Ndian Freedom Struggle2

Welcome to Lateef sir's commerce
academy
Lecture :- 10
Topic :- Gandhi in India
By Asif Rafiq
Contact :- 9682584478
ASIF RAFIQ HILLER ARAHAMA 9682584478

BACKGROUND OF GADAR PARTY
 At the dawn of the 20th century , both india and
canada were british colonies, so indians had easier
access to emigrate to canada.
 in 1909 , severe immigration restrictions virtually
ended legal indian immigration to canada.
 when doors were closed in canada , they started
coming to the united states which needed more
people to do hard labor work to build new
communities.

BACKGROUND OF GADAR
PARTY
 Within a span of few years, no. of immigrants
increased resulting in racial riots, loss of life and
property . Like canada , the US , also enacted
Asian exclusionary laws to bar Asians
emigrating to the US.
 For discriminatory treatment and damages in
race riots, the japanese and chinese govtment .
Sympathized with their overseas nationals and
negotiated with the american government . But
british indian Govt wouldnot make any
representation to the US Govt.
BACKGROUND OF GADAR
PARTY
Many indians and particularly indian students in the
USA, Canada started advocating freedom for their
motherland.
 Taraknath Das, a student , started publishing a
magazine “Free Hindustan” in 1907 in seattle and
also formed “East india Association” in 1911.
 G.D Kumar  Swadesh sewak in vancouver ( punjabi
paper)
 Shymji krishna varma  indian Home Rule society in
london

FORMATION OF GADAR PARTY
In the US, Lala HarDayal was identified with nationalist
activities. He inspired many students for india’s
freedom. A meeting of some patiotic and enlightened
indians was called on April 23, 1913 in Astoria, where
Hindustan Assoiciation of the pacific coast was
formed.
 Sohan singh Bhakna president.
 Lala hardayal  Secretary
 Pandit Kanshi Ram marduali  Treasurer.
 HQ :- San Francisco

GADAR PARTY
 The association began publishing a magazine , Gadar
. Gadar , literally means revolt or mutiny, was a multi-
lingual ( Urdu, Hindi , punjabi and other languages)
Note :- the first issue of the journal Gadar was in Urdu
and was published on November 1, 1913.
 The publication Gadar, over a period of time, became
well known among indians and the association itself
became known as the Gadar party.

GADAR PARTY
Other leaders associated with Gadar party :-
• lal hardayal
• Sohan singh Bhakna
• Ramchandra
• Bhai parmanand
• Kartar singh sarabhai
• Bhagwan singh

GADAR MOVEMENT IN INDIA
Two events (1914)
a) Komagatamaru incident
b) World war 1
Komagatamaru incident
 It was name of japanese ship in Yukohuma and
hired by Baba Gurdit singh .
 It was carrying 376 passengers ( 240 sikhs , 24
muslims and 12 Hindus ).
 Japan  singapore  Vancauvor arrived on 23
may 1914) .

 the ship was not allowed to enter into port of
canada and were asked to sit in Harbour( 2
months). Only 24 passengers allowed .
world war 1
 All ships orded to return to india
 Ship reached at Budge Budge port in calcutta in
september 1914.
 After that passengers were forced to sit in punjab
board train which was refused by passengers.
 Police Action  22 persons Died

Inflamed by this , the Ghadar leaders decided to
launch a violent attack to oust british rule in india .
 Ghadar mutiny/ Revolt  21st Feb. 1915.
 Ghadarites  All fighter to go to india.
 Kartar singh sarabaa and Rahabar Dayal Gupta left
for india.
 Later on Rasbehari bose and sachin sanyal were
asked to lead movement.

BRITISH RESPONSE
 British intelligence CID crushed the movement.
 Defense of india Act 1915 passed in march 1915
primarily to smash the Ghadar movement.
 It allowed large scale detentions without trial ,as a
result leaders were arrested and deported and 45
of them were hanged.
NOTE :- In 2008 , candadian athorities apologized
for komagatamaru incident.

EMERGENCE OF GANDHI
Facts about Gandhi
Date and place of Birth:- Oct 2, 1869 in porbandar ,
Gujarat.
Note :- UNO declared oct 2 as “ international Non-
violence Day” .
Father:- Karamchand Gandhi
Mother:- Putali Bai
Political Guru:- Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Private secretary:- Mahadev Desai
Wife:- kasturba Gandhi

Welcome to lateef sir's commerce
academy
Lecture ;- 8
Topic :- Home Rule Movement and
Lucknow pact .
By :- Asif Rafiq
Contact :- 9682584478

Home Rule league movement
HOME RULE
It is a system of Governance which Britishers used
to give its colonies esp. white colonies that they
can administer their goverance autonomously but
within dominion of British .
Idea = Ireland .
In Ireland such system was made and based on
this indians tried to replicate it.

BACKGROUND
 1908  Tilak was arrested ( 6 years) on sedition
charges under section 124 ( A) .
 1914  Tilak was released.
 simultanously new leadership was emerging
namely Annie Basent. She was from ireland and
came to india as a volunteer of theosophical
society of india which was founded by Madam
H.P Blavatsky and colonel M.S Olcott in 1875.
 Annie Basent later on, she started political work
by propagating “ Home Rule “ on Irish lines.
 She advocated to the moderates to allow tilak to
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congress sesssion
 december 1914.
 Bhupendranath basu ( president).
 Result:- Tilak was not allowed to make entry into
congress due to opposition from pherozshah and
others.
congress session
 december 1915.
 bombay.
 SP sinha ( president )
ASIFResult
 :_ ARAHAMA
RAFIQ HILLER a) entry of tilak and Annie Basent intto
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congress .
TILAK’S LEAGUE
 tilak set up his Home rule league at pune on 28th
april 1916.
 It was restricted to maharashtra , ( except
Bombay city ), karnataka , central provinces and
Berar.
 It had 6 branchs.
 statement :- “Home rule is my birthright and I
shall have it “.
 Newspapers ;- kesari and marathi.

ANNIE BESANT’S LEAGUE
 Annie besant set her league in September 1916.
 it was restricted to madras and covered the rest
of india ( including Bombay city ).
 It had 200 branches.
 George Arundale  organizing secretary .
 B.P wadia and C.P ramaswamy Aiyer also done
main job.
 Newspapers :- new india and commonweal

LUCKNOW SESSSION 1916
LUCKNOW SESSION
 president = Ambika charam majumdar.
 venue = lucknow.
 Readmitted extremists led by Bal Gangadar tilak.
 Unity between congress and Ml was brought
about by an agreement knonw as lucknow pact.
 Muslim league was presided by Ali mohammad
jinnah  Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity by
Sarojini Naidu.

