Cardiopulmonary Physiology

• Discussion of the project for the Physiology section!

• The cardiovascular system!
• Gravitational effects!
• Acceleration effects!
• G-induced loss of consciousness!
• The pulmonary system!
• Oxygen transport!
• Effects of altitude
© 2013 David L. Akin - All rights reserved
http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu
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Space Physiology Assignment
• This unit covers five topics!
– Cardiopulmonary system!
– Musculoskeletal system!
– Neurovestibular system!
– Decompression!
– Radiation effects!
• Find papers relevant to human space flight in two
of these areas!
• Post the papers and a one-page synopsis of each to
the Canvas site for this course!
• No duplications! (It’s good to do this early.)!
• Due Feb. 16
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The Human Circulatory System

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Blood Pressure in Circulatory System

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Gas Exchange in the Lungs

From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Gas Exchange in the Tissues

From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Gravity Effects on Arterial Pressure
95/55 mmHg

320 mm

120/80 mmHg

1200 mm

1000 mmH2O = 74.1 mmHg

210/170 mmHg

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The Human Circulatory System, Revisited

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Cardiovascular Regulatory System

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In-Flight Change in Leg Volume

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In-Flight Change in Body Mass

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Change in Leg Volume (Skylab)

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Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP)

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Cardiovascular Effects of Microgravity
• Cardiovascular deconditioning!
• Upper body blood pooling!
• Changes in blood volume!
• Increased calcium content

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Acceleration Effects on Arterial Pressure

25/–– mmHg

320 mm

120/80 mmHg

1200 mm

At 4 g’s longitudinal:

1000 mmH2O = 296 mmHg

475/435 mmHg

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Inertial Acceleration Nomenclature
+gx (forward) “transverse anterior-posterior G”,
“supine G”, “eyeballs in”!
-gx (rearward) “transverse P-A G”, “prone G”,
“eyeballs out”!
+gz (headward) “positive G”, “eyeballs down”!
-gz (footward) “negative G”, “eyeballs up”!
+gy (to left) “right lateral G”, “eyeballs right”:!
-gy (to right) “left lateral G”, “eyeballs left”

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Tolerance to Sustained Acceleration

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Variation in G Tolerance
F-16 seat orientation, gradual onset, no G-suit

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G Tolerance to ACM (PLL Criteria)

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Sustained Linear G Limits (+Gx)

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Sustained Linear G Limits (-Gx)

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Sustained Linear G Limits (+Gz)

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Sustained Linear G Limits (-Gz)

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Symptomatology of GLOC
A. G/sec rate of onset!
B. Asymptomatic
(eye/brain tissue
reserves) !
C. GLOC!
D. Blackout!
E. Light loss!
F. Asymptomatic
(vasoconstriction)

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The Human Respiratory System

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Lung Measurements

From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Respiratory Volume vs. Exertion

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VO2 Metabolic Workload Measurement

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VO2 Measurement in (Simulated) Suit

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Metabolic Processes
• Respiratory Quotient (“RQ”)!
" Exhaled volume of CO2
RQ =
" Inhaled volume of O2

• Function of activity and dietary balance!

– Sugar:! C6 H1 2O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H 2O (RQ = 1.0)
– Protein:! 2C3 H 7O2 N + 6O2 → 5CO2 + 5 H2 O (RQ = 0.83)
– Fat:! C5 7H1 0 4O6 + 80O2 → 57CO2 + 52 H2 O (RQ = 0.71)

• For well-balanced diet, RQ~0.85

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Gas Exchange in the Lungs

From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Gas Exchange in the Tissues

From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Partial Pressures of Gases in Respiration
Respiratory
Gas ppO2 ppCO2 ppN2 ppH2O Total
Inspired
Air 159 0.3 595 5.7 760
Tracheal
Air 149 0.3 563.7 47 760
Expired Air 116 32 565 47 760
Alvolar Air 100 40 573 47 760
Arterial
Blood 95 40 573 47 755
Venous
Blood 40 46 573 47 706
Tissues ≤40 ≥46 573 47 ≤706
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Respiratory Problems
• Hypoxia!
– Hypoxic!
– Hypemic!
– Stagnant!
– Histotoxic!
• Hyperoxia!
• Hypocapnia!
• Hypercapnia

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Types of Hypoxia
• Hypoxic (insufficient O2 present)!
– Decompression!
– Pneumonia!
• Hypemic (insufficient blood capacity)!
– Hemorrhage!
– Anemia!
• Stagnant (insufficient blood transport)!
– Excessive acceleration!
– Heart failure!
• Histotoxic (insufficient tissue absorption)!
– Poisoning

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Effects of Altitude on Respiration
Altitude (m) SL 3700 5500 6700 7600

Altitude (ft) SL 12,000 18,000 22,000 25,000

Volumetric Rate

8.5 9.7 11.1 15.3 –
(L/min)
Respiratory Rate
12 14 12 15 –
(per minute)
Tidal Volume (L) 0.71 0.69 0.92 1.02 –

Alveolar ppO2 103 54.3 37.8 32.8 30.4

Alveolar ppCO2 40 33.8 30.4 28.4 27

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Pressure Effects on Blood Oxygenation

From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1996
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Pressure Effects on Blood Oxygenation

From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1996
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Blood Oxygen Saturation with Altitude

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Hypoxia Effective Performance Time

From Roy
DeHart,
Fundamentals
of Aerospace
Medicine, Lea &
Febiger, 1985

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Effects of Supplemental Oxygen

From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Effective Performance Time at Altitude
Altitude, m Altitude, ft Effective Performance Time
5500 18,000 20-30 minutes
6700 22,000 10 minutes
7600 25,000 3-5 minutes
8500 28,000 2.5-3 minutes
9100 30,000 1-2 minutes
10,700 35,000 0.5-1 minute
12,200 40,000 15-20 seconds
13,100 43,000 9-12 seconds
15,200 50,000 9-12 seconds
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Oxygen Toxicity

From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Effects of ppCO2

From James T. Joiner, NOAA Diving Manual, Fourth Edition, 2001

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Acute Effects of Hyperventilation

From James T. Joiner, NOAA Diving Manual, Fourth Edition, 2001

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