturally different, but they’re in vastly different
phases of their financial life. The younger group is just now flexing their buying
power. The latter group has a more extensive history and may be refinancing
their mortgage and raising children. The contrast in priorities and needs is
stark.

The same logic can be applied to any generation that is in this stage of life or
younger. As we get older, we tend to homogenize and face similar life issues.
The younger we are, the more dramatic each stage of life is. Consider the
difference between someone in elementary school and high school. While they
might be the same generation, they have very different views and needs.

Marketing to young generations as a single cohort will not be nearly as effective

as segmenting your strategy and messaging.

Why are generation cohort names important?

Each generation label serves as a shorthand to reference nearly 20 years of
attitude, motivations, and historical events. Few individuals self-identify as
Gen X, Millennial, or any other name.

They’re useful terms for marketers and tend to trickle down into common
usage. Again, it’s important to emphasize that referring to a cohort only by the
age range gets complicated quickly. Ten years from now, the priorities of
Millennials will have changed — and marketing tactics must adjust instep. There
are also other categories of cohorts you can use to better understand consumers
going beyond age or generation.

Remember, these arbitrary generational cutoff points are just that. They aren’t
an exact science and are continually evolving.

Whatever terminology or grouping you use, the goal is to reach people with
marketing messages relevant to their phase of life. In short, no matter how
many letters get added to the alphabet soup, the most important thing you can
do is seek to understand the soup du jour for the type of consumer you want to
attract.

What makes each generation different?

Before we dive into each generation, remember that the exact years born are
in dispute, because there are no comparably definitive thresholds by which the
later generations (after Boomers) are defined. But this should give you a general
range to help identify what generation you belong in.

The other fact to remember is that new technology is typically first adopted by
the youngest generation and then is gradually adopted by the older generations.
As an example, 96% of Americans have a smartphone, but Gen Z (the youngest
generation) is the highest user.