Welcome to lateef sir's commerce
academy
Lecture : 7
Gadar party and movement
By :- Asif Rafiq
contact :- 9682584478

EMERGENCE OF GANDHI
Other Names of Gandhi :-
 Mahatma ( saint) by Rabindra nath tagore (1917).
 Malang baba/ Nanga Faqir ( naked saint) by Kabailis
of north-west frontier (1930).
 Half-Naked saint ( Andha Nanga Faqir) /indian Faqir
Traitor Faqir by Winston churchill.
 Rashtrapita ( Father of the Nation ) by Subhash
Chandra Bose, 1944.

GANDHI IN AFRICA
 In 1893 Gandhi went to South Africa in
connection with a case involving his client,
Dada Abdullah  Durban ( one year Contract)
 Durban to pretoria  Racial Discrimination (
7th june 1893).
 But he witnessed the ugly face of racism and
humiliation to which asians were subjected
and stayed there till 1914 for 21 years.
 Disenfranchise Indians Bill ( opposed) 
started political work
 snatched indians living in Natal Region to vote .

GANDHI IN AFRICA
MODERATE PHASE (1894- 1906)
 Relied on sending petitions , passing resolution .
 Set up “Natal indian congress”.
 started a paper “Indian opinion”.
SATYAGRAHI PHASE (1906-1914)
 Use of the method of passive resistance or civil
disobedience , which Gandhi named Satyagraha.
 Satyagraha against Registration certificates(1906):-
compulsory for indians to carry certificate of
Registration + Finger prints.

GANDHI IN AFRICA
 1906, indians refused Act. Gandhi Publically burn
their registration certificates.
Campaign against Restriction on indian. Migration :-
Natal __________ Transval
 indians crossed and arrested.
 1909 Gandhi visited london and wrote “Hind Swaraj”
while returning from london to africa .
 24th oct 1909  Gandhi And V.D Savarkar share the
stage in London.

GANDHI IN AFRICA
 1910 Gandhi Set up Tolstoy Form , which was
named by Gandhi’s Associate , Herman Kallenbah.
Campaign against Poll tax and Invalidation of Indian
Marriages
 Poll tax of three pounds on poor ex-indentured
indians ( too heavy).
 Supreme court order . Invalidated marraiges not
conducted according to Christian rites.

GANDHI IN AFRICA
Eventually , an agreement was reached between
Gandhi and Government of South Africa by which
major indian demands were accetpted  Gandhi
Hero in africa.
Statement :- “let’s be the change we want to
see”
 9th January 1915 , Gandhi Returned to India.
 Pravasi Bharatiya Divas or NRI day .

Gandhi In India
 1915  Gandhi travelled around the country.
 Set up Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad (
Gujarat) in 1915.
 Background  Home Rule movement , but
Gandhi didn’t participate because his style of
struggling was Satyagraha.
 Experiment in three struggles
 Champaran satyagraha ( Bihar )( 1917)
 Ahmedabad Mill strike ( Gujarat ) (1918)
 Kheda Satyagraha ( Gujarat) ( 1918)
Gandhi In India
Champaran Satyagraha  First Civil Disovedience
 commercialisation of Agriculture .
Tinkathia system = The European planters
had been forcing the peasants to grow
indigo on 3/20th Part of the total land.
1910 Synthetic Dyes replaced Indigo by
German.
 sell produce at lower prices to maximise
their profits.
 Pay illegal dues to shit to other crop.
Gandhi In India
 Raj Kumar Shukla  invited Gandhi .
 Ganhi , along with Rajendra prasad ,
Mazhar-ul-Haq , Mahadeo Desai and J.B
Kriplani etc probed into the matter.
 Govt  commission enquiry ( Gandhi also
member) .
 RESULT
 Peasants comensated
 25% refund to peasants.
 tinkathia system abolished.
FirstARAHAMA
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Gandhi In India
Ahmedabad Mill Strike  First Hunger strike
 Dispute between workers and Mill owners .
 Plague disease  Arise issue of Bonus.
 workers demand  50% increase in wages.
 Mill owners  20% increase only.
 Workers went on Strike , Gandhi intervened
asked workers to demand 35% instead of
50%.
 Finally Gandhiji decided to “ Hunger strike” till
Death ( first fast).
 Finally  issue submit to Tribunal and
workers awarded 35% wage hike
Gandhi In India
Kheda Satyagraha  First Non Cooperation
 Failure of crop in kheda .
 If crop failure is 25% more of total annual
production  Remission of tax.
 Govt. Rejected remission apeal.
 Gandhi , vithalbhai patel intervened 
struggled.
 Finally , instructions from british Govt. only
those peasant could pay who could afford .
GANDHAI AGAIN SUCCESS. National
Hero
academy
Lecture :- 11
topic :- Rowlatt Act and jallianwala Bagh
Massacre
By :- Asif Rafiq
Contact :- 9682584478.

Rowlatt Act
Background
 Widespread discontentment among masses
against govt.( WW1, Inflation, unemployment etc) .
 people resorted to revolutionary activities
and sedition againt govt.
 to suppress this discontentment , British
resorted to harsh measures .
 One measure  Appointment of sedition
committee under Sydney Rowlett( british
judge) , as chairman .
Rowlatt Act
 one recommendation of this committee was
“Anarchical and Revolutionary crimes Act”
which also came to be known as “ Rowlatt
Act”.
 thus , this Act was passed by imperial
legislative council in 1919 which replaced the
Defense of india Act 1915( emergency
criminal law) .
 this Act gave more powers to britishers over
indians to crush national movements.
 this repressive legislation was opposed by
indian leaders  Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Rowlatt Act
Main provision of the Act:-
 Arrest and detention of any person on mere
suspicion on sedition and revolt for two years
without trial( without recourse to legal help)
suspension of Habeas Corpus .
 the trial of those arrested by Special
Tribunals established for that purpose;
 if the political crime was decided by judge in
the lower court, then as per provisions of this
act there could be no appeal in the High court.
Rowlatt Act
 Statement given by the police became an
admissible evidence.
 After completion of their sentence, the convicts
had to deposit securities to ensure their good
behaviour and were also prohibited from
participating in political , religious, or educational
activities.
Note :- Viceroy at the time Rowlatt Act = Lord
Chelmsford.

