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ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ
ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ
10أﻏﺴﻄﺲ 787 اﻟﻤﻴﻼد
ﺑﻠﺦ
9ﻣﺎرس 98) 886ﺳﻨﺔ( اﻟﻮﻓﺎة
واﺳﻂ
ﺑﻐﺪاد اﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ
اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻮاﻃﻨﺔ
اﻹﺳﻼم اﻟﺪﻳﺎﻧﺔ
اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ
ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻠﻚ ،ورﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺗﻲ ،وﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮف
رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ
ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻌﻤﻞ
ﻧﺒﺬة
ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ أﺷﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ .ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ أﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ
ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ أوروﺑﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ
ً
ﻃﻠﺒﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﺮف ﻫﻨﺎك ﺑﺎﺳﻢ أﻟﺒﻮﻣﺎﺳﺮ.ﻗﺪم إﻟﻰ ﺑﻐﺪاد
ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻜﺎن ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﺎب
ﺧﺮﺳﺎن ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻬﺮﺳﺖ وﻛﺎن أوﻻً ﻣﻦ
أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ،ﻓﻜﺎن ﻳﻀﺎﻏﻦ اﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮف أﺑﺎ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ
ﻳﻌﻘﻮب اﺳﺤﻖ اﻟﻜﻨﺪي ,وﻳﻐﺮي ﺑﻪ اﻟﻌﻤﺔ ،وﻳﺸﻨﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ﺑﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ،ﻗﺎل اﺑﻦ اﻟﻨﺪﻳﻢ : ﻓﺪّ س ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻜﻨﺪي
ﺣﺴﻦ ﻟﻪ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺤﺴﺎب واﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻓﺪﺧﻞ
ﻣﻦ ّ
ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ،وﻋﺪل إﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ أﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ،واﻧﻘﻄﻊ ﺷﺮه
ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﻨﺪي .وﻳﻘﺎل أﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﺒﻊ وأرﺑﻌﻴﻦ
ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮه ،ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻌﺎم وأﺧﺒﺎر
اﻟﻔﺮس ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ،ﺣﺘﻰ ﻏﺪا»أﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺑﻴﺴﺮ اﻟﻔﺮس
وأﺧﺒﺎر ﺳﺎﺋﺮ اﻷﻣﻢ« ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻗﻮل اﺑﻦ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ .
ﺣﻴﺎة
ُوﻟﺪ أﺑﻮ ﻣﻌﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﻠﺦ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن
ﻓﻲ 10آب/أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎم 787وﺗﻮﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ 9
آذار/ﻣﺎرس ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم .886ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ اﻟﺪاﻋﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻦ
ﻹﺷﻌﺎل اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ أواﺋﻞ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ .ﺑﻘﻲ
ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ
ً ﺳﻜﺎن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺤﺎل
ً
ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﺪودﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺰو اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﺒﻼد ﻓﺎرس ،ﻣﻜﺮﺳﻴﻦ
ﻟﺘﺮاﺛﻬﺎ اﻟﺴﺎﺳﺎﻧﻲ واﻹﻏﺮﻳﻘﻲ .ﺟﺎء أﺑﻮ ﻣﻌﺸﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺑﻐﺪاد
ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺄﻣﻮن ).(833-813
ﻳﻘﻮل ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﻔﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻪ اﺑﻦ اﻟﻨﺪﻳﻢ أﻧﻪ ﻋﺎش ﻓﻲ
اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻐﺪاد ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎب ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن ﻋﻨﺪ
اﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻀﻔﺔ
اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻬﺮ دﺟﻠﺔ.
ً
ﻋﻀﻮا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ )ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻐﺰو ﻛﺎن أﺑﻮ ﻣﻌﺸﺮ
اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ( ﻟﻠﻨﺨﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﺮاﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ
اﻟﺒﻬﻠﻮي ،وداﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻬﺞ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ وﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ
ﻣﺪﻫﺸﺔ وﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ .أﻧﻘﺬﺗﻪ ﺳﻤﻌﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺿﻄﻬﺎد
اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ ،وذﻛﺮت إﺣﺪى اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ إﺣﺪى اﻟﺤﻮادث اﻟﺘﻲ
ﻣﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺠﻴﻢ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺮض ﻟﻠﺠﻠﺪ ﻣﻦ
ّ
) .(866-862ﻛﺎن ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻦ ﺑﺎ
ً
ﺑﺎﺣﺜﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺣﺎدﻳﺚ اﻟﻨﺒﻮﻳﺔ ،وﻧﻘﻞ اﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻪ أﺑﻮ ﻣﻌﺸﺮ
إﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ واﻷرﺑﻌﻴﻦ ً
وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ
اﻟﺴﻴﺮة اﻟﺬاﺗﻴﺔ .ﻛﺎن ً
أﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺰاع ﻣﺘﺴﻤﺮ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻨﺪي،
وﻫﻮ اﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮف اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ اﻷول ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮه واﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن
ﺿﻠﻴﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷرﺳﻄﻴﺔ واﻷﻓﻼﻃﻮﻧﻴﺔ .ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺘﻪ ﻣﻊ
ً
اﻟﻜﻨﺪي ﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ أﻗﻨﻌﺖ أﺑﻮ ﻣﻌﺸﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ دراﺳﺔ
][6 اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﺤﺠﺞ اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ.
أﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ
ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ أﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ أرض اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اﻵن،
وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺰال ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى
ﻫﺬه اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺼﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ أﻋﻤﺎل
اﻟﺘﻨﺠﻴﻢ[4]. ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ اﻟﻼﺣﻘﻴﻦ أو ﻣﻦ أﻋﻤﺎل
أﺷﻬﺮ ﻛﺘﺒﻪ
• ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ،وﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﻨﺠﻴﻢ.
ُﺗﺮﺟﻢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت ﻛﺎﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ
اﺑﺘﺪاءا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺤﺎدي ﻋﺸﺮ .ﻛﺎن
ً واﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ وذﻟﻚ
ﻛﺒﻴﺮا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ أﻟﺒﺮت
ً ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮا
ً ﻟﻪ
اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ • [4] .ﻛﺘﺎب ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ،وﻫﻮ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ
ً
ﻻﺣﻘﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮة ﻋﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮُ .ﺗﺮﺟﻢ
اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ.
• ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﻤﻠﻞ واﻟﺪول )ﻛﺘﺎب ﻋﻦ اﻷدﻳﺎن واﻟﺴﻼﻻت(،
وﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ أﻫﻢ أﻋﻤﺎل أﺑﻮ ﻣﻌﺸﺮ ،وﻋُ ﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل
اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺮوﺟﺮ ﺑﻴﻜﻮن وﺑﻴﻴﺮ دﻳﻠﻲ وﺑﻴﻜﻮ دﻳﻼ
ﻣﻴﺮاﻧﺪوﻻ[4].
• ﻛﺘﺎب اﻵﻻف.
ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ
Frye, ed. by R.N. (1975). The .1
Cambridge history of Iran, Volume 4
)اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ Repr.). London: Cambridge
.U.PﺻﻔﺤﺔISBN 978-0-521- .584
20093-6. "We can single out for brief
consideration only two of the many
Persians whose contributions were
of great importance in the
development of Islamic sciences in
those days. Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (d.
272/886), who came from eastern
Iran, was a rather famous astrologer
".and astronomer
Hockey, Thomas (2014). Biographical .2
encyclopedia of astronomers. New
.91 ﺻﻔﺤﺔ.York: Springer
ISBN 9781441999184. "The
introduction of Aristotelian material
was accompanied by the translation
of major astrological texts,
particularly Claudius Ptolemy's
Tetrabiblos (1138), the pseudo-
Ptolemaic Centiloquium (1136), and
the Maius Introductorium (1140), the
major introduction to astrology
composed by the Persian astrologer
".Abu Ma’shar
Selin, Helaine (2008). Encyclopaedia .3
of the history of science, technology,
and medicine in non-western
. cultures. Berlin New York: Springer
ISBN 9781402049606. . 12 ﺻﻔﺤﺔ
"Since he was of Persian (Afghan)
"...origin
.Yamamoto 2007 .4
.Pingree 1970 .5
.(Pingree (2008 .
Introduction to Astronomy," .7
Containing the Eight Divided Books
اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ. "of Abu Ma'shar Abalachus
ﻣﺆرﺷﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻞ.1506 .اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ
15 اﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ.2019 ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ21 ﻓﻲ
.2013 ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ
.3 ﺻﻔﺤﺔ،Carboni .
Stephen C. McCluskey, Astronomies .9
and Cultures in Early Medieval
Europe, (Cambridge University Press,
.2000), 189
Richard Lemay, Abu Ma'shar and .10
Latin Aristotelianism in the Twelfth
Century, The Recovery of Aristotle's
Natural Philosophy through Iranian
.Astrology, 1962
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