ROWLATT SATYAGRAHA
 All indian elected members of ILC opposed
act , 3M resigned ( mohammad Ali jinnah ,
madan mohan malaviya and mazhar Ul Haq )
 It became an all-india issue . It was declared
“Black Act” by Gandhi . So he Launched 1st All
india satyagraha against it on Sunday 6th april
1919.
 Protests became quite severe in Punjab
particularly Martial law in punjab.
Note :- Lt. Governor of Punjab  Michael O’
Dover . Military in charge  General Dyer.
JALLAINWALA BAGH MASSACRE
 As a result of this protest, two important
leaders namely “Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr.
Satyapal, were taken into custody and
secretly sent to Dahramshala on 9th april ,
1919 on the reason they had addressed
protest meetings .
 To protest against their arrest , People (
children, women , old ) gathered in the
Jallainwala Bagh , a popular place for public
events , on 13th april ( Baisakhi) .
 General Dyer came , blocked only exit point
and ordered his troops to open fire on the
unarmed crowd.
 Official British indian sources  379 were
dead and app. 1,100 wounded.
 1650 bullets were fired into the crowd.
 Michael O’ Dyer supported act of General
Dyer.
 The Britain govt  no Action , rather he was
passed over for promotion and relieved of all
his
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HILLER ARAHAMA .
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INDIAN RESPONSE
 Gandhi returned his title “Kaiser-e-Hind”
awarded by Lord Hardinge in 1915.
 Rabindra Nath Tagore returned his title
Knighthood awarded to him by king george V.
 Shri Shankar nair resigned from governor
General executive council.
Note ;- Udham singh ( Ram Mohammad Singh
Azad) assassinated Michael O’ Dyer in 1940.
Hanged in 1940 for his dead. His ashes were
returned
ASIF to india
RAFIQ HILLER ARAHAMA in 1974.
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HUNTER COMMISSION
 Secretary of state for india , Edwin Montagu
 committee of inquiry be formed .
 On october 14, 1919  Disorders Inquiry
committtee , popular name Hunter committee
/ commission because chairman Lord william
Hunter .
 three indian members  Sir chimanlal Harilal
setalvad, Pandit jagat Narayan and Sardar
sahibzada sultan ahmad khan.
 Dyer action “inhuman and un-British” but no
Displinary action/ penal action.
academy
Lecture :- 12
Topic :- Khilafat movement and NCM .
By :- Asif Rafiq.
Contact:- 9682584478.

KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
BACKGROUND
 During world war 1 , The Ottoman Empire (
Turkey) joined the war in favour of Germany .
 But Turkey and Germany lost the war and the
allied Forces( britian and frace decided to
divide Turkey and put an end on the
organization of Caliphate.
 Muslims had profound respect for this holy
institution of Caliphate. So all over muslim
world protested , so did indians muslims in the
form of Khilafat movement.
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
 The muslims of india decided to launch a
movement to safegaurd the institution of
Caliphate and to manifest their resentment
over actions the allies had taken in Turkey (
Treaty of Savers 1920).
 Important leaders are Maulana Abdul kalam
azad, Moulana Muhammad Ali Johar,
Moulana shoukat Ali.
Note :- Caliph  muslims treat him as
Religious head.
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
 All india khilafat committee was formed at
Bombay in july 1919.
Congress also supported  thus Hindu-
muslim unity against the British Raj.
 Mahatma Gandhi decided to bring together
his Non cooperation movement along with
khilafat movement.
 First khilafat Conference was held at Delhi in
November 1919 in which the congress
leaders like Gandhi and Nehru also
participated.
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
AGENDAS AT FIRST KHILAFAT CONFERENCE .
 No participation in victory celebrations.
 Boycotting the British goods to ultimately
affect the British economy.
 join with congress during the launch of Non-
cooperation movement.
 the 2nd Khilafat conference was held at
Amritsar in December 1919 .
 Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali
also joined this conference . Earlier
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HILLER ARAHAMA
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
Demand of Khilafat movement.
 The ottoman Empire shouldn’t be
dismembered.
 the institution of Caliphate must be retained.
 the Holy places should remain in the custody
of Turkish Government.

NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT
 In February 1920, Gandhi who had been in
close touch with khilafat leaders suggested to
the khilafat committee to adopt a programme
of Non violent Non-cooperation to protest the
Government’s behaviour.
 On 9 june 1920, the Khilafat committee at
Allahabad unanimously accepted
suggestionand asked Gandhi to lead the
movement.
 Congress also became doubtful of British
face owing to Jallianwala Bagh  Agreed to
NCM.
 Thus , the movement was launched formally on
1st August 1920.
 Lokamanya tilak passed away on the same date
1st August 1920  Day of mourning and Day of
launching the movement.
Note :- Gandhiji called Tilak “Maker of modern
india” and in his memory “Tilak Fund” was
started.

MAIN DEMANDS OF NCM:
 To restore the post of khalifa.
 Redressal of wrong committee in punjab.
 Attainment of Swaraj.
To achieve these targets , two types of
programmes were adopted .
1. Destructive programme.
2. constructive prgramme.

DESTRUCTIVE PROGRAMME
 The Surrender of titles and honours.
 Boycott of Government affiliated schools and
colleges , law courts, foreign cloth, and could
be extended to include resignation from
government services.
 mass civil disobedience including the non-
payment of taxes.
 prohibition of liquor.

CONSTRUCTIVE PROGRAMME
 National schools and colleges were to be set
up.
 panchayats were to be established for
settling disputes.
 Give up untouchability and observe non-
violence.
 Hand-spinning and weaving encouraged.
 hindu- Muslim unity.
 congress working committee of 15 members
setu
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after its day to day affairs.
 Provincial congress committee set up on
linguistic basis  to keep touch with people.
 Membership fee reduced to four annas per
year Mass involvement.
 Congress was to use Hindi as far as possible.
Note :- Gandhi , along with the Ali brothers ,
undertook a nation wide tour during NCM.

NON COOPERATION MOVEMENET
 In the first month , thousands of students left
schools and colleges and joined more than
800 national schools and colleges .
 Educational boycot  more successful in
Bengal , followed by Punjab.
Subash Chandra Bose left ICS( imperial civil
service) and became the principal of
National college calcutta.
 Boycott of law courts was not as successful
as the Educational boycott.
Boycott
 RAFIQ
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HILLER ARAHAMA cloth  most successful.
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NON COOPERATION MOVEMENET
 Dramatic event during movement  visit of the
prince of Wales on 17th November 1921.
 He was greeted with empty streets and downed
shutters whereever he went.
 Clashes  Between those who attended
welcome functioning and those who returned
from Ghandhiji’s Meeting  police Firing  three
day turmoil  59 dead.

WITHDRAWAL OF NCM
CHAURI CHAURA INCIDENT.
 Took place on Febraury 5, 1922 in the
Gorakhpur district of (UP) British india.
 A group of protesters clashed with and as a
result of this , policemen opened fire on the
protestors.
 provoked by this shooting incident, the
demonstrators burnt down a police station,
killing all its occupants resulting in the death
of 22 or 23 policemen and three civilians ,
following which Gandhi called off “NCM.
WITHDRAWAL OF NCM
 the Indian national congress officially called off
the “NCM” on Febraury 12, 1922.
 Gandhi arrested and sentenced him to six years
of imprisonment and sent to yervada jail ( pune).
 in 1924 , gandhi was released from prison on
grounds of his deteriorating health.

academy
Lecture ;- 13
topic :- Swaraj party and Simon Commission
By :- Asif Rafiq.
Contact :- 9682584478.

Swaraj party
 Elections in india in 1923 as per the
provisions of the Government of india Act ,
1919.
 Issue arised about participation in Election
and entry into the legislatures .
 Two faction of Leaders 
 Pro-changers  CR Das, Motilal Nehru ,
NC khelkar , khilafat leader viz Huseyn
shaheed Suhrawardy and some other
leaders like S.C Bose and Vithalbhai Patel.
 No-changers  Sardar Vallabhbhai patel ,
Dr. Ansari , Rajendra Prasad etc .
Swaraj party
PRO-CHANGERS
 Take part in election of 1923 .
 Enter into the legislatures in order to mend
them or end them Expose and oppose
draconian laws of british Govt.
Obstruct the work of councils if their demands
were not met.
 if not participatd , conservative regional
parties participate  Arbitariness in Councils.

Swaraj party
NO-CHANGERS
 Boycott elections and legislative councils.
 Emphaise constructive programme of Hindu-
muslim unity, Removal of untouchability and
grossroot work in villages and among the
poor.
GAYA SESSION 1922.
Presided by CR Das ( leading pro-changer) .
 Election Issue:- participate or not .
 Council issue:- Enter or not.
Pro- Changers = Yes.
NO0 changers = No.
Swaraj party
 in this session Pro-changer’s resolution
defeated  CR Das resigned , along with
Motilal Nehru , N.C Kelkar  launched own
party “Congress khilafat congress party or
Swaraj Party”.
 president of SP = CR Das.
 Secretary of SP = Motilal Nehru.
On 5th February , 1924, Gandhi Was released
from Jail due to health problems. To Avoid
Surat split like Disastrous incident .
Special
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presided by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.

SWARAJ PARTY
RESULTS OF SPECIAL SESSION
 Election Issue :- SP allowed participate in
elections by remaining in Congress.
 Council isssue ;- Decision based on performance
in elections.
this decision was endorsed in the December 1924
Belgaum session of Congress in which Gandhi
became president of congress for first and only
one time.

WORK OF SWARAJ PARTY
 Swaraj party won 42 seats out of the 101
elected seats in the Central legislative council
.
 won 174 seats out of 625 in the provincial
councils.
 Vithalbhai patel became the president (
speaker ) at the central legislative assembly.
 they brought resolution for the abolition of
public seditious Meeting Act 1921.
 Appointed “Mudiman Committee” to bring out
the
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HILLER ARAHAMA Act 1919.
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End of Swaraj Party
 In 1925 , CR Das died and this was followed by
Motilal Nehru return to congress a few years
laters.
 In 1930 , the Swarajists finally walked out as a
result of the Lahore congress resolution on Purna
swaraj and merged with congress.

SIMON COMMISSION
BACKGROUND
The GOI Act 1919 envisaged a system of
review of reforms after 10 years to analyse
the constitutional progress and to bring in
more reforms. Though the review was due in
1929, but was sent in 1927 .
REASON FOR EARLIER ARRIVAL :-
Conservative Govt.’s fear of losing to the
‘Labour party’ in the upcoming elections.

SIMON COMMISSION
Conservative Party appointed commission in Nov,
1927 under the chairmanship of Sir John
Allsebrook Simon .
 Official Name :- INDIAN STATUTORY COMMISSION.
 Members :- 7
Sir John allsebrook simon
 Clement Ritchard Attlee
 Harry levy Lawson
 Sir Edward George Cadogan
George Richard Lane-Fox
Donald Sterling palmer Howard
Vernon Hartshorn

SIMON COMMISSION
Indians leaders boycotted this commission on
two grounds :-
 All members were English  No Indian
leader.
 Expenses charged from indian exchequer.
In December 1927, the INC in its meeting in
Madras resolved to boycott the commission. It
passed a snap resolution for poorna Swaraj
without changing Article 1 of the INC
constitution which spoke about Dominion
Status or Swaraj.
Note :- Not Full resolution but Snap .

 All Parties Except Justice party in Madras
province and Unionist Party in Punjab ,
opposed simon Commission and and gave
resignation from legislatures.
 the commission left England in january 1928
and reached india on Febrauary 3 , 1928 .
Greated by thousands of protestors , Go Back
Simon Slogan .
 on october 30 , 1928 , commission went to
lahore protest by people of lahore 
Lathicharge by police  Lala Rajpat Rai
demised due to lathicharge.
WELCOME TO LATEEF SIR'S
ACADEMY
Lecture :- 14
Topic :- Nehru Report , jinnah’s 14
demands and poorna swaraj.
By :- Asif Rafiq.
Contact ;- 9682584478

Nehru Report ( 1927-1928)
 Lord Birkenhead, ( then secretary of state for
india )  challenged Indians are unable to
formulate their own constitution.
 As an answer to this challenge , all party
conference met in Feb.1928 and appointed a
committee under chairmanship of Motilal
Nehru and his son jawharlal nehru as
secretary to draft a constitution.
 chief Architects = Motilal Nehru and Tej
Bahadur Sapru.
 the Report was finalised by August 1928.
RECOMMENDATIONS OF NEHRU REPORT
 Reservation of seats for Muslims only in
provinces where they were in a minority.
 Abolish separate electorates  joint
electorates.
 Demand of muslim League for separate province
in Sindh and Full fledged province in NWFP.
 Dominion status for india and not complete
independence.
 India  Federation with bicameral legislature at
the centre and ministry would be responsible to
the legislature.
 Residuary powers with centre.
 GGI  constitutional head .
 Recommended 19 fundamental rights .
Nehru report was accepted by a majority vote
in December session 1928 held at calcutta.
The congress  Ultimatum to British Govt. 
accept by December 31, 1929  otherwise
Mass movement in future.
The report was not accepted.

JINNAH’S 14 POINTS
 Jinnah, the leader of Muslim league , did not
accept the Nehru Report and drew up a list of
demands on 9th March , 1929 , which was called
“14 points of jinnah”.
 14 points became the basis of all future
propaganda of the ML.
 14 points  no need to know.

POORNA SWARAJ .
 1929, Labour party came into power in
England and Ramsay Mcdonald became
the Prime Minister.
 Lord Irvin  statement “we affirmed the
attainment of Dominion Status was Implicit
in Montagu Chelmsford Reforms . Since this
declaration was announced near Dipawali, it
is known as Dipawali Declaration.
 It created a lot of controversies both inside
and outside India .
Note ;- Winston churchill , “ Giving a dominion
status to india was a crime”.
POORNA SWARAJ .
 Labour party , feeling pressure from both
inside and outside the govt. , refused to give
any commitment to indians about the
dominion status .
 On December 23, 1929 , many congress
leaders went to viceroy for clarification on his
statement . But Governor General refused .
 In 1929 , J.L Nehru was elected as Congress
president despite 15 out of 18 members in
CWC did not support him .
POORNA SWARAJ .
 On 21 December , 1929 , on the bank of
River Ravi , Congress declared “Poorna
Swaraj” or complete independence as its goal.
 On 26 January 1950 , Gandhiji drafted the
Poorna Swaraj pledge and from this year
onwards till 1947, congress celebrated 26
January as Independence Day.
TWO PROPAGANDAS.
 All future elections and entry into the Central
and provincial Legislatures was to be Boycott.
 Programme of Civil Disobedience to be
launched. .
Welcome to lateef Sir's Commerce
Academy
Lecture :- 15
Topic :- Civil Disobedience movement .
By :- Asif Rafiq.
Contact :- 9682584478.

BARDUALI MOVEMENT
BARDUALI SATYAGRAHA MOVEMENT .
 Successful satyagraha in 1928 at Barduali
near Surat in Gujarat before the CDM under
the leadership of Vallabhai patel.
 Barduali was under the Ryotwari system 
land Revenue at the rate of 30%  protests
by peasants , thus was reduced to 21% 
still not acceptable .

BARDUALI MOVEMENT
Congress supported peasants and vallabhai
patel was made incharge to a radical boycott
programme.
 Govt. appointed “Broomfield Maxwell
commmission” reduced to 6. 03% and later on
, It was made discretionary to pay those who
could afford .
vallabhia patel got title “Sardar”.
 RESULT :- Peasants also participated in
CDM.
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
 Congress working committee Authorised
Mahatma Gandhi to determine the nature of
Civil Disobedience movement.
 But initially Gandhiji Gave chance to British
 11 point programme on 31 Janaury 1930.
Note :- No mention of poorna swaraj in 11PP.
 But for 2 months  No Response .
Gandhiji Issued a statement , “I asked for
bread but I got stones”. So Gandhi had not
other option but to start this movement by
starting
ASIF Dandi
RAFIQ HILLER ARAHAMAmarch/Salt
9682584478 satyagraha.
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
REASONS FOR CDM
1. POLITICAL REASONS:- Nehru report rejected
.11 point programme rejected .Demand for
Dominion status rejected.
2. ECONOMIC REASON:- Great Depression of
1929.

DANDI MARCH /SALT SATYAGRAHA
Gandhi started famous march on 12 march
,1930 , alongwith 78 followers from Sabarmati
Ashram( Ahmedabad) to Dandi ( Navsari
District) in Gujarat to break the salt law.
 He Covered a distance of 240 miles in 24
days and reached at Dandi on 6th april 1930
and salt law was broken by picking up salt
from seashore.
 Why Salt ?
 Its manufacturing was completely
monopoly of Govt.
Everyone’s Need(Hindu+Muslim+Rich+Poor
DANDI MARCH / SALT SATYAGRAHA
By picking a handful of salt , Gandhi launched Civil
disobedience movement  Mass based
movement.
METHODOLOGY OF CDM:
 Breaking of salt law wherever possible.
 Boycott of foreign clothes and liquor ( Women
should stage dharnas on Liquor shops).
 Non-paymen of tax.
 Resignation by the Govt. Servants.

DEVELOPMENTS OF CDM
 PESHAWAR :- Local muslims supported
movement under leadership of Khan Abdul
Gaffar Khan ( also called Frontier Gandhi/
Sarhadi Gandhi and Badshah Khan).
Formed party  Khudai Khidmatgar.
launched nonviolent movement  Red shirt
movement .
NOTE:- Gandhi was called “Malang Baba” in this
area.
 SOUTH INDIA:- madras province , C
Rajagopalachri laucnhed salt satyagraha from
Tiruchirapalli
ASIF RAFIQ to9682584478
HILLER ARAHAMA vederniyam.
DEVELOPMENTS OF CDM
 MALABAR:- K. Kelappan led a march from
Calicut to payyanur.
 BENGAL ;- Less protests and intensity of CDM
was quite low in comparison to NCM.
 MANIPUR AND NAGALAND;- the movement
was led by Gaidinliu of Nagaland who was
captured in 1932 and sentenced to life
imprisonment . Later, JL Nehru gave her title of
“Rani” or Queen”.

RESULT OF CDM
 Leaders arrested e.g Gandhi to yervada jail in
pune in Pune and JL Nehru to Naini jail in
allahabad.
 signs of fatigue appearing and decline of
participation of merchants and industrialists.
 Less Muslim participation.
 Lord Irwin suggested Round table Conference(
next lecture).

Welcome to Lateef Sir's Commerce
Academy
Lecture :- 16.
Topic :- Round Table Conferences.
By :- Asif Rafiq.
Contact :- 9682584478.

First Round Table Conference.
 All Round Table Conferences were
conducted as per 1930 report of Simon
Commission.
 Constitutional developments .
 First RTC  officially inaugurated on
November 12, 1930 at House of lords at
London by the British King ( George V) .
 Chaired by  British PM Ramsay Mcdonald.
 Participants :- Total 16 Delegates from Three
British political Parties and Total 74 delegates
from india ( 58  political parties and 16
princely states.
 SC Bose and JL Nehru refused to go in RTC .
 INC did not participate .
 All Business leaders from india stayed away
except Homi Modi.
 Muslim league , Liberals , Hindu
mahasabha and other parties assembled to
discuss.
PROCEEDINGS AND OUTCOMES
 india  Federal structure comprising of
Princely states and British province .
 Responsible Govt having Defense and
foreign
ASIF affairs
RAFIQ HILLER ARAHAMAwith GG.
9682584478
 Separate Electorates for Depressed
Classes.
Note;- Hindu Mahasabha didn’t agree on this.
RESULT :- FAILED DUE TO NON PARTICIPATIONO
OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS.
 Adjourned on january 2, 1931.
AFTERMATH
 After failure , many pro-British members of
indian liberal party such as Taj Bahadur
Sapru, C.Y Chintamani and Srinivasa Sastri
 Appealed Gandhi to talk with Viceroy .
GANDHI-IRWIN PACT
 The Talks between Gandhi and Irwin were
arranged on 5th March, 1931, at Delhi
Gandhi-Irwin Pact  Also referred to as
Provisional Settlement and Delhi pact.
PROVISIONS OF GANDHI-IRWIN PACT
 it was decided that CDM would be
suspended and participation in SRTC.
Govt Agreed :-
 All political prisoners released except who
were guilty of violence .
Note :- 23rd march 1931 , Bhagat singh, Rajguru
and
ASIF RAFIQSukhdev were
HILLER ARAHAMA hanged .
9682584478
GANDHI-IRWIN PACT
 Limited rights to make and collect salt was given
in the coastal area only.
 Restore confiscated properties of Satyagrahis.
KARACHI SESSIN
The pact was approved by the congress in its
annual session at Karachi on 26-31March 1931
Karachi Session.
 Admired sacrifice of martyrs.
 National Economic Programme + fundamental
rights.
President of Karachi session  Sardar Vallabh
Bhai patel.
SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERNCE
 SRTC was held in london on 2nd september
1931 during the viceroyalty of Lord Willingdon
.
 INC participated represented by Gandhi .
Note :- INC participated only this conference.
 Conference failed like First one and closed
on Dec 1, 1931.
 Gandhi Returned on 28 Dec , 1931 from
London.
 CDM 2.0 resumed on 29 Dec, 1931.

GOVT RESPONSE
Viceroy lord Willingdon decided.
 National movement not allowed to
consolidate.
 Goodwill of Gandhi not required.
Gandhi was arrested on 4th January 1932.
Congress banned + leaders arrested + press
banned.
RESULT :- April 4th 1932 ,Gandhiji decided to
withdraw CDM.

COMMUNAL AWARD/ Mac DoNALD
AWARD
 Announced by British PM Ramsay Mac Donald
on communal representation on 16th August ,
1932.
 it provided separate Electorates to depressed
classes .
 B.R Ambedkar  happy .
 Aim :- Divide india on communal Basis.
 Gandhi called this attack on Indian Unity .
 Gandhi went on indefinite fast on 20th September
, 1932 at yerveda Jail , pune.

POONA PACT 1932.
 Agreement between Gandhi and B.R
ambedkar on 24th September, 1932.
PROVISSIONS
 Abandon separate electorates for depressed
classes.
 Seats reserved for DC  Provincial
legislature 71  148 and central legislature 
18% of total seats.
 poona pact accepted as an amendment to
communal award.
THIRD ROUND TABLE CONFERNCE
 held in london from November 17 to 24 Dec,
1932.
 46 Delegates attended.
 Congress didn’t participated.
 proved fruitless also.
Note :- B.R Ambedkar  only person who
attened all conferences .
RESULT :- GOI 1935.

Welcome to Lateef Sir's commerce
Academy
Lecture :- 17
By :- Asif Rafiq
Contact :- 9682584478.

PAKISTAN RESOLUTION .
 Also known as Lahore Resolution.
 1930  Iqbal gave idea of Muslim state (
Union of Frontier province + Baluchistan +
sindh + kashmir).
 1935  Chaudry Rehmat Ali  Term
“PAKSTAN”
 P  punjab.
 A  Afghanistan.
 K  kashmir.
 S  Sindh.
TAN
ASIFRAFIQ HILLER Baluchistan.
ARAHAMA 9682584478
PAKISTAN RESOLUTION .
this became the basis of Jinnah’s programme
in 1940.
 At Lahore session of Muslim league on 24
march 1940 , Pakistan resolution was passed
by ML and rejected the Federal scheme as
envisaged in the GOI Act 1935.
Demand:- Grouping of Geographically
contiguous areas where muslims are in
majority i.e demand for pakistan.

AUGUST OFFER , 1940.
 Also known as Linlithgow offer because
Viceroy was Lord Linlithgow.
 Lord linlithgow on August 8 1940, declared a
policy known as “August Offer” to seek
support of india in ongoing WW2 .
PROPOSALS .
 Dominion status as the objective for india.
 Constitutent assembly  Constitution making
body where mainly indians would be in
majority.
Note :-HILLER
ASIF RAFIQ No ARAHAMA
mention of adult suffrage.
9682584478
AUGUST OFFER , 1940.
 Expand of GG’s Executive council. By july 1941
, there were 8 indians out of 12 in GG council ,
but the whites remained in charge of defence ,
finance and home.
 Establishment of a National defence council with
advisory functions.
 No future constitution without consent of
minorities . ( ML accepted due to this reason).

CONGRESS REACTION
 Rejected the August offer at wardha on 21st
August 1940 and asserted its demand for
complete freedom .
 Nehru said , “Dominion status concept is dead as
a door Nail”.

INDIVIDUAL SATYAGRAHA
August offer failed and resulted into issuance of
ordinances by Govt taking away freedom of
speech and expression rights  Defence of
freedom Act 1940.
 Limited Satyagraha on individual basis.
 CWC started on 17th Oct , 1940.

SATYAGRAHI
1. Acharya Vinoba Bhave  First satyagrahi ,
arrested on 21st oct 1940 and sent to jail.
During prison wrote 3 books .
 Swaraj Shastra
 shitpragya darshan
 Isha vasya Vrith
Note :- Acharya Vinoba Bhave was spiritual
disciple of Gandhi.
Second  JL Nehru .
Third  Brahma Datt.
By May 15, 1941, 25K satyagrahis arrested and
Gandhi suspended the movement.
METHODOLOGY
 Each satyagrahi had to speak agianst the Govt
and war in his locality .
 if the govt didn’t arrest him, then move to Delhi
 Delhi chalo campaign.

CRIPPS MISSION 1942
 22 March to 11 april 1942 under the
chairmanship of Sir stafford crips , member of the
war cabinet.
 to seek support of indians in war.
PROPOSALS
 An indian union with a dominion status .
 constitutent assembey to frame constitution ,
elected partly by the provincial assemblies
through proportional representation and party
nominated by the princes.
 any province not willing to join the Union could
have a separate constitution and form a separate
union
ASIF ( Blueprint
RAFIQ HILLER of pakistan in implicit).
ARAHAMA 9682584478
CRIPPS MISSION 1942
 Defense of india would remain in british
hands and the Governor General’s powers
would remain intact.
FAILURE OF MISSION
 Dominion status.
 Right to stay apart.
 no Immediate transfer of power.
 viceroy still powerful.
Gandhiji’ “ post dated cheque on a crumpled
Bank”.
QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT 1942.
Why Quit india?
 Failure of cripps mission.
 Effect of WW- II on economy.
 japan was advancing towards and the fall of
india to japan was imminent.
 Racial discrimination with indian soldiers in
Burma .
 Britishers were given priority in evacuation
and indian soldiers were used as fodder
against japanese forces.

CWC met at Wardha on 14th july 1942 and
adopted the famous “ Quit india Resolution”.
With little modification this resolution was
adopted by the All india congress committee
at its Bombay session on 8th August 1942.
OBJECTIVES
 Immediate end to British rule and transfer of
full powers to indians.
 Formation of provisional/interim Govt. of india
after British withdrawal.
GANDHI’S CALL FOR ; DO OR DIE.
 Govt. Servants:- Don’t resign but remain loyal
to congress.
 soldiers:- Don’t leave the army but don’t fire
on you own people.
 Peasants:- if Zamindars are pro-govt, don’t
rent.
 students:- if confident , leave studies.
 princes:- support the masses and accept
sovereignty of people.
 people of princely states:- support ruler only if
he
ASIF isHILLER
RAFIQ anti-British.
ARAHAMA 9682584478
 Before the movement could be launched
Gandhiji and all other leaders of the Congress
were imprisoned.
 Gandhi Poona( Aga khan palace).
 Maulana Azad  Bankura jail in Bengal.
 Nehru  Almore jail .
 Section 144 imposed and lathi-charge
imposed.
Leadership vaccum created  command
under Underground leaders e.g Jayaprakash
Narain,
ASIF Ram
RAFIQ HILLER Manohar
ARAHAMA 9682584478 lohia and Mrs. Aruna
Asaf ali etc.
 Usha mehta Started Underground Radio in
Bombay .
 In Karnataka , there was farming in the day
and sabotage in night by the farmers.
Parallel Govts started .
 First Parallel Govt Ballia  UP by chittur
panday
 Tamluk Midnapur , Bengal .
 Pratisarkar  satara , Maharashtra by
Yashwant B chauhan and Nan patil (
Longest
ASIF RAFIQ running
HILLER ARAHAMA P.G.
9682584478
Movement crushed by the Govt and failed
Important points
 Quit india movement not supported by
Muslim league and communists.
 muslim league  23rd march 1943 as
PAKISTAN DAY .
 Jinnah  gave slogan “Divide and Quit”.
 B.R Ambedkar  Irresponsible and act of
madness.

Gandhi’s Fast  21 days
 Ghandhiji’s fast  21 day fast from 10 Feb,
1943 to March 7 , 1943
 After 13 days  condition deteriorated and
all hopes of his survival were given up .
However as a result of his moral strength
and spiritual stamina , he survived and
completed the 21 days fast.

Welcome to lateef Sir's commerce
Academy
Lecture :- 18
By :- Asif Rafiq

Bombay plan 1944
 plan drew up in January 1944 by group of
influential business leaders for economic
development of india .
 Signatories :- Mr. J.R .D tata, Mr. GD Birla ,
John mathai and A.D Shroff etc .
 under this plan , Businesmen firmly opposed
the strict socialist practices but supported the
Five year plan

Bombay plan 1944
OBJECTIVES OF PLAN
 Balanced economy i.e increasing per capita
income from $22 to about $ 45 within 15 years
from the time the plan goes into operation.
 Raise standard of living  Minimum living
standards  2,800 calories food a day for
each person + 30 yards of clothing + 100 Sq.
feet of housing .
 thes share of agriculture , industry and
services, in the total production was to be
changed
ASIF from 53%
RAFIQ HILLER ARAHAMA , 17% and 225
9682584478
respectively to 40% , 35% and 20%.

C.R Formula 1944
Despite many efforts , deadlock was there on
the time of formation and structure of
constitutent Assembly and eventual
independence of india .
British  settlement between congress and ML
as a “pre-condition” of independence of india.
C. Rajagopalachari evolved a formula to bring
this deadlock to an end Rajaji Formula or
C.R Formula.

C.R Formula 1944
PROPOSALS OF C.R FORMULA
 The league was to endorse the indian
demand for independence and to co-operate
with the congress in formation of provisional
interim Govt. for a transitional period .
 At the end of the war, a commission 
appointed to demarcate the districts having a
muslim population in absolute majority and in
those areas Plebiscite to be conducted on all
inhabitants on the basis of adult suffrage.
 Before plebiscite  All parties express views
on partition.
C.R Formula 1944
 In case of acceptance of partition ,
agreement was to be made jointly for
safeguarding defence , commerce,
communications etc.
Gandhi’s jinnah talks
Gandhi and Jinnah met at jinnah’s
home in Bombay 1944 to consider the
future of india after the British departure
known as Gandhi jinnah’s talk.
Talk  Failed.
C.R Formula 1944
MUSLIM LEAGUE REJECTED
REASON:-
a) Two nation theory ( no explanation of pakistan).
b) Idea of common centre( defence , commerce
and communication) .
c) N.W and N.E  plebiscite ( separate
electorates).

Desai-Liaqat pact 1945.
 Pact between Bhulabhai Desai of INC and
Liaqat Ali Khan of ML in january 1945.
 Series of discussion and came up with
proposal for the formation of an interim Govt.
at Centre.
 Equal no. of persons nominated by
congress and the ML in the central
legislature.
 20% of seats for minorities in the central
and provincial council.
ASIF Govt.
RAFIQ HILLERfunction in accordance with GOI Act
ARAHAMA 9682584478
1935.
Wavell plan 1945
 June 1945 , Lord Wavell  Viceroy .
 Congress leaders released from jail and invited
them to shimla( summer capital of britishers) in
1945 to work out an interim political agreement .
PROPOSALS OF WAVELL PLAN.
 GG Executive council  reconstructed i.e all
members Indians except GG and commander in
chief.
 Equal representation  All communities.
 Executive Council  function as interim Govt in
accordance with GOI Act 1935.
 GG use Veto  Advice of ministers .
SHIMLA CONFERENCE
A conference of 12 prominent members indian
leaders called at shimla to consider Wavell
plan .
 Reached no decision.
Muslim league’s stand :
Demand of veto power  Only ML decide
muslim members in council + veto also in
council.
Congress stands :
Objected  purely caste Hindu party.
Congress had chosen Maulana Azad as it
representative.
Result  Veto power given to Jinnah.

INDIAN NATIONAL ARMY
PHASE 1
INA first idea concieved by Mohan singh in
1942 ( Captain British Indian Army) 
Prisoner of war by Japan.
 Turned to Japanese for help.
 Sept 1942  First division of INA at
Singapore ( 16000 ) .
 latter , difference between Mohan singh and
Japanese .

Phase 2
 1939  Tripuri ( MP) congress session
. Tripuri crisis over post of president .
 SC bose( most famous and won) and
Sitaramaya ( Ghandhi Nominee but
defeated).
 SC Bose became president of congress
but Members refused to work under the
him.
 SC Bose Resigned and establish “

Forward Block ( west Bengal)  leftist
organization.
 1939  Rajendra prasad president of
congress session.
 1941  escaped to Berlin ( Germany
Meet Hitler) and set up Indian League
here.
 1942 , Rash Bihari bose formed INA
again.
 1943  singapore ( Bose reorganized
INA in july 1943 and Rash Bihari Bose
handed
ASIF RAFIQ HILLERover
ARAHAMAthe leadership to him.
9682584478
 Provisional Government of free india was
formed on Oct, 21, 1943 by Bose .
HQ  Singapore and Ragoon.
Aim  invade india with the help of japan.
Member  lakshmi sehgal ( women).
REGIMENTS OF INA .
 Gandhi Brigade
 Nehru Brigade
 Rani Jhansi Brigade
 Subash Brigade
SET BACK OF INA .
 1944  “Imphal campaign” ( INA + Japan)
 Failure ,
 Battle of Kohima on 4 april 1944 , British won.
 Finally japan retreat ( 1945 end of WWII) .
 Bose is said to have been killed in Air crash
over taipei , taiwan on his way to tokyo in
August 18, 1945.

WELCOME TO LATEEF SIR'S
ACADEMY
LECTURE ;- 19
BY :- Asif Rafiq
Contact ;- 9682584478.

INA TRIALS 1945
 Location = Red fort at Delhi in Nov. 1945
 Persons = Prem kumar sehgal , shah nawaz
khan, Gurbash singh Dhillion.
 Congress response  Support INA
Prisoners in sept 1945 at Bombay.
 Defended by Bhulabhai Desai, Tej Bahadur
Sapru , Kalash Nath Katju , Nehru , Asaf Ali .
 Activities  Fund Raised + Pro INA
sentiment + various party supported.

3 Famous revolts
1. November 21, 1945 ( calcutta)  Soldier
protest  INA Trials .
2. Feb 16, 1946 ( calcutta)  seven years
sentence to INA officer ( Rashid Ali)
3. Feb 18 , 1946 ( Bombay )  Strike by Royal
Indian Navy Ratings < officer post > belonging
to HMST talwar ship .
Arrest of Rating = Quit india was written by him .
All goes at strike .
Feb 19, 1946 = HMS hindustan ship at karachi
also mutinied.
Vallabhai patel and jinnah jointly persuaded the
Ratings
ASIF RAFIQ to surrender
HILLER ARAHAMA 9682584478 on Feb 23, 1946.
GOVT RESPONSE
 Suspend the sentence imposed on INA
Convicts.
 send cabinet mission.
ELECTION 1945 RESULTS .
 Out of 102 seats in central legislative council
, INC won 57 seats.
 In Provinces, INC in majority in all except
Bengal, sindh and punjab where ML form
majority.
 EVALUATTION:-congress came as a major
party .
CABINET MISSION 1946.
 Declaration by british PM, Lord Attlee on
March 15, 1946 that British Cabinet mission
would visit india .
 AIM:- recommendations regarding
constitutional reforms in india solve
constitutional deadlock.
 Reached = 24th march 1946 at Delhi.
 Formation = Lord pathick lawrence (
chairman) , AV Alexander and Stafford cripps.

PROPOSALS
 Rejected demand of Pakistan.
 Grouping of existing provincial Assemby into
3 sections
Section A  Hindu majority .
Section B Muslim majority ( North West ).
Section C Muslim Majority ( North East ).
 3 constitutions
Each province .
Section wise constitution .
Union constitution(defense,Commuic and Ex.Af
 Constitutent Asembly to be elected by
Provincial Assemby by Proportional
Representation.
Note:- Weak centre i.e Residual powers to
provinces.
 Princely states :- No longer under
paramountancy of British Govt  Free to
enter into an arrangement with succession
Govt or British Govt .
 After 5 years  Provinces free to come out
of a group e.g A  B.
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
 After 10 years ,provinces free to call for
Reconsideration of section or Union constitution.
 Interim Govt = Form from constitutent Assembly.
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
 Elections in Provincial assembly for constituent
assembly in July 1946.
 total seats = 389 seats ( partly elected , partly
nominated.
296  British india ( Elected).
93  Princely staes ( Nominated).
Result of Elections
208 won by congress
73
ASIF by ML
RAFIQ andARAHAMA
HILLER 15 by9682584478
independent
Direct Action campaign 1946
 Provoked by the success of the congress in
the CA , the ML launched a direct action
campaign on August, 16 1946  resulting in
communal riots.
INTERIM GOVT
 Formed on Sept. 2 , 1946 under Jawaharlal
Nehru but ML rejected to join.
 Viceroy Executive council was made
Executive branch of Interim Govt.
President = lord Wavell.
Vice
ASIF president
RAFIQ =9682584478
HILLER ARAHAMA J.L Nehru .
INTERIM GOVT. 1946
PORTFOLIO
 Vallabhai patel  home.
 Bal dev Sing  defence.
 C. Rajagopalachari  Education.
 John Mithai  industry
 Rajendra prasad  food and
agriculture.
Ml joined Interim Govt on 26 oct, 1946
 Liquat Ali Khan  Finance Portfolio.
WORKING OF CONSTITUENT
ASSEMBLY
 First meeting on December 9, 1946 .
 ML boycotted .
 Attended by only 211 members.
 Dr. Sachiananda Sinha, the oldest member
 temporary president  French Practice.
 later, Dr. Rajendra prasad  permenant
president .
 two vice presidents  H.C mukherjee and
V.T krishnamachari .
 Elephant  symbol or seal of CA.
 Constitutional advisor  B.N Rau.
WORKING OF CONSTITUENT
ASSEMBLY
 secretary of constituten assemby  HVR
Iyengar.
Note :- Constituent Assembly framed
Constitution of India

Welcome to lateef sir's academy
Lecture :- 20
By :- Asif Rafiq
Contact ;- 9682584478

ATLEE DECLARATION 1947
 Announcement by British PM on Feb, 20
1947 known as ATLEE DECLARATION .
 Deadline = 30 june 1948.
 transfer of power .
 British would leave india.
 lapse of paramountancy of princely states.
 Lord Wavel replaced by Lord Mountbattan.
Note :- Lord mountbatten  Last viceroy of
british india and First GG of Free india.
Note ;- First indian GG of Free india  C
Rajagopalachari.
MOUNTBATTEN PLAN 1947
Lord Mountbatten  plan  3 june ,1947
Also known as 3 june plan or partition plan.
PROPOSALS
 Freedom with partition and immediate
transfer of power.
 two constituent Assembly.
 Punjab and Bengal  to vote for partition (
whether india or pakistan).
 Sindh would take its own decision.
 NWFP and Sylhet district of Bengal would
decide their future via Referendum.
FREEDOM 1947
 FREEDOM = 15TH AUGUST , 1947 
INDEPENDENCE DAY EVERY YEAR .
 Indian Independence Act 1947 passed on
18th July 1947 containing provisions of
mountbatten plan and laid down detailed
measures for partition of india and and
speedy transfer of political powers to the new
governments of india and pakistan.

INTEGRATION OF STATES
 By August 15, 1947 all states except
Kashmir, Junagadh and Hyderabad had
signed instrument of Accesssion with india .
 Kashmir  the Maharaja of kashmir acceded
on 26 oct , 1947 via instrument of accession.
 Junagadh  acceded to india through
Referendum.
 Hyderabad  forcefull accession to the
indian union under operation Polo in sept ,
1948.
 Sardar
ASIF Vallabhai
RAFIQ HILLER Patel  Iron man of india.
ARAHAMA 9682584478
INTEGRATION OF STATES
FRENCH COLONIES
By the End of 1954 , French Colonial rule in
Pondicherry , chandranaga, Mahe, Karaikal and
Yanam came to an end and were integrated with
india.
PORTUGUESE COLONIES
The portuguese colonies in india were Goa,
Daman , Diu , Dadra and Nagar Haveli .
 in 1954  Dadra and Nagar haveli liberated by
freedom fighters.
 in 1961  Go , Daman and Diu liberated by
Indian
ASIF troops.
RAFIQ HILLER ARAHAMA 9682584478

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Welcome to Lateef sir's commerce

ASIF RAFIQ HILLER ARAHAMA 9682584478

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presided by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.

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Note :- Not Full resolution but Snap .